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1
Karas, I., and R. Gálik. "Contact and non-contact thermometry in the milk acquisition process." Czech Journal of Animal Science 49, No. 1 (December 11, 2011): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/4264-cjas.
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Temperatures of the northern wall, ceiling and floor of a 2 × 12 milking house as well as of a waiting area in front of the milking house were measured for 24 hours a day in the winter season with an average external daily temperature of –8.6°C. The influence of low external temperatures on the temperatures of cows’ mammary glands was measured with a non-contact thermometer RAYNGER ST 6 equipped with laser. The analysis showed that the low external temperatures and insufficiently warmed external walls [average 24-hour temperatures: (t<sub>st</sub> = +1.32°C), ceiling (t<sub>s</sub> = +2.65°C), floor (t<sub>p</sub> = +3.29°C)] as well as the waiting area in front of the milking house (t<sub>d</sub> = +1.9°C) produced unsuitable temperature conditions despite of the use of heaters in the milking house, resulting in the undercooling of mammary glands and the traumatising of dairy cows. The temperatures of mammary glands of tested dairy cows were evaluated by a multifactor analysis of variance. The time and place of measuring were statistically significant on the significance level 0.05. The F -test value for the factor of time was 12.342, with probability 0.0007. The F -test value for the place of temperature measuring was 1061.979, probability 0.0000. Among the equations of curves of the dependences of teat end temperature on the milking time, the closest seemed to be the logarithmic function with determination index R<sup>2</sup> = 0.7404.
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Solon, Megan, Bret Linford, and Kimberly L. Geeslin. "Acquisition of sociophonetic variation." Revista Española de Lingüística Aplicada/Spanish Journal of Applied Linguistics 31, no. 1 (August 27, 2018): 309–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/resla.16028.sol.
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Abstract This study investigates the acquisition of nativelike variation in the production of Spanish /d/ by English-speaking learners. Specifically, we examine the production of /d/ in word-internal intervocalic position in the speech of 13 highly advanced nonnative speakers (NNSs) and 13 native speakers (NSs) of Spanish in digitally-recorded sociolinguistic interviews. The analysis includes a discrete categorization of /d/ realization based on spectrographic examination (stop vs. spirant vs. deleted) and a continuous intensity difference measure. Tokens were coded for grammatical category, surrounding segments, stress, number of syllables, and lexical frequency. Results indicate that both NNSs and NSs exhibit /d/ spirantization and deletion, but these two processes are affected by different factors both between and across groups: NNS deletion patterns are predicted most significantly by lexical frequency, whereas degree of spirantization is influenced by articulatory/contextual factors of phonetic context and stress. NS patterns for both processes are influenced by most factors in a similar manner.
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Reychav, Iris, and Miguel Ignacio Aguirre-Urreta. "Adoption of the Internet for knowledge acquisition in R&D processes." Behaviour & Information Technology 33, no. 5 (March 12, 2013): 452–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0144929x.2013.765035.
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Marfurt, Kurt J., Ronald M. Scheet, John A. Sharp, and Mark G. Harper. "Suppression of the acquisition footprint for seismic sequence attribute mapping." GEOPHYSICS 63, no. 3 (May 1998): 1024–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1444380.
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Seismic coherency has proven to be very effective in delineating geologic faults as well as considerably more subtle stratigraphic features, including channels, canyons, slumps, levees, glacial gouges, dewatering patterns and pinnacle reefs. Unfortunately, seismic coherency estimates, which quantitatively measure the similarity or dissimilarity of adjacent traces in 3-D, are particularly sensitive to coherent noise that passes through the acquisition and processing flow. They are also sensitive to dissimilarities in fold, offset, and azimuth distribution introduced through the 3-D acquisition and binning processes. Edge enhancement algorithms further exacerbate these linear artifacts. We define the acquisition footprint to be any pattern of noise that is highly correlated to the geometric distribution of sources and receivers on the earth’s surface. While the strong acquisition footprints such as those caused by normal moveout (NMO) stretch on vintage single‐fold data have been largely ameliorated by modern 2-D multifold recording, we see acquisition 3-D footprint in the low‐fold shallow section and throughout the entire section when recording sparse 3-D land surveys that often result in only six- to sevenfold data. One may partially suppress the acquisition footprint on the seismic coherency time or depth slices using conventional 2-D image processing. Unfortunately, such filtering is inappropriate for dip/azimuth maps, cluster analysis maps, and other maps that may not be continuous real variables or with maps that have cyclic values, such as the wavelet phase. We show that simple 3-D true‐amplitude dip filtering of the input 3-D (t, x, y) time- or depth‐migrated seismic data volume can be quite effective in minimizing the detrimental effect of the acquisition footprint on conventional 3-D seismic attributes for both marine and land data acquisition geometries. However, 3-D dip filtering of migrated data will often eliminate the fault‐plane reflections necessary for sharp coherency images. We therefore recommend that, whenever possible, suppression of acquisition footprint be performed before 3-D migration on the stacked data volume, where sharp fault truncations in depth are represented by smoothly varying diffractions in time.
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Dobson, Katherine J., Sophia B. Coban, Samuel A. McDonald, Joanna N. Walsh, Robert C. Atwood, and Philip J. Withers. "4-D imaging of sub-second dynamics in pore-scale processes using real-time synchrotron X-ray tomography." Solid Earth 7, no. 4 (July 15, 2016): 1059–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/se-7-1059-2016.
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Abstract. A variable volume flow cell has been integrated with state-of-the-art ultra-high-speed synchrotron X-ray tomography imaging. The combination allows the first real-time (sub-second) capture of dynamic pore (micron)-scale fluid transport processes in 4-D (3-D + time). With 3-D data volumes acquired at up to 20 Hz, we perform in situ experiments that capture high-frequency pore-scale dynamics in 5–25 mm diameter samples with voxel (3-D equivalent of a pixel) resolutions of 2.5 to 3.8 µm. The data are free from motion artefacts and can be spatially registered or collected in the same orientation, making them suitable for detailed quantitative analysis of the dynamic fluid distribution pathways and processes. The methods presented here are capable of capturing a wide range of high-frequency nonequilibrium pore-scale processes including wetting, dilution, mixing, and reaction phenomena, without sacrificing significant spatial resolution. As well as fast streaming (continuous acquisition) at 20 Hz, they also allow larger-scale and longer-term experimental runs to be sampled intermittently at lower frequency (time-lapse imaging), benefiting from fast image acquisition rates to prevent motion blur in highly dynamic systems. This marks a major technical breakthrough for quantification of high-frequency pore-scale processes: processes that are critical for developing and validating more accurate multiscale flow models through spatially and temporally heterogeneous pore networks.
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Wang, Bing, and Xiao Li Wang. "Simulation of A/D Conversion with LabView." Advanced Materials Research 706-708 (June 2013): 1907–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.706-708.1907.
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Simulation technology was a very important technology in the parallel signal processing research. A type of antomatic controlling simulation system was introduced, which was built by taking LabVIEW as the software platform, using LabVIEW user interface interacting with the Simulink model. Simulation of processing often requires algorithm and performance evaluation of parallel environment. Signal processing often requires simultaneous acquisition of multi-channel analog signals. Taking dual-channel A/D conversion processes as an example, using LabVIEW with VC, it achieves a simulation of parallel signal process of A/D conversion process.
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Zhang, Yun Hu, and Chao Zhang. "16-Bit A/D CAN Interface Steering Wheel Angle and Torque Acquisition System." Advanced Materials Research 846-847 (November 2013): 144–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.846-847.144.
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In this paper, a steering wheel angle and torque acquisition program consisted of a steering wheel angle and torque sensor, 16-bit Σ-A/D converter, SCM and CAN bus chip is described. It describes the A / D conversion, angle and torque values calculation , CAN Communication and host computer acquisition software implementation and other important processes for the method. On this basis, the steering wheel angle and torque data collection realization is finished,and it has operated in the actual vehicle environments. The results show that the system is of high precision, good stability, and it is suitable for driving behavior tests and vehicle handling and stability test.
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Liu, Bin, Yonghao Pang, Deqiang Mao, Jing Wang, Zhengyu Liu, Ning Wang, Shenhua Liu, and Xinxin Zhang. "A rapid four-dimensional resistivity data inversion method using temporal segmentation." Geophysical Journal International 221, no. 1 (January 10, 2020): 586–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggaa019.
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SUMMARY 4-D electrical resistivity tomography (ERT), an important geophysical method, is widely used to observe dynamic processes within static subsurface structures. However, because data acquisition and inversion consume large amounts of time, rapid changes that occur in the medium during a single acquisition cycle are difficult to detect in a timely manner via 4-D inversion. To address this issue, a scheme is proposed in this paper for restructuring continuously measured data sets and performing GPU-parallelized inversion. In this scheme, multiple reference time points are selected in an acquisition cycle, which allows all of the acquired data to be sequentially utilized in a 4-D inversion. In addition, the response of the 4-D inversion to changes in the medium has been enhanced by increasing the weight of new data being added dynamically to the inversion process. To improve the reliability of the inversion, our scheme uses actively varied time-regularization coefficients, which are adjusted according to the range of the changes in model resistivity; this range is predicted by taking the ratio between the independent inversion of the current data set and historical 4-D inversion model. Numerical simulations and experiments show that this new 4-D inversion method is able to locate and depict rapid changes in medium resistivity with a high level of accuracy.
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Allen, Rebecca, Alex Nakonechnyi, and Mary Sovik Benedetti. "Anna's Story: How a Ukrainian Orphan's Acquisition of English as a Second Language Transformed Her Life." Journal of Cognitive Education and Psychology 19, no. 2 (October 1, 2020): 107–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/jcep-d-19-00044.
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This article presents a case study of an adult Ukrainian orphan, Anna, who acquired English as a second and accessed U.S. higher education despite the fact that adopted children or aged out orphans face a unique constellation of educational and psychological challenges in language learning. This article presents Anna's story in her own voice and advocates for the specialized needs of the underserved, often voiceless thousands of older orphans in war-stricken Ukraine. This article suggests that access to institutional agents and social capital played a key role in Anna's success. Of interest to researchers, the article postulates common, current language learning theory perhaps may not fully explain the distinct processes of language acquisition by institutionalized, language-delayed children. The article also offers tangible lessons for educators of victims of trauma, and would thus be of interest to practitioners as well as researchers in the areas of language acquisition and educational psychology.
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Eltner, Anette, Andreas Kaiser, Carlos Castillo, Gilles Rock, Fabian Neugirg, and Antonio Abellán. "Image-based surface reconstruction in geomorphometry – merits, limits and developments." Earth Surface Dynamics 4, no. 2 (May 19, 2016): 359–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/esurf-4-359-2016.
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Abstract. Photogrammetry and geosciences have been closely linked since the late 19th century due to the acquisition of high-quality 3-D data sets of the environment, but it has so far been restricted to a limited range of remote sensing specialists because of the considerable cost of metric systems for the acquisition and treatment of airborne imagery. Today, a wide range of commercial and open-source software tools enable the generation of 3-D and 4-D models of complex geomorphological features by geoscientists and other non-experts users. In addition, very recent rapid developments in unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) technology allow for the flexible generation of high-quality aerial surveying and ortho-photography at a relatively low cost.The increasing computing capabilities during the last decade, together with the development of high-performance digital sensors and the important software innovations developed by computer-based vision and visual perception research fields, have extended the rigorous processing of stereoscopic image data to a 3-D point cloud generation from a series of non-calibrated images. Structure-from-motion (SfM) workflows are based upon algorithms for efficient and automatic orientation of large image sets without further data acquisition information, examples including robust feature detectors like the scale-invariant feature transform for 2-D imagery. Nevertheless, the importance of carrying out well-established fieldwork strategies, using proper camera settings, ground control points and ground truth for understanding the different sources of errors, still needs to be adapted in the common scientific practice.This review intends not only to summarise the current state of the art on using SfM workflows in geomorphometry but also to give an overview of terms and fields of application. Furthermore, this article aims to quantify already achieved accuracies and used scales, using different strategies in order to evaluate possible stagnations of current developments and to identify key future challenges. It is our belief that some lessons learned from former articles, scientific reports and book chapters concerning the identification of common errors or "bad practices" and some other valuable information may help in guiding the future use of SfM photogrammetry in geosciences.
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Clapuyt, François, Veerle Vanacker, Fritz Schlunegger, and Kristof Van Oost. "Unravelling earth flow dynamics with 3-D time series derived from UAV-SfM models." Earth Surface Dynamics 5, no. 4 (December 5, 2017): 791–806. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/esurf-5-791-2017.
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Abstract. Accurately assessing geo-hazards and quantifying landslide risks in mountainous environments are gaining importance in the context of the ongoing global warming. For an in-depth understanding of slope failure mechanisms, accurate monitoring of the mass movement topography at high spatial and temporal resolutions remains essential. The choice of the acquisition framework for high-resolution topographic reconstructions will mainly result from the trade-off between the spatial resolution needed and the extent of the study area. Recent advances in the development of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-based image acquisition combined with the structure-from-motion (SfM) algorithm for three-dimensional (3-D) reconstruction make the UAV-SfM framework a competitive alternative to other high-resolution topographic techniques. In this study, we aim at gaining in-depth knowledge of the Schimbrig earthflow located in the foothills of the Central Swiss Alps by monitoring ground surface displacements at very high spatial and temporal resolution using the efficiency of the UAV-SfM framework. We produced distinct topographic datasets for three acquisition dates between 2013 and 2015 in order to conduct a comprehensive 3-D analysis of the landslide. Therefore, we computed (1) the sediment budget of the hillslope, and (2) the horizontal and (3) the three-dimensional surface displacements. The multitemporal UAV-SfM based topographic reconstructions allowed us to quantify rates of sediment redistribution and surface movements. Our data show that the Schimbrig earthflow is very active, with mean annual horizontal displacement ranging between 6 and 9 m. Combination and careful interpretation of high-resolution topographic analyses reveal the internal mechanisms of the earthflow and its complex rotational structure. In addition to variation in horizontal surface movements through time, we interestingly showed that the configuration of nested rotational units changes through time. Although there are major changes in the internal structure of the earthflow in the 2013–2015 period, the sediment budget of the drainage basin is nearly in equilibrium. As a consequence, our data show that the time lag between sediment mobilization by landslides and enhanced sediment fluxes in the river network can be considerable.
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Zatsman, Igor, and Pavel Buntman. "Theoretical Framework and Denotatum-Based Models of Knowledge Creation for Monitoring and Evaluating R&D Program Implementation." International Journal of Software Science and Computational Intelligence 5, no. 1 (January 2013): 15–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijssci.2013010102.
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The paper presents two semiotic models for a description of development stages of indicators, including generation processes of expert knowledge about developed indicators. For the description of stages of these processes, a new notion of “Frege’s space“ is introduced. The authors described two applied semiotic models of knowledge acquisition. Those processes were studied in the context of forming an expert knowledge base named proactive dictionary, which represents a component of an evaluation system. This dictionary enables experts to fix stages of indicators development, to present the results of developing different variants of indicators in graphic form, to compare and evaluate these variants.
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Levy, Hannah C., Anishka Jean, Terence H. W. Ching, Alyssa Nett, Jessica Mullins, and David F. Tolin. "Low Estradiol May Not Impede Cognitive Restructuring in Women With Anxiety Disorders." Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy 35, no. 3 (July 20, 2021): 212–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/jcpsy-d-20-00038.
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Prior research suggests that estradiol may moderate fear extinction in animal models and humans. Based on these findings, estradiol may also moderate cognitive reappraisal, which is theorized to be an important mechanism of change in extinction-based therapy (exposure therapy). We compared cognitive restructuring (CR) skills acquisition and outcome between women with primary anxiety disorders who had high versus low estradiol using a standardized CR task that closely resembles clinical practice. As a proxy of CR outcome, we assessed subjective distress ratings before and after the task and psychophysiological arousal (heart rate and electrodermal activity) throughout the task. Contrary to predictions, results showed that CR skills acquisition and outcome did not differ between the high and low estradiol groups. Although both groups demonstrated reductions in negative affect and skin conductance responses during the CR task, suggesting that participants were able to acquire CR skills and use them effectively to regulate distress, the groups did not differ with respect to CR ability or outcome. The findings suggest that estradiol may not moderate cognitive reappraisal, and may have more of an effect on basic habituation and extinction processes instead.
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Ramsey, Elijah, Dirk Werle, Zhong Lu, Amina Rangoonwala, and Yukihiro Suzuoki. "A Case of Timely Satellite Image Acquisitions in Support of Coastal Emergency Environmental Response Management." Journal of Coastal Research 255 (September 2009): 1168–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2112/jcoastres-d-09-00012.1.
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Marthelot, J. M., R. Siliqi, A. Bitri, A. Paul, A. Hirn, M. Daignières, B. Damotte, et al. "Three-dimensional imaging of the crust using a sparse land acquisition grid: The Eecors 2.5-D experiment." Tectonophysics 232, no. 1-4 (April 1994): 365–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(94)90097-3.
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Burnett, T. L. "Petroleum Exploration Risk Reduction Using New Geoscience Technology." Energy Exploration & Exploitation 14, no. 6 (December 1996): 507–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014459879601400602.
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As economics of the oil and gas industry become more restrictive, the need for new means of improving exploration risks and reducing expenses is becoming more acute. Partnerships between industry and academia are making significant improvements in four general areas: Seismic acquisition, reservoir characterization, quantitative structural modeling, and geochemical inversion. In marine seismic acquisition the vertical cable concept utilizes hydrophones suspended at fixed locations vertically within the water column by buoys. There are numerous advantages of vertical cable technology over conventional 3-D seismic acquisition. In a related methodology, ‘Borehole Seismic,’ seismic energy is passed between wells and valuable information on reservoir geometry, porosity, lithology, and oil saturation is extracted from the P-wave and S-wave data. In association with seismic methods of determining the external geometry and the internal properties of a reservoir, 3-dimensional sedimentation-simulation models, based on physical, hydrologic, erosional and transport processes, are being utilized for stratigraphic analysis. In addition, powerful, 1-D, coupled reaction-transport models are being used to simulate diagenesis processes in reservoir rocks. At the regional scale, the bridging of quantitative structural concepts with seismic interpretation has lead to breakthroughs in structural analysis, particularly in complex terrains. Such analyses are becoming more accurate and cost effective when tied to highly advanced, remote-sensing, multi-spectral data acquisition and image processing technology. Emerging technology in petroleum geochemistry enables geoscientists to infer the character, age, maturity, identity and location of source rocks from crude oil characteristics (‘Geochemical Inversion’) and to better estimate hydrocarbon-supply volumetrics, which can be invaluable in understanding petroleum systems and in reducing exploration risks and associated expenses.
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Burnett, T. L. "NEW DIRECTIONS IN GEOSCIENCE TECHNOLOGY FOR PETROLEUM EXPLORATION IN THE NEW AGE." APPEA Journal 34, no. 1 (1994): 189. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj93019.
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As economics of the oil and gas industry become more restrictive, the need for new means of improving exploration risks and reducing expenses is becoming more acute. Partnerships between industry and academia are making significant improvements in four general areas: Seismic acquisition, reservoir characterisation, quantitative structural modelling, and geochemical inversion.In marine seismic acquisition the vertical cable concept utilises hydrophones suspended at fixed locations vertically within the water column by buoys. There are numerous advantages of vertical cable technology over conventional 3-D seismic acquisition. In a related methodology, 'Borehole Seismic', seismic energy is passed between wells and valuable information on reservoir geometry, porosity, lithology, and oil saturation is extracted from the P-wave and S-wave data.In association with seismic methods of determining the external geometry and the internal properties of a reservoir, 3-dimensional sedimentation-simulation models, based on physical, hydrologic, erosional and transport processes, are being utilised for stratigraphic analysis. In addition, powerful, 1-D, coupled reaction-transport models are being used to simulate diagenesis processes in reservoir rocks.At the regional scale, the bridging of quantitative structural concepts with seismic interpretation has led to breakthroughs in structural analysis, particularly in complex terrains. Such analyses are becoming more accurate and cost effective when tied to highly advanced, remote-sensing, multi-spectral data acquisition and image processing technology. Emerging technology in petroleum geochemistry, enables geoscientists to infer the character, age, maturity, identity and location of source rocks from crude oil characteristics ('Geochemical Inversion') and to better estimate hydrocarbon-supply volumetrics. This can be invaluable in understanding petroleum systems and in reducing exploration risks and associated expenses.
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Gillespie, Charles F., and Kerry J. Ressler. "Emotional Learning and Glutamate: Translational Perspectives." CNS Spectrums 10, no. 10 (October 2005): 831–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1092852900010439.
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AbstractAnxiety disorders are a common focus of clinical concern and certain forms of anxiety may be conceptualized as disorders of emotional learning. Behavior therapies effective in the treatment of anxiety are modeled on extinction training as a means of reducing pathological anxiety. The present understanding of human anxiety has been informed by preclinical research using rodent models to study the acquisition and extinction of fear. Glutamate appears to have a central role in both of these processes. The authors review this literature and discuss novel applications of D-cycloserine, a partial N-methyl-D-aspartate agonist, for the treatment of anxiety.
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Pieritz, Romeu André, Jean-Bruno Brzoska, Frédéric Flin, Bernard Lesaffre, and Cécile Coléou. "From snow X-ray microtomograph raw volume data to micromechanics modeling: first results." Annals of Glaciology 38 (2004): 52–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/172756404781815176.
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AbstractThe new approaches in absorption X-ray microtomography allow snow-volume image acquisition in the cm3 range without destroying snow structure, and make it possible to perform micromechanical studies with the real geometry. The main objective of this paper is to introduce the development of a new three-dimensional (3-D) geometry modeling and finite-element analysis simulation package adapted to these scales. These new code modules and procedures are briefly described using an isothermal metamorphism snow experiment (–2°C, 3 months).This sample of aged snow (3.375mm3; 3003 voxels) allows simulation of a simple hypothetical uniaxial compressive stress experiment. The constitutive equations, boundary conditions, basic assumptions and the result showing the stress field over the 3-D data are discussed. The first qualitative results show a maximum stress of 6–9MPa in some small bonds, showing the potential of these codes to simulate the micromechanical behavior of complex materials.
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Lee, Ho‐Young, Byung‐Koo Hyun, and Young‐Sae Kong. "PC‐based acquisition and processing of high‐resolution marine seismic data." GEOPHYSICS 61, no. 6 (November 1996): 1804–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1444096.
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We have improved the quality of high‐resolution marine seismic data using a simple PC‐based acquisition and processing system. The system consists of a PC, an A/D converter, and a magneto‐optical disk drive. The system has been designed to acquire single‐channel data at up to 60,000 samples per second and to perform data processing of seismic data by a simple procedure. Test surveys have been carried out off Pohang, southern East Sea of Korea. The seismic systems used for the test were an air gun and a 3.5 kHz sub‐bottom profiling system. Spectral characteristics of the sources were analyzed. Simple digital signal processes which include gain recovery, deconvolution, band‐pass filter, and swell filter were performed. The quality of seismic sections produced by the system is greatly enhanced in comparison to analog sections. The PC‐based system for acquisition and processing of high‐resolution marine seismic data is economical and versatile.
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Touzeau, A., A. Landais, B. Stenni, R. Uemura, K. Fukui, S. Fujita, S. Guilbaud, et al. "Acquisition of isotopic composition for surface snow in East Antarctica and the links to climatic parameters." Cryosphere Discussions 9, no. 6 (November 18, 2015): 6275–313. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tcd-9-6275-2015.
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Abstract. The isotopic composition of oxygen and hydrogen in ice cores are invaluable tools for the reconstruction of past climate variations. Used alone, they give insights into the variations of the local temperature, whereas taken together they can provide information on the climatic conditions at the point of origin of the moisture. However, recent analyses of snow from shallow pits indicate that the climatic signal can become erased in very low accumulation regions, due to local processes of snow reworking. The signal to noise ratio decreases and the climatic signal can then only be retrieved using stacks of several snow pits. Obviously, the signal is not completely lost at this stage, otherwise it would be impossible to extract valuable climate information from ice cores as has been done, for instance, for the last glaciation. To better understand how the climatic signal is passed from the precipitation to the snow, we present here results from varied snow samples from East Antarctica. First, we look at the relationship between isotopes and temperature from a geographical point of view, using results from three traverses across Antarctica, to see how the relationship is built up through the distillation process. We also take advantage of these measures to see how second order parameters (d-excess and 17O-excess) are related to δ18O and how they are controlled. d-excess increases in the interior of the continent (i.e. when δ18O decreases), due to the distillation process, whereas 17O-excess decreases in remote areas, due to kinetic fractionation at low temperature. In both cases, these changes are associated with the loss of original information regarding the source. Then, we look at the same relationships in precipitation samples collected over one year at Dome C and Vostok, as well as in surface snow at Dome C. We note that the slope of the δ18O / T relationship decreases in these samples compared to those from the traverses, and thus advocate caution when using spatial slopes for past climate reconstruction. The second-order parameters behave in the same way in the precipitation as in the surface snow from traverses, indicating that similar processes are active. Finally we check if the same relationships between δ18O and second-order parameters are also found in the snow from four snow pits. While the d-excess remains opposed to δ18O in most snow pits, the 17O-excess is no longer positively correlated to δ18O and even shows anti-correlation to δ18O at Vostok. This may be due to a stratospheric influence at this site and/or to post-deposition processes.
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Kral, Andrej, Michael F. Dorman, and Blake S. Wilson. "Neuronal Development of Hearing and Language: Cochlear Implants and Critical Periods." Annual Review of Neuroscience 42, no. 1 (July 8, 2019): 47–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-neuro-080317-061513.
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The modern cochlear implant (CI) is the most successful neural prosthesis developed to date. CIs provide hearing to the profoundly hearing impaired and allow the acquisition of spoken language in children born deaf. Results from studies enabled by the CI have provided new insights into ( a) minimal representations at the periphery for speech reception, ( b) brain mechanisms for decoding speech presented in quiet and in acoustically adverse conditions, ( c) the developmental neuroscience of language and hearing, and ( d) the mechanisms and time courses of intramodal and cross-modal plasticity. Additionally, the results have underscored the interconnectedness of brain functions and the importance of top-down processes in perception and learning. The findings are described in this review with emphasis on the developing brain and the acquisition of hearing and spoken language.
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Кючуков, Хрісто. "Acquisition of Turkish Grammatical Categories in Bilingual Context." East European Journal of Psycholinguistics 6, no. 1 (June 30, 2019): 32–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.29038/eejpl.2019.6.1.kyu.
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The paper presents results form a study on acquisition of Turkish grammatical categories by first grade Turkish speaking minority children in Bulgarian primary school. Two groups of children speakers of Turkish are tested: ethnic Turks and ethnic Roma. The Roma are Muslims and are also speakers of Turkish. Both groups speak the Northeast variety of Turkish, spoken in the surroundings of Varna, Bulgaria. The author examines the lexical reaches, syntax complexity and narrative knowledge of the children and predicts that the low results on mother tongue tests will be a reason for difficulties in the second language acquisition - Bulgarian. The author connects the results of mother tongue knowledge of the children with the language interdependence theory of Cummins (1991), where the level of the mother tongue is a predictor of second language acquisition.
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Kaestner, Anders P., Pavel Trtik, Mohsen Zarebanadkouki, Daniil Kazantsev, Michal Snehota, Katherine J. Dobson, and Eberhard H. Lehmann. "Recent developments in neutron imaging with applications for porous media research." Solid Earth 7, no. 5 (September 6, 2016): 1281–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/se-7-1281-2016.
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Abstract. Computed tomography has become a routine method for probing processes in porous media, and the use of neutron imaging is especially suited to the study of the dynamics of hydrogenous fluids, and of fluids in a high-density matrix. In this paper we give an overview of recent developments in both instrumentation and methodology at the neutron imaging facilities NEUTRA and ICON at the Paul Scherrer Institut. Increased acquisition rates coupled to new reconstruction techniques improve the information output for fewer projection data, which leads to higher volume acquisition rates. Together, these developments yield significantly higher spatial and temporal resolutions, making it possible to capture finer details in the spatial distribution of the fluid, and to increase the acquisition rate of 3-D CT volumes. The ability to add a second imaging modality, e.g., X-ray tomography, further enhances the feature and process information that can be collected, and these features are ideal for dynamic experiments of fluid distribution in porous media. We demonstrate the performance for a selection of experiments carried out at our neutron imaging instruments.
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Touzeau, Alexandra, Amaëlle Landais, Barbara Stenni, Ryu Uemura, Kotaro Fukui, Shuji Fujita, Sarah Guilbaud, et al. "Acquisition of isotopic composition for surface snow in East Antarctica and the links to climatic parameters." Cryosphere 10, no. 2 (April 15, 2016): 837–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-10-837-2016.
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Abstract. The isotopic compositions of oxygen and hydrogen in ice cores are invaluable tools for the reconstruction of past climate variations. Used alone, they give insights into the variations of the local temperature, whereas taken together they can provide information on the climatic conditions at the point of origin of the moisture. However, recent analyses of snow from shallow pits indicate that the climatic signal can become erased in very low accumulation regions, due to local processes of snow reworking. The signal-to-noise ratio decreases and the climatic signal can then only be retrieved using stacks of several snow pits. Obviously, the signal is not completely lost at this stage, otherwise it would be impossible to extract valuable climate information from ice cores as has been done, for instance, for the last glaciation. To better understand how the climatic signal is passed from the precipitation to the snow, we present here results from varied snow samples from East Antarctica. First, we look at the relationship between isotopes and temperature from a geographical point of view, using results from three traverses across Antarctica, to see how the relationship is built up through the distillation process. We also take advantage of these measures to see how second-order parameters (d-excess and 17O-excess) are related to δ18O and how they are controlled. d-excess increases in the interior of the continent (i.e., when δ18O decreases), due to the distillation process, whereas 17O-excess decreases in remote areas, due to kinetic fractionation at low temperature. In both cases, these changes are associated with the loss of original information regarding the source. Then, we look at the same relationships in precipitation samples collected over 1 year at Dome C and Vostok, as well as in surface snow at Dome C. We note that the slope of the δ18O vs. temperature (T) relationship decreases in these samples compared to those from the traverses, and thus caution is advocated when using spatial slopes for past climate reconstruction. The second-order parameters behave in the same way in the precipitation as in the surface snow from traverses, indicating that similar processes are active and that their interpretation in terms of source climatic parameters is strongly complicated by local temperature effects in East Antarctica. Finally we check if the same relationships between δ18O and second-order parameters are also found in the snow from four snow pits. While the d-excess remains opposed to δ18O in most snow pits, the 17O-excess is no longer positively correlated to δ18O and even shows anti-correlation to δ18O at Vostok. This may be due to a stratospheric influence at this site and/or to post-deposition processes.
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Li, J., S. S. Smith, and J. G. McElligott. "Cerebellar nitric oxide is necessary for vestibulo-ocular reflex adaptation, a sensorimotor model of learning." Journal of Neurophysiology 74, no. 1 (July 1, 1995): 489–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1995.74.1.489.
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1. Nitric oxide (NO) production in the nervous system has been implicated in cellular mechanisms of learning and memory. Our study investigates an in vivo sensorimotor model of learning. It demonstrates that a localized vestibulocerebellar injection of the NO synthase inhibitor, L-NG-monomethyl-arginine (L-NMMA), which specifically blocks NO production, inhibited the acquisition of adaptive vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) gain increases but not gain decreases in the goldfish. 2. Restoration of NO production by concomitant administration of L-arginine (the substrate for NO synthase) and L-NMMA suppressed the inhibitory effect of L-NMMA on adaptive gain increases. 3. This effect of L-NMMA was stereospecific because injection of D-NMMA did not suppress adaptive VOR gain increases. 4. Injection of L-NMMA after VOR adaptation had no effect on retention, failing to alter the postadaptive recovery after a VOR gain increase. 5. In conclusion, acquisition of adaptive VOR gain increases are affected by cerebellar NO inhibition. However, because gain decreases are not, they may involve either non-NO cerebellar or extracerebellar mechanisms. In addition, different processes for acquisition and retention of gain increases may be operating, because inhibition of cerebellar NO affects the acquisition but not the retention phase.
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Kunito, Takashi, Takashi Shiroma, Hitoshi Moro, and Hirotaka Sumi. "Annual Variation in Soil Enzyme Activity in a Paddy Field: Soil Temperature and Nutrient Availability Are Important for Controlling Enzyme Activities." Applied and Environmental Soil Science 2018 (October 10, 2018): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/4093219.
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Annual variations in enzyme activities involved in carbon (C), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) cycling and soil physicochemical properties were examined in a Japanese paddy field. All the enzyme activities determined at the field soil temperature (range, 2.2°C–28.3°C) increased exponentially with soil temperature (p<0.001). Significant negative correlations were found between Bray-2P concentration and the ratio of acid phosphatase to β-D-glucosidase activity (Spearman r = −0.631, p = 0.005) and between total N and the ratio of L-asparaginase to β-D-glucosidase activity (r = −0.612, p=0.007), suggesting that in accordance with the resource allocation model, acid phosphatase and L-asparaginase were synthesized by microorganisms depending on the temporal changes in soil P and N availability. These results suggest the significance of soil temperature in controlling in situ enzyme activities in paddy soil and also that the stoichiometry of enzyme activities associated with C, N, and P acquisition reflects the soil nutrient availability.
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Zhu, Lin, Huili Gong, Zhenxue Dai, Gaoxuan Guo, and Pietro Teatini. "Modeling 3-D permeability distribution in alluvial fans using facies architecture and geophysical acquisitions." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 21, no. 2 (February 3, 2017): 721–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-721-2017.
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Abstract. Alluvial fans are highly heterogeneous in hydraulic properties due to complex depositional processes, which make it difficult to characterize the spatial distribution of the hydraulic conductivity (K). An original methodology is developed to identify the spatial statistical parameters (mean, variance, correlation range) of the hydraulic conductivity in a three-dimensional (3-D) setting by using geological and geophysical data. More specifically, a large number of inexpensive vertical electric soundings are integrated with a facies model developed from borehole lithologic data to simulate the log10(K) continuous distributions in multiple-zone heterogeneous alluvial megafans. The Chaobai River alluvial fan in the Beijing Plain, China, is used as an example to test the proposed approach. Due to the non-stationary property of the K distribution in the alluvial fan, a multiple-zone parameterization approach is applied to analyze the conductivity statistical properties of different hydrofacies in the various zones. The composite variance in each zone is computed to describe the evolution of the conductivity along the flow direction. Consistently with the scales of the sedimentary transport energy, the results show that conductivity variances of fine sand, medium-coarse sand, and gravel decrease from the upper (zone 1) to the lower (zone 3) portion along the flow direction. In zone 1, sediments were moved by higher-energy flooding, which induces poor sorting and larger conductivity variances. The composite variance confirms this feature with statistically different facies from zone 1 to zone 3. The results of this study provide insights to improve our understanding on conductivity heterogeneity and a method for characterizing the spatial distribution of K in alluvial fans.
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Alcalde, J., D. Martí, C. Juhlin, A. Malehmir, D. Sopher, E. Saura, I. Marzán, et al. "3-D reflection seismic imaging of the Hontomín structure in the Basque–Cantabrian Basin (Spain)." Solid Earth 4, no. 2 (December 9, 2013): 481–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/se-4-481-2013.
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Abstract. The Basque–Cantabrian Basin of the northern Iberia Peninsula constitutes a unique example of a major deformation system, featuring a dome structure developed by extensional tectonics followed by compressional reactivation. The occurrence of natural resources in the area and the possibility of establishing a geological storage site for carbon dioxide motivated the acquisition of a 3-D seismic reflection survey in 2010, centered on the Jurassic Hontomín dome. The objectives of this survey were to obtain a geological model of the overall structure and to establish a baseline model for a possible geological CO2 storage site. The 36 km2 survey included approximately 5000 mixed (Vibroseis and explosives) source points recorded with a 25 m inline source and receiver spacing. The target reservoir is a saline aquifer, at approximately 1450 m depth, encased and sealed by carbonate formations. Acquisition and processing parameters were influenced by the rough topography and relatively complex geology. A strong near-surface velocity inversion is evident in the data, affecting the quality of the data. The resulting 3-D image provides constraints on the key features of the geologic model. The Hontomín structure is interpreted to consist of an approximately 107 m2 large elongated dome with two major (W–E and NW–SE) striking faults bounding it. Preliminary capacity estimates indicate that about 1.2 Gt of CO2 can be stored in the target reservoir.
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Lindtner, S., H. Schaar, and H. Kroiss. "Benchmarking of large municipal wastewater treatment plants treating over 100,000 PE in Austria." Water Science and Technology 57, no. 10 (May 1, 2008): 1487–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2008.214.
Full textAbstract:
During a six-year period the Austrian Benchmarking System was developed. The main objectives of this benchmarking system are the development of process indicators, identification of best performance and determination of cost reduction potentials. Since 2004 this system is operated via an internet platform and automated to a large extent. Every year twenty to thirty treatment plants use the web-based access to this benchmarking platform. The benchmarking procedure comprises data acquisition, data evaluation including reporting and organised exchange of experience for the treatment plant managers. The process benchmarking method links the real costs with four defined main processes and two support processes. For wastewater treatment plants with a design capacity >100,000 PE these processes are further split up into sub-processes. For each (sub-) process the operating costs are attributed to six cost elements. The specific total yearly costs and the yearly operating costs of all (sub-)processes are related to the measured mean yearly pollution load of the plant expressed in population equivalents (PE110: 110 gCOD/d corresponding to 60 g BOD5/d)). The specific capital costs are related to the design capacity (PE). The paper shows the benchmarking results of 6 Austrian plants with a design capacity >100,000 PE representing approximately 30% of the Austrian municipal wastewater treatment plant capacity.
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Готцева, Маріана. "A Neurocognitive Perspective on Language Acquisition in Ullman’s DP Model." East European Journal of Psycholinguistics 4, no. 2 (December 28, 2017): 24–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.29038/eejpl.2017.4.2.got.
Full textAbstract:
In the last few decades, the studies in second language acquisition have not answered the question what mechanisms a human’s brain uses to make acquisition of language(s) possible. A neurocognitive model which tries to address SLA from such a perspective was suggested by Ullman (2005; 2015), according to which, “both first and second languages are acquired and processed by well-studied brain systems that are known to subserve particular nonlanguage functions” (Ullman, 2005: 141). The brain systems in question have analogous roles in their language and nonlanguage functions. This article is meant to critically analyse the suggested DP model within the context of neurocognitive studies of L2; and evaluate its contribution to the field of SLA studies.
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Greer, Dennis H. "Photon flux density dependence of carbon acquisition and demand in relation to shoot growth of kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa) vines grown in controlled environments." Functional Plant Biology 28, no. 2 (2001): 111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pp99202.
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Kiwifruit [Actinidia deliciosa (A. Chev.) C.F. Liang et A.R. Ferguson] vines were grown in four controlled photon flux densities (PFDs) from 250 to 1100 µmol m –2 s –1 for 130 d starting from pre-budbreak to measure relationships between shoot growth and carbon (C) demand and to assess the effect of PFD on these processes. Leaf area, stem length, photosynthesis and respiration rates were measured on the same leaves at regular intervals. From daily C acquisition and accumulation in biomass, the net C balance per cane was determined throughout the experiment. High-PFD-grown vines had 13% more leaf area, 250% more leaf biomass and 30% more stem biomass than low-PFD-grown vines. High-PFD-grown vines also partitioned relatively more biomass to photosynthetic tissue than to supporting stem tissue compared with low-PFD-grown vines. Rates of net photosynthesis were highest on vines grown at 800 µmol m –2 s –1 , but respiration rates were highest in high-PFD-grown vines. Vines grown at 1100 µmol m –2 s –1 had a net gain of 119 g sh –1 and 53 g sh – at 250 µmol m –2 s –1 , of which 46 and 58%, respectively, was used in shoot biomass growth. Net C balance was negative for 30 d after budbreak. Over 130 d, high-PFD-grown vines produced a total surplus of 64 g sh –1 , while low-PFD-grown vines produced 22 g sh –1 . Results demonstrate that irradiance has no effects on developmental processes but has marked effects on vegetative growth rates of kiwifruit vines. Underlining this, the C economy of these shoots is highly and quantitatively dependent on the PFD during growth.
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Hansman, Reuben J., and Uwe Ring. "Workflow: From photo-based 3-D reconstruction of remotely piloted aircraft images to a 3-D geological model." Geosphere 15, no. 4 (May 8, 2019): 1393–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/ges02031.1.
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AbstractGeological field mapping is a vital first step in understanding geological processes. During the 20th century, mapping was revolutionized through advances in remote sensing technology. With the recent availability of low-cost remotely piloted aircraft (RPA), field geologists now routinely carry out aerial imaging without the need to use satellite, helicopter, or airplane systems. RPA photographs are processed by photo-based three-dimensional (3-D) reconstruction software, which uses structure-from-motion and multi-view stereo algorithms to create an ultra-high-resolution, 3-D point cloud of a region or target outcrop. These point clouds are analyzed to extract the orientation of geological structures and strata, and are also used to create digital elevation models and photorealistic 3-D models. However, this technique has only recently been used for structural mapping. Here, we outline a workflow starting with RPA data acquisition, followed by photo-based 3-D reconstruction, and ending with a 3-D geological model. The Jabal Hafit anticline in the United Arab Emirates was selected to demonstrate this workflow. At this anticline, outcrop exposure is excellent and the terrain is challenging to navigate due to areas of high relief. This makes for an ideal RPA mapping site and provides a good indication of how practical this method may be for the field geologist. Results confirm that RPA photo-based 3-D reconstruction mapping is an accurate and cost-efficient remote sensing method for geological mapping.
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López, Salvador, and Víctor Yepes. "Impact of R&D&I on the Performance of Spanish Construction Companies." Advances in Civil Engineering 2020 (July 26, 2020): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/7835231.
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Deciding whether certain factors should be considered drivers of innovation in construction firms is crucial in terms of improving their performance and survival in an environment that is changing by leaps and bounds. Throughout the years, construction companies have been considered to be traditional and without the tendency to innovate. However, several studies have confirmed that this perception of the sector is evolving and that successful instruments from other industries are gradually being adapted for the benefit of the industry. The objective of this paper is therefore to investigate the potential factors affecting the performance of these organizations. Eighteen factors related to the individual, group, and organizational levels were identified through a review of the literature and an instrument developed that was validated by experienced professionals. A questionnaire was sent to 103 people working in the sector at the national level to obtain their views. The results of the classification analysis indicate that “technology and equipment” and “software acquisition” are considered the two most significant factors. In addition, these 18 factors can be classified into 7 groups: (i) internal drivers of innovation; (ii) innovation within the organization; (iii) technological innovation; (iv) technological links with the environment; (v) external drivers of innovation; (vi) innovation in processes; (vii) a culture of innovation in the company. Innovation in processes has the highest level of impact. This research deepens the current understanding of the factors at different organizational levels that must be highlighted in the implementation of an R&D system in order for companies to improve their performance and survival in future processes.
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Silva, Álvaro Augusto Pereira, Antônio Fernandes De Carvalho, Ítalo Tuler Perrone, Luísa Cordeiro De Oliveira, Luiz Fernando Cappa de Oliveira, and Rodrigo Stephani. "Food innovation in Brazil from the point of view of industries: an evaluation of PINTEC data." QUARKS: Brazilian Electronic Journal of Physics, Chemistry and Materials Science 1, no. 1 (September 17, 2019): 18–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.34019/2674-9688.2019.v1.28222.
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Data published in 2016 PINTEC (Innovation Survey), conducted by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics for the 2012-2014 triennium with 13,846 food companies, showed that only 45% innovated in products and/or processes. Acquisition of machinery / equipment was considered the most important innovative activity followed by personnel training. The products quality improvement and the productive capacity increase were the greater impacts observed. Only 9% of companies claim to spent on R&D activities. The high cost of innovation, the lack of appropriate funding and the excessive economic risks were the main problems pointed out by companies, followed by qualified personnel lack.
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Veneziano, Edy. "Categories and processes in language acquisition. Y. Levy, I. M. Schlesinger, and M. D. S. Braine (Eds.). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum, 1988. Pp. 284." Applied Psycholinguistics 12, no. 2 (June 1991): 249–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0142716400009188.
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Demir, Ibrahim, Helen Conover, Witold F. Krajewski, Bong-Chul Seo, Radosław Goska, Yubin He, Michael F. McEniry, Sara J. Graves, and Walter Petersen. "Data-Enabled Field Experiment Planning, Management, and Research Using Cyberinfrastructure." Journal of Hydrometeorology 16, no. 3 (May 27, 2015): 1155–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jhm-d-14-0163.1.
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Abstract In the spring of 2013, NASA conducted a field campaign known as Iowa Flood Studies (IFloodS) as part of the Ground Validation (GV) program for the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission. The purpose of IFloodS was to enhance the understanding of flood-related, space-based observations of precipitation processes in events that transpire worldwide. NASA used a number of scientific instruments such as ground-based weather radars, rain and soil moisture gauges, stream gauges, and disdrometers to monitor rainfall events in Iowa. This article presents the cyberinfrastructure tools and systems that supported the planning, reporting, and management of the field campaign and that allow these data and models to be accessed, evaluated, and shared for research. The authors describe the collaborative informatics tools, which are suitable for the network design, that were used to select the locations in which to place the instruments. How the authors used information technology tools for instrument monitoring, data acquisition, and visualizations after deploying the instruments and how they used a different set of tools to support data analysis and modeling after the campaign are also explained. All data collected during the campaign are available through the Global Hydrology Resource Center (GHRC), a NASA Distributed Active Archive Center (DAAC).
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Kremer, Robert J. "Environmental Implications of Herbicide Resistance: Soil Biology and Ecology." Weed Science 62, no. 2 (June 2014): 415–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/ws-d-13-00114.1.
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Soil microbial community structure and activity are linked to plant communities. Weeds may alter their soil environment, selecting for specific rhizosphere microbial communities. Rhizosphere modification occurs for many crop and horticultural plants. However, impacts of weeds in agroecosystems on soil biology and ecology have received less attention because effective weed management practices were developed to minimize their impacts on crop production. The recent development of herbicide resistance (HR) in several economically important weeds leading to widespread infestations in crop fields treated with a single herbicide has prompted a re-evaluation of the effects of weed growth on soil biology and ecology. The objective of this article is to review the potential impacts of herbicide-resistant weeds on soil biological and ecological properties based on reports for crops, weeds, and invasive plants. Persistent weed infestations likely establish extensive root systems and release various plant metabolites through root exudation. Many exudates are selective for specific soil microbial groups mediating biochemical and nutrient acquisition processes. Exudates may stimulate development of microbial groups beneficial to weed but detrimental to crop growth or beneficial to both. Changes in symbiotic and associative microbial interactions occur, especially for arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) that are important in plant uptake of nutrients and water, and protecting from phytopathogens. Mechanisms used by weeds to disrupt symbioses in crops are not clearly described. Many herbicide-resistant weeds includingAmaranthusandChenopodiumdo not support AMF symbioses, potentially reducing AMF propagule density and establishment with crop plants. Herbicides applied to control HR weeds may compound effects of weeds on soil microorganisms. Systemic herbicides released through weed roots may select microbial groups that mediate detrimental processes such as nutrient immobilization or serve as opportunistic pathogens. Understanding complex interactions of weeds with soil microorganisms under extensive infestations is important in developing effective management of herbicide-resistant weeds.
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ASTAPOV, Kirill L., and Anna S. KHVOROSTYANAYA. "The role of brand in corporate strategies for mergers and acquisitions." Finance and Credit 27, no. 6 (June 30, 2021): 1241–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.24891/fc.27.6.1241.
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Subject. The article discusses how brand influences corporate and financial strategies. Objectives. We determine the role of brand in setting up transformation strategies, including M&A, financial indicators of companies. Methods. We relied upon methods of economic analysis and synthesis, comparison, matching. Strategic analysis is based on renowned concepts for strategic marketing and branding, including those proposed by M. Porter, Ph. Kotler, R. Kaplan and D. Northon, V. Kvint's methodology for strategy-setting. Results. Illustrating some cases, we justify the hypothesis stating that branding plays the most significant role in setting up transformation deal strategies for consumption sectors, light industry and fashion, while transformation processes in high-tech, banking are not always accompanied with rebranding. Furthermore, we suggest how it should be assessed whether it is reasonable to save a brand in case of M&A. Conclusions and Relevance. Businesses can refer to this study and respective cases to comprehensively evaluate business transformations, including new views of the role a brand plays for the financial feasibility of M&A deals across industries. The capitalization of a newly transformed company can be increased provided rebranding is more thoroughly considered as part of M&A.
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Philippsen, Anja. "Goal-Directed Exploration for Learning Vowels and Syllables: A Computational Model of Speech Acquisition." KI - Künstliche Intelligenz 35, no. 1 (January 27, 2021): 53–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13218-021-00704-y.
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AbstractInfants learn to speak rapidly during their first years of life, gradually improving from simple vowel-like sounds to larger consonant-vowel complexes. Learning to control their vocal tract in order to produce meaningful speech sounds is a complex process which requires to learn the relationship between motor and sensory processes. In this paper, a computational framework is proposed that models the problem of learning articulatory control for a physiologically plausible 3-D vocal tract model using a developmentally-inspired approach. The system babbles and explores efficiently in a low-dimensional space of goals that are relevant to the learner in its synthetic environment. The learning process is goal-directed and self-organized, and yields an inverse model of the mapping between sensory space and motor commands. This study provides a unified framework that can be used for learning static as well as dynamic motor representations. The successful learning of vowel and syllable sounds as well as the benefit of active and adaptive learning strategies are demonstrated. Categorical perception is found in the acquired models, suggesting that the framework has the potential to replicate phenomena of human speech acquisition.
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Keane, Robert G., and Howard Fireman. "Producibility in the Naval Ship Design Process: A Progress Report." Journal of Ship Production 9, no. 04 (November 1, 1993): 210–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/jsp.1993.9.4.210.
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In October 1989, A Ship Design for Producibility Workshop was held by the Naval Sea Systems Command (NAVSEA) at the David Taylor Research Center (DTRC). The purpose of the workshop was "To develop the framework of a plan to integrate producibility concepts and processes into the NAVSEA Ship Design Process." The major recommendations of the workshop included initiatives related to increased training of NAVSEA design engineers in modern ship production concepts, development of producibility design tools and practices for use by NAVSEA design engineers, improved cost models, implementation of producibility strategies for ship design process improvements, modification to existing acquisition practices, and improved three-dimensional (3-D) digital data transfer. The workshop was one of NAVSEA's first Total Quality Leadership (TQL) initiatives and was subsequently expanded into the Ship Design, Acquisition and Construction (DAC) Process Improvement Project. This paper reports on the major findings and recommendations of the workshop, the near term accomplishments since the workshop, and the long range strategic plan for continuously improving producibility in the Naval Ship Design Process.
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Käufl, J. S., A. V. Grayver, M. J. Comeau, A. V. Kuvshinov, M. Becken, J. Kamm, E. Batmagnai, and S. Demberel. "Magnetotelluric multiscale 3-D inversion reveals crustal and upper mantle structure beneath the Hangai and Gobi-Altai region in Mongolia." Geophysical Journal International 221, no. 2 (January 23, 2020): 1002–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggaa039.
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SUMMARY Central Mongolia is a prominent region of intracontinental surface deformation and intraplate volcanism. To study these processes, which are poorly understood, we collected magnetotelluric (MT) data in the Hangai and Gobi-Altai region in central Mongolia and derived the first 3-D resistivity model of the crustal and upper mantle structure in this region. The geological and tectonic history of this region is complex, resulting in features over a wide range of spatial scales, which that are coupled through a variety of geodynamic processes. Many Earth properties that are critical for the understanding of these processes, such as temperature as well as fluid and melt properties, affect the electrical conductivity in the subsurface. 3-D imaging using MT can resolve the distribution of electrical conductivity within the Earth at scales ranging from tens of metres to hundreds of kilometres, thereby providing constraints on possible geodynamic scenarios. We present an approach to survey design, data acquisition, and inversion that aims to bridge various spatial scales while keeping the required field work and computational cost of the subsequent 3-D inversion feasible. MT transfer functions were estimated for a 650 × 400 km2 grid, which included measurements on an array with regular 50 × 50 km2 spacing and along several profiles with a denser 5–15 km spacing. The use of telluric-only data loggers on these profiles allowed for an efficient data acquisition with a high spatial resolution. A 3-D finite element forward modelling and inversion code was used to obtain the resistivity model. Locally refined unstructured hexahedral meshes allow for a multiscale model parametrization and accurate topography representation. The inversion process was carried out over four stages, whereby the result from each stage was used as input for the following stage that included a finer model parametrization and/or additional data (i.e. more stations, wider frequency range). The final model reveals a detailed resistivity structure and fits the observed data well, across all periods and site locations, offering new insights into the subsurface structure of central Mongolia. A prominent feature is a large low-resistivity zone detected in the upper mantle. This feature suggests a non-uniform lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary that contains localized upwellings that shallow to a depth of 70 km, consistent with previous studies. The 3-D model reveals the complex geometry of the feature, which appears rooted below the Eastern Hangai Dome with a second smaller feature slightly south of the Hangai Dome. Within the highly resistive upper crust, several conductive anomalies are observed. These may be explained by late Cenozoic volcanic zones and modern geothermal areas, which appear linked to mantle structures, as well as by major fault systems, which mark terrane boundaries and mineralized zones. Well resolved, heterogeneous low-resistivity zones that permeate the lower crust may be explained by fluid-rich domains.
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Ijalba, Elizabeth, and Alicia Bustos. "Phonological Deficits in Developmental Dyslexia in a Second Grade Spanish-English Bilingual Child." Perspectives of the ASHA Special Interest Groups 2, no. 1 (January 2017): 212–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/persp2.sig1.212.
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In this study we identify component reading skills in a 2nd grade dual language learner (DLL) experiencing unexpected reading and writing difficulty. We review research on language and literacy acquisition in DLL and English learners (ELs), and on developmental dyslexia. We consider the diagnostic process and treatment recommendations based on a componential model of reading. We formulate research questions along four lines of inquiry: (a) identifying a developmental dyslexia profile; (b) determining the presence of core language deficits; (c) examining psychological and ecological variables impacting reading; and (d) planning for intervention. Our findings reveal a profile of developmental phonological dyslexia with manifest deficits in phonological awareness in English and Spanish and impaired sublexical processes affecting reading and writing. Evidence for core linguistic deficits was evident across languages. These deficits could be traced to word-level reading processes and not to psychosocial and ecological variables.
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Cauchy, Pierre, Karen J. Heywood, Nathan D. Merchant, Bastien Y. Queste, and Pierre Testor. "Wind Speed Measured from Underwater Gliders Using Passive Acoustics." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 35, no. 12 (December 2018): 2305–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-17-0209.1.
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AbstractWind speed measurements are needed to understand ocean–atmosphere coupling processes and their effects on climate. Satellite observations provide sufficient spatial and temporal coverage but are lacking adequate calibration, while ship- and mooring-based observations are spatially limited and have technical shortcomings. However, wind-generated underwater noise can be used to measure wind speed, a method known as Weather Observations Through Ambient Noise (WOTAN). Here, we adapt the WOTAN technique for application to ocean gliders, enabling calibrated wind speed measurements to be combined with contemporaneous oceanographic profiles over extended spatial and temporal scales. We demonstrate the methodology in three glider surveys in the Mediterranean Sea during winter 2012/13. Wind speeds ranged from 2 to 21.5 m s−1, and the relationship to underwater ambient noise measured from the glider was quantified. A two-regime linear model is proposed, which validates a previous linear model for light winds (below 12 m s−1) and identifies a regime change in the noise generation mechanism at higher wind speeds. This proposed model improves on previous work by extending the validated model range to strong winds of up to 21.5 m s−1. The acquisition, data processing, and calibration steps are described. Future applications for glider-based wind speed observations and the development of a global wind speed estimation model are discussed.
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Meloni, Marco, Jerome Bouffard, Tommaso Parrinello, Geoffrey Dawson, Florent Garnier, Veit Helm, Alessandro Di Bella, et al. "CryoSat Ice Baseline-D validation and evolutions." Cryosphere 14, no. 6 (June 12, 2020): 1889–907. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-1889-2020.
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Abstract. The ESA Earth Explorer CryoSat-2 was launched on 8 April 2010 to monitor the precise changes in the thickness of terrestrial ice sheets and marine floating ice. To do that, CryoSat orbits the planet at an altitude of around 720 km with a retrograde orbit inclination of 92∘ and a quasi repeat cycle of 369 d (30 d subcycle). To reach the mission goals, the CryoSat products have to meet the highest quality standards to date, achieved through continual improvements of the operational processing chains. The new CryoSat Ice Baseline-D, in operation since 27 May 2019, represents a major processor upgrade with respect to the previous Ice Baseline-C. Over land ice the new Baseline-D provides better results with respect to the previous baseline when comparing the data to a reference elevation model over the Austfonna ice cap region, improving the ascending and descending crossover statistics from 1.9 to 0.1 m. The improved processing of the star tracker measurements implemented in Baseline-D has led to a reduction in the standard deviation of the point-to-point comparison with the previous star tracker processing method implemented in Baseline-C from 3.8 to 3.7 m. Over sea ice, Baseline-D improves the quality of the retrieved heights inside and at the boundaries of the synthetic aperture radar interferometric (SARIn or SIN) acquisition mask, removing the negative freeboard pattern which is beneficial not only for freeboard retrieval but also for any application that exploits the phase information from SARIn Level 1B (L1B) products. In addition, scatter comparisons with the Beaufort Gyre Exploration Project (BGEP; https://www.whoi.edu/beaufortgyre, last access: October 2019) and Operation IceBridge (OIB; Kurtz et al., 2013) in situ measurements confirm the improvements in the Baseline-D freeboard product quality. Relative to OIB, the Baseline-D freeboard mean bias is reduced by about 8 cm, which roughly corresponds to a 60 % decrease with respect to Baseline-C. The BGEP data indicate a similar tendency with a mean draft bias lowered from 0.85 to −0.14 m. For the two in situ datasets, the root mean square deviation (RMSD) is also well reduced from 14 to 11 cm for OIB and by a factor of 2 for the BGEP. Observations over inland waters show a slight increase in the percentage of good observations in Baseline-D, generally around 5 %–10 % for most lakes. This paper provides an overview of the new Level 1 and Level 2 (L2) CryoSat Ice Baseline-D evolutions and related data quality assessment, based on results obtained from analyzing the 6-month Baseline-D test dataset released to CryoSat expert users prior to the final transfer to operations.
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Palamakumbura, Romesh, Maarten Krabbendam, Katie Whitbread, and Christian Arnhardt. "Data acquisition by digitizing 2-D fracture networks and topographic lineaments in geographic information systems: further development and applications." Solid Earth 11, no. 5 (September 4, 2020): 1731–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/se-11-1731-2020.
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Abstract. Understanding the impact of fracture networks on rock mass properties is an essential part of a wide range of applications in geosciences from understanding permeability of groundwater aquifers and hydrocarbon reservoirs to erodibility properties and slope stability of rock masses for geotechnical engineering. However, gathering high-quality, oriented-fracture datasets in the field can be difficult and time-consuming, for example, due to constraints on field work time or access (e.g. cliffs). Therefore, a method for obtaining accurate, quantitative fracture data from photographs is a significant benefit. In this paper we describe a method for generating a series of digital fracture traces in a geographic information system (GIS) environment, in which spatial analysis of a fracture network can be carried out. The method is not meant to replace the gathering of data in the field but to be used in conjunction with it, and it is well suited when field work time is limited or when the section cannot be accessed directly. The basis of the method is the generation of the vector dataset (shapefile) of a fracture network from a georeferenced photograph of an outcrop in a GIS environment. From that shapefile, key parameters such as fracture density and orientation can be calculated. Furthermore, in the GIS environment more complex spatial calculations and graphical plots can be carried out such as heat maps of fracture density. Advantages and limitations compared to other fracture network capture methods are discussed.
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Broderick, Nichole A. "Friend, foe or food? Recognition and the role of antimicrobial peptides in gut immunity and Drosophila –microbe interactions." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 371, no. 1695 (May 26, 2016): 20150295. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2015.0295.
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Drosophila melanogaster lives, breeds and feeds on fermenting fruit, an environment that supports a high density, and often a diversity, of microorganisms. This association with such dense microbe-rich environments has been proposed as a reason that D. melanogaster evolved a diverse and potent antimicrobial peptide (AMP) response to microorganisms, especially to combat potential pathogens that might occupy this niche. Yet, like most animals, D. melanogaster also lives in close association with the beneficial microbes that comprise its microbiota, or microbiome, and recent studies have shown that antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) of the epithelial immune response play an important role in dictating these interactions and controlling the host response to gut microbiota. Moreover, D. melanogaster also eats microbes for food, consuming fermentative microbes of decaying plant material and their by-products as both larvae and adults. The processes of nutrient acquisition and host defence are remarkably similar and use shared functions for microbe detection and response, an observation that has led to the proposal that the digestive and immune systems have a common evolutionary origin. In this manner, D. melanogaster provides a powerful model to understand how, and whether, hosts differentiate between the microbes they encounter across this spectrum of associations. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Evolutionary ecology of arthropod antimicrobial peptides’.
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Bairy, Laxminarayana Kurady, and Suresh Kumar. "Neurotransmitters and neuromodulators involved in learning and memory." International Journal of Basic & Clinical Pharmacology 8, no. 12 (November 25, 2019): 2777. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2319-2003.ijbcp20195296.
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Learning and memory being highly specialized process of human brain involves complex interaction between neurotransmitters and cellular events. Over the years, the understandings of these processes have been evolving from psychological, neurophysiological, and pharmacological perspectives. The most widely appraised model of learning and memory involves attention, acquisition, storage and retrieval. Each of these events involve interplay of neurotransmitters such as dopamine, acetylcholine, norepinephrine, N-methyl-d-aspartic acid, gamma-aminobutyric acid, though preponderance of specific neurotransmitter have been documented. The formation of long-term memory involves cellular events with neuroplasticity. Further, dopamine is documented to play crucial role in the process of forgetting. Understanding of the processes of learning and memory not only facilitates drug discovery, but also helps to understand actions of several existing drugs. In addition, it would also help to enhance psychological interventions in children with learning disabilities. Thus, the review intends to summarize role of neurotransmitters and neuromodulators during different phases of learning and memory.
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McRae, Mary, Ross A. Lee, Scott Steinschneider, and Frank Galgano. "Assessing Aircraft Performance in a Warming Climate." Weather, Climate, and Society 13, no. 1 (January 2021): 39–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/wcas-d-20-0098.1.
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AbstractIncreases in maximum and minimum air temperatures resulting from anthropogenic climate change will present challenges to aircraft performance. Elevated density altitude (DA) reduces aircraft and engine performance and has a direct impact on operational capabilities. The frequency of higher DA will increase with the combination of higher air temperatures and higher dewpoint temperatures. The inclusion of dewpoint temperature in DA projections will become increasingly critical as minimum air temperatures rise. High DA impacts aircraft performance in the following ways: reduction in power because the engine takes in less air; reduction in thrust because a propeller is less efficient in less dense air; reduction in lift because less dense air exerts less force on the airfoils. For fixed-wing aircraft, the performance impacts include decreased maximum takeoff weight and increased true airspeed, which results in longer takeoff and landing distance. For rotary-wing aircraft, the performance impacts include reduced power margin, reduced maximum gross weight, reduced hover ceiling, and reduced rate of climb. In this research, downscaled and bias-corrected maximum and minimum air temperatures for future time periods are collected and analyzed for a selected site: Little Rock Air Force Base, Arkansas. Impacts corresponding to DA thresholds are identified and integrated into risk probability matrices enabling quantifiable comparisons. As the magnitude and frequency of high DA occurrences are projected to increase as a result of climate change, it is imperative for military mission planners and acquisition officers to comprehend and utilize these projections in their decision-making processes.
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Cao, Xuejian, Guangheng Ni, Youcun Qi, and Bo Liu. "Does Subgrid Routing Information Matter for Urban Flood Forecasting? A Multiscenario Analysis at the Land Parcel Scale." Journal of Hydrometeorology 21, no. 9 (September 1, 2020): 2083–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jhm-d-20-0075.1.
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AbstractThe accessibility of high-resolution surface data enables fine distributed modeling for urban flooding. However, the surface routing processes between nonhomogeneous land cover components remain in most grid units, due to the high spatial heterogeneity of urban surfaces. Limited by the great difficulty in the acquisition, subgrid routing information (SRI) is always ignored in high-resolution urban flood modeling, and more importantly, the potential impacts of missing SRI on flood forecasting are still less understood. In this study, 54 urban-oriented scenarios of subgrid routing schemes are designed at an isolated grid, including three types of land parcels, two routing directions, and nine routing percents. The impacts of missing SRI are evaluated comprehensively under 60 different rainfall scenarios, in terms of the peak runoff (PR) and the runoff coefficient (RC). Furthermore, the influence mechanism is revealed as well to explain the discrepancy of the impacts under different conditions. Results show the missing of the routing process from impervious to pervious areas leads to significant impacts on the simulation of both PR and RC. Overestimated RC is detected, however, the impacts on PR are bidirectional depending on the rainfall intensity. Overestimation of PR due to missing SRI is observed in light rainfall events, but the opposite effect is identified under heavy rainfall conditions. This study highlights the importance of incorporating the SRI for urban flood forecasting to avoid underestimating the hazard risk in heavy rainfall. Simultaneously, it identifies that blindly utilizing infiltration-based green infrastructure is not feasible in urban stormwater management, due to the possible increase in peak runoff.