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Vigren, Andreas. "Costs in Swedish Public Transport : An analysis of cost drivers and cost efficiency in public transport contracts." Licentiate thesis, Transportekonomi, TEK, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-174378.
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During the last seven years, the total cost for Swedish public transport provision has increased by over 30 percent in real terms according to figures from the government agency Transport Analysis. A similar pattern is found if considering a longer time span. Part of the cost increase can be attributed to an increased supply, and part is due to price increases on input factors that are measured by an industry index produced by the public transport industry. The fact that about half of the costs in Swedish public transport are covered by public funds calls for responsibility in how these funds are used, and this means that information about cost drivers and cost efficiency is necessary. The lack of information about these factors in the Swedish public transport sector is the main motivation for the two papers included in this thesis. In this cover essay, the developments over the last decades in Swedish public transport are described, and there is a focus on the last ten years with the Doubling Project and the market in 2012. As mentioned, the costs as a whole, as well as per unit costs such as cost per vehicle kilometer, have increased in real terms since 2007. Even though parts of the cost increase can be attributed to an increased supply or the price of input factors, this development might be problematic for at least two reasons. First, the ambition of the industry to double the number of travelers by the year 2020 seems to have resulted in a supply increase around year 2010 and a similar increase in the number of boardings. However, the cost per vehicle kilometer and cost per boarding have both increased since then, which can bring into question whether the supply increases have been made at the right places and to the proper extent to have the desired effect on travel. Second, it is not clear whether a price increase for input factors can be viewed as an ``acceptable'' explanation for the cost increase. To the extent that the Public Transport Authority (PTA) or operator can affect the price of input factors such as buses (detailed or environmental requirements, etc.) or labor (demands on take-over of previous staff), an endogenous relationship is possible, which could disguise these potentially cost-driving factors as general price increases. At the end of this essay, a discussion about the lack of publicly available data highlights the non-compliance with EU regulations related to this. More data resources, perhaps with open access, would enable more comparisons between contractual forms, PTAs, and operators, which would provide examples of good and poor solutions and concepts in the industry and would have the potential to ensure better use of public funds. Below is a summary over the two paper included in this licentiate thesis. Papper I - “Costs for Swedish Public Transport Authorities” - uses contract-level data for the year 2012 and econometric methodology to investigate how contract factors affect costs for bus contracts. A theoretical framework is established to show some of the cost mechanisms that are at work in the two most popular contractual forms in Sweden, and the paper provides some insights into what results to expect from the empirical analysis. The most important results from the econometric analysis are that higher population density and a contract being operated by a publicly owned (municipal or county council) operator are both associated with having higher costs. Also, no statistically significant differences could be found when using incentive payments in the contracts. Papper II - “Cost Efficiency in Swedish Public Transport” -has a similar perspective as Paper I, but it uses stochastic frontier analysis to focus on cost efficiency and differences across PTAs. Data for the year 2013 are used, along with other data sources, to derive a cost frontier from which some of the deviations from this can be attributed to cost inefficiencies. The results are similar to those of Paper I, namely that cost efficiency is lower in high-density areas and in contracts that are directly awarded to a publicly owned operator. When comparing the cost efficiency of the PTAs (or counties), most exhibit small differences. The difference between the 1st and 15th-ranked county is only about 8 percent. The difference is somewhat larger when turning to the third and second least efficient counties of Stockholm and Skåne. The least efficient county of Västmanland is about 30 less cost efficient than the 1st-ranked county.De senaste sju åren har de totala kostnaderna för att bedriva kollektivtrafik i Sverige ökat med över 30 procent i reala termer enligt siffror från myndigheten Trafikanalys. Jämförs en längre tidsperiod hittas samma mönster. En del av kostnadsökningen kan förklaras med ett ökat utbud under perioden, och en del med ökade priser på insatsfaktorer vilket kan mätas med ett prisindex sammansatt av kollektivtrafikbranschen. Det faktum att ungefär hälften av kollektivtrafikens kostnader täcks av offentliga medel ställer krav på ett ansvarsfullt utnyttjande, vilket i sin tur kräver information om hur kostnader och kostnadseffektivitet påverkas. Dylik information är begränsad för svensk kollektivtrafik, vilket är den huvudsakliga motiveringen till de två papperen i denna uppsats. I den tillhörande kappan beskrivs de senaste decenniernas utveckling i den svenska kollektivtrafiken, med ett större fokus på de senaste tio åren med branschens fördubblingsprojekt samt marknadsöppningen år 2012. Som nämndes tidigare har kostnaderna som helhet, samt olika typer av styckkostnader såsom kostnad per körd utbudskilometer, ökat i reala termer sedan 2007. Även om delar av kostnadsökningarna kan attribueras till ett ökat utbud eller prisökningar i insatsfaktorer kan utvecklingen ändå vara problematisk av åtminstone två anledningar. För det första verkar branschens ambition att fördubbla resandet till år 2020 ha gett en utbudsökning under åren kring 2010, och en resandeökning något år senare. Vad som är tydligt är dock att både kostnaden per utbudskilometer och passagerare ökat. I ljuset av detta blir det tveksamt om utbudsökningarna skett på rätt ställen. För det andra är det oklart om en prisökning i insatsfaktorerna kan ses som ”acceptabla” anledningar till branschens kostnadsökning. I den mån kollektivtrafikmyndigheter och/eller operatörer kan påverka priset på insatsfaktorer såsom bussar (särkrav, miljökrav etc.) eller personal (personalövertagande etc.) riskerar man ett endogent samband vilket gör att dessa, potentiellt kostnadsdrivande, faktorer lätt kan sorteras bort som allmänna prisökningar. I slutet av kappan förs även en diskussion om den bristande tillgången på offentlig data i svensk kollektivtrafik, och att kollektivtrafikmyndigheterna inte följer uppsatta EU förordningar relaterat till detta. Ett större utbud av data, och helst ett öppet sådant, skulle möjliggöra för mer jämförelser mellan kontrakt, utförare och kollektivtrafikmyndigheter, vilket i förlängningen tydligare skulle kunna påvisa bra och dåliga exempel i branschen och bidra ett bättre resursutnyttjande av skattemedel. Nedan följer en sammanfattning av de två papper som ingår i licentiatuppsatsen. Papper I, “Costs for Swedish Public Transport Authorities”, använder data från år 2012 på kontraktsnivå för att med ekonometriska metoder analysera hur olika kontraktsfaktorer påverkar kostnaderna i busskontrakt. Analysen utgår från en teoretisk modell visar på kostnadsmekanismer i de två vanligaste kontraktstyperna, och som ger några insikter om vilka resultat som kan förväntas från den empiriska analysen. De viktigaste resultaten från den ekonometriska analysen är att kostnaderna är högre om kontraktet körs i ett område med hög befolkningstäthet, eller om operatören av ett kontrakt har en offentlig ägare (kommun eller landsting). Incitamentsersättning till operatören kan inte påvisas ha en statistiskt signifikant påverkan på kostnaderna. Papper II, “Cost Efficiency in Swedish Public Transport” , har en liknande utgångspunkt som Papper I, men använder stokastisk frontanalys för att fokusera på kostnadseffektivitet och skillnader i denna mellan kollektivtrafikmyndigheter. Data från år 2013 används tillsammans med ett antal andra datakällor för att ta fram en kostnadsfront, där vissa avvikelser från denna attribueras som kostnadsineffektivitet. Resultaten påminner om de i Papper I, nämligen att kostnadseffektiviteten är lägre i tätbefolkade områden, samt i kontrakt som direkttilldelas en offentligt ägd operatör. En jämförelse av kollektivtrafikmyndigheternas (länens) kostnadseffektivitet visar att de flesta län inte skiljer sig åt. Skillnaden mellan den mest effektiva och 15e mest effektiva länet är ca 8 procent. Skillnaden är något större till Stockholms och Skåne län, som har tredje respektive näst lägsta kostnadseffektivitet, samt det sist placerade länet, Västmanland, som är cirka 30 procent mer ineffektiv än det bäst placerade.
QC 20151007
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Rameson, Tyler J. (Tyler James) 1974. "Online auctions in procurement : the cost/goodwill tradeoff." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/9157.
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Thesis (M.Eng.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Engineering Systems Division, 2000.Includes bibliographical references (leaf 44).
Industry is rapidly adopting online auctions. Many of these auctions are occurring in the procurement of component supplies. While there are tremendous expectations for this technology, there is little data or study looking at the implications of the technology. This thesis aims to provide some insight into this topic. Primarily using data collected in a study of auctions in the procurement of automotive components, this thesis looks at the costs and benefits of using online auctions in procurement. The thesis specifically addresses the cost vs. supplier goodwill tradeoff present in procurement auction. After quantifying these variables and answering associated questions, the thesis provides a framework for evaluating the use of online auctions in industry in general. The thesis concludes with a list of suggested further research into this important subject.
Tyler J. Rameson.
M.Eng.
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Mahdillou, Hossein, and Jawid Akbary. "E-procurement adoption, its benefits and costs." Thesis, Högskolan i Borås, Institutionen Ingenjörshögskolan, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hb:diva-18199.
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This thesis report aims at illustrating and describing how e-procurement can contribute in creating value and reducing overheads associated with the procurement process through adopting and implementing e-procurement systems and applications in the supply chain network of an organization. It is an obvious fact that e-procurement plays a vital role in managing the supply chain especially now that outsourcing has become very common in the business market environment around the world. The main purpose of our bachelor thesis work is to find out how e-procurement can contribute in creating value, reducing cost and gaining more profit out of the procurement process. Since this thesis report is meant to cover the available literature on procurement and e-procurement only limited areas of the supply chain management is presented.When it comes to methodologies, available literatures on procurement and e-procurement have been covered to extract the most plausible information and data related how e-procurement contributes in creating value and reducing costs and overheads in the supply chain management. First a framework of modern procurement processes and stages is given as a basis and then e-procurement is treated being the technologies and key factors in implementation of e-procurement.This thesis work tries to consolidate prevalent ideas as well as facts that have been tested by means of academic researches carried out by scholars of the field and interdisciplinary of industrial engineering.Program: BSc in Industrial Engineering - International Business Engineering
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Benitez, Cardenas Mauricio Salvador. "Life-cycle cost modeling and Optimization for capital equipment procurement." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2019. https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/122585.
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Thesis: M.B.A., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Sloan School of Management, 2019, In conjunction with the Leaders for Global Operations Program at MITThesis: S.M., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, 2019, In conjunction with the Leaders for Global Operations Program at MIT
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 85-86).
Composite airplane manufacturing requires the use of autoclaves to cure composite materials in order to create durable, lightweight parts for use in airplanes. The large size, complexity and utility consumption of this equipment makes it an ideal starting place for cost optimization. Cost modeling and the framework created by this research provide input to understand the cost impact of the complex decision between multiple part capacity and single part capacity autoclaves. The results of this research include the identification of cost drivers for the autoclave equipment as focus areas for future cost reduction efforts. Additionally, wait time modeling illustrates how multiple capacity autoclaves increase work in progress and queue lengths and how to assign costs based on the impact of batching to production flow. The framework and analysis also show cost sensitivity to offloading parts and changes in production rates by using linear optimization algorithms to evaluate different scenarios. The framework is extendable to other capital equipment with complex tradeoffs by serving as a starting point for a data driven understanding of costs from recurring, non-recurring and production flow factors.
by Mauricio Salvador Benitez Cardenas.
M.B.A.
S.M.
M.B.A. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Sloan School of Management
S.M. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering
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Grant, Benjamin P. "Density as a cost driver in Naval submarine design and procurement." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Naval Postgraduate School, 2008. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA483764.
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Thesis (M.B.A.)--Naval Postgraduate School, June 2008.Thesis Advisor(s): Nussbaum, Daniel A. ; San Miguel, Joseph G. "June 2008." Description based on title screen as viewed on August 22, 2008. Includes bibliographical references (p. 75-76). Also available in print.
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Humphries, Andrew. "Sustained Monopolistic Business Relationships: A UK Defence Procurement Case." Thesis, Cranfield University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1826/91.
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Business-to-business relationships within sustained monopolies, such as those within Defence Procurement, have received limited attention by Management Researchers. This is unusual because under these market circumstances typically there appear to be few incentives to achieve mutually beneficial outcomes despite their strategic policy importance. The purpose of this thesis is therefore, to determine the influential relationship factors between the UK Ministry of Defence and its Industrial partners within a predominantly monopolistic Defence Procurement business.
The approach adopted for this research project is exploratory and inter-subject area. It uses quantitative and supportive qualitative data to examine the problem through an economic model using Supply Chain Management, Relationship Marketing and Transaction Cost Economics. A self-selected census of 54 business relationships is carried out from both the buyer and supplier perspectives through staff questionnaires and team leader semi-structured interviews.
The findings from this research show, contrary to the expectation of the theoretical model, a positive relationship success situation with a spectrum of both positive and negative behavioural factors present. However, a significant adversarial influence is a suite of issues that are endemic to the business in question such as old products, obsolescence, staff and organisational upheavals, poor end-customer visibility and lack of investment in modern procedures and systems. Within the monopoly environment these accentuate managers’ frustrations due to lack of freedom of action. The primary contribution of this research is therefore, an increased understanding of the business-to-business relationship dynamics within long-term, closely coupled, collaborative, business-to-business arrangements as exemplified by UK Defence and the results are likely to be of interest to both academics and managers.
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Massa, Lars. "Project Cost Deviations : Determination of Causes and Correlations & Implications for Public Procurement." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, Handelshögskolan, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-37461.
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Looking at newspapers nowadays, you are likely to see reports about public projects which turn out to be more expensive than estimated, sometimes even fourteen times the planned cost budget as in the case of the Sydney Opera. In order to gain a new insight on how this problematic could be improved, this paper aims to find correlations between the causes of deviations in public procurement and in the private market. Data from a on a global scale operating firm has been analyzed and compared to causes found in prior research. The questions this paper aims to answer are “Are causes and correlations found in smaller, private projects consistent with causes of cost overruns in public procurement?” and “Which implications and recommendations can be derived from the smaller dimension for the larger dimension of public procurement?” After introducing the theoretical framework and its theories, the individual cost deviations and correlations of the different segments are introduced and analysed. As a result, one can see how the rational behaviour model and asymmetric information influence the estimated cost and that, in order to decrease the problematic of cost overruns, estimation techniques and especially the way contracts are constructed have to be improved. Furthermore, positive correlations between the size of cost deviations and number of employees, possible chain of events and pay offs between
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Smith, Terence G. "Analysis of the U.S. Navy termination model for procurement contracts." Thesis, Monterey, California : Naval Postgraduate School, 1990. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA240905.
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Thesis (M.S. in Operations Research)--Naval Postgraduate School, September 1990.Thesis Advisor(s): McMasters, Alan W. ; Henderson, David R. "September 1990." Description based on title screen as viewed on December 21, 2009. DTIC Descriptor(s): Naval Procurement, Mathematical Models, Parameters, Navy, Theses, Costs, Precision, Procurement, Inventory, Value, Supplies, Naval Logistics, Models, Contracts, Decision Making. DTIC Identifier(s): Navy Inventory Control Points, Navy Procurement Contract Termination Model, Forecasts. Author(s) subject terms: Procurement, Contract, Termination. Includes bibliographical references (p. 57-58). Also available in print.
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Sterner, Eva. "Green procurement of buildings : estimation of life-cycle cost and environmental impact /." Luleå, 2002. http://epubl.luth.se/1402-1544/2002/09/index.html.
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Badillo, Tulia S. "Procurement Total Cost Analysis: A Supply Chain Strategy for the Aviation Industry." ScholarWorks, 2018. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/5447.
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In the aviation industry, purchasing departments spend approximately 80% of revenues on procurement. Additionally, 62% of companies experience unforeseen expenses or hidden costs in the procurement process. Grounded in a conceptual framework of activity-based costing, the purpose of this case study was to explore strategies used by 5 upper-level supply chain management leaders at a maintenance repair and overhaul company in the aviation industry in the Southeastern United States to accurately forecast procurement costs. Data collection included 5 semistructured interviews, company documents, and annual reports. Through thematic analysis, the major themes that emerged from the data analysis were accuracy, competitive advantage, improved corporate performance, and improved total cost analysis. The findings may contribute to social change in the Southeastern region of the United States. The aviation industry is experiencing competition from low-cost countries and the economy of the region and hundreds of families and educational institutions depend on the success of the companies in the region for sustainability.
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Trumble, Misty. "The total delivered cost of sieved red raspberries: a procurement optimization model." Thesis, Kansas State University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/19715.
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Master of AgribusinessAgricultural Economics
Vincent R. Amanor-Boadu
The United States was the world’s third largest producer of raspberries (by pounds) in 2013, behind Russia and Poland. Raspberries are the third most popular berry in the United States behind strawberries and blueberries. Most U.S. production of red raspberries occurs in the states of Washington and Oregon during July and August depending on variety. Harvest and production for industrial pack typically runs for five weeks. Sieved red raspberries or single strength red raspberry puree is one of many industrial packs produced in the Pacific Northwest of the United States. Sieved red raspberries are produced by forcing fresh, cleaned and sorted red raspberries and red raspberry crumbles and pieces through a mesh screen, collected in drums or pails and stored for use in further processed products such as pies, confectioneries and other consumer food products. For this thesis, sieved berries are packed in 55-gallon steel drums lined with food grade plastic bags. They are shipped from the processing plant to a third party warehouse to be frozen and stored. The final processing plant draws on these stored frozen products for use in the production of the Company’s consumer food products. The purpose of this thesis is to review the Company’s current procurement practices of sieved red raspberries and determine how these practices may be improved to reduce its total delivered cost. We use an optimization modelling approach to assess the procurement process used by the Company. The results indicate that it is possible to reduce procurement costs and improve efficiencies by making changes to the current procurement strategy. By implementing the procurement strategy developed in this study, we show that the Company can save as much as $1.69 million per year, which is equivalent to about 20.3% of the current spend. This would suggest that adopting the optimization strategy could allow the Company to increase its total sieved raspberry utilization by as much as 0.9 million pounds per annum, all other things remaining unchanged.
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McCarthy, Patrick J. "A least cost study for book procurement at the Naval Postgraduate School library." Thesis, Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/30656.
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Approved for public release, distribution unlimitedThe primary objective of this thesis is to perform a cost effectiveness analysis of the various purchasing methods available to Dudley Knox Library on the Naval Postgraduate School campus in Monterey, California. The intent of the study is to identify the most cost efficient method of procuring books within the guidelines of the Federal Acquisition Regulation (FAR). The research was conducted by reviewing current literature and interviewing persons acquainted with the various cost elements which occur when purchasing books at the Naval Postgraduate School. Approval plans were found to be the least costly way for a Department of Defense library to purchase books if the library was large enough to sustain an approval plan.
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Safi, Mohammed. "Life-Cycle Costing : Applications and Implementations in Bridge Investment and Management." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Bro- och stålbyggnad, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-133241.
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A well-maintained bridge infrastructure is a fundamental necessity for a modern society that provides great value, but ensuring that it meets all the requirements sustainably and cost-effectively is challenging. Bridge investment and management decisions generally involve selection from multiple alternatives. All of the options may meet the functional demands, but their life-cycle cost (LCC), service life-span, user-cost, aesthetic merit and environmental impact may differ substantially. Thus, life-cycle analysis (LCCA, a widely used decision-support technique that enables comparison of the LCC of possible options), is essential. However, although LCCA has recognized potential for rationalizing bridge procurement and management decisions its use in this context is far from systematic and the integration of LCCA findings in decisions is often far from robust. Thus, the overall objective of the work underlying this thesis has been to contribute to the development of sustainable bridge infrastructures while optimizing use of taxpayers’ money, by robustly incorporating life-cycle considerations into bridge investment and management decision-making processes. The work has introduced a full scheme for applying LCCA throughout bridges’ entire life-cycle. Several practical case studies have been presented to illustrate how an agency could benefit from use of a bridge management system (BMS) to support decisions related to the management of existing bridges and procure new bridges. Further developments include a comprehensive approach incorporating a novel LCCA technique, “LCC Added-Value Analysis”, which enables procurement of the most cost-efficient bridge design through a fair design-build (D-B) tendering process. A further contribution is a novel, holistic approach designed to enable procurement of bridges with the maximal possible sustainability (life-cycle advantages) under D-B contracts. The approach combines LCC Added-Value analysis with other techniques that make bridges’ aesthetic merit and environmental impact commensurable using an adapted concept named the willingness-to-pay-extra (WTPE). The systematic analytical procedures and potential of LCCA to deliver major savings highlighted in this thesis clearly demonstrate both the feasibility and need to integrate LCCA into bridge procurement and management decisions. This need has been recognized by Trafikverket (the Swedish Transport Administration), which has implemented a software tool developed in the research (BaTMan-LCC) in its bridge and tunnel management system (BaTMan). This thesis introduces readers to the field, considers BaTMan and the bridge stock in Sweden, discusses the developments outlined above and obstacles hindering further implementation of LCCA, then presents proposals for further advances.QC 20131029
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Kebede, Ermias. "The application of transaction cost economics to UK defence acquisition." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2011. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/the-application-of-transaction-cost-economics-to-uk-defence-acquisition(305cd069-bc16-4707-9b6b-99c57065fff1).html.
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Major defence projects have a reputation of cost increases, time delays and in some cases not meeting user requirements. The aim of this study was to discover the factors which create the difficulties in UK defence acquisition projects. The dataset used in this research are seventeen, National Audit Office: Value for Money reports of major defence projects. Qualitative Software NVivo 8 was used to organise passages from the reports into categories of factors representing the defence acquisition process. A content analysis method was applied to the categories in order to highlight their quantitative and qualitative significance. A Transaction Cost Economics approach was taken to formulate the research propositions, which were tested using the qualitative content analysis.The fundamental transformation in defence procurement leads to post-contract asset specificity. There is a lack of substitute suppliers in defence procurement due to the high switching costs. There are three reasons given for this development in defence: (1) a legacy of the privatisation policy in the defence industry; (2) ownership transfers of specialised assets under the prime contracting approach and; (3) the transaction-specific investments by the MoD. The prime is able to take advantage of transaction-specific and relation-specific investments in the transaction for future contract tenders, due to the pre-contract asset specificity which results. This sequence of events is identified as the cause of the bilateral dependency condition in defence acquisition.Uncertainty and asset specificity, to a lesser extent, were identified as the major causes of transaction-costs in defence acquisition. These transaction-costs were given as the causes of failures in meeting the value for money criteria of defence projects. The MoD has responded, in recent time, to project failure through a governance trade-off from a traditional market-based transaction towards a bilateral governance approach. A focus of this bilateral governance approach is the application of Smart Acquisition principles and the IPT mechanism (joint MoD-Industry teams). In order to strengthen and support the IPT mechanism it is argued that a relational contracting approach should be taken. Traditional contracting approaches weaken the joint team working, whereas relational contracting applies partnership principles of better communication, cooperation and collaboration.
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Welman, Abraham Jacobus Frederik. "The development of an integrated value chain cost reduction methodology." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1012954.
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The reason for the existence of any company is to make a profit, which means increasing turnover and keeping costs as low as possible. Optimisation of the Value Chain and Procurement were identified as the two largest contributors when one needs to improve the bottom line of any company. The purpose of this research was to develop an integrated Value Chain and Procurement cost reduction methodology and system specifications for a software solution which captures, tracks and accurately reports the impact of the improvement initiatives. The main research question was structured as follows: What should the specifications of a software solution be that will integrate the cost reduction processes of the Value Chain and of Procurement, in a manner that will ensure maximum sustainable bottom-line savings for companies in the manufacturing or service industries? The objective was to define the key phases in the Value Chain and Procurement cost reduction process and to determine how and where they integrate. It is important to note that according the literature review and the survey, both the Value Chain and Procurement cost reduction processes consist of seven phases. The phases of the Value Chain cost reduction process were: Phase 1: Budget/ABC costing and data analysis; Phase 2: Generate ideas; Phase 3: Evaluate and approve ideas; Phase 4: Implementation planning and approval; Phase 5: Development of project (idea) specific KPI's; Phase 6: Implementation of ideas; Phase 7: Track and report savings. The phases of the Procurement (Strategic Sourcing) cost reduction process were: Phase 1: Team selection/data collection/spend analysis/work plan development Phase 2: Access requirements/internal and external analysis; Phase 3: Develop strategy/shape value proposition; Phase 4: Screen suppliers, issue RFI/P/Q, implementation planning; Phase 5: Conduct commercial event/negotiate/finalise contract; Phase 6: Implement contract; Phase 7: Contract management/track and reporting. The above two cost reduction processes integrate at each phase of the respective processes and should thus be implemented at the same time due to their interdependencies. Based on the findings of the research it was clear that an integrated Value Chain and Procurement cost reduction process alone is not going to solve the cost reduction problems of companies. It is essential for the successful implementation of the integrated cost reduction process to develop skills and knowledgeable resources to implement the integrated cost reduction process, improve collaboration between the Value Chain and Procurement, and to implement a system to track and report performance during implementation. Further research should include how to adapt the current company processes, structures, procedures and systems in order to gain maximum benefit from the implementation of an integrated cost reduction process. The integrated Value Chain and Procurement cost reduction process, supported by a software system, should improve the success of cost reduction projects in companies. It is, however, important to note that the application of the methodology will vary between industries and that service-related industries might put more emphasis on Procurement cost reduction, while the manufacturing industries might place a bigger emphasis on cost reduction in operations. In conclusion, irrespective of the industries, it is evident that this methodology will enhance the cost reduction results previously obtained from similar efforts.
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Sherkat, Omid. "Potential cost improvements and workable form of collaboration in Alvesta steel collaborative procurement project." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Ekonomihögskolan, ELNU, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-13695.
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Master thesis in Business Administration, 30ECTS, School of Management and Economics at Linnaeus University, Business Process & Supply Chain Management, 5FE00E, Spring 2010 Author: Omid Sherkat Tutor: Åsa Gustafsson Title: Potential cost improvements and workable form of collaboration in Alvesta steel collaborative procurement project Background: There is an idea about starting collaborative procurement for steel-based products manufacturers in Alvesta region, Sweden. Collaborative procurement of purchasing group is an organization in which cooperative purchasing processes take place. A purchasing group consists of dependent or independent organisations that share and/or bundle together in order to achieve mutually compatible goals that they could not achieve alone. However, collaborative procurement has its own advantages and disadvantages. Objective: This study describes the procurement and purchasing function, as well as identifies and explains the total cost of ownership in studied cases in order to find the potentials for collaborative purchasing which is aimed at reducing the total cost of ownership. Moreover, this investigation is looking for the workable form or even forms of purchasing group in this case. Method: This is a multiple-case study with systematic combining approach as the orientation. Interview and documents are the instruments of data collection. Empirical data from each case has been analysed both within-case and cross-case. Construct validity, external validity, and reliability are scientific criteria for trustworthiness of this thesis. Results, conclusions: All studied companies in this case are going through the complete process of procurement and purchasing. Amongst the studied sites, Finnveden Powertrain AB is an exceptional case by centralised purchasing. The total cost of ownership in studied cases contains the activities related to management, delivery, communication, price, and quality but not service. Ultimately, this investigation showed that the required elements and basements to establish a regional purchasing office in form of a third party formal separate organisation, at least as a feasible project based on analogous purchasing in different companies and other influential factors, are ready there. Suggestions on further research: This study can be continued by choosing a larger sample to have a better view about procurement and purchasing process of manufacturers in this region. In addition, through more interviews the motives or even hinders of join a group purchasing among the increasing number of companies can be identified.
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Strömbäck, Elon. "Policy by Public Procurement : Opportunities and Pitfalls." Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Nationalekonomi, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-107988.
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In Paper [I], we theoretically assess green public procurement (GPP) as an environmental policy instrument and its ability to lead to the achievement of environmental objectives. Central to our analysis is the extent to which polluting firms choose to adapt to the public sector's environmental requirements and to invest in greener technologies. Our main finding is that the potential of GPP to function as an objective-effective instrument of environmental policy is limited and can actually be counterproductive. From an environmental policy point of view, it is crucial that GPP aims for environmental standards beyond just the technology of the polluting firms and that it is designed with reference to defined environmental objectives. In Paper [II], we use data on Swedish public procurement auctions for internal regular cleaning service contracts to provide novel empirical evidence regarding GPP and its effect on the potential suppliers' decision to submit a bid and their probability of being qualified for supplier selection. We find only a weak effect on supplier behavior, and this suggests that GPP, as used in practice, does not live up to its political expectations. However, several environmental criteria appear to be associated with increased complexity, as indicated by the reduced probability of a bid being qualified in the post-qualification process. As such, GPP appears to have limited or no potential to function as an environmental policy instrument. In Paper [III], I examine how GPP is organized in Sweden and how the potential suppliers respond to varying buyer market shares using data on Swedish public procurement auctions for internal regular cleaning service contracts. The level of GPP stringency is found to vary systematically across authority types, buyer market share, and political coalition in the relevant council or in Parliament. The results also indicate quite a substantial dispersion in GPP stringency, suggesting a low degree of coordination among contracting authorities when implementing the policy. After controlling for GPP stringency and other covariates, increased buyer market share is associated with a significant increase in the probability of potential suppliers submitting a bid. The European Commission encourages public authorities to split procurement contracts into multiple contracts in order to increase the competiveness of small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs). In Paper [IV], I use data from Swedish public procurement auctions for internal regular cleaning service contracts to study the effect of contract size and number of contracts on SME participation and probability of winning. The results indicate that SME participation is negatively related to both contract size and the number of contracts in the procurement. A possible interpretation is that reduced contract size in order to stimulate SME participation is counteracted by reduced incentives for them to enter into procurements with multiple contracts. Medium-sized firms are also more successful when bidding for smaller contracts relative to large firms. Nevertheless, the results indicate that the award rate for SMEs is positively correlated with the number of contracts in the procurement.Green Public Procurement: An Efficient Environmental Policy Tool?
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Pollitte, Wesley Alan. "The effect of vertical networks on channel governance adaptation a transaction cost economics approach /." Diss., Connect to online resource - MSU authorized users, 2008.
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Watson, Paul Edward. "The development of a 'large-volume' cost estimating methodology and model, for the analysis and control of unit acquisition cost in aerospace procurement." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.437731.
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Leek, Tobias, and Johan Hassel. "Cost-Efficiency in Swedish Defence Procurement : Comparing the view of the Swedish Defence Material Administration and the Swedish Ministry of Defence." Thesis, Jönköping University, JIBS, EMM (Entrepreneurship, Marketing, Management), 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-886.
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The Swedish defence has, during the last couple of years, been under major restructuring that has influenced defence procurements as well. Cost-efficiency has become increasingly important in defence procurement due to higher demand from shrinking defence budgets. The purpose of this study has been to compare the view on cost-efficiency between Swedish Defence Materiel Administration (FMV) and the Swedish Ministry of Defence and to discuss the potential differences. In order to compare the views, the study has looked at what is considered as cost-efficiency in Swedish defence procurement and how it could be achieved. The study has also considered the importance of Swedish defence industry in achieving cost-efficient procurements. For collecting data to make the comparison, focus group interviews were used as data collecting method. The use of focus groups has the advantage of allowing discussion and interaction between the participants. The study includes three focus group interviews, two were made at FMV and the third one was made at the Ministry of Defence.
When comparing the view on cost-efficiency in Swedish defence procurement between the three groups, there are no clear definition of what cost-efficiency is. However, a definition is suggested that combines the view of the three groups into the following definition; cost-efficient procurements should be good enough in order to satisfy the demand of the Armed Forces throughout the systems entire lifecy-cle. The study also concludes that the objective of becoming more cost-efficient is shared between the Defence Materiel Administration and the Ministry of Defence. However, there are differences on how this objective is to be achieved. The Ministry of Defence wants to use economical measures to make the organization around defence procurement more efficient and thus more cost-efficient procurement. The Defence Materiel Administration on the other hand would like to increase the per-sonnel since that would make it possible to utilize the market in a better way through competitive procurement.
The role of the Swedish defence industry is considered by all three groups as important for international cooperation and is said to contribute to cost-efficiency in procurements since the defence materiel market is characterised by barter transactions. With the intention of involving the industry in more parts of the system lifecycle through Public Private Partnerships, the importance of the defence industry will in-crease in order to make cost-efficient procurements.
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Rahimi, Ali. "Selection of Wood Supply Contracts to Reduce Cost in the Presence of Risks in Procurement Planning." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/66765.
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Les activités d'achat dans l'industrie des pâtes et papiers représentent une part importante du coût global de la chaîne d'approvisionnement. Les décideurs prévoient l'approvisionnement en bois requis jusqu'à un an à l'avance afin de garantir le volume d'approvisionnement pour le processus de production en continu dans leur usine. Des contrats réguliers, flexibles et d'options avec des fournisseurs de différents groupes sont disponibles. Les fournisseurs sont regroupés en fonction de caractéristiques communes, telles que la propriété des terres forestières. Cependant, lors de l'exécution du plan, des risques affectent les opérations d'approvisionnement. Si les risques ne sont pas intégrés dans le processus de planification des achats, l'atténuation de leur impact sera generalement coûteuse et compliquée. Des contrats ad hoc coûteux supplémentaires pourraient être nécessaires pour compenser le manque de livraisons. Pour aborder ce problème dans cette thèse, dans un premier projet, un modèle mathématique déterministe des opérations d'approvisionnement est développé. L'objectif du modèle est de proposer un plan d'approvisionnement annuel pour minimiser le coût total des opérations relatives. Les opérations sont soumises à des contraintes telles qu’une proportion minimale de l'offre par chaque groupe de fournisseurs, des niveaux cibles des stocks, de la satisfaction de la demande, la capacité par la cour à bois et la capacité du procédé de mise en copeaux. Les décisions sont liées à la sélection des contrats d'approvisionnement, à l'ouverture de cour à bois et aux flux du bois. Dans un deuxième projet, une évaluation du plan d'approvisionnement à partir du modèle déterministe du premier projet est effectuée en utilisant une approche de simulation Monte Carlo. Trois stratégies contractuelles différentes sont comparées : fixes, flexibles et une combinaison des deux types des contrats. L'approche de simulation de ce projet évalue la performance du plan par la valeur attendue et la variabilité du coût total, lorsque le plan est exécuté pendant l'horizon de planification. Dans un troisième projet, une approche de programmation stochastique en deux étapes est utilisée pour fournir un plan d'approvisionnement fiable. L'objectif du modèle est de minimiser le coût prévu du plan d'approvisionnement en présence de différents scénarios générés en fonction des risques. Les décisions lors de la première étape sont la sélection des contrats dans la première période et l'ouverture des cours à bois. Les décisions de la deuxième étape concernent la sélection des contrats commençant après la première période, les flux, l'inventaire et la production du procédé de la mise en copeaux. iii L'étude de cas utilisée dans cette thèse est inspirée par Domtar, une entreprise des pâtes et papiers située au Québec, Canada. Les résultats des trois projets de cette thèse aident les décideurs à réduire les contraintes humaines liées à la planification complexe des achats. Les modèles mathématiques développés fournissent une base pour l'évaluation de la stratégie d'approvisionnement sélectionnée. Cette tâche est presque impossible avec les approches actuelles de l'entreprise, car les évaluations nécessitent la formulation de risques d'approvisionnement. L'approche de programmation stochastique montre de meilleurs résultats financiers par rapport à la planification déterministe, avec une faible variabilité dans l'atténuation de l'impact des risques.Procurement activities in the pulp and paper industry account for an important part of the overall supply chain cost. Procurement decision-makers plan for the required wood supply up to one year in advance to guarantee the supply volume for the continuous production process at their mill. Regular, flexible and option contracts with suppliers in different groups are available. Suppliers are grouped based on common characteristics such as forestland ownership. However, during the execution of the plan, sourcing risks affect procurement operations. If risks are not integrated into the procurement planning process, mitigating their impact is likely to be expensive and complicated. Additional expensive ad hoc contracts might be required to compensate for the lack of deliveries. To tackle this problem, the first project of this thesis demonstrates the development of a deterministic mathematical model of procurement operations. The objective of the model is to propose an annual procurement plan to minimize the total cost of procurement operations. The operations are subject to constraints such as the minimum share of supply for each group of suppliers, inventory target levels, demand, woodyard capacity, and chipping process capacity. The decisions are related to the selection of sourcing contracts, woodyards opening, and wood supply flow. In the second project, an evaluation of the procurement plan from the deterministic model from project one is performed by using a Monte Carlo simulation approach. Three different strategies are compared as fixed, flexible, and a mix of both contracts. The simulation approach in this project evaluates the performance of the plan by the expected value and variability of the total cost when the plan is executed during the planning horizon. In the third project, a two-stage stochastic programming approach is used to provide a reliable procurement plan. The objective of the model is to minimize the expected cost of the procurement plan in the presence of different scenarios generated based on sourcing risks. First-stage decisions are the selection of contracts in the first period and the opening of woodyards. Second-stage decisions concern the selection of contracts starting after the first period, flow, inventory, and chipping process production. The case study used in this thesis was inspired by Domtar, which is a pulp and paper company located in Quebec, Canada. The results of three projects in this doctoral dissertation support decision-makers to reduce the human limitation in performing complicated procurement planning. The developed mathematical models provide a basis to evaluate the selected procurement strategy. This task is nearly impossible with current approaches in the company, as the evaluations require the formulation of v sourcing risks. The stochastic programming approach shows better financial results comparing to deterministic planning, with low variability in mitigating the impact of risks.
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Stake, Johan Y. "Essays on quality evaluation and bidding behavior in public procurement auctions." Doctoral thesis, Örebro universitet, Handelshögskolan vid Örebro Universitet, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-45833.
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In this dissertation, I investigate how different aspects of the procurement process and evaluation affect bidding behavior. In essay 1, we attempt to map public procurements in Sweden by gathering a representative sample of procurements. We find that framework agreements and multiple-contract procurements represent a very large share of total government spending. The total value procured by government authorities, municipalities and counties accounts to 215 BSEK yearly, which we believe is an underestimate due to data issues. Essay 2 suggests a simple method for of estimating bidding costs in public procurement, and are empirically estimated to be approximately 2 percent of the procurement value using a comprehensive dataset and approximately 0.5 percent for a more homogeneous road re-pavement dataset. Our method provides reasonable estimates with, compared to other methods, relatively low data requirements. Essay 3 investigates the effect of quality evaluation on small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). Contrary to common belief, SMEs’ participation does not increase when evaluating quality, and their probability to win procurements decreases compared with that of large firms. In essay 4, the bidders’ decision to apply for a procurement review “appeal” is investigated. Contrary to procurers’ beliefs, evaluating quality is found not to have any statistically significant effect on the probability of appeals. Instead, I empirically confirm theoretical prediction of the 1st runner-up’s decision to claim the evaluation to be redone, as well as free-riding in appealing. In essay 5, we test whether spatial econometrics can be used to test for collusion in procurement data. We apply this method on a known cartel and test during and after the period the cartel was active. Our estimates support the proposition that spatial econometrics can be used to test for collusive behavior.
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Lindved, Erik, and Jakob Rolén. "Cost Engineering Strategies for Industrial Sourcing." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-264049.
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The art of estimating and managing costs is commonly referred to as cost engineering which is a vital tool to counteract cost uncertainty. Current research within the area mainly focuses on the cost estimation techniques themselves and the strategic implications have not yet been studied in-depth, nor been set into relation to traditional sourcing strategies. This study investigates how cost engineering should be used strategically within industrial sourcing. The research is conducted as a three-staged case study at a manufacturing company, including a qualitative part consisting of a literature review, interviews and analysis of artefacts, and a quantitative part consisting of a multiple regression analysis and a Welch-ANOVA test. The results from this study include a list of procurement attributes that a↵ect cost uncertainty and an assessment of their impact as well as insights on how cost engineering usage affect negotiation dynamics and supplier relationships. As a part of the study’s discussion, a strategic framework for cost engineering focus within industrial sourcing during the different phases of the product life cycle is presented. The proposed strategy involves insights on what cost engineering actions that have to be taken, which types of components the efforts should be focused on and what prerequisites that have to be present. The study shows that inter-organisation sharing of cost data, supplier relationships, changes in purchasing volume and product life cycle phase are of central importance when focusing cost engineering resources.Hantverket att uppskatta och hantera kostnader är vanligtvis benämnt kostnadsestimeringsteknik vilket är ett viktigt verktyg för att motverka kostnadsosäkerhet. Befintlig forskning inom området behandlar i huvudsak teknikerna för kostnadsestimering i sig och de strategiska implikationerna har varken utretts på djupet eller satts i relation till traditionella inköpsstrategier. Denna studie undersöker hur kostnadsestimeringsteknik ska användas strategiskt inom industriellt inköp. Forskningen är bedriven som en fallstudie i tre delar på ett tillverkande företag och innehåller en kvalitativ del bestående av en litteraturstudie, en intervjustudie samt en analys av artefakter. Detta kompletteras med en kvantitativ statistisk analys innehållande en multipel linjär regressionanalys samt ett Welch-ANOVA-test. Resultaten från denna studie inkluderar en lista med inköpsfaktorer som påverkar kostnadsosäkerhet och ett fastställande av deras påverkan. Detta kompletteras med insikter angående hur användandet av kostnadsestimeringar påverkar förhandlingssituationer och leverantörsrelationer. Som en del av studiens diskussion presenteras ett strategiskt ramverk för hur man bör fokuera arbetet med kostnadsestimeringsteknik under de olika faserna i produktlivscykeln. Den föreslagna strategin involverar förslag på hur kostnadsestimeringsteknik bör användas, vilken typ av komponenter insatserna bör fokusera på samt vilka förutsättningar som måste finnas på plats. Studien visar att interorganisationellt delande av kostnadsdata, leverantörsrelationer, förändring i inköpsvolym och fas i produktlivscykeln är centrala faktorer som påverkar hur resurser för kostnadsestimeringsteknik ska fördelas.
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Thobane, Wamkelwe Amulet Perseverance. "The feasibility of a green procurement practice for low cost housing in the City of Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality / Amulet Thobane." Thesis, North-West University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/4141.
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Green Procurement is defined as taking into account environmental criteria for
goods and services to be purchased in order to ensure that the related
environmental impact is minimized (Incite Sustainability, 2008: vii).An inherent
feature of green procurement is the integration of environmental
considerations into purchasing policies, programmes and actions (Stigson &
Russell, 1998:9).
The European Commission states that green public procurement should
ideally cover areas such as the purchase of energy-efficient computers and
buildings, office equipment made out of environmentally sustainable timber,
recyclable paper, environmentally-friendly public transport, organic food in the
cafeteria, electricity stemming from renewable energy sources and air
conditioning systems complying with environmental solutions(European
Commission, 2004:5). The International Council for Local Environmental
Initiatives (ICLEI) recommends the inclusion of the construction of new
buildings, restoration and renovation as well as the purchase of building
material as one of the areas that have to be addressed when developing
green procurement policies.
The City of Tshwane Municipality (CoT) intends to move towards a green
procurement practice. The City plans to attain the latter without deviating from
the intentions and parameters of the South African Government’s
procurement legislation and further more within the limits of its current budget
constraints. The intention of the study was to investigate the feasibility of a
green procurement practice in the CoT and to give special attention to low
cost housing. The results of the study suggest that it is feasible to implement
the practice. The City of Tshwane was found to have relevant and progressive
policies in place and what was found lacking was the application and
integration of the policies into existing programmes. Green procurement
barriers that the CoT will have to overcome were identified as awareness,
motivation, economic, legal, institutional, information and technical barriers.
The study concludes with recommendations to the CoT with regard to
potential opportunities the City can take advantage of when implementing a
green procurement practice.Thesis (M. Environmental Management)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2010.
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Berggren, Oliver, and Zina Matti. "A Framework for Defining, Measuring, and Predicting Service Procurement Savings." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för elektroteknik och datavetenskap (EECS), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-299348.
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Recent technical advances have paved the way for transformations such as Industry 4.0, Supply Chain 4.0, and new ways for organizations to utilize services to meet the needs of people. In the midst of this shift, a focus has been put on service procurement to meet the demand of everything from cloud computing and information technology to software solutions that support operations or add value to the end customer. Procurement is an integral part of organizations and typically accounts for a substantial part of their costs. Analyzing savings is one of the primary ways of measuring cost reduction and performance. This paper examines how savings can be defined and measured in a unifying way, and determine if machine learning can be used to predict service purchase costs. Semi-structured interviews were utilized to find definitions and measurements. Three decision-tree ensemble machine learning models, XGBoost, LightGBM, and CatBoost were evaluated to study cost prediction. The result indicates that cost reduction and cost avoidance should be seen as a financial, and a performance measure, respectively. Spend and capital binding can be controlled by a budget reallocation system and could be improved further with machine learning cost prediction. The best performing model was XGBoost with a MAPE of 14.17%, compared to the base model’s MAPE of 40.24%. This suggests that budget setting and negotiation can be aided by more accurately predicting cost through machine learning, and in turn have a positive impact on an organization’s resource allocation and profitability.Nya teknologiska framsteg har gett upphov till transformationer som Industri 4.0, Supply Chain 4.0 och nya satt för organisationer att använda tjänster för att möta människors behov. Från denna förändring har fokus hamna på tjänsteupphandling för att möta efterfrågan på allt från molntjänster och informationsteknologi till mjukvarulösningar som stödjer operationer eller skapar värde för slutkunder. Upphandling ar en väsentlig del av organisationer och utgör oftast en stor del av deras kostnader. Att mata besparingar är ett av de primära sätten att driva kostnadsreducering och prestanda. Detta arbete utforskar hur besparingar kan definieras och matas på ett förenande sätt och undersöker om maskininlärning kan användas för att predicera tjänsteinköpskostnader. Semistrukturerade intervjuer hölls för att hitta definitioner och mått. Tre maskininlärningsmodeller, XGBoost, LightGMB och CatBoost utvärderades för att studera kostnadsprediktion. XGBoost presterade bäst med MAPE 14,17%, jämfört med basmodellens MAPE på 40,24%. Detta tyder på att budgetsättning och förhandling kan stödjas av maskininlärning genom att mer precist predicera kostnader, som i sin tur kan ha en positiv påverkan på en organisations resursallokering och lönsamhet.
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Visser, Riaan. "Operational-cost optimisation and cost management in the sourcing and supply chain : a conceptual framework for a medium-sized service company without a central procurement function." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/997.
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Thesis (MBA (Business Management))--Stellenbosch University, 2009.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: A typical medium-sized service company in South Africa faces definite challenges and misses opportunities in optimising and managing its operational expenses in its sourcing and supply chain. Medium-sized companies generally do not have the benefit of sophisticated in-house procurement divisions and extensive buying power but they still have to optimise their expenses in order to ensure maximum profitability and business longevity. The study addresses these challenges and opportunities by developing and proposing a framework for a typical medium-sized service company that does not have a central procurement function related to the cost optimisation and management of the identified sourcing and supply-chain elements. The research process entails the development of a conceptual framework developed from literature analysis and a representational practical environment as well as the testing, reviewing and validating of the test implementation of the framework. The results flowing from the testing and implementation of the framework are excluded from the research project. The results are displayed in the form of a summary of specific relevant information around each framework element as well as a conceptual framework. Recommendations are made in relation to the implementation and practical adaptation of the framework. It is concluded that a medium-sized service company can successfully optimise and manage its costs in the sourcing and supply-chain elements in the absence of a central procurement function. This requires the effective implementation of the developed framework, which was adapted from sophisticated larger companies. Implementation and the measurement process need to be driven or, preferably, conducted by the medium-sized company owner or management. Buy-in of the framework and the processes around it needs to be obtained from employees, suppliers and other stakeholders.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: ’n Tipiese mediumgrootte diensverskaffingsonderneming in Suid-Afrika staar spesifieke uitdagings in die gesig en ontbeer geleenthede met betrekking tot die optimalisering en bestuur van die bedryfsuitgawes in sy aankoop- en verskaffingsketting. Mediumgrootte ondernemings beskik in die algemeen nie oor die voordeel van ’n gesofistikeerde interne aankoopafdeling en groot aankoopkrag nie, maar hierdie ondernemings moet nog steeds hulle koste-uitgawes optimaliseer in die nastreef van maksimale wins en besigheidsukses. Die navorsingstudie neem hierdie uitdagings en geleenthede onder die loep deur die ontwikkeling en aanbeveling van ’n raamwerk vir ’n tipiese mediumgrootte diensverskaffingsonderneming wat nie oor ’n sentrale interne aankoopafdeling beskik nie. Die raamwerk is gebaseer op koste-optimalisering en -bestuur van die geïdentifiseerde aankoop- en verskaffingskettingelemente. Die navorsingsproses behels die ontwikkeling van ’n konseptuele raamwerk deur literatuuranalise en ’n verteenwoordigende praktiese omgewing, sowel as die toetsing, hersiening en geldigverklaring van die raamwerk tydens die toets-implementering daarvan in die praktiese omgewing. Die resultate van die toets en implementering van die raamwerk vorm nie deel van hierdie studie nie. Die navorsingsresultate word ten toon gestel in die vorm van ’n opsomming van die relevante raamwerkelemente sowel as ’n ontwikkelde raamwerk. Aanbevelings ten opsigte van die implementering en praktiese aanpassing van die raamwerk word dan gemaak. Die gevolgtrekking word gemaak dat ’n mediumgrootte diensverskaffingsonderneming wel in die afwesigheid van ’n sentrale interne aankoopafdeling sy kostes in die aankoop- en verskaffingsketting suksesvol kan optimaliseer en bestuur. Dit kan gedoen word deur die doeltreffende implementering en aanwending van die ontwikkelde raamwerk wat vanaf groter ondernemings aangepas is. Die raamwerk se implementering- en metingsproses moet deur die eienaar of bestuur van die mediumgrootte onderneming gelei, of verkieslik uitgevoer, word. Die werknemers, verskaffers en ander belanghebbendes se ondersteuning vir die raamwerk en gepaardgaande prosesse is baie belangrik vir die implementering en sukses van die raamwerk.
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Dufek, Luboš. "Transakční náklady soukromé zadávání veřejných zakázek." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-124589.
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Subject of thesis are private transaction costs of public procurement. It's estimation of money spent by firms during public procurement tenders and seeking out factors influencing these costs. Theoretical frame of this thesis is between transaction cost economy and public procurement economy. Main result is estimation of private transaction cost of one offer in 0,44% of final contract prize. Estimation of whole private transaction costs of public procurement in Czech republic for 2011 is almost 9 milliard CZK. Important factors found out by econometric analysis and correlative coefficients are size of firm and contract value.
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Piechucka, Joanna. "Essays in competition policy and public procurement." Thesis, Paris 1, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PA01E013.
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Cette thèse de doctorat étudie trois questions de recherche en matière de marchés publics et de politique de la concurrence. Le premier chapitre se concentre sur une analyse microéconométrique des relations stratégiques entre d’une part l’entreprise choisie pour l’attribution d’un marché public et d’autre part l’autorité publique chargée de la régulation d’un service public. Il exploite des données sur le transport public urbain en France pour étudier les déterminants de choix réglementaires qui impactent à leur tour la rentabilité des opérateurs de transport. Le deuxième chapitre explore une évaluation ex-post d’une fusion qui a eu lieu entre deux grands groupes de transport en France (Veolia Transport et Transdev), en se concentrant sur l’existence éventuelle de gains d’efficacité dans les fusions. Enfin, le troisième chapitre donne un aperçu de l’impact d’une fusion lorsque les entreprises se font concurrence pour la qualité et repositionnent leurs services en analysant l’industrie hospitalière françaiseThis PhD dissertation studies three research questions in public procurement and competition policy presented in the respective chapters and preceded by a general introduction. The first chapter focuses on a microeconometric analysis of the strategic relationships between a firm awarded a public contract and the public authority responsible for regulating a public service. It exploits data on the French urban public transport industry to study the determinants of regulatory contract choices which in turn impact the cost efficiency of transport operators. The second chapter explores an ex-post assessment of a merger which took place between two major transport groups in France (Veolia Transport and Transdev), focusing on the possible existence of merger efficiency gains. Finally, the third chapter provides insight on the impact of merger when firms compete in quality and reposition their services by analyzing the French hospital industry
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Murray, Alex. "Returns on public capital investment : procurement, whole life cost and value in English schools and hospitals, from 1997-2012." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2018. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/10053440/.
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The UK government has for many decades assumed the role of provider for a range of public services (and the assets that underpin them) considered essential to the functioning of society. Education and healthcare in England have remained almost entirely publicly funded under the administration and management of central government departments and local authorities. The need to maintain and invest in the public service assets (PSAs) that support delivery remains, regardless of whether their ownership is public or private. The business cases for investment involve social cost benefit analysis assessed against the budgetary constraints of fiscal affordability. This thesis attempts to identify the information used, and ideally required, to make decisions to invest in building schools and hospitals. The role of procurement method is considered alongside the forms of capital work (refurbishment / new build) in recent capital programmes for schools and hospitals. Theoretical frameworks for analysis of the efficacy of capital investment are drawn from the whole life cost (WLC) literature and discourses on decision making under uncertainty, contract theory and transaction cost economics. New methodological contributions on the valuation of whole life cost returns, including those from improved outcomes in the form of educational attainment in schools, are presented in later analysis chapters. Key findings include: 1) the estimated whole life cost ratio of 1 (construction) to 0.5 (operation) to 5 (staffing) for schools over a 60 year life discounted at 3.5% and, 2) a lack of association in improved educational attainment following capital investment. Further, findings suggest that given the durable nature of PSAs, along with the long time periods over which benefits accrue, there is considerable difficulty in appraising the returns to (and value of) capital investment in PSAs. Recommendations focus on the need for better co-ordination of government data on capital programmes and projects, on-going costs of operation and the outcomes of PSA users to better inform investment appraisal and programme design.
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Ahadzi, Marcus K. "Public private partnerships in infrastructure procurement : a generic multi-attribute hierarchical model for minimising pre-contract time and cost overruns (GmAHM)." Thesis, Heriot-Watt University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10399/1151.
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Warnock, Stuart H. (Stuart Hamilton). "Just-In-Time Purchasing and the Buyer-Supplier Relationship: Purchasing Performance Implications Using a Transaction Cost Analytic Framework." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1996. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc278318/.
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The just-in-time purchasing literature resoundingly endorses long-term, cooperative buyer-supplier relationships. Significant anecdotal and descriptive evidence indicates that such relationships are rare in practice, raising questions as to the performance consequences of this gulf between theory and practice. Using an accepted theoretical model of the buyer-supplier relationship, transaction cost economics, this study examined the purchasing performance implications of the nature of the buyer-supplier relationship under just-in-time exchange. The focal purpose of the study was to examine the performance consequences of crafting long-term, cooperative relationships. The research design employed was a cross-sectional field study, involving a static-group comparison, implemented through the use of a mail survey. A dual-stage cluster sample of eight hundred purchasing managers and professionals employed in the two digit Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) Code 36, Electronic and Other Electrical Equipment and Components, was provided by the National Association of Purchasing Management (NAPM). The questionnaire was pretested and the substantive validity of the measurement scales assessed. Scales were purified via correlational and reliability analyses. Criterion-related and construct validity were established via correlational, exploratory factor, and confirmatory factor analyses. The three hypotheses of the study, involving extant tests of the association between the nature of the buyer-supplier relationship and purchasing performance (i.e., as reflected by transaction costs), were tested via analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) models. All three hypotheses were supported by the data to varying degrees. The confirmation of the theoretical model of the study provides empirical evidence to researchers and practitioners as to the superiority, in exchange efficiency terms, of cooperative relationships under conditions of just-in-time exchange. It may not be presumed, however, that cooperative exchange will enhance efficiency in all exchange environments.
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Ekholm, Harald, and Daniel Englund. "Cost optimization in the cloud : An analysis on how to apply an optimization framework to the procurement of cloud contracts at Spotify." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Produktionsekonomi, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-168441.
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In the modern era of IT, cloud computing is becoming the new standard. Companies have gone from owning their own data centers to procuring virtualized computational resources as a service. This technology opens up for elasticity and cost savings. Computational resources have gone from being a capital expenditure to an operational expenditure. Vendors, such as Google, Amazon, and Microsoft, offer these services globally with different provisioning alternatives. In this thesis, we focus on providing a cost optimization algorithm for Spotify on the Google Cloud Platform. To achieve this we construct an algorithm that breaks up the problem in four different parts. Firstly, we generate trajectories of monthly active users. Secondly, we split these trajectories up in regions and redistribute monthly active users to better describe the actual Google Cloud Platform footprint. Thirdly we calculate usage per monthly active users quotas from a representative week of usage and use these to translate the redistributed monthly active users trajectories to usage. Lastly, we apply an optimization algorithm to these trajectories and obtain an objective value. These results are then evaluated using statistical methods to determine the reliability. The final model solves the problem to optimality and provides statistically reliable results. As a consequence, we can give recommendations to Spotify on how to minimize their cloud cost, while considering the uncertainty in demand.
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Rivera, Cristian. "The Role of Privacy, Brand Labeling, and Cost on Condom Procurement| Using the Theory of Planned Behavior to Assess a University Policy." Thesis, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, 2017. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10269049.
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Studies show many college students are sexually active and do not use condoms consistently (American College Health Association, 2014); however, interventions aimed at increasing condom procurement and reported condom use have been successful (Wells & Alano, 2013; Olenick, 1999). This study compared students’ attitudes and behavioral intentions toward obtaining condoms on campus according to the University’s current condom administration policy to a group of hypothetical alternative policies. We were interested in determining if an alternative policy that provides condoms to students in unattended machines inside or outside of restrooms, as opposed to the student health center, would increase students’ intentions to obtain condoms on campus.
In accordance with the theory of planned behavior (TPB), students’ attitudes (ATB), perceived social norms (SN), perceived behavioral control (PBC), and behavioral intentions (BI) to obtain condoms were measured, after reading a description of the current policy and again after reading one of eight alternative policies, which varied on location (inside, outside of restrooms), cost (free, two condoms for $0.25), and brand (Trojan, generic). The four components of TPB were compared between the current and alternative policies and amongst the eight alternative policies.
Results suggest that there may be minor differences in preference when comparing certain alternative policies to the current, especially alternative policies that provide condoms outside of restrooms; however, students overall showed significantly greater intentions to use any alternative policy over the current policy offered at student health services. This was without regard to gender, proximity to campus, relationship status, and sexual activity within the past year, which suggests that providing condoms to students in unattended machines could increase condom procurement amongst students. Limitations and future directions for this study are discussed.
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Karacan, Volkan Hulusi. "Abnormally Lowest Bids In Public Construction Works." Master's thesis, METU, 2008. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12609391/index.pdf.
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The purpose of this thesis is to determine the importance of abnormally low
tenders for Turkey, understand the problems created by abnormally low tenders,
find reasons of them, develop various methods in reducing abnormally low tender
problem and determine the most appropriate method. In this thesis, reasons of
abnormally low tenders in Europe and Turkey were investigated. Various
recommendations were developed for solving the problem and validity of these
solutions was investigated. Different results were obtained due to the different
social structure of countries. Besides, abnormally low tender evaluation
questionnaire was used to find reasons of abnormally low tenders in Turkey. This
questionnaire reached to 430 firms or people and by detailed analysis of
questionnaire, reasons of abnormally low tenders were found out and some
solution methods were proposed.
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Osborn, Rachelle R., and John S. Schoonmaker. "Air Force Commodity Councils: a template for future implementation comparing successful and failed approaches." Thesis, Monterey, California, Naval Postgraduate School, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/38042.
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Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.This publication is a work of the U.S. Government as defined in Title 17, United States Code, Section 101. As such, it is in the public domain, and under the provisions of Title 17, United States Code, Section 105, it may not be copyrighted.
MBA Professional Report
In an effort to align sources with requirements, the Department of Defense has implemented initiatives that mirror industry's strategic sourcing practices. These initiatives include Consolidated Purchasing, Commodity Councils and Regionalization. This project will examine a successful Commodity Council (CC), a failed CC, and one in the early stages of development. We will seek characteristics common to both successful and unsuccessful councils, as well as characteristics that differentiate the outcomes. We will include a brief history of strategic sourcing as a long-term supply-chain management solution in the private sector, the impetus behind AF implementation of strategic sourcing through CCs; associated transactions costs, and finally, the resource management practices necessary to move beyond theory to practical application. The results are illustrated in a case study which will provide a template for successful implementation.
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Ramirez-Mitma, Maricarmen, Jose Rojas-Garcia, Carlos Torres-Sifuentes, and Carlos Raymundo. "A Strategic Lean Procurement Model Based on Supplier Approval to Reduce Unplanned Downtime in a Textile Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises." Smart Innovation, Systems and Technologies, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/653808.
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El texto completo de este trabajo no está disponible en el Repositorio Académico UPC por restricciones de la casa editorial donde ha sido publicado.In Peru, companies within the textile sector encounter problems such as a decrease in the contribution to an industrial gross domestic product from 10.6 to 7.5%, a decline in financial credits by about 0.7% p.a., and the direct competition of Central American countries across the textile chain. The finishing of fabrics shows the worst performance, with losses of a 38.8% variation in industrial production and a 7.5% growth rate per textile industrial sector. In this scenario, a strategic lean procurement model based on 5S and supplier approval was designed. The lean objective is to streamline workflow in the raw material warehouse that generates excessive lead time to production and leads to unplanned downtime. In addition, supplier approval boosts procurement efficiency and provides strategic value in assessing and planning raw materials to ensure efficient supply. The model is validated through a case study involving a textile small and medium-sized enterprise (SME), and drastic improvements are made. These improvements address the problem of unplanned downtime by reducing its incidence and making economic contributions to the company.
Revisión por pares
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Lundberg, Sofia. "Going once, going twice, SOLD! : the economics of past and present public procurement in Sweden." Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för nationalekonomi, 2001. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-73622.
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This thesis is about the economic aspects of public procurement of services through auctionsin Sweden. It focuses on two different institutions, auctions used to find foste r-parents forboarded out children in the 19th century, and auctions of cleaning service contracts in the 20 thcentury. I n both cases, the contracting entity is the municipality or its representative, thelowest bidder wins the auction, and is paid in accordance with his/her bid.In the child auctions, c hildren were allotted to foster-parents by means of an open biddingprocess, the descending English auction, where the bids were given continuously to theauctioneer. In modern public procurement sealed bids ar e used in accordance with the firstprice,sealed bid auction. The first part of this thesis is about price formation in the childauctions and a study is made of the children who were auctioned several times, indicatingasymmetric information among bidders or adverse selection in this market. These subjects arestudied using field data on 601 child auctions held in Northern Sweden during the period 1863to 1889. The empirical findings in the first paper suggest that the foster-parents had a cleareconomic motive in these auctions. The child characteristics significantly affect the amount ofcompensation paid to the foster-parent. There is also evidence that farmers preferred older,more productive children. The second paper studies whether a re-auctioned child commandeda higher or lower price than a child that was not re-auctioned. The results indicate some formof asymmetric information because foster-parents demanded a higher level of compensationfor a re-auctioned child. The results also suggest that the probability that a child was reauctionedincreased if he/she was not healthy.The third paper in the thesis discusses a kind of "paradox". Although there is a competitiveeffect on the bids in the auction of cleaning service contracts, the contracting entity has anoption, given by law, to restrict the number of bidders. In th is paper, an implementation costis introduced fo r the contracting entity to justify such a restriction. The results, based onSwedish municipality data, indicate that contract and municipality characteristics, assumed toaffect the implementation cost, affect the volume of the procurement, and the number ofbidders, but not necessarily the choice of allocation mechanism. The final paper studiesregional differences in bids, costs, and competition in municipal procurement using the samedata as in paper [3]. The results show higher estimated costs for completing the contract, butlower estimated mean bids in the major city area of Stockholm compared with the res t of thecountry. This is explained by lower profit margins and higher operational costs in the majorcity area. An analysis is also carried out of why the lowest bidder is not always the contractedbidder.Härtill 4 delar.
digitalisering@umu
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Axelsson, Chatarina, and Åsa Persson. "Standardisering av avtal inom offentliga godstransportupphandlingar vid kommunalt samordnad varudistribution." Thesis, Malmö universitet, Fakulteten för kultur och samhälle (KS), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-23117.
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Vår studie har sin utgångspunkt i avtalen som upprättas mellan kommuner och leverantörer i de projekt som kallas kommunal samordnad varudistribution. Trots att antalet kommuner som idag berörs av detta upplägg ständigt ökar, finns det ingen obligatorisk miljöprofil och ännu inga standardiserade avtalsunderlag. Detta har gjort oss frågande till om det inte finns möjlighet till detta och vilka fördelar och nackdelar det skulle innebära. Genom att granska delar av kommunernas befintliga avtal utifrån avtalstid, utvärderingsgrunder och prisindex ‒ en avgränsning som var nödvändig på grund av avtalens omfattning till antal och storlek ‒ och ställa dessa mot en analysmodell bestående av teorier inom principal-agent-teorin, transaktionskostnadsanalys och hållbarhetsperspektivet kom vi fram till att det absolut finns potential till en standardisering, men att mer forskning inom ämnet krävs.Our study is based on the agreements established between municipalities and suppliers in the projects known as Municipal coordinated distribution. Although the number of municipalities currently affected by this arrangement is constantly increasing, there is no mandatory environmental profile and not yet a standardized contractual basis. This has made us question if that would be possible and what advantages and disadvantages such arrangement would entail. By examining parts of the municipalities' existing agreements by contract period, evaluation grounds and price index – a delimitation necessary due to the scope of the agreements in number and size – and setting these against an analysis model consisting of theories within the principal-agent-theory, transaction-cost-analysis and the sustainability perspective, we concluded that there is absolutely potential for a standardization, but that more research within the subject is required.
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Howard, James E., Patrick B. Collins, James E. Howard, and Patrick B. Collins. "Cost benefit analysis of government furnished equipment versus contract furnished equipment for the procurement and integration of the MK-44 chain gun with the United States Marine Corps Expeditionary Fighting Vehicle." Thesis, Monterey California. Naval Postgraduate School, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/10041.
Full textAbstract:
MBA Professional ReportApproved for public release, distribution is unlimited
MBA Professional Report
Approved for public release, distribution is unlimited
The Direct Reporting Program Manager (DRPM) for the USMC's Expeditionary Fighting Vehicle (EFV) is conducting an analysis of two acquisition tactics concerning the commercial procurement of the MK-44 to be integrated with the EFV. The EFV is manufactured by General Dynamics (GD) and the MK-44 chain gun is manufactured by Alliant Techsystems Inc. (ATK). The analysis is the topic of this thesis and will assist the DRPM in determining which of two tactics the Government should use for the procurement of the MK-44. The two arrangements of acquiring and integrating the MK-44 are 1) to procure the MK-44 as government furnished equipment (GFE) or 2) to procure the MK-44 as contractor furnished equipment (CFE). The fundamental difference is that a GFE arrangement will provide a direct contractual relationship between the Government and ATK, whereas, a CFE contract will eliminate that relationship as ATK will become a sub-contractor to GD, the prime contractor for the EFV. These two options present a variety of issues, both tangible and intangible, for analysis in determining which approach is most advantageous, with respect to cost and risk, to the Government.
The Direct Reporting Program Manager (DRPM) for the USMC's Expeditionary Fighting Vehicle (EFV) is conducting an analysis of two acquisition tactics concerning the commercial procurement of the MK-44 to be integrated with the EFV. The EFV is manufactured by General Dynamics (GD) and the MK-44 chain gun is manufactured by Alliant Techsystems Inc. (ATK). The analysis is the topic of this thesis and will assist the DRPM in determining which of two tactics the Government should use for the procurement of the MK-44. The two arrangements of acquiring and integrating the MK-44 are 1) to procure the MK-44 as government furnished equipment (GFE) or 2) to procure the MK-44 as contractor furnished equipment (CFE). The fundamental difference is that a GFE arrangement will provide a direct contractual relationship between the Government and ATK, whereas, a CFE contract will eliminate that relationship as ATK will become a sub-contractor to GD, the prime contractor for the EFV. These two options present a variety of issues, both tangible and intangible, for analysis in determining which approach is most advantageous, with respect to cost and risk, to the Government.
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Broman, Tor, and Carl Åkesson. "Från produkt till tjänst: framtidens läkemedelsupphandling : En ökad tjänsteorientering och ett gemensamt värdeskapande är nyckeln till att möta dagens och framtidens utmaningar vid läkemedelsupphandling." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Industriell ekonomi, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-130899.
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The current public procurement process of pharmaceuticals is characterized by a lack of overall perspective and distrust between the pharmaceutical industry and buying Swedish county councils. This is due to the historical context between the two parties. There also exist cost inefficiencies due to a high cost focus and the lack of an overall cost perspective. These factors have affected how the parties on the pharmaceutical market interact and act in relation to each other. The public procurement situation is something both the studied pharmaceutical company (MSD Sverige AB) and the studied buyers (Region Östergötland, Region Jönköpings län and NT-rådet) are aware of and agree on has to change. Therefore, the way public procurement of pharmaceuticals is carried out has to change for it to the meet current challenges, and future demand, of the Swedish health care.The studied pharmaceutical company wishes to increase the service orientation in public procurement processes, something the county councils and NT-rådet are in favour of. Furthermore, the company wants to achieve a value co-creation between itself and the buyers, however, the possibility of achieving value co-creation is somewhat debatable among the buyers since they have different opinions of its feasibility. Nevertheless, the report assumes that value co-creation is possible in the studied system. At the same time interviews have demonstrated the existence of different opinions and thoughts regarding value adding services amongst the different buyers, i.e. there is a lack of consensus if sufficient resources exist to change the procurement process and what part the pharmaceutical company should play if the service orientation increases. Moreover, there exist divided opinions regarding how the interaction with the pharmaceutical company should take place since the majority of the buyers wishes to have a clear separation from the pharmaceutical industry, something making the development of value adding service more difficult.Since there exist disagreements regarding how a change to the procurement process practically should be carried out and there is a distrust between the parties, the aim of the report is to demonstrate similarities and dissimilarities between them within four key areas: business relationships, cost efficiency, strategies and service orientation. The purpose is also to illustrate how a changed procurement process could benefit all parties and the process as a whole. The authors do this by creating a strategic framework, which is based on the four presented key areas and scientific theories. It shows where the parties are today and where they theoretically should be in the future to improve the procurement process, meet today’s and future challenges. The buyers’ biggest challenge is to improve the cost efficiency and use of resources, for the studied pharmaceutical company the biggest challenge is to create new business opportunities. The basis for the report and strategic framework is that both parties should benefit from drawn conclusions since they are in a symbiotic/cooperative relationship due to the dependency between each other’s businesses. Therefore, the framework has to be developed with the aim of promoting value co-creation and render a positive change to the procurement process possible.The presented framework demonstrates that an increase service orientation, through the introduction of value adding services, is the key to value co-creation, improve use of resourcesIIand a more cost efficient procurements processes of pharmaceuticals. Yet, both the analysis and conclusion clearly shows that value co-creation between the parties is not possible today, but in the future, due to existing business relationships. These are affected negative because of the existing distrust between the parties, thus preventing the creation of better business relationships. Therefore, the negative business relationship prevents an increased service orientation and the introduction of value adding services in the procurement processes. This in its turn hinder the buying parties from improving their use of resources and increasing the cost efficiency. Bad business relationships also mean the studied pharmaceutical company will lose business opportunities. Consequently, both parties will fail to address their current and future challenges. Therefore, improving business relationships is a key factor for reaching value co-creation and increase the overall cost perspective in the public procurement process of pharmaceuticals. Better business relationships will also decrease the distrust and allow for increased service orientation, something that will improve cost efficiency and efficient use of resources in procurement processes and open up for new business opportunities.Läkemedelsupphandling präglas idag av ett bristande helhetsperspektiv och förtroende mellan läkemedelsindustrin och upphandlande landsting i Sverige, vilka härstammar från den historiska kontexten. Det finns även en kostnadsineffektivitet till följd av en hög kostnadsfokus och det bristande helhetsperspektivet. Dessa faktorer har påverkat hur aktörerna inom läkemedelsupphandling interagerar med, och agerar i förhållande till, varandra. Situationen är något både det studerade läkemedelsbolaget (MSD Sverige AB) och de studerade upphandlarna (Region Östergötland, Region Jönköpings län samt NT-rådet) är medvetna och överens om måste förändras. Därför måste sättet läkemedelsupphandlingar görs på idag förändras för att möta existerande utmaningar och framtida sjukvårdsbehov, dock är aktörerna oense kring hur en sådan förändring praktiskt ska ske.Läkemedelsbolaget vill öka tjänsteorienteringen, genom att erbjuda läkemedelskompletterande mervärdestjänster, vilket även regionerna och NT-rådet generellt ställer sig positiva till. Dessutom vill läkemedelsbolaget uppnå ett gemensamt värdeskapande, något som upphandlade aktörer har delade åsikter kring om det är möjligt eller inte. I rapporten antas dock att ett gemensamt värdeskapande går att uppnå i det studerade systemet. Samtidigt har genomförda intervjuer visat att åsikter och tankar kring mervärdestjänster skiljer sig åt bland upphandlande aktörer, bland annat huruvida resurser finns för att förändra upphandlingsprocessen och vilken roll läkemedelsbolaget ska ha vid en ökad tjänstorientering. Det råder även delade meningar kring interaktionens utformning med läkemedelsbolaget då majoriteten av upphandlande aktörer vill ha en tydlig separation från läkemedelsindustrin, något som försvårar en utveckling av mervärdestjänster.Eftersom det existerar oenigheter kring hur en förändring av läkemedelsupphandling praktiskt ska ske och en misstro finns mellan aktörerna visar rapporten på likheter och skillnader mellan aktörerna inom fyra identifierade kärnområden: affärsrelationer, kostnadseffektivitet, strategi samt tjänsteorientering. Rapporten visar också hur en förändrad läkemedelupphandling skulle kunna gynna båda parter och läkemedelsupphandlingen som helhet. Författarna gör detta genom skapandet av ett strategiskt ramverk, vilket bygger på nyss nämnda kärnområden. Det strategiska ramverket baseras på vetenskapliga teorier och illustrerar vart aktörerna befinner sig inom respektive kärnområde idag samt vad de bör eftersträva för att teoretiskt kunna möta framtidens och dagens utmaningar i samband med läkemedelsupphandling. Regionernas största utmaningar är att förbättra kostnadseffektiviteten och resursutnyttjandet, läkemedelsbolagets största utmaning är att skapa nya affärsförutsättningar. Utgångspunkten i rapporten och det strategiska ramverket är att båda aktörer ska gynnas av författarnas slutsats då aktörerna befinner sig i en symbios-/samarbetsrelation till följd av att deras verksamheter är beroende av varandra. Därför anser författarna att ramverket måste syfta till att uppnå ett gemensamt värdeskapande för möjliggöra en positiv förändring av läkemedelsupphandling.Ramverket, vilket presenteras i rapportens slutsats, lyfter att en ökad tjänsteorientering, genom införandet av mervärdestjänster knutna till läkemedel, i samband med läkemedelsupphandling är nyckeln till ett gemensamt värdeskapande, förbättrat resursutnyttjande och mer kostnadseffektiva läkemedelsupphandlingar. Dock visar både analysen och slutsatsen på att ett gemensamt värdeskapande mellan aktörerna inte är möjligt idag, även om det i framtiden ärIVmöjligt, till följd av den existerande misstron mellan aktörerna, vilken förhindrar att en god affärsrelation skapas. Följaktligen förhindrar den dåliga affärsrelationen en ökad tjänsteorientering och ett införande av mervärdestjänster i samband med läkemedelsupphandling. Det gör i sin tur att regionerna inte kan förbättra sitt resursutnyttjande eller sin kostnadseffektivitet vid läkemedelsupphandling, dessutom får läkemedelsbolaget inga nya affärsmöjligheter. Således misslyckas båda aktörer att möta sina nuvarande och framtida utmaningar. Därför är affärsrelationer det kärnområde och den faktorn som idag är mest avgörande för att aktörerna ska kunna möta sina utmaningar, uppnå ett gemensamt värdeskapande, öka helhetsperspektivet samt förbättra läkemedelsupphandling i framtiden.
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Pavelek, Jan. "Posouzení efektivnosti vybrané veřejné stavební zakázky." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2017. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-265457.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis is focused on the revitalization of brownfield implemented through public producrement and selected in the city of Brno. The theoretical part includes basic concepts that explain the issue of brownfields, public procurement, and more specifically the assessment of their economic efficiency. The practical part is focused on the specific case of brownfield revitalization through public procurement including its economic assessment. The use of econimic analysis, namely Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA), will be utilized to assess the effectiveness, and socio-economic impacts will also be determined. The purpose of the second part is to determine whether the revitalization thus made more economically advantageous for the city of Brno.
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Самедова, А. С., and A. S. Samedova. "Повышение эффективности осуществления государственных закупок в бюджетных учреждениях на основе применения инструментария функционально-стоимостного анализа : магистерская диссертация." Master's thesis, б. и, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10995/100696.
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В настоящее время государственные закупки помогают в удовлетворении нужд государства и его субъектов, представляют собой ключевой механизм, обеспечивающий и отражающий качество реализации отношений между государством, бизнесом и обществом. Целью магистерской диссертации является совершенствование методического обеспечения обоснования государственной закупки, осуществляемой бюджетной организацией, с применением инструментария функционально-стоимостного анализа. Работа ориентирована на решение вопроса связанного с тем, что описание объектов закупки формируется до анализа затрат на варианты его комплектации. В качестве источников использовалась научно-исследовательская и методическая литература, статистические данные макроуровня и микроуровня, данные учета и отчетности организаций, нормативные документы. В магистерской диссертации был предложен методический подход к обоснованию государственной закупки, осуществляемой бюджетной организацией, основанный на применении инструментария функционально-стоимостного анализа, исследовании экономической полезности функций объекта закупки и выборе оптимального уровня осуществления этих функций.At present, public procurement is helping to meet the needs of the State and its stakeholders and is a key mechanism for ensuring and reflecting the quality of the implementation of relations between the State, business and society. The purpose of the master’s thesis is is to improve the methodological support for public procurement carried out by the budget organization, using functional-cost analysis tools. The work addresses the issue of the fact that the description of the items to be purchased is prepared before the cost analysis of the options for procurement. The sources used were research and methodological literature, macro- and micro-level statistics, accounting and reporting data of organizations, and normative documents. The master’s thesis proposed a methodological approach to the justification of public procurement carried out by a budget organization, based on the application of functional toolsA cost analysis, a study of the economic utility of the functions of the subject matter of procurement and the selection of the optimal level of performance of those functions.
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Vigren, Andreas. "Competition in Public Transport : Essays on competitive tendering and open-access competition in Sweden." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Transportvetenskap, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-217267.
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The results of this work show that the cost efficiency of tendered bus services is similar across all Swedish counties, except for the more high-density counties where efficiency is lower. Considerably lower efficiency is also found for contracts with services run in-house by the Public Transport Authority (PTA), compared to when the same service is run by a private actor. With respect to the competitive environment, it was found that many contract design factors have little or no effect on the number of bids that the PTA sees in their tenders. No measure that could be imposed by a single PTA was found to increase the total number of bidders by more than 0.5 bidders. However, the results suggest that PTAs as a collective could try to avoid tendering too many contracts at the same time because this was shown to reduce participation by up to about two bidders. In addition, these studies show that the local competitive environment is important for the PTAs to consider. The way in which contract areas are defined will also affect the participation rate as operators were found to participate in tenders to a lower extent the farther their workplaces are from the contract area. While larger operators appear to be less sensitive with respect to such distances, the fact that smaller operators are, and that they often bid as one unit as members of cooperation companies, makes the competitive environment important. The results suggest that depots could be included in the contract to stimulate participation, but this is by no means the only nor an easy solution. This thesis has also analyzed the entry made in 2015 by MTR Express (MTR) on the Stockholm-Gothenburg railway line. The overall conclusion is that customers are indeed facing lower prices one and a half years after the entry. MTR's prices are on average 100 SEK lower than the incumbent SJ's prices. Furthermore, the analysis shows that the incumbent’s prices have also gone down, by almost 13 percent, following the entry.QC 20171106
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Genser, Bradley Philip. "Optimizing procurement and handling costs in a utility." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/90758.
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Thesis: M.B.A., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Sloan School of Management, 2014. In conjunction with the Leaders for Global Operations Program at MIT.Thesis: S.M., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, 2014. In conjunction with the Leaders for Global Operations Program at MIT.
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Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (page 111).
We propose a novel method to quantify the cost of activities involved in the picking portion of order fulfillment. We adapt the general method of picking cost quantification to the specific situation of TP&G, a publicly held utility, to build a simulation model which calculates total cost (procurement purchasing costs + material handling costs) across TP&G's Construction Materials Supply Chain (CMSC) . We use the simulation model to demonstrate the effect of case pack quantities and various disputed (within TP&G) material handling policies on supply chain costs. Finally. we move beyond the descriptive results of the simulation model and build optimization models for a case where a single case pack quantity is held in inventory, under conditions of both deterministic and stochastic demand. We show that case pack quantity held in inventory greatly impacts supply chain costs. We also find the novel result that the optimal material picking policy for both deterministic and stochastic demand is a threshold policy whereby orders should be fulfilled with whole case packs up to the highest possible multiple of case pack quantity that does not exceed an ordered quantity. If the remainder of an order to be fulfilled exceeds a certain number of units in a case pack, that remainder should be fulfilled with a whole case pack (overfilled). This threshold can be efficiently calculated for all case pack quantities (optimal or not).
by Bradley Philip Genser.
M.B.A.
S.M.
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Kjellman, Felix, and Hugo Pettersson. "Budgetöverskridanden i kommunala investeringsprojekt : En fallstudie på en liten kommun." Thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för ekonomi, teknik, konst och samhälle, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-85188.
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Världen över sker ständiga budgetöverskridanden. Offentliga verksamheter har inte varit något undantag för dessa kostnadsöverskridanden, vilket skapar incitament till att förstå varför de uppstår. I de offentliga projekten drabbas fler än bara de projektansvariga vid budgetöverskridelser. Det är samhället i stort som får betala för arbetet eftersom det är skattefinansierade projekt. Examensarbetet utgör en fallstudie som genomfördes med syftet att skapa förståelse för varför budgetöverskridanden sker i en liten kommun. För att uppnå syftet har både sekundär- och primärdata använts i form av en djupgående dokumentanalys vilken kompletterats av intervjuer. Som fallstudieobjekt har en liten kommun använts för att samla in material. Arbetets dokumentanalys syftar till att sammanställa och jämföra tidigare utförda projekt. Intervjuer med respondenter har kompletterat och förklarat de budgetavvikelser som uppmärksammats från dokumentanalysen. En litteraturstudie av tidigare forskningens resultat möjliggjorde även för jämförelse och ökad förståelse av resultatet. Resultatet av studien är en förklaring till varför budgetöverskridanden förekommer i en liten kommun. De huvudsakliga anledningarna är ändrings-, tilläggs- och avgående arbeten (ÄTA-arbeten) i projekten vilket orsakas av olika faktorer. Dessa olika faktorer kan vara exempelvis felaktiga handlingar eller dåliga markförhållanden. ÄTA-arbeten är väldigt kostnads- och tidsdrivande vilket orsakar budgetöverskridanden. Studien visar också att kostnadsöverskridanden är mer vanligt förekommande än tidsöverskridandenAll over the world budget overruns occur. Public organisations have been no exception for these overruns, which incentivizes creating an understanding to why they occur in the first place. In the public projects there are more people than just the project managers who are affected by these overruns. This is due to the fact that the public projects are financed by tax funds which is paid by the society as a whole. The purpose of this study is to create an understanding of why budget overruns occur where a small municipality has been chosen as the case object to gather data. To achieve this purpose both primary and secondary data has been used to create a document analysis which has been complemented with interviews. The document analysis of the study aims to compile and compare previous projects in the municipality. The interviews are supposed to complement and explain different budget deviations found in the document analysis. Finally, a literature review was carried out in order to enable the comparison of the gathered data and increase the understanding of the findings. The result of the study is an explanation of why budget overruns occur in a small municipality. The primary reasons are change orders in the project plan which is caused by different factors. These different factors are faulty or vaguely formed project plans or even bad conditions of the land. Change orders are very cost and time consuming which causes budget overruns. The study also found that cost overruns are more common than time overruns.
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Rotsch, Gary D. "Total ownership costs for the Marine Corps procurement programs." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 1999. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA374326.
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Thesis (M.S. in Management) Naval Postgraduate School, December 1999."December 1999". Thesis advisor(s): Joseph San Miguel, James Fremgen. Includes bibliographical references (p. 131-140). Also available online.
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Vozáková, Petra. "Optimalizace nákladů investičního záměru." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-225984.
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This diploma’s thesis deals with a cost optimization of the concrete investment plan, which is a public procurement called Hospital in Hodonín reconstruction. In the theoretical part of the thesis there is information about construction (investment) project, about its organization and legislation focused on contract for work. The practical part contains cost optimization of concrete project. In the end the final evaluation of the procurement for competitive tendering and the confrontation with other contenders’ procurements are made.
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Zhang, Zhenyu. "An economic interpretation of construction procurement behaviour for the commercial and industrial buildings." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.396205.
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Almeida, Hirlana Gomes. "Transplante de córnea no Brasil: progresso e dificuldades em 16 anos." Universidade de São Paulo, 2018. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5149/tde-28092018-104410/.
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Introdução: As doenças da córnea são responsáveis por cerca de 5% da cegueira reversível no mundo e o transplante de córnea (TC) é importante para o tratamento dessas enfermidades. A partir de fontes de dados oficiais e públicas, foram analisados o progresso e as dificuldades relacionados ao TC no Brasil nos últimos 16 anos, bem como desigualdades regionais, gastos do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) e indicadores de qualidade dos bancos de tecido ocular (BTOs). Métodos: Estudo retrospectivo e analítico com dados sobre TCs e BTOs no Brasil, no período de janeiro de 2001 a dezembro de 2016, divulgados pelo Sistema Nacional de Transplantes (SNT), pela Associação Brasileira de Transplante de Órgãos (ABTO) e pela Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária (ANVISA). Para verificação de existência de tendência, comparação de médias entre as regiões e verificação da diferença de médias, foram utilizados o teste de Cochran-Armitage, a Análise de Variância e as comparações múltiplas de Duncan, respectivamente. Em todos os testes foi utilizado um nível de significância de 5%. Resultados: No Brasil, houve aumento: de 2,4 vezes no número de TCs (de 6.193 - 35,2 pmp para 14.641 - 71,0 pmp - p < 0,001); de 50,7% na eficácia do atendimento à demanda populacional por TCs (de 35,3% para 53,2% - p < 0,001); de 27,8% no número de globos e córneas in situ doados (de 24.608 - 127,1 pmp para 31.450 - 152,6 pmp - p < 0,001); de 31,7% nas córneas preservadas (de 21.012 para 27.674); de 2,4 vezes no gasto financeiro total com TCs (de R$ 9.179.688 para R$ 22.060.973); e de 2,2 vezes no gasto unitário com TC (de R$ 716 para R$ 1.603). A fila de espera para TC reduziu em 45,4% (de 23.549 - 123,0 pmp para 12.865 - 62,4 pmp - p < 0,001). As duas principais causas para a não doação foram as contraindicações médicas (média de 42,5%) e a recusa familiar (média de 36,6%). As principais causas de descarte de córneas foram a sorologia positiva para hepatite B (média de 33%), validade tecidual (média de 30,9%) e qualidade imprópria do tecido (16,8%). A Eficácia na Preservação de Córnea (EPC), o Coeficiente de Descarte de Córnea (CDC) e a Eficácia no Fornecimento de Córnea para Transplante (ECT) foram em média 88%, 37% e 63% ao longo dos anos, respectivamente. Os melhores índices foram apresentados nas regiões Sul, Centro-Oeste e Sudeste e os piores no Norte e Nordeste. Conclusão: No Brasil, o pequeno número de doações e a grande taxa de descarte de córneas são as principais dificuldades ao adequado atendimento à demanda populacional por TCs. Contudo, o país aumentou a capacidade de transplantar córneas e reduziu as filas de espera em 16 anosIntroduction: Corneal diseases account for about 5% of reversible blindness in the world and Corneal Transplantation (CT) is important for the treatment of these diseases. From official and public data sources, the progress and difficulties related to CT in Brazil in the last 16 years were analyzed, as well as regional inequalities, expenses for the Unified Health System (SUS) and quality indicators of ocular tissue banks (OTBs). Methods: A retrospective and analytical study with data on CT and OTB in Brazil, from January 2001 to December 2016, published by the National Transplantation System (SNT), the Brazilian Organ Transplantation Association (ABTO) and the National Surveillance Agency Sanitary (ANVISA). The Cochran-Armitage test, the Analysis of Variance and the Duncan\'s multiple comparisons were used to verify the existence of trend, comparison of means between regions and verification of the mean difference, respectively. A significance level of 5% was used in all tests. Results: In Brazil, there was an increase: of 2.4 times in the number of CTs (from 6,193 - 35.2 pmp to 14,641 - 71.0 pmp - p < 0.001); of 50.7% in the efficacy of meeting the population demand for CTs (from 35.3% to 53.2% - p < 0.001); of 27.8% in the number of donated globes and corneas in situ (from 24,608 - 127.1 pmp to 31,450 - 152.6 pmp - p < 0.001); of 31.7% in preserved corneas (from 21,012 to 27,674); of 2.4 times in the total finance expense with CTs (from R$ 9,179,688 to R$ 22,060,973); and 2.2 times the unit expense with CT (from R$ 716 to R$ 1,603). The waiting list for CT decreased by 45.4% (from 23,549 - 123.0 pmp to 12,865 - 62.4 pmp - p < 0.001). The two main causes for non-donation were medical contraindications (mean of 42.5%) and family refusal (mean of 36.6%). The main causes of corneal discard were positive serology for hepatitis B (mean of 33%), tissue validity (mean of 30.9%) and inadequate tissue quality (16.8%). Efficacy in Corneal Preservation (EPC), Corneal Discarding Coefficient (CDC) and Efficacy Supply of Corneas for Transplantation (ECT) averaged 88%, 37%, and 63% over the years, respectively. The best indexes were presented in the South, Midwest and Southeast regions and the worst in the North and Northeast. Conclusion: In Brazil, the small number of donations and the high rate of discard of corneas are the main difficulties to the adequate attendance to the population demand by CTs. However, the country increased the ability to transplant corneas and reduced waiting lists in 16 years
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Charpin, Ariane. "Essays on decision theory and economic efficiency." Thesis, Paris 1, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PA01E009/document.
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Cette thèse de doctorat s’intéresse à deux thèmes distincts : la prise de décision en situation de risque et l’efficacité économique. Ces deux questions sont traitées dans un cadre empirique en utilisant des bases de données uniques. Le premier chapitre teste les modèles théoriques de décision en situation de risque sur des données réelles de paris hippiques pour identifier la théorie qui permet la meilleure description des choix des individus. Ce chapitre montre que les théories comportementales de la décision en situation de risque (théorie des perspectives cumulées et modèle de l’utilité dépendante du rang) sont mieux adaptées pour expliquer le comportement des parieurs observé dans les données que la théorie de l’utilité espérée. Le second chapitre estime l’effet d’une concentration entre deux grandes entreprises du secteur des transports urbains en France sur leurs coûts. Les résultats obtenus mettent en évidence que la fusion n’a pas entraîné de gains d’efficacité pour les parties à la fusion. Ce résultat s’explique notamment par le contexte dans lequel la fusion a été menée, en particulier les raisons du choix de la cible, la perception des clients et des employés de la fusion, les différences de culture entre les entreprises et la préparation opérationnelle de l’opération. Le troisième chapitre examine l’impact d’une plus grande discrétion dans les procédures d’appels d’offres sur la sélection des opérateurs, en particulier leur productivité. Le résultat principal est que la procédure qui accroît potentiellement le pouvoir discrétionnaire des acheteurs publics conduit à la sélection d’entreprises moins efficaces qu’une procédure n’impliquant pas ou peu de discrétion. Nos analyses complémentaires suggèrent que le résultat s’explique par l’effet d’une plus grande discrétion à l’étape de sélection des entreprisesThis doctoral thesis focuses on two distinct themes: decision-making in situations of risk and economic efficiency. These two questions are treated in an empirical framework using unique databases. The first chapter tests the theoretical models of decision under risk on bets on horseraces to identify the theory that allows the best description of individuals’ choices. This chapter shows that behavioral theories of decision under risk (cumulative prospect theory and rank-dependent utility) are better suited to explain the behavior of bettors observed in the data than the expected utility theory. The second chapter estimates the effect of a merger between two large companies in the urban transport sector in France on their costs. The results show that the merger did not result in efficiency gains for the merging parties. This result can be understood in light of the context in which the merger was conducted, in particular the reasons for the choice of the target, the perception of customers and employees of the merger, the differences in culture between the companies and the operational preparation of the merger. The third chapter examines the impact of greater discretion in tendering procedures on the selection of operators, particularly their productivity. The main result is that the procedure that potentially increases the discretion of public purchasers leads to the selection of less efficient companies than a procedure involving little or no discretion. Further analyzes suggest that the result is due to the effect of greater discretion at the screening stage