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Brookes, Adam. "Immersed membrane bioreactors for produced water treatment." Thesis, Cranfield University, 2005. http://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/4508.
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The performance of a submerged membrane bioreactor for the duty of gas field produced water treatment was appraised. The system was operated under steady state conditions at a range of mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS) concentrations and treatment and membrane performance examined. Organics removal (COD and TOC) display removal rates between 90 and 97%. Removal of specific target compounds Benzene, Toulene, Ethylbenzene and Xylene were removed to above 99% in liquid phase with loss to atmosphere between 0.3 and 1%. Comparison of fouling rates at a number of imposed fluxes has been made between long term filtration trials and short term tests using the flux step method. Produced water fed biomass displays a greater fouling propensity than municipal wastewater fed biomass from previous studies. Results indicate an exponential relationship between fouling rate and flux for both long and short term trials, although the value was an order of magnitude lower during long term tests. Moreover, operation during long term trials is characterised by a period of pseudo stable operation followed by a catastrophic rise in TMP at a given critical filtration time (tfi, ) during trials at 6 g. L"1. This time of stable operation, tfit, is characterised by a linear relationship between fouling rate and flux. Results have been compared with the literature. Data for membrane fouling prior to the end of t fit yielded a poor fit with a recently proposed model. Trends recorded at t> trlt revealed the fouling rate to follow no definable trend with flux. The system showed resilience to free oil shocking up to an oil concentration of 200ppmv. Following an increase in oil concentration to 500 ppmv, rapid and exponential fouling ensued.
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Foslie, Sverre Stefanussen. "Design of Centrifugal Pump for Produced Water." Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for energi- og prosessteknikk, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-24348.
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During the spring of 2008, Jón Bergmann Heimisson developed a pump design program in Matlab. The program has been further developed during the work with this thesis, as well as in the author's preceding project thesis, giving key information for an existing pump design. The aim of this Master's thesis has been to verify the calculation of pump characteristics and velocity profiles at the impeller outlet through testing.A detailed description of the relevant theory regarding pump design has been presented, and different calculation models for the pump characteristics have been examined. The analytical approaches for calculating the performance data have been implemented into Matlab, and a comparison of the different calculation models has been performed. A multistage centrifugal pump has been used for verifying the velocity profiles, and the pump characteristics have been compared to the different calculation models presented in Matlab. Measurements of the velocity profiles were carried out in Typhonix' laboratories at Varhaug using a pitot-static probe.The results achieved from the comparison of the characteristic curves calculated in Matlab showed that the models provide quite different results. Some of the methods widely used in the literature proved to deviate significantly from the measured results, while other and more advanced methods provided better results.The results achieved from testing the velocity profiles with the pitot-static probe were not as good as desired. The measured velocities and flow angles did not correlate well with the analytical solutions, and the results are partly unreliable. Some of the trends regarding changes due to increased volume flow or rotational speed were found, but the exact values could not be trusted. The pitot-static probe is an intrusive method, and it probably disturbed the flow in a way making good results difficult to achieve.
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Patel, Chirag V. "Management of produced water in oil and gas operations." Thesis, Texas A&M University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/1544.
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Produced water handling has been an issue of concern for oil and gas producers as it is one of the major factors that cause abandonment of the producing well. The development of effective produced water management strategies poses a big challenge to the oil and gas industry today. The conversion of produced water into irrigation or fresh water provides a cost effective tool to handle excessive amounts of the produced water. In this research we proposed on-site produced water treatment units configured to achieve maximum processing throughput. We studied various advanced separation techniques to remove oil and dissolved solids from the produced water. We selected adsorption as the oil removing technique and Reverse Osmosis (RO) as the dissolved solids removing technique as being the best for our purpose. We performed experiments to evaluate operating parameters for both adsorption and RO units to accomplish maximum removal of oil and dissolved solids from the produced water. We compared the best models fitting the experimental data for both the processes, then analyzed and simulated the performance of integrated produced water treatment which involves adsorption columns and RO units. The experimental results show that the adsorption columns remove more than 90% of the oil and RO units remove more than 95% of total dissolved solids from the produced water. The simulation results show that the proper integration and configuration of adsorption and RO units can provide up to 80% efficiency for a processing throughput of 6-8 gallons per minute of produced water. From an oil and gas producers viewpoint output from the produced water treatment system is a revenue generating source. The system is flexible and can be modified for the applications such as rangeland restoration, reservoir recharge and agricultural use.
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Khor, Ee Huey. "Improvements of oil-in-water analysis for produced water using membrane filtration." Thesis, Curtin University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/2563.
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The accuracy of oil-in-water analysis for produced water is increasingly crucial as the regulations for disposal of this water are getting more stringent world wide. Currently, most of the oil producing countries has their own regulations for disposal of this water. The oil-in-water can be distinguished between two types, mainly dispersed and dissolved oil. Among these oils, dispersed oil concentration is the main component under monitoring for the oil-in-water limitation. From literatures, the standard analytical method for oil-in-water measurement has been changed from IR analysis to GC-FID analysis due to solvent restrictions. As a result of the change, a total of dispersed and dissolved oil is measured and this causes the oil-in-water parameter value to be higher. Therefore the removal of dissolved oil before oil-in-water analysis is critical. This issue can be overcome by enhancing current monitoring technique which incorporates a separation technique in removing dissolved oil from the produced water prior to the GC-FID analysis.A thorough review was given to all current available separation techniques that can be employed for dissolved oil removal. Membrane filtration system was proposed in this research to be incorporated into the test method to remove the dissolved oil as it is relatively a small separation unit, easy to operate and very practical in the laboratory scale application. By using membrane filtration, it was found that the removal of dissolved oil is dependent on the pore-size of the membrane where in this case Microfiltration removes more dissolved oil than Ultrafiltration.However, there is an issue in using this membrane filtration technique. The deposition of dispersed and dissolved oil on the membrane reduces the efficiency of the removal process. In this research, mathematical & computational modelling was done in studying the hydrodynamic effect caused by pressure for the fluid flow profile inside the membrane cartridge. Then, two approaches are proposed prevention of fouling, firstly, by physical or mechanical means and secondly, by chemical means. The use of mechanical means for the prevention of deposition were studied by simulation using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and mathematical model to visualize the hydrodynamic conditions inside the membrane cartridge.Mathematical model has been developed for the relationship of differential pressure(DP) with the concentration of oils at the wall (Cg). The purpose of this study is toestimate the concentration of oils by changing the differential pressure. Severalfactors for the reduction of fouling or the concentration of oils at the membrane wallby physical means such as pore sizes, membrane types and operating conditions werestudied. The experimental data were analyzed by using statistical method. Throughdesign of experiment (DOE) and the verification of CFD visualization, the optimumconditions for the operation were identified to be at low differential pressure (DP)but at high trans-membrane pressure (TMP). The most suitable type of membranewith 0.2um pore size was found to give highest efficiency in removing dissolved oil.Despite these findings, the total prevention of oil fouling on the membrane by mechanical means is not possible. Therefore, chemical pre-treatment method and chemical cleaning methods were explored in their capacity to remove the deposition of oil on the membrane. This pre-treatment method enhances the separation by changing the physical properties of the oil towards the membranes. Changes of chemical properties of oil should be avoided in this attempt for accuracy of measurement. pH changes are one of the ways for pre-treatment, and the effects of acidity and alkalinity effect on the solution were studied for the improvement of the separation.Chemical cleaning using NaOH was investigated for its ability to clean off the deposition of oils on the membrane. The duration of the cleaning as well as the volume used were studied experimentally until the optimum conditions were reached. The chemical treatment approaches are integrated into the physical method to enhance the removal of dissolved oil by using membrane filtration. The optimum condition of this integrated techniques were verified experimentally.In conclusion a new standard analysis method in the oil-in-water parameter monitoring for produced water in the oil and gas sector has been developed. With the incorporation of membrane filtration system, produced water analysis will be improved, which would benefit the oil and gas operators.
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Shpiner, R. A. M. "Treatment of produced water by waste stabilsation pond." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.498655.
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Alanezi, Yousef H. "Crossflow microfiltration of oil from synthetic produced water." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2009. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/8815.
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Produced water is formed in underground formations and brought up to the surface along with crude oil during production. It is by far the largest volume byproduct or waste stream. The most popular preference to deal with produced water is to re-inject it back into the formation. Produced water re-injection (PWRI) needs a treatment before injection to prevent formation blockage. Due to the increase of produced water during oil production in the west of Kuwait, an effluent treatment and water injection plants were established and commissioned in 2004 so that produced water could be used for re-injection purposes. It is estimated that oil wells in the west of Kuwait produce 15 to 40 % of produced water. The main aim of this treatment train is to reduce not only the oil-in-water amount to less than 10 ppm, but also total suspended solids to 5 ppm which is the maximum allowable concentration for re-injection and disposal. Furthermore, with respect to the upper limit for injection, the maximum number of particles between 5 and 8 microns is 200 in 0.1 ml. In practice the number is found to exceed this limit by 10 times...
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Shrawage, Abhijeet J. "CFD Analysis of Supercritical Water Reactor for Flow Back and Produced Water Treatment." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1407229655.
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Hong, Soklida. "Glutaraldehyde Removal from Produced Water Using Photolysis and Photocatalysis." Thesis, North Dakota State University, 2017. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/28665.
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Glutaraldehyde (GA) has been used extensively as a biocide in hydraulic fracturing fluids leading to the contamination of the compound in produced water. In this study, the performances of photolysis and photocatalysis for removal of GA in synthetic produced water were investigated. The photolytic degradation rate of GA increased with increasing incident ultraviolet light intensity and decreasing pH. Increasing initial GA concentration resulted in a reduced rate of GA degradation. At high salt concentrations, similar to the levels found in produced water, the photodegradation rate of GA was better than those at zero/low salt concentrations. In photocatalytic experiments, GA could be degraded efficiently under both simulated visible light and natural sunlight. Photolysis and photocatalysis are promising technologies for removing GA in produced water due to their small footprint, ease of operation, and efficiency. This study helps in addressing an obstacle associated with produced water treatment and disposal.North Dakota Water Resources Research Institute Fellowship Program
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Palsson, Bjarni. "A study on the parameters controlling (matrix) injectivity of produced water." Thesis, Heriot-Watt University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10399/2021.
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There is a lack of general design methods for water injection schemes. This is reflected in the fact that there exists no handbook for water injection and no commercial reservoir simulators include modules for injectivity damage; even though waterflood simulation is one of their main tasks. This thesis aims at critically evaluating the current approach and suggesting better practises. The objective is to analyse the parameters affecting the performance of matrix water injection wells and critically evaluate their importance in the light of available field history. This includes a review of the injectivity damage mechanisms involved and evaluation of the prediction methods available to quantifY their reliability for real field cases. The following steps are presented: » Review of current understanding of water injection performance. ? » Review of published coreflood experiments with the aim of identifYing both main trends and the key differences. Other potential damage mechanisms are also discussed briefly. » Available injectivity prediction models are evaluated for sensitivities in the input parameters and compared against both core experiments and field performance. » Field information from more than I00 wells, operated by 15 international oil companies was acquired. The information is critically analysed in consistent manner and the main trends identified and compared to the key findings ofthe laboratory and model approaches. The field data proved generally insufficient to provide a firm correlation relating water quality and formation characteristics to injectivity decline. This comparative investigation does however, indicate the uncertainty range in the key parameters involved and does, therefore, result in an improved understanding of the injectivity mechanisms. The key findings are summarised in brief guidelines for best operational practices for water injection. Furthermore, areas of significant inconsistencies, requiring further investigation, are identified and recommendations made as a basis of research activity to fill some of the many gaps in understanding in this important topic.
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Donnelly, Alan Paul. "On-line concentration measurement and separation of oil from produced water." Thesis, Heriot-Watt University, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10399/506.
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FALLER, MARIA CLARA KREMER. "ASPECTS OF THE UTILIZATION OF HUMIC SUBSTANCE IN PRODUCED WATER TREATMENT." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2006. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=9241@1.
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COORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DO PESSOAL DE ENSINO SUPERIORÁgua de produção consiste de uma das principais preocupações ambientais relacionadas à produção de petróleo. Substâncias húmicas (SH) são naturalmente formadas durante a humificação de matéria orgânica por microorganismos, apresentando uma série de propriedades, dentre essas, a de captura de grande parte dos íons metálicos. O presente trabalho teve com o objetivo principal avaliar a viabilidade da utilização de SH no tratamento da água de produção, considerando a utilização de três diferentes compostos húmicos (HMC). Em relação ao tempo para a completa coagulação/floculação, observou-se uma variação em função da concentração utilizada, para todos os três casos de HMC. HMC-3 apresentou os menores intervalos de tempo, além de interface bem definida e sobrenadante final de aspecto límpido. Os resultados do teor de bário, após adição das HMC, mostram a redução do valor inicial em todos os casos, sendo que a maior redução para 4mL do HMC- 1. Ensaios realizados com as algas detectaram tanto um aumento da clorofila quanto das áreas médias das algas na presença de água de produção, sendo este mais acentuado quando também da presença de HMC-3. Os resultados mostraram ser factível o uso de substâncias húmicas em tratamentos que envolvam uma etapa de cogulação/floculação e confirmam a capacidade das SH de reter espécies metálicas como o bário. Nos ensaios com algas, teve-se forte indicativo da contribuição positiva da presença da água de produção para seu crescimento, especialmente da água de produção com SH. Estes resultados reafirmam o grande potencial do uso das SH em tratamentos ambientais.
Produced water consists in one of the biggest environmental concerns related to oil production activities. Humic Substances (HS) are naturally formed during the humification organic residues by microorganisms and present several properties, amongst them, the ability to bind great part of the metal ions. The present work objectifies the avaluation the viability of the use of HS in the treatment of produced water, consideraing three different humic compounds (HMC-1, 2 e 3). In relation to the time for complete coagulation/floculation, a variation of the times as a function of the concentration of HS was observed, in all three cases. HMC-3 presented the shortest times, well defined interface and supernatant of clear aspect. The results of barium content, after HMC addition, clearly present the reduction of the initial values. The biggest reduction being obtained by 4 mL HMC-1. Tests algae detected an increase in the chlorophyll, as well as in the algae average areas, being this effect was even more accentuated in the presence of HMC-3. The results of the test show the possibility of HS use in treatments which involve a coagulation/floculation step nad confirm the HS capacity to bind metal species such as barium. The tests with algae strongly indicates the positive contribution of the presence of produced water to its growth, especially in the case of the produced water with HS. These results reaffirm the great potential of the use of HS in environmental treatments.
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Omar, Salem A. S. "Characterisation and bioremediation of soil impacted by Libyan oilfield produced water." Thesis, Sheffield Hallam University, 2013. http://shura.shu.ac.uk/20145/.
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A large quantity of produced water (PW) is currently produced during crude oil and natural gas exploration and production. The result and effect of discharging PW on the environment has become a significant issue of environmental concern. PW impacted soil is a common environmental problem associated with oil and gas production. This causes the death of plants and contaminates soil. In addition, impacted soil leads to wide spread contamination of surface waters and shallow aquifers. This work describes an investigation of PW and full characterization of contaminated soils by the disposal of PW at the study site, it includes analysis of both PW and impacted soil using different analytical techniques in order to identify and assay the main constituents that cause the pollution of the soil at the site. The Nasser oilfield, Libya has been chosen as the study site because has a long history of crude oil production since 1956. For this study, six PW samples were collected from the disposal pit bank and through the production stages, eighteen samples of contaminated soil from the disposal pit bank at the study oilfield along with uncontaminated soil samples (taken far from the polluted area) to used as reference. Measurable impacts from PW discharges observed in the soils that have been identified include elevated concentrations of petroleum hydrocarbons and salts in the soil. The total dissolved solids (TDS) concentration in PW and soil can vary between 25407 mg/l to 126065 mg/1, for PW and 20716 mg/kg to 105240 mg/kg for impacted soil. The most common organic contaminants found in-PW are total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) and BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylenes). The average concentrations of TPH for PW and polluted soil samples ranged from 1.2 mg/1 to 2.9 mg/l for PW and 10550 mg/kg to 90750 mg/kg for soil samples, BTEX were found in PW at the processes stage and the disposal pit. The average BTEX concentration in PW ranged from 0.11 mg/l to 1.86 mg/l. The polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and oilfield chemicals (OFCs) (i.e. corrosion inhibitors, scale inhibitors, biocides and demulsifiers) were also detected in soil and PW at the study site. Understanding the composition of PW and the impacted soil are necessary for assessing the possibility of beneficial reuse and to selecting suitable treatment process for PW and soil. The results showed that the main constituents that impact the soil are hydrocarbons and salts.
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Niu, Jing. "Desalination of Produced Water via Gas Hydrate Formation and Post Treatment." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/76822.
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This study presents a two-step desalination process, in which produced water is cleaned by forming gas hydrate in it and subsequently dewatering the hydrate to remove the residual produced water trapped in between the hydrate crystals. All experiments were performed with pressure in the range of 450 to 800psi and temperature in the range of -1 to 1°C using CO? as guest molecule for the hydrate crystals. The experiments were conducted using artificial produced waters containing different amounts of NaCl, CaCl₂ and MgCl₂ at varying temperature (T) and pressure (P). The results are presented as functions of %Reduction of difference chemical elements, CO? requirements and applied T and P conditions.
The impact of dewatering techniques, including centrifuge and filtration process, on gas hydrate solid product is studied. The results showed that over 99% of dissolved NaCl and MgCl2 can be removed from artificial saline water in laboratory experiments. This was achieved in a process involving a single-stage hydrate formation step, followed by a single-step solid-liquid separation (or dewatering). The results also show that the %Reduction (percentage of the concentration decrease) of artificial produced water increases with centrifugation time and rotational speed (rpm). The %Reduction was increased considerably after hydrate crystals were crushed and filtered, indicating that the artificial process water was entrapped in between the hydrate crystals. It was found also that the finer the particle size, the higher the extent of salt removal. In general, filtration was a better than centrifugation for the removal of TDS (Total Dissolved Solids).Master of Science
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Ali, Ayman W. "Performance Evaluation of Foamed Warm Mix Asphalt Produced by Water Injection." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1374518551.
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Vaziri, Mojgan. "Water Resistance of Scots Pine Joints Produced by Linear Friction Welding." Thesis, Nancy 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011NAN10059/document.
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Le soudage du bois est une technique d'assemblage sans adhésif de deux pièces de bois, leur soudure étant produite par friction mécanique sous pression des deux pièces. Ce procédé, applicable à des pièces de bois plates, d'essences identiques ou différentes, se prête à la fabrication de meubles et à la menuiserie. Cependant, le joint obtenu n'est pas de classe "extérieur", ce qui le réserve à un usage "intérieur". En effet, un joint destiné à une utilisation extérieure ou en milieu à humidité variable doit présenter une résistance élevée à l'eau. L'objectif principal de cette thèse est d'étudier la résistance à l'eau du bois soudé. A cet effet, des méthodes d'essais complémentaires et non-destructrices ont été utilisées, comme le scanner ou l'imagerie par résonance magnétique (IRM). L'influence des paramètres de soudage et des propriétés du bois sur, d'une part, la formation et la propagation des fissures dans la ligne de soudure, et sur, d'autre part, la densité et l'absorption d'eau de la soudure a été ainsi étudiée. Les expériences de cette thèse seront menées sur des échantillons de pin (Pinus sylvestris) de dimensions 200 mm x20 mm x 40 mm, coupés dans la direction longitudinale du fil du bois. La Norme Européenne EN 205 a servi de cadre pour déterminer la résistance des échantillons de pin en traction-cisaillement. Les méthodes d'essais (non-destructrices) ont été utilisées selon leur pertinence: le scanner a servi à étudier la formation et la propagation des fissures; l'imagerie par résonance magnétique (IRM) a permis quant à elle de caractériser la pénétration et l'infiltration d'eau dans le bois soudé.Le mécanisme d'adhérence du pin a été étudié grâce à la RMN MAS (spectrométrie à résonance magnétique nucléaire avec polarisation croisée et rotation à l?angle magique) du carbone13 et à la micro-densitométrie par rayons X. Ces différentes méthodes, non destructrices, offrent l'avantage d'une analyse non invasive et l'élimination de facteurs parasites liés à la préparation et à la coupe du bois. Voici en résumé les résultats obtenus les plus marquants: (1) Le scanner et l'imagerie par résonance magnétique (IRM) sont des méthodes de recherche particulièrement polyvalentes et adaptées à l'étude des bois soudés. (2) L'utilisation de bois de coeur, une pression de soudage de 1.3 Mpa et un temps de soudage de 1.5 s permettent d'augmenter la résistance à l'eau du pin soudé. (3) Des tests d'optimisation ont montré que la résistance du pin en traction-cisaillement est plus sensible aux variations de temps de soudage qu'au temps de refroidissement et qu'elle peut être optimisée à plus de 9.7 MPa en respectant une pression de 1.3 Mpa, un temps de soudage > 3.5 s et un temps de refroidissement < 60 s. (4) La résistance à l'eau du bois soudé peut être améliorée dans une certaine mesure en faisant varier paramètres de soudage et propriétés des essences, mais dans tous les cas, le recours à un imperméabilisant naturel et écologique reste nécessaire. (5) Le pin soudé possède une résistance à l'eau et en traction-cisaillement inhabituellement élevée, cela pouvant s'expliquer par une teneur en composés extractifs augmentée. (6) Des essais sous IRM ont montré que les causes de rupture du joint varient suivant l'essence: faible résistance à l'eau de la ligne de soudure dans le cas du hêtre soudé, retrait et expansion du bois dans le cas du pin soudé. (7) Les extractifs du pin améliorent nettement la résistance à l'eau du joint soudé, mais à un niveau qui ne lui permet cependant pas la certification "extérieur" sans protection. En revanche, il peut être certifié "semi-extérieur" avec protectionWood welding is a mechanical friction process allowing the assembly of timber without any adhesives. The process consists of applying mechanical friction, under pressure, alternately to the two wood surfaces to be welded. This process can be applied to weld two flat pieces of timber, originating from the same or different tree species, and can be used in the manufacture of furniture and wood joinery. The only limitation is that the joint is not exterior-grade, but only suitable for interior joints. Exterior use, or use in an environment with varying humidity demands water resistance of the welded joints. The main objective of this thesis is to study the water resistance of the welded wood. This is complemented with special attention to non-destructive test methods such as X-ray Computed Tomography (CT-) scanning and Magnetic Resolution Imaging (MRI). The influence of welding parameters and wood properties on crack formation and crack propagation in the weldline was investigated. The influence of these parameters on weldline density and water absorption in the weldline were also studied. Investigations in this thesis are based on welded samples of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) of the dimensions 200 mm × 20 mm × 40 mm which were cut in the longitudinal direction of the wood grain. The tensile-shear strength of the welded Scots pine samples were determined using European standard EN 205. Different non-destructive methods such as X-ray Computed Tomography (CT-) scanning to study crack formation and propagation, and magnetic Resolution Imaging (MRI) to characterize water penetration and the distribution mechanism in welded wood were used. Solid state CPMAS 13C NMR spectrometry and X-ray microdensitometry investigations were carried out to study the mechanism of adhesion in Scots pine. These various non-destructive methods offer the advantage of non-invasive analysis and the elimination of any artifacts present due to preparation and sectioning. The most important results are summarized as follows: (1) X-ray Computed Tomography (CT-) scanning and Magnetic Resolution Imaging (MRI) are versatile research methods applicable to investigations of welded woods. (2) Water resistance of welded Scots pine can be increased using heartwood, a welding pressure of 1.3 MPa, and a welding time of 1.5 s. (3) Optimization tests showed that the tensile-shear strength of Scots pine was more sensitive to welding time changes than holding time and could be optimized to more than 9.7 MPa using 1.3 MPa welding pressure, > 3.5 s welding time, and < 60 s holding time. (4) Changing welding parameters and wood properties can increase water resistance of welded wood to some extent, but treating the weldline with certain natural and environmentally-friendly water repellents is still necessary. (5) Welded Scots pine shows unusually high water resistance and tensile-shear strength. This may be explained by there being more extractives compounds in Scots pine. (6) MRI experiments showed that the origin of the joint failure in welded beech is poor water resistance of the weldline, while swelling and shrinkage of wood are the main reasons for joint failure of welded Scots pine. (7) Extractives in Scots pine dramatically improve water resistance of the welded joint, but not to a level to classify the joint as an unprotected exterior grade. However, it can qualify as a joint for protected semi-exterior application
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Lin, Jack. "Pre-treatment of coal seam water with coagulation and electrocoagulation." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2017. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/105358/4/Jack_Lin_Thesis.pdf.
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This thesis examined innovative methods for pre-treatment of coal seam water. In order to prevent scaling and fouling of downstream reverse osmosis membranes we investigated both electrocoagulation and chemical coagulation using aluminium and iron based electrodes and/or coagulants. Application of electrocoagulation was found to significantly reduce the presence of problematic dissolved species such as silica and also alkaline earth ions which potentially can scale membranes and equipment. Chemical coagulation could also remove dissolved silica from simulated coal seam water samples but was found to be relatively ineffective when treating real coal seam water. The future study of electrocoagulation is worthy in order to determine its applicability to a wider range of coal seam water compositions and to minimise costs of use.
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Beech, Scott Jay. "Oil removal for produced water treatment and micellar cleaning of ultrafiltration membranes." Thesis, Texas A&M University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/4249.
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Produced water is a major waste produced from oil and natural gas wells in the state of Texas. This water could be a possible source of new fresh water to meet the growing demands of the state after treatment and purification. This thesis describes a research project that evaluated the treatment of brine generated in oil fields (produced water) with ultrafiltration membranes. The characteristics of various ultrafiltration membranes for oil and suspended solids removal from produced water were studied to test whether they could be used in a pretreatment method. The research measured the effect of pressure and flow rate on performance of three commercially available membranes for treatment of oily produced water. Oil and suspended solids removal were measured by using turbidity and oil in water measurements taken periodically. The study also analyzed the flux through the membrane and any effect it had on membrane performance. The research showed that an ultrafiltration membrane provided turbidity removal of over 99% and oil removal of 78% for the produced water samples. The results indicated that the ultrafiltration membranes would be useful as one of the first steps in purifying the water. Membrane cleaning of produced water-fouled membranes by micellar solutions was investigated. A neutral pH and ambient temperature micelle solution for effective cleaning of oily water-fouled membranes was developed and studied. The performance of cleaning solutions on ultrafiltration membranes was investigated on laboratory size membrane testing equipment. Different micro emulsion solutions were studied to evaluate the effect of solution properties on cleaning performance. Three types of multiple membranes were studied, each having the same polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) material but with different nominal separation or flux characteristics. The data showed that the use of a micelle solution to clean the produced water-fouled membranes was a feasible and effective method. The study showed with further adjustment of the micelle solution the cleaning effectiveness could be optimized to provide double the effectiveness of current industry methods for membranes fouled by produced water.
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Ullah, Asmat. "Separation of oil drops from produced water using a slotted pore membrane." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2014. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/15687.
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Microfiltration is one of the most important processes in membrane sciences that can be used for separating drops/particles above 1 ??m. Depth microfiltration membranes retain drops/particles inside the surface of the membrane, the process is expensive and membranes quickly become fouled. On the other hand, surface microfiltration membranes stop drops/particles on the surface of the membrane and the process is less fouling. Higher permeate flux and lower trans-membrane pressure is obtained with a shear enhanced microfiltration technique. Production of specific size of drops and stability of the drops are very important in testing the microfiltration of crude oil drops/water emulsions. Oil drops from 1-15 ??m were produced with a food blender, operated at its highest speed for the duration of 12 mins. In addition, vegetable oil drops were stabilised with 1% polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), Tween 20 and gum Arabic, stability was assessed on the basis of consistency in the size distribution and number of drops in each sample analysed at 30 mins interval. A slotted pore Nickel membrane with the slot width and slot length of 4 and 400 ??m respectively has been used in the filtration experiments. The slot width to the slot length ratio (aspect ratio) of the used membrane is 100. Vibrating the membrane at various frequencies created shear rates of different intensities on the surface of the membrane. Membrane with a tubular configuration is preferred over the flat sheet because it is easy to control in-case of membrane oscillations both at lab and industrial scale. Besides this, a tubular membrane configuration provides a smaller footprint as compared to the flat sheet. The influence of applied shear rate on slots/pore blocking has been studied. Applying shear rate to the membrane reduced the blocking of the slots of the membrane; and reduction of slots blocking is a function of the applied shear rate. At higher shear rate, lower blocking of the slots of the membrane was verified by obtaining lower trans-membrane pressure for constant rate filtration. The experiments are in reasonable agreement with the theoretical blocking model. Divergence of the experimental data from the theory may be due to involvement of deforming drops in the process. During microfiltration of oil drops, the drops deform when passing through the slots or pores of the membrane. Different surfactants provided different interfacial tensions between the oil and water interface. The influence of interfacial tension on deformation of drops through the slots was studied. The higher the interfacial tension then the lower would be the deformation of drops through the slots. A mathematical model was developed based on static and drag forces acting on the drops while passing the membrane. The model predicts 100% cut-off of drops through the membrane. Satisfactory agreement of the model with the experiments shows that the concept of static and drag force can be successfully applied to the filtration of deformable drops through the slotted pore membranes. Due to the applied shear rate, inertial lift migration velocities of the drops away from the surface of the membrane were created. Inertial lift velocities are linear functions of the applied shear rate. A mathematical model was modified based on inertial lift migration velocities. The critical radius of the drops is the one above which drops cannot pass through the surface of the membrane into the permeate due to the applied shear rate and back transport. The model is used as a starting point and is an acceptable agreement with the experiment. The model can be used to predict the 100% cut-off value for oil drops filtration and a linear fit between this value and the origin on a graph of grade (or rejection) efficiency and drop size to slot width ratio was used to predict the total concentration of dispersed oil left after filtration. Hence, it is shown how it is possible to predict oil discharge concentrations when using slotted filters.
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Wilson, Reese Nathaniel. "Clarification of Recreational Pool Water using Biological Additives Produced by BiOWiSH(TM)." DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2015. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/1477.
Full textAbstract:
Effects of commercially available bacterial products were investigated on two common recreational pool contaminants: sunscreen and cyanuric acid (CYA). Microbial products developed by BiOWiSH Technologies, Inc. were tested for enhancing mechanical filtration and water clarification in bench-scale bioreactors, with conditions mimicking those of recreational pool water. Bacterial consortia included proprietary mixes of Bacillus, Lactobacillus and Pseudomonas, and other genera of bacteria. BiOWiSH products are either fermented on a solid substrate consisting of rice bran and soy meal, or they are mixed with a soluble diluent. Twenty-nine BiOWiSH products were tested throughout forty experiments.
Experiments were carried out to determine both the efficacy of BiOWiSH products for turbidity reduction and the mechanism by which BiOWiSH removes sunscreen from solution. In trials without mechanical filtration, the only product which showed a reduction in turbidity relative to the control, albeit inconsistently, was the solid substrate version of BiOWiSH Aqua FOGTM (Thai FOG). Experiments on BiOWiSH coupled with mechanical filtration showed a 79% average reduction of turbidity in the first 24 hrs. BiOWiSH products containing solid substrate, both active and abiotic, showed an average turbidity reduction of 90% in the first 24 hrs. In the same timeframe, soluble BiOWiSH products showed a 79% average reduction in turbidity. Thus, the solid v substrate provided an additional 11% reduction in turbidity over soluble products and un-amended mechanical filtration. Through experimentation and scanning electron microscopy, it was concluded that the primary mechanism of clarification by the solid substrate is adsorption of sunscreen to the substrate surface.
Further experiments were performed in anaerobic and aerobic environments to determine whether BiOWiSH products can remove cyanuric acid from solution through adsorption or biodegradation. Two measurement methods, turbidimetric and HPLC (high performance liquid chromatography) were used to independently quantify CYA. A reverse-phase HPLC method was developed which utilizes a phosphate buffer and methanol for the separation of cyanuric acid from nitrate and other chemical species. The solid BiOWiSH Aqua FOG product (prod. in Thailand) interfered with the turbidimetric analysis, showing false decreases in CYA. Using HPLC, there was no measureable biodegradation or adsorption of CYA by BiOWiSH products in these bench-scale tests. Significant systematic error in the HPLC analysis prevented conclusive findings; therefore, the ability of BiOWiSH products to reduce CYA from solution remains inconclusive.
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Al, Aufi Mohammed. "Treating oil-field co-produced water by forward osmosis for low-salinity water injection and enhanced oil recovery." Thesis, University of Surrey, 2017. http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/842050/.
Full textAbstract:
Co-produced water re-injection is a mature recovery technique for oil fields. Co-produced water that is not re-injected is the largest wastage stream in the oil industry. Handling, treatment and management (especially re-injection back into the reservoir) is an expensive operation. PWRI is a secondary oil recovery method with a small recovery factor in the range of 15-25% and contributes to many surface and subsurface issues, e.g., scaling and reservoir plugging, resulting in the decline of water injectivity, and thus lower oil recovery. This reduction, of course, impinges significantly on the revenue stream of major oil corporations. However, low-salinity (LowSal) water injection is an emerging method that boosts oil recovery by reducing the downsides of produced water re-injection. Using forward osmosis to produce low-salinity water for injection is a novel idea, in which the co-produced water will be the draw solution. In this concept, low-salinity water from water wells (brackish water) is used as the feed to dilute the co-produced water. The diluted co-produced water will then be re-injected as LowSal water. The obviously cheaper alternative of direct dilution of the co-produced water with the brackish water might not produce a water compatible with the oil reservoir in both ionic composition and strength. Data have been collected from different oil fields with various co-produced water and formation characteristics. Different co-produced water treatments were observed in each oil field due to differences in co-produced water chemistry. The water sample for analysis was taken at the skim tanks prior to the water injection stage. A theoretical resistance-in-series model for the forward osmosis stage is presented, which has been adapted from the literature, which incorporates the mass transfer equations, in which the boundary layer and thin-film theory for the membrane intrinsic layers are integrated. An improved shell mass transfer correlation is introduced in addition to the incorporation of a modified reflection coefficient into the resistance-in-series model. The collected data were then incorporated into the theoretical model to calculate and evaluate the forward osmosis performance and, in turn, the water chemistry before re-injection. A forward osmosis rig has been erected to use the latest hollow fibre membrane supplied by the Toyobo Company (Japan). Water and solute flux were measured to validate the model estimations. The model estimated results were at 95% confidence to the measured values. Analytical investigations (ion analysis) for the membrane filtrate at various flowrates and applied pressures were performed to determine the forward osmosis filtrate ion composition. The FO filtrate compositions were then simulated using ScaleChem studio software from OLI for scaling tendency. The software predicted a remarkable reduction in the scaling tendency in the injection water infrastructure (including the oil reservoir) and by more than 50% compared to conventional co-produced water re-injection. Parallel to the ScaleChem predictions, the FO filtrate water was experimentally investigated for scaling using the Differential Scaling Loop rig, in a third-party lab. The DSL results are in good agreement with the ScaleChem predictions. The experimental scaling tendency results show that the injection of forward osmosis filtrate has the minimum occurrence of scaling both in the surface and subsurface. This new concept to produce LowSal produced water re-injection has the potential to improve oil recovery by minimizing the oil reservoir plugging due to scaling.
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Wise, Lynn V. "Characterization of sludges produced when using polyaluminum chloride coagulants." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/41514.
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The dewatering characteristics of polyaluminum chloride (Hyper⁺Ion 1050A) sludges were investigated using lab-scale tests including specific resistance to filtration (r*), capillary suction time (CST), and sludge pH. The effects of chemical conditioning (lime and cationic polymer) and mixing intensity (Gt) upon the sludge dewatering characteristics in a pilot-scale plate and frame press were also studied.
The dewatering characteristics of the Hyper⁺Ion sludges were found to be dependent upon the influent water turbidity conditions; specifically, the ratio of aluminum coagulant to total dry solids in the sludge. Lime was an effective conditioner for doses that produced a sludge pH value in the range of 11.5 to 11.8 which, again, was a direct function of the aluminum coagulant fraction in the sludge. Cationic polymer and a combination of lime and polymer were also effective conditioning schemes when the appropriate dose and mixing intensity were applied.Master of Science
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Okaiyeto, Kunle. "Evaluation of flocculating potentials and charecterization of bioflocculants produced by three bacterial isolates from Algoa Bay, South Africa." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/2633.
Full textAbstract:
Flocculation has been widely adopted as one of the most effective methods to remove colloidal particles in water or wastewater treatment. Synthetic flocculants are conventionally used because of their high flocculating efficiency and cost-effectiveness. However, they have been reported to have hazardous properties and implicated in some serious health problems including senile dementia and neuro-toxicity, as well as being recalcitrant in the environment. Consequently, efforts are being geared away from the use of synthetic flocculants in water and wastewater treatment. Hence, the need for safe and eco-friendly flocculants has become imperative. Compared with synthetic flocculants, bioflocculants have special advantages such as safety, biodegradability and harmlessness to the environment and humans; attributes which make them potential alternatives in water treatment, downstream as well as fermentation processes. In the current study, the potentials of bacterial isolates recovered from Algoa Bay in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa for bioflocculant production were investigated. The bacterial isolates were identified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) as belonging to the Bacillus genus. The analysis of 16S ribosomal deoxyribonucleic acid (rDNA) nucleotide sequence of isolate M72 showed 99 percent similarity to Bacillus toyonensis strain BCT-7112 and was deposited in the GenBank as Bacillus toyonensis strain AEMREG6 with accession number KP406731. Likewise, the 16S rDNA nucleotide sequences of isolates M69 and M67 showed 98 percent sequence similarity to Bacillus licheniformis strain W7 and Bacillus algicola strain QD43 respectively; and M67 isolate was subsequently deposited in the GenBank as Bacillus sp. AEMREG7 with accession number KF933697.1. The results of the nutritional requirements and fermentation conditions revealed that optimum inoculum size for REG-6 production was 4 percent (v/v), while 5 percent (v/v) and 3 percent (v/v) were most favourable for MBF-W7 and MBF-UFH production respectively. Glucose was the best carbon source for the production of bioflocculants (REG-6 and MBF-UFH) by Bacillus toyonensis AEMREG6 and Bacillus sp. AEMREG7 respectively, while maltose supported optimum bioflocculant (MBF-W7) production by Bacillus specie. Inorganic nitrogen (NH4NO3) was the favoured nitrogen source for both REG-6 and MBF-W7 production, while mixed nitrogen sources [yeast extract + urea + (NH4)2SO4] supported the maximum production of MBF-UFH. The initial medium pH for REG-6 was 5, while MBF-W7 and MBF-UFH were both maximally produced at the initial pH of 6. After a 96 h cultivation period under optimal culture conditions, 3.2 g of purified REG-6 with a maximum flocculating activity of 77 percent was recovered from 1 L fermented broth of Bacillus toyonensis AEMREG6. Yields of 3.8 g and 1.6 g pure bioflocculants with the respective highest flocculating activities of 94.9 percent and 83.2 percent were also obtained from 1 L, 72 h-fermented broths of Bacillus licheniformis and Bacillus sp. AEMREG7 respectively. Furthermore, all the three bioflocculants (REG-6, MBF-W7 and MBF-UFH), displayed thermal stability within the temperature range of 50 to 100 oC, with strong flocculating activities of over 80 percent against kaolin suspension over a wide range of pH range (3–11) and relatively low dosage requirements of 0.1-03 mg/ml in the presence of divalent cations in the treatment of kaolin clay suspension and Thyme River waters. Chemical composition analyses of the bioflocculants showed them to be glycoproteins with a predominantly polysaccharide backbones as shown by the following carbohydrate/protein (w/w) ratios: 77.8 percent:11.5 percent (REG-6); 73.7 percent:6.2 percent (MBF-W7) and 76 percent:14 percent (MBF-UFH).
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Sowder, Jonathan T. "The origin and fate of arsenic in coalbed natural gas produced water ponds." Laramie, Wyo. : University of Wyoming, 2009. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1935323111&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=18949&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Freeborn, Scott Stuart. "Pulsed laser photoacoustic instrumentation for the monitoring of crude oil in produced water." Thesis, Heriot-Watt University, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10399/1241.
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Dery, Tyler Gregory. "Modeling Sensible Heat Driven Direct Contact Membrane Distillation Treatment of Oilfield Produced Water." DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2019. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/2022.
Full textAbstract:
A model was developed for predicting the performance of direct contact membrane distillation (DCMD) to evaluate the feasibility of using sensible heat to drive DCMD treatment of oilfield produced water. Algorithms for performance prediction of instantaneous and counter-current DCMD flow were developed. These algorithms used equation-based models of heat transfer, mass transfer, concentration polarization, and counter-current flow to predict performance of DCMD systems. The performance prediction model was validated against experimental data from the literature, and limitations to the accuracy of predictions were identified. The model was applied to evaluate performance sensitivity to nine operational parameters. The model was applied to evaluate the feasibility of sensible heat driven DCMD treatment of produced water using DCMD alone and using a reverse osmosis-DCMD hybrid system. The largest water recoveries that were energetically favorable (lower energy demand than reverse osmosis) for sensible heat driven DCMD produced water treatment were 0.5% and 0.75% for 1% and 3.5% NaCl feeds, respectively. As feed NaCl concentration increased, higher recoveries were energetically favorable over RO. A bulk NaCl concentration of 6% was evaluated to simulate the feasibility of further treatment of reverse osmosis retentate using sensible heat driven DCMD. Compared to treatment alternatives of multiple-stage flash distillation (MSF) and multiple-effect distillation (MED), recoveries up to 2.5% were favorable and up to 4.0% were competitive. Due to model limitations, the performance of optimal conditions for sensible heat driven DCMD produced water treatment could not be predicted, so the recoveries presented in this work are likely lower than the expected recoveries for optimal field conditions. Water recovery of produced water using sensible heat driven DCMD is limited thermodynamically to low recoveries, but any treatment using sensible heat that is energetically favorable reflects the utilization of two waste streams (produced water and waste heat) to produce high quality water. Using sensible heat to drive produced water treatment could be useful for providing small quantities of usable water, but would only result in a very small reduction of the volume of produced water needing to be disposed.
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Roy, Arjun C. "Evaluation of Laboratory Performance of Foamed Warm Mix Asphalt Produced by Water Injection." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1374766129.
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Al, Haddabi Mansour Hamed Sultan. "Treatment of oily produced water with low-cost adsorbents and ceramic membrane microfiltration." Thesis, Curtin University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/2104.
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Huge quantities of water produced during oil and gas exploration. There is a need for the application of new technologies to come up with better treatment methods for oily produced water to comply with the environmental regulations and to achieve better quality for beneficial uses. In this study the application of date seeds and attapulgite were used as an effective alternative low-cost adsorbents along with the application of ceramic membrane for treating oily produced water.
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Furrow, Brendan Eugene. "Analysis of hydrocarbon removal methods for the management of oilfield brines and produced waters." Texas A&M University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/2611.
Full textAbstract:
According to the Texas Railroad Commission (TRC), ????over 250 billion gallons
of produced water is taken out of Texas Soil every year, and more than 35% of this
water is not currently fit to use.?? Therefore, it can be assumed that domestically and
globally, the petroleum industries challenge has been to develop a high-tech and cost
effective method to purify the large volumes of oilfield brines and produced water.
Currently, most of the produced water requires several pre- and post- treatment methods
to aide in reducing fouling of membranes, separation of components, increasing influent
and effluent quality, and preventing unwanted work stoppage during the desalination
process. As a result, the pre- and post- treatment conditioning of the produced water
affects the economics and scale-up (i.e. residence times, absorption capacity, etc??) of
the varying processes parameters. Therefore, this research focuses on developing an
economic analysis and determining the adsorption capacity of an organoclay system to
remove oil.
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Gai, Ke. "Effect of Mercury Speciation on its Transport in Soil and Removal from Produced Water." Research Showcase @ CMU, 2017. http://repository.cmu.edu/dissertations/1066.
Full textAbstract:
Mercury (Hg) is distributed globally through atmospheric transport. The broad range of environmental conditions will lead to various possible speciation of mercury, which will ultimately affect the toxicity and transport of mercury. Hg toxicity, transport and speciation have been widely studied. However, information about effects of Hg speciation on its environmental behavior in unsaturated porous media and on its removal from wastewater stream is still limited. The present work contributes towards understanding the impact of Hg speciation on both the transport of Hg species in unsaturated porous media (e.g., surface soil) and removal of Hg species in wastewater streams. This knowledge is necessary to assess the possible environmental risks of Hg in the environment, where different Hg species can exist and have different properties and impacts on water quality and ecosystems. The first objective of this research was to determine the effect of Hg speciation on its retention in partially saturated soils. The retention of Hg species in model porous media and in real soil was assessed in column breakthrough experiments. Deposition (retention) rates for each Hg species were calculated to evaluate the influence of Hg speciation, porous medium composition and influent solution on the mobility of Hg species in porous media. This study provided information about the relative retention of each Hg species in soils, and identified natural-organic-matter-bound Hg as the most mobile Hg species and that with the greatest potential for vertical migration to groundwater. The second objective of this research was to determine how Hg speciation affects its ability to be removed from water via adsorption by activated carbon and organoclay. The effects of Hg speciation, water quality parameters and adsorbent type on the removal of Hg were compared to explore the potential removal efficacy and mechanism. The result indicated Hg removal efficacy was influenced by Hg speciation differently depending on the solution conditions. Therefore, using total dissolved Hg(II) to predict Hg removal efficacy may not provide a reliable estimate of adsorption. Organoclay was shown to have a highly reactive surface and the highest adsorption capacity per unit specific surface area among the tested adsorbents. The third objective was to determine the Hg speciation in produced water from an oil production well, and to study the influence of Hg speciation on its removal from produced water by adsorbents. Mercury species in a produced water sample were identified as mainly particulate species and hydrophobic species. The removal of the amended Hg species in produced water was measured to evaluate the impact of Hg speciation on its removal. This study showed that produced water composition affected Hg speciation and formed hydrophobic Hg was more difficult to remove than initially added hydrophilic Hg species in produced water.
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Torres, Luisa Fernanda. "Holistic Risk Assessment of Surface Water Contamination by Naturally Occurring Radioactive Material in Oil Produced Water from the Bakken Shale." Thesis, North Dakota State University, 2016. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/28216.
Full textAbstract:
The risks to the environment and human health due to hydraulic fracturing (HF) in onshore unconventional oil and gas (O&G) development have been studied in the past but results are inconclusive. A common shortcoming in previous studies is the absence of social risk perception and awareness analysis. This thesis research proposes the combination of statistical methods to analyze risks to human health due to improper management of produced water, the major by-product of HF. This study focuses on the Bakken Shale located in North Dakota. A risk assessment of radium-226 was performed from a technical perspective only. A second assessment, focused on lead-210, combined technical analysis with risk perception and awareness of ND residents. Results indicate that the latter offers more holistic information that could greatly contribute to the mitigation of risks in O&G development by creation and implementation of standards and regulations that consider technical and social aspects.Civil and Environmental Engineering Department; North Dakota Water Resources Research Institute Fellowship program; Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering Department; College of Engineering
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Brinck, Elizabeth L. "Assessing potential environmental impacts from coal bed natural gas produced water using strontium isotopes." Laramie, Wyo. : University of Wyoming, 2007. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1445039651&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=18949&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Rahman, Imran Yusuf, Yarrow Nelson, and Tryg Lundquist. "REMOVAL OF BORON FROM PRODUCED WATER BY CO-PRECIPITATION / ADSORPTION FOR REVERSE OSMOSIS CONCENTRATE." DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2009. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/156.
Full textAbstract:
Co-precipitation and absorption methods were investigated for removal of boron from produced water, which is groundwater brought to the surface during oil and natural gas extraction. Boron can be toxic to many crops and often needs to be controlled to low levels in irrigation water. The present research focused on synthetic reverse osmosis (RO) concentrate modeled on concentrate expected from a future treatment facility at the Arroyo Grande Oil Field on the central coast of California. The produced water at this site is brackish with a boron concentration of 8 mg/L and an expected temperature of 80°C. The future overall produced water treatment process will include lime softening, micro-filtration, cooling, ion exchange, and finally RO. Projected boron concentrations in the RO concentrate are 20 to 25 mg/L. Concentrate temperature will be near ambient. This RO concentrate will be injected back into the formation. To prevent an accumulation of boron in the formation, it is desired to reduce boron concentrations in this concentrate and partition the boron into a solid sludge that could be transported out of the area. The primary method explored for boron removal during this study was adsorption and co-precipitation by magnesium chloride. Some magnesium oxide tests were also conducted. Jar testing was used to determine the degree of boron removal as a function of initial concentration, pH, temperature, and reaction time. Synthetic RO concentrate was used to control background water quality factors that could potentially influence boron removal. The standard synthetic RO concentrate contained 8 g NaCl/L, 150 mg Si/L and 30 mg B/L. After synthetic RO concentrate was prepared, amendments (e.g. sulfate, sodium chloride) were added and the pH adjusted to the desired value. Each solution was then carried through a mixing and settling protocol (5 min at 200 RPM, 10 min at 20 RPM, followed by 30 min settling and filtration). Boron concentrations from the jar tests were determined using the Carmine colorimetric method.
Boron removal with magnesium chloride was greatest at a pH of 11.0. At this pH 87% of boron was removed using 5.0 g/L MgCl2◦6H2O at 20°C. Mixing time did not greatly affect boron removal for mixing periods of 5 to 1321 minutes. This result indicates equilibrium was achieved during the 45-min experimental protocol.
Maximum boron removal was observed in the temperature range of 29°C to 41°C. At 68°C boron removal decreased five-fold compared to the reduction observed at 29°C to 41°C. For treatment of the cool concentrate, this relatively low optimal temperature range gives magnesium chloride an advantage over magnesium oxide, which is effective only at high temperatures. Neither sodium chloride nor sodium sulfate affected boron removal by magnesium chloride for the chloride and sulfate concentrations expected in the produced water at this site. In contrast, silica did inhibit boron removal, with removal decreasing from 30% to 5% when silica concentration was increased from 0 to 100 mmols/L. This result was unexpected because other researchers have reported silica is necessary for effective removal of boron by magnesium chloride.
To investigate the reasons for the differing boron removal results for magnesium chloride and magnesium oxide, solids produced by the two reagents were compared using X-ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD). Solids from magnesium chloride contained 30% amorphous material versus 10% for magnesium oxide. The crystalline components from the magnesium oxide treatment were for the most part magnesium oxide, whereas magnesium chloride crystalline solids were a combination of brucite (Mg(OH)2) and magnesium chloride hydroxide. The greater boron adsorption observed with magnesium chloride could thus either be attributed to the greater surface area of the amorphous precipitate and/or the higher boron affinity of brucite and magnesium chloride hydroxide.
Adsorption isotherms were plotted for boron removal by magnesium compounds formed during precipitation. Boron adsorption followed a linear isotherm (r2= 0.92) for boron concentrations up to 37.8 mg B/L. While the data also fit Langmuir and Freundlich models the data fell in the linear range of those models. The linearity of the adsorption curves indicates that adsorption sites for boron were not saturated at these concentrations. The linearity means that higher boron concentrations in the RO concentrate will lead to greater mass removal, up to concentrations of at least 37.8 mg/L boron.
Using magnesium chloride, boron removal by co-precipitation was more effective than by adsorption to pre-formed precipitate. Removal approximately doubled for a given dose of magnesium chloride. The effectiveness of co-precipitation presumably occurs due to entrapment of boron as the precipitate forms.
This study has shown the potential of magnesium chloride as an agent for boron removal by determining those conditions most effective for boron co-precipitation and adsorption. Magnesium chloride has been shown to be more effective than magnesium oxide. Magnesium chloride also out-performed treatment with slaked quicklime, which was tested previously by others. Two important limitations of boron removal with magnesium chloride are the high chemical requirements (5 g/L MgCl2) and sludge production (1 g/g MgCl2 used). These are greatly mitigated by treatment of RO concentrate rather than the full produced water flow. In addition, reagent use and sludge production might be decreased by recycling sludge from the up-front lime softening process. Compared to magnesium oxide, magnesium chloride removes greater quantities of boron per mole of magnesium added (20 mg B/g MgCl2). The magnesium chloride isotherm demonstrated that treatment of RO concentrate required less reagent and produced less sludge per mass of boron removed than treatment of the more dilute feed water.
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Johnson, Thomas G. "Heat Transfer in Brine Solutions at Supercritical Pressure." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1439504843.
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Jackson, Richard E. "Geochemistry of coalbed natural gas produced waters in the Powder River Basin, Wyoming." Laramie, Wyo. : University of Wyoming, 2009. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1799840421&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=18949&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Peterson, Benjamin L. "Development and Optimization of a Produced Water, Biofilm Based Microalgae Cultivation System for Biocrude Conversion with Hydrothermal Liquefaction." DigitalCommons@USU, 2018. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/7237.
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Extraction of oil and gas in Utah’s Uintah Basin results in large quantities of wastewater, or produced water, with nutrients and residual organic chemical that represent a significant resource for producing energy-related and value-added products. Produced water was obtained as a biomass producing nutrient source from industries operating in Utah’s Uintah Basin. Within the Uintah Basin (defined as Uintah and Duchesne Counties within Utah) approximately 93 million barrels of water were produced in 2013 while only 11% of the water was disposed of through evaporation, with the national average at 2%. The rest is reinjected into the subsurface.
The goal of this project was to design a system that utilizes produced water as a nutrient source for growing microalgae biomass in a biofilm form using a Rotating Algal Biofilm Reactor (RABR). The biomass would then be harvested and converted into biocrude oil using hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL). The objectives were to (1) cultivate biomass on produced water, (2) optimize the reactor to reduce energy costs to operate while increasing biomass productivity, and (3) increase feedstock quality for HTL.
The RABR was constructed out of polystyrene disks, and experimentation was carried out to optimize rotational speed of the reactor. Two strains of algal biomass were identified as biofilm formers and grown using produced water as the nutrient source. The biomass was then utilized as a HTL feedstock that gave an average yield of 34.5% ash free dry weight.
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Hall, Antar Gamble. "A Comparative Analysis of Three Biofilter Types Treating Wastewater Produced in Recirculating Aquaculture Systems." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/30796.
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Nine recirculating systems at the Virginia Tech Aquaculture Center were placed on line and stocked with yellow perch, Perca flavescens, fingerlings. Fish were stocked at a density of approximately 455 fish m³. Biofilter types were the only factor differing among system designs and were an upflow pulsed bed bead filter, packed tower trickling filter and a rotating biological contactor (RBC). After stocking, systems were allowed to acclimate using ammonia excreted by the yellow perch. Following acclimation, a comparative analysis on biofilter performance began. To evaluate filter performance, water quality parameters tested were temperature (°C), pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), total ammonia-nitrogen (TAN), nitrite-nitrogen (NO₂⁻-N), nitrate-nitrogen (NO₃⁻-N), alkalinity (as CaCO₃), water hardness (as CaCO₃), carbonaceous biochemical oxygen demand (cBOD₃), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and total suspended solids (TSS). Basic water quality analysis encompassed samples drawn at 8 AM. TAN mass removal analysis encompassed water quality samples drawn at 8 AM and over 24 hours. Higher TAN mass removal rates were achieved in trickling and RBC filters than in bead filters for 8 AM (0.037, 0.14, and 0.004 g/m²/d, respectively) and diurnal sample periods. Analysis of areas under mass removal curves depicted RBC filters as surface area limited. Trickling filters proved most effective at carbon dioxide stripping and pH maintenance and also effectively removed TSS from the culture water. The study did not show filter type as having a significant effect on median organic water quality parameter values.Master of Science
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Mukhtasor. "Hydrodynamic modeling and ecological risk-based design of produced water discharge from an offshore platform." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/NQ62454.pdf.
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Thiel, Gregory P. "Desalination systems for the treatment of hypersaline produced water from unconventional oil and gas processes." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/107078.
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Thesis: Ph. D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, 2015.Numbering for pages 3-4 duplicated. Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 183-195).
conventional reserves has led to a boom in the use of hydraulic fracturing to recover oil and gas in North America. Among the most significant challenges associated with hydraulic fracturing is water resource management, as large quantities of water are both consumed and produced by the process. The management of produced water, the stream of water associated with a producing well, is particularly challenging as it can be hypersaline, with salinities as high as nine times seawater. Typical disposal strategies for produced water, such as deep well injection, can be unfeasible in many unconventional resource settings as a result of regulatory, environmental, and/or economic barriers. Consequently, on-site treatment and reuse-a part of which is desalination-has emerged as a strategy in many unconventional formations. However, although desalination systems are well understood in oceanographic and brackish groundwater contexts, their performance and design at significantly higher salinities is less well explored. In this thesis, this gap is addressed from the perspective of two major themes: energy consumption and scale formation, as these can be two of the most significant costs associated with operating high-salinity produced water desalination systems. Samples of produced water were obtained from three major formations, the Marcellus in Pennsylvania, the Permian in Texas, and the Maritimes in Nova Scotia, and abstracted to design-case samples for each location. A thermodynamic framework for analyzing high salinity desalination systems was developed, and traditional and emerging desalination technologies were modeled to assess the energetic performance of treating these high-salinity waters. A novel thermodynamic parameter, known as the equipartition factor, was developed and applied to several high-salinity desalination systems to understand the limits of energy efficiency under reasonable economic constraints. For emerging systems, novel hybridizations were analyzed which show the potential for improved performance. A model for predicting scale formation was developed and used to benchmark current pre-treatment practices. An improved pretreatment process was proposed that has the potential to cut chemical costs, significantly. Ultimately, the results of the thesis show that traditional seawater desalination rules of thumb do not apply: minimum and actual energy requirements of hypersaline desalination systems exceed their seawater counterparts by an order of magnitude, evaporative desalination systems are more efficient at high salinities than lower salinities, the scale-defined operating envelope can differ from formation to formation, and optimized, targeted pretreatment strategies have the potential to greatly reduce the cost of treatment. It is hoped that the results of this thesis will better inform future high-salinity desalination system development as well as current industrial practice.
by Gregory P. Thiel.
Ph. D.
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Costa, Maria Tereza Pinto da. "Study on the quality of the salt-added water produced on the State of CearÃ." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2013. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=11268.
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To the Resolution from the Board of Directions â RDC No 274/05, from the National Agency of Sanitary Vigilance (ANVISA), that approves the âTechnical Regulation for Bottled Water and Iceâ, the salt-added water is a bottled water that is prepared and bottled containing one or more salts, without any addition of sugars, sweeteners, flavors or other ingredients, destined for human consumption. This resolution does not specify the characteristics for identity fixing or the quality of the bottled salt-added water, and has as only requirement that the water used for its prepare is in accord with the microbiological, chemical and radioactive parameters of the âQuality of the Water for Human Consumption Normâ. However, the current Directive No. 2.914/11 from the Ministry of Health does not apply to the salt-added water after its bottling, nor to the water used as raw material for the product. Willing to evaluate the quality of the salt-added water in its two stages of manufacture, (well water, used as raw material and the bottled water, in 20-liter carboys) from salt-added water producer industries from the State of CearÃ, samples were collected in 15 companies, in three distinct periods of time, totalling 270 samples. The microbiological analysis performed were: Determination of Total coliforms and Escherichia coli (Chromogenic substrate technique); Enterococcus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Clostridium perfringens (Filtering membrane technique); Heterotrophic bacteria (Culture in Depth technique), and phisico-chemical analysis; Determination of Nitrate, Nitrite (Spectrophotometric method); Residual Chlorine and pH (Electroanalytical measuringIt was verified that the well water used as raw material in 11 (73, 33%) of the 15 companies does not fill the standards of the water potability for human consumption. Regarding the bottled water, it was verified that in 14(93, 33%) of the companies, it does not follow the phisico-chemical and microbiological parameters for mineral water and for water for human consumption. It was concluded that an update in the sanitary legislation of the salt-added water product is necessary and urgent in order to prevent damages on the Health of the consumer population.Para a ResoluÃÃo da Diretoria Colegiada - RDC N 274/05 da AgÃncia Nacional de VigilÃncia SanitÃria (ANVISA) que aprova o "Regulamento TÃcnico para Ãguas Envasadas e Gelo", a Ãgua adicionada de sais à a Ãgua para consumo humano, preparada e envasada, contendo um ou mais sais, sem adiÃÃo de aÃucares, adoÃantes, aromas ou outros ingredientes. Esta ResoluÃÃo nÃo especifica as caracterÃsticas para fixaÃÃo da identidade e qualidade da Ãgua adicionada de sais envasada, e tem como requisito especÃfico, que a Ãgua utilizada para preparo desse produto atenda aos parÃmetros microbiolÃgicos, quÃmicos e radioativos da Norma de Qualidade da Ãgua para Consumo Humano. Entretanto, a atual Portaria N 2.914/11 do MinistÃrio da SaÃde, nÃo se aplica a Ãgua adicionada de sais apÃs o envasamento, e a outras Ãguas utilizadas como matÃria-prima para elaboraÃÃo de produto. Com o objetivo de avaliar a qualidade da Ãgua em duas etapas de produÃÃo Ãgua bruta (poÃo) utilizada como matÃria-prima e Ãgua envasada (garrafÃes de 20 litros), obtida de indÃstrias produtoras de Ãguas Adicionadas de Sais no Estado do CearÃ, foram coletadas amostras, em quinze empresas e em trÃs perÃodos distintos, totalizando 270 amostras. As anÃlises microbiolÃgicas realizadas foram: determinaÃÃo de coliformes totais e Escherichia coli (tÃcnica de substratos cromogÃnicos); Enterococcus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Clostridium perfringens (tÃcnica de membrana filtrante); bactÃrias heterotrÃficas (tÃcnica de cultivo em profundidade) e as anÃlises fÃsico-quÃmicas: determinaÃÃo de nitrato, nitrito (mÃtodo espectrofotomÃtrico); cloro residual e pH (medidas eletroanalÃticas). Verificou-se que a Ãgua bruta utilizada como matÃria-prima em onze (73,33%), das quinze empresas, nÃo atende aos padrÃes de potabilidade da Ãgua para consumo humano. Com relaÃÃo à Ãgua envasada constatou-se que quatorze (93,33%) empresas, nÃo atende aos parÃmetros microbiolÃgicos e fÃsico-quÃmicos para Ãgua mineral natural e Ãgua para consumo humano. Concluiu-se que se faz necessÃria e urgente a atualizaÃÃo da legislaÃÃo sanitÃria do produto Ãgua adicionada de sais envasada, visando à prevenÃÃo de danos a saÃde da populaÃÃo consumidora.
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Graber, Kayla Marie. "Effectiveness and Simulated Impacts of Produced Water as a Dust Abatement in Western North Dakota." Thesis, North Dakota State University, 2016. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/28217.
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A road dust abatement alternative that has been considered in the Bakken and Three Forks formations is oil-well produced waters. Three previously untreated gravel roads were selected and passive dust collectors were utilized. The objectives of this study were to: 1) simulate produced water?s potential impacts to gravel road materials; 2) compare dust loading at abated and control sites to determine effectiveness; and 3) identify the elemental differences in the dust at abated and control sites. Electrical conductivity has the greatest influence on dispersion probability and clay mineralogy of the road influences the probability of dispersion. Produced water failed to reduce dust on two of the three roads that were tested. Elements that were found to be significantly different included Mo, Mn, Fe, As, Au, and Hg. Results of this study are important to road managers who are contemplating the usage of produced waters to reduce dusts from gravel roads.
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Liberati, Blake P. "Removal of Naturally Occurring Radioactive Material From Flowback/Produced Water From the Hydraulic Fracturing Process." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1438968751.
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Wilson, Victoria R. "Point Pleasant Produced Water Characterization: An Analysis of Past Production and Prediction of Future Production." Youngstown State University / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ysu155973360664964.
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Zhang, Tieyuan. "Origin and fate of radium in flowback and produced water from Marcellus Shale gas exploration." Thesis, University of Pittsburgh, 2015. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3725606.
Full textAbstract:
Marcellus Shale is one of the world's largest unconventional gas resources. Recent developments in horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing enabled efficient and economical extraction of natural gas from unconventional (shale) resources and have led to rapid expansion of natural gas production in the United States. Hydrofracturing generates large volume of flowback and produced water that contains high concentrations of total dissolved solids (TDS), heavy metals, and naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORMs) resulting in significant environmental and public concerns and challenging waste management issues. Ra-226 is the dominant form of NORM and is one of the key challenges for sustainable management of Marcellus Shale wastewater.
This study is focused on the life cycle of NORMs during natural gas extraction from Marcellus Shale. A rapid method for Ra-226 analysis by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) was developed to overcome some of the shortcomings of current analytical techniques (e.g., long detection time). The fate of Ra-226 under different scenarios associated with the shale gas extraction, including origin of Ra-226, partitioning in flowback water storage and treatment facilities, and associated solid waste disposal issues were evaluated in this study. This study showed that radium mainly originates from relative rapid shale leaching. High concentration of radium in the Marcellus Shale wastewater can be managed by proper treatment (e.g., sulfate precipitation). However, solid waste generated from treatment facilities or impoundments containing elevated radium concentrations far exceed the limits for disposal in the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act Subtitle D (RCRA-D) landfills. Current practice in landfill management allows the disposal of this solid waste by controlling the Allowed Source Term Loading (ALST) on annual basis. However, if the landfill capacity to accept all the NORM generated from Marcellus Shale gas extraction becomes insufficient, other disposal or beneficial use options for solid waste should be developed. Reuse of radium enriched barite as weighting agent in drilling mud might be a sustainable strategy to reduce the mass of NORM that has to be disposed in the landfills.
Health risks associated with NORMs were evaluated for several typical scenarios associated with Marcellus Shale gas extraction. Total effective dose equivalent (TEDE) at drilling pads, storage impoundments and landfills are well below the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) limit for the general public of 100 mrem/yr even under the worst-case scenario assumptions. Workers in the centralized waste treatment facilities might receive excessive TEDE and appropriate measures recommended by NRC should be applied. For example, a safe distance of 5 m is recommended to reduce TEDE to acceptable level. Hence, the key environmental and public health risks associated with NORM brought to the surface by natural gas extraction from Marcellus Shale are from the spills that may contaminate surface and groundwater.
Overall, this study contributes to the understanding of the fate of NORMs associated with Marcellus Shale gas wastewater management and expands the ability to resolve the environmental concerns associate with NORMs. A novel rapid analytical for Ra-226 measurement by ICP-MS offers an alternative for researchers to quickly analyze environmental samples. The fate of Ra-226 in centralized treatment facilities and storage facilities is important for operators to choose proper management strategy for liquid and solid waste disposal/reuse. The health risk associated with NORM that is assessed in this study will help to resolve the public concern stemming from the high NORM extracted from Marcellus Shale play and provides several options to further reduced its risks.
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Hu, Yisheng. "Analysis of produced water data to model and identify geochemical reactions occurring in the reservoir." Thesis, Heriot-Watt University, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10399/3214.
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Water injection has been commonly used to maintain reservoir pressure and improve oil recovery in many oil fields. The equilibrium between reservoir rock and formation brine at initial reservoir conditions would be disturbed by the introduction of a non-native water, which mixes and reacts with the formation brine and interacts with minerals present in the formation. A series of brine/brine and/or brine/rock interactions would then take place in the flow paths from the injection well to the production well, potentially leading to dissolution and/or precipitation of minerals; knowledge of these interactions is crucial for the evaluation and the management of oilfield scale problems. In this thesis, thermodynamic models, reactive transport models and reservoir simulation models are used to identify the geochemical reactions occurring in the reservoir and investigate how the reservoir interactions affect the produced water composition. Brine composition data have been collected from 26 fields, and examples from four selective fields provide the basis for the analysis in this thesis. For Field X, a typical sandstone reservoir located in the North Sea region, a thermodynamic prediction model was used to calculate the risk of scale precipitation based on a series of individual produced water samples, thus providing an evaluation of the actual scaling risk in these samples, which is then compared with the usual theoretical estimate based on endpoint formation and injection brine compositions, and the erroneous assumption that no reactions in the reservoir impact the produced water composition. The occurrence of barium sulphate precipitation and calcium magnesium ion exchange reaction are identified by the modelling results. The Cation Exchange Capacity was identified as a modest 0.05 mol/kgw (50 meq/L) for this field. Since ion exchange capacity is an important parameter for some chemical EOR method, this a promising technique for EOR evaluation. An available history matched streamline reservoir simulation model of the Miller Field was then integrated with produced water chemical data. Streamline simulation is applied to better model brine mixing through reducing the numerical dispersion which cannot be effectively controlled in finite difference simulation. A simplified model of barite scale precipitation was included in the streamline simulation, and the calculation results with and without considering barite precipitation were compared with the observed produced water chemical data. The streamline simulation model assumes scale deposition is possible everywhere in the formation, whereas in reality the near production well zones were generally protected by squeezed scale inhibitor, and thus the discrepancies between modelled and observed barium concentrations at these two given wells diagnose the effectiveness of the chemical treatments to prevent formation. 1D and 2D reactive transport models were developed to identify the geochemical reactions occurring in the Gyda Field where there is a high reservoir temperature and formation water is high salinity. Anhydrite and barite precipitation are identified as the two dominant mineral reactions taking place deep within the reservoir. Anhydrite is deposited due to mixing of formation and injection waters in the area before this zone is cooled, and the precipitated anhydrite is gradually dissolved as the local reservoir temperature is lowered by cool injection water. The dissolved anhydrite then re-precipitates downstream in the at high temperature zones since the propagation of the temperature front is much slower than the brine mixing front. This creates a risk of late life anhydrite deposition in the producer. Finally, a carbonate reservoir study was performed for Ekofisk field where seawater flooding has been implemented. The 1D reactive transport model provides a good match with observed produced water chemistry data when the primary calcite mineral phase, calcium magnesium carbonate precipitation, temperature change and initial source of CO2 were modelled. In Ekofisk Field, calcite dissolution drives anhydrite and calcium magnesium carbonate precipitation. The modelled combination of calcium magnesium carbonate precipitation and ion exchange remove magnesium from the brine, also as observed from the produced water data. Simulation results also demonstrate that calcite dissolves quickly at first due to CO2 partitioning from the hydrocarbon phase into the brine. It was also shown that calcite dissolution is promoted by an increase in sulphate concentration in the injection water due to the coupled anhydrite precipitation. This body of work develop a methodology for systematically storing and analyzing produced brine data, and using modelling tools to identify what geochemical reactions have taken place. The methodology is then applied to various reservoir scenarios, leading to insights that impact scale management in these systems, and may also have a bearing on chemical EOR methods.
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Johnston, Christopher R. "Soil chemical and physical changes resulting from irrigation with coalbed natural gas co-produced water effects of soil amendments and water treatments /." Laramie, Wyo. : University of Wyoming, 2007. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1445033651&sid=10&Fmt=2&clientId=18949&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Cilliers, Joe-Nimique. "Techno-economic evaluation of the hybrid sulphur chemical water splitting (HyS) process / J. Cilliers." Thesis, North-West University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/4144.
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The constantly growing demand for energy and the consequent depletion of fossil
fuels have led to a drive for energy that is environmentally friendly, efficient and
sustainable. A viable source with the most potential of adhering to the criteria is
nuclear-produced hydrogen. The hybrid sulphur cycle (HyS) is the proposed electrothermochemical
process that can produce the energy carrier, hydrogen. The HyS
consists of two unit operations, namely the electrolyzer and the decomposition
reactor, that decomposes water into hydrogen and oxygen. A techno-economic
evaluation of the technology is needed to prove the commercial potential of the cycle.
This research project focuses on determining the hybrid sulphur cycle’s
recommended operating parameter range that will support economic viability whilst
maintaining a high efficiency. This is done by comparing the results of an evaluation
of four case studies, all operating under different conditions.
The technical evaluation of the research project is executed using the engineering
tool Aspen PlusTM. The models used to achieve accurate results were OLI Mixed
Solvent Electrolyte, oleum data package for use with Aspen PlusTM, which provides
an accurate representation of the H2SO4 properties, and ELECNRTL to provide an
accurate representation of H2SO4 at high temperature conditions. This evaluation
provides insight into the efficiency of the process as well as the operating conditions
that deliver the highest efficiency. The economic evaluation of the research project
determines the hydrogen production costs for various operating conditions. These
evaluations provide a recommended operating parameter range for the HyS to obtain
high efficiency and economic viability.Thesis (M.Ing. (Nuclear Engineering))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2010.
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Lee, Yang Bong. "Effect of water activity on headspace volatile compounds produced in whey protein concentrate and other spray dried dairy products during accelerated storage /." The Ohio State University, 1993. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487843688959376.
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Repka, Michael Andrew. "Physical-mechanical and chemical properties of topical films produced by hot-melt extrusion /." Digital version accessible at:, 2000. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/main.
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Able, Chad. "Supercritical Water Desalination: Thermodynamic Characterization and Economic Analysis." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1591978393019881.
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El-Sheikh, Amjad Hussein. "Preparation, characterisation and some potential water treatment applications of activated carbon produced from Jordanian olive stones." Thesis, Coventry University, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.400790.
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