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1
Gersch, Inka. "Producer organizations and contract farming: a comparative study of smallholders’ market strategies in South India." Zeitschrift für Wirtschaftsgeographie 62, no. 1 (2018): 14–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zfw-2017-0026.
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Abstract The fundamental restructuring processes of agri-food networks in developing and emerging markets have intensified the debate on how to improve the integration of smallholders into so called modern value chains. In this context, the company-driven contract farming model and the member-based model of producer organizations are discussed by practitioners and in the scholarly literature as alternatives to traditional market systems. This study compares the models’ abilities to address economic challenges of highly fragmented and small-scale dominated agriculture on a household as well as on an aggregate level. It analyzes empirical data from the Indian floriculture sector with the global value chain approach. The study reveals that the smallholders perceive both contract farming and producer organization to be beneficial for their households’ economic risk situation, while only the producer organization has a positive effect on the households’ income. The contract farming benefits production and value chain efficiency, whereas the producer organization does not show an impact in these respects. We thus observe that the contract farming model increases value creation in the overall chain, but it does not raise the producer’s value capture; while the producer organization model does not heighten value creation in the overall chain, but it lifts the producers’ value capture. The organization’s individual capabilities determine how each model addresses the economic challenges. Overall, the author argues that contract farming and producer organizations are supplementing, not competitive, strategies and should be applied in combination.
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Anderson, Kym, and Hans G. Jensen. "How Much Government Assistance Do European Wine Producers Receive?" Journal of Wine Economics 11, no. 2 (2016): 289–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jwe.2016.16.
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AbstractThe European Union's (EU) long-standing financial support for its wine industry has been nontrivial but very difficult to estimate. The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development's (OECD) generic producer support estimate methodology has been able to capture some of the supports, but it excludes such measures as subsidized distillation of low-quality wine, grants to promote wine generically, protection via import tariffs, and grubbing-up premiums. Nor does the OECD disaggregate EU supports to individual member countries. This article provides a new set of more complete estimates of support to EU wine producers. It also reveals how unevenly those supports are spread across EU member countries. The new estimates suggest that during 2007–2012, annual assistance amounted to approximately 700 euros per hectare of vines or 0.15 euros per liter of wine produced in the EU as measured at the winery gate. That is equivalent to a nominal rate of direct plus indirect producer assistance of approximately 20%. (JEL Classifications: F14, H25, L66, Q18)
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Ben Abdallah, Marwa, Maria Fekete Farkas, and Zoltan Lakner. "Analysis of meat price volatility and volatility spillovers in Finland." Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 66, No. 2 (2020): 84–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/158/2019-agricecon.
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Unforeseen important changes in price can present a significant risk in the market. The price fluctuation of agricultural commodities has raised concern for studying the volatility of different agricultural products. A persistent volatility in prices causes continued uncertainty in the market. Higher price volatility is to be mitigated by higher management costs and the higher cost of risk mitigation is often converted into higher producer prices. The aim of this paper is to investigate the price volatility of producer and consumer meat prices and to capture the volatility spillover along the Finnish meat supply chain. The Generalised Autoregressive Conditional Heteroskedasticity – Baba, Engle, Kraft and Kroner (GARCH-BEKK) model is applied to analyse shocks and volatilities of the prices and to estimate whether the price volatility is flowing from the first price level (producer) to the second price level (consumer), using monthly price indices. An asymmetric volatility spillover effect was detected in the poultry meat and a unidirectional, volatility spillover effect, from consumer to producer, is observed for pork prices. The findings of this study could serve as a tool for forecasting meat producer and consumer prices, which could assist the Finnish government with endorsing policy options to alleviate the price volatility impact, to protect both consumers and producers from its negative effects.
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Guy, S. Z. Y., D. J. Brown, and R. G. Banks. "Data capture through Australian beef cattle and meat sheep value chains: opportunities for enhanced feedback to commercial producers." Animal Production Science 58, no. 8 (2018): 1497. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an17807.
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Technologies for capturing and transmitting data from different points in livestock value chains are developing very rapidly, and interest is growing in how best to use such technologies. While new data-capture technology comes with the promise of producers and others being more informed about a system, what usually results is large and complex datasets. A key challenge is to make use of the data or information. The present paper initially outlines the data-capture points and flow of information that occurs throughout the Australian beef cattle and meat sheep value chain. The avenues through which feedback can be delivered to commercial producers are briefly summarised, along with the value of this feedback and the factors that affect its value. Finally, practical principles for effective feedback systems are provided. While data capture is occurring throughout the value chain, the main focus of the paper is on carcass- and eating-quality feedback from processors to commercial producers. There is significant variation in the volume, nature and quality of data collected, and also the flow of information among members of the chain. Further, there appears to be an inconsistency in the levels of demand or desire for the feedback. The value of feedback ultimately depends on the producer’s ability to make better business decisions as a result of having that data or information. Increasing market specifications and compliance will result in greater profitability for the producer, as well as processor. The value of feedback also depends on several other factors, including its accuracy, its granularity, whether or not it can be connected to other data, and what options the producer has to use that information in the future. Feedback must be interpretable and enable better business decisions. The value of feedback will also increase if extended further upstream along the supply chain for genetic evaluation, provided there is enough information on genetically informed animals and their identifications can be tracked across the supply chain. For efficient feedback systems, every member in the chain needs to see value in the feedback, and there needs to be a mutual commitment and shared vision between all value-chain partners. Further, feedback must be provided in an efficient and practical manner, so as to increase the willingness of the information providers to deliver the feedback. Producers should be involved in any attempts to enhance feedback systems. Since there is variability in the needs, wants and capabilities of processors and producers, multiple dynamic and flexible feedback systems are required. An incentive to enhance feedback systems is to provide a value proposition by calculating the monetary value of the feedback to all members of the chain. Better objective measurements and Meat Standards Australia for lamb is likely to also contribute to better feedback value propositions. Communication and fostering of relationships among supply-chain members will always remain critical. While data permissions add a complication to information sharing across the chain, benefits can be gained by not only the commercial producer, but the entire industry.
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Pereira, Érica Gomes, Cássia Baldini Soares, and Célia Maria Sivalli Campos. "Proposal to construct the operational base of the educative work process in collective health." Revista Latino-Americana de Enfermagem 15, no. 6 (2007): 1072–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0104-11692007000600003.
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This study aimed to construct the operational base of the educative work in health from a Marxist perspective. Reports of nursing experiences in the basic health services, published between 1988-2003, served as empirical base. The object was captured from: the participants; the action agents; the objective; health and education conceptions; and the generating necessity. The means/instruments were identified through: physical space; didactic resources; frequency of meetings; and the conception of health education. The type of evaluation; to whom it was directed; the goal to be reached and articulation between the theoretical and operational knowledge were identified in order to capture the purpose. The educative work in collective health can strengthen social groups when it becomes praxis that assumes the participant as a dialogical co-producer of the work in health.
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Walters, Cory, and Richard Preston. "Net income risk, crop insurance and hedging." Agricultural Finance Review 78, no. 1 (2018): 135–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/afr-05-2017-0036.
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Purpose At the beginning of the production year producers face a complex risk management decision environment given by risks specific to their operation, multiple crop insurance contracts and hedging opportunities. The purpose of this paper is to provide a producer-level framework for risk management decision making, focusing on the interaction between crop insurance and hedging. Design/methodology/approach The authors develop a Monte Carlo simulation model that generates a producer’s net income (NI) distribution that incorporates historical producer risk, price-yield correlation via a copula, price risk, and production costs. The authors evaluate the NI distribution through a modified Modern Portfolio Theory (MPT) decision framework. The authors use the modified MPT decision framework to explore tradeoffs between expected NI and farm ruin (defined as 1 or 5 percent expected shortfall) from different crop insurance contracts and pre-harvest hedging options. Findings Only revenue protection and the highest two levels of coverage level exist on the efficient frontier. The level of hedging on the efficient frontier ranges from 0 to 55 percent of Actual Production History. The authors find that increasing coverage level 5 percent (from 80 to 85 percent) negatively impacts the optimal hedging amount by 26 percentage points (from 35 to 9 percent). Originality/value The model provides the precise identification of financial benefits from different risk management strategies by incorporating producer-level historical yield data, using a copula to capture yield-price dependency structure and producer production cost in generating the NI distribution. This model can be applied to any producer’s characteristics and data.
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Hussain, Md, Md Kabir, Md Sayeed, A. T. M. Mahbub-E-Elahi, Md Ahmed, and Md Islam. "Organochlorine Pesticide Residues and Microbiological Quality Assessment of Dried Barb, Puntius sophore, from the Northeastern Part of Bangladesh." Fishes 3, no. 4 (2018): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fishes3040044.
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The present study was carried out in the northeastern part of Bangladesh to investigate organochlorine pesticide (OCP) residues in and microbiological quality of dried barb (Puntius sophore). Samples were collected from both producers and retailers from December 2016 to April 2017. A control sample was also prepared in the laboratory with the same raw fish used by the producers to compare the results. Gas chromatography with electron capture detector (GC-ECD) was used to detect and quantify OCP residues. Six samples out of 27 (about 22%) were found to be contaminated with OCP residues. Among these six adulterated samples, four were from retailers and two from producers. Only aldrin was detected in four samples, and in the other two samples both aldrin + dieldrin and aldrin + endrin were detected. Aldrin was found in quantities between 0.332 and 0.967 ppm, dieldrin 0.762 ppm, and endrin 0.828 ppm. All these values were much higher than the maximum residual limit (MRL) of 0.1 ppm. Total plate count (TPC) of producer samples ranged from 5.3 ± 0.02 log cfu g−1 to 5.4 ± 0.03 log cfu g−1 and 6.2 ± 0.02 log cfu g−1 to 6.4 ± 0.02 log cfu g−1 for retailer samples and 5.0 ± 0.03 log cfu g−1 to 5.2 ± 0.04 log cfu g−1 for control samples. Fungal count ranged from 3.2 ± 0.04 log cfu g−1 to 3.5 ± 0.04 log cfu g−1, 3.4 ± 0.04 log cfu g−1 to 3.6 ± 0.03 log cfu g−1, and 2.2 ± 0.05 log cfu g−1 to 2.5 ± 0.03 log cfu g−1 for producer, retailer, and control samples, respectively. All the producer and retailer samples and one-third of the control samples were found to be contaminated with Escherichia coli, whereas Salmonella spp. were detected in amounts of 13.3% in producer samples and 20% in retailer samples and none in the control. In case of Vibrio spp., maximum count was found in retailer samples (13.3%), whereas producer and control samples showed none. The findings of the present study show that the presence of pesticides and poor microbiological quality of dried barb are alarming for consumers in Bangladesh and might cause prolonged disease and impending longstanding risk to human health.
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Batabyal, Amitrajeet A., and Hamid Beladi. "Advertising and Competition for Market Share between a New Good Producer and a Remanufacturer." German Economic Review 19, no. 1 (2018): 113–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/geer.12121.
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Abstract We study the strategic interaction between a new good producer and a remanufacturer who use advertising campaigns to compete for a dominant share of the market for a certain good. Each firm chooses one of three possible strategies for running its advertising campaign. The two rival firms care only about capturing a dominant share of the relevant market. Hence, if a firm expects to capture dominant market share with probability p є [0, 1], then its payoff in the game we study is also p. Our analysis leads to four results. First, we provide the normal form representation of the game between the new good producer and the remanufacturer. Second, we specify the game in matrix form. Third, we indicate what happens at each stage of the elimination of strictly dominated strategies. Finally, we show that the iterated elimination of strictly dominated strategies yields a clear and unique prediction about the outcome of the advertising game.
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Dashtestani, Forogh, Mohammad Nusheh, Vilailuck Siriwongrungson, Janjira Hongrapipat, Vlatko Materic, and Shusheng Pang. "CO2 Capture from Biomass Gasification Producer Gas Using a Novel Calcium and Iron-Based Sorbent through Carbonation–Calcination Looping." Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 59, no. 41 (2020): 18447–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.iecr.0c03025.
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Tashpulatov, Sherzod. "The Impact of Behavioral and Structural Remedies on Electricity Prices: The Case of the England and Wales Electricity Market." Energies 11, no. 12 (2018): 3420. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11123420.
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During the liberalization process the UK regulatory authority introduced a behavioral remedy (through price-cap regulation) and structural remedy (through divestment series) in order to mitigate an exercise of market power and lower the influence of incumbent producers on wholesale electricity prices. We study the impact of these remedies on the dynamics of the wholesale electricity price during the peak-demand period over trading days. An extended autoregressive and autoregressive conditional heteroscedasticity (AR–ARCH) model with a novel skew generalized error distribution is used. This distribution allows one to capture the features of asymmetry, excess kurtosis, and heavy tails. The model is extended to include individual incumbent producers’ market shares and other explanatory variables reflecting seasonal patterns and regulatory regimes. We find that the structural remedy was more successful than the behavioral remedy because the effect of market share of the previously larger incumbent producer on the wholesale price is statistically insignificant. Moreover, after the second series of divestments, price volatility reduced.
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Sutrisno, Zefania Praventia, Attaya Artemis Meiritza, and Anggit Raksajati. "Understanding the Potential of Bio-Carbon Capture and Storage from Biomass Power Plant in Indonesia." Indonesian Journal of Energy 4, no. 1 (2021): 36–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.33116/ije.v4i1.99.
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Indonesia is currently experiencing a significant increase in population, industrialization and energy demand. As the energy demand increases, so does the production of climate-altering CO2 emission. Biomass power plants have emerged as a low carbon power generation alternative, utilizing agricultural and industrial waste. Biomass power plants have the potential of being a carbon-negative power generation technology in the near future by integrating carbon and capture storage (bio-CCS). The objective of this paper is to analyze and map potential CO2 emission in the processes of biomass power plants from gasification and firing or co-firing technology, then recommend suitable carbon capture technology based on the biomass power plant characteristics in Indonesia. The CO2 emission to be captured in the gasification process is 11-15% of the producer gas, while in co-firing it is 7-24% of the flue gas stream. Using biomass instead of coal in power plants reduces the electric efficiency and increases the plant’s in-house emission, but when analyzed in a wider boundary system it is apparent that the net GWP and CO2 emission of biomass power plants are way smaller than coal power plant, moreover when equipped with carbon capture unit. Biomass power plant that uses firing technology can reduce CO2 emission by 148% compared to typical coal power plant. Installing carbon capture unit in biomass firing power plants can further reduce the specific CO2 emission by 262%. If carbon capture technology is implemented to all existing biomass power plants in Indonesia, it could reduce the greenhouse gas emission up to 2.2 million tonnes CO2 equivalent annually. It is found that there are 3 significant designs for gasification technology: NREL design, Rhodes & Keith design and IGBCC+DeCO2 design. The first two designs are not suitable to be retrofitted into existing biomass power plants in Indonesia since they are based on a specific BCL/FERCO gasifier. While IGBCC+DeCO2 design still needs further study regarding its feasibility. While for firing, the most promising technology to be applied in the near future is solvent-based absorption because it is already on commercial scale for coal-based power plants and can be implemented for other source, e.g. biomass power plant. Bio-CCS in existing biomass power plant with firing technology is likely to be implemented in the near future compared to the gasification, because it applies the post combustion capture as an “end-of-pipe” technology which is generally seen as a more viable option to be retrofitted to existing power plants, resulting in potentially less expensive transition.
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Wubben, E. F. M., M. Fondse, and S. Pascucci. "The importance of stakeholder-initiatives for business models in short food supply chains: the case of the Netherlands." Journal on Chain and Network Science 13, no. 2 (2013): 139–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/jcns2013.1004.
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While the interest in Short Food Supply Chains (SFSCs) is growing, we still await management studies that explore the impact of stakeholders of SFSCs in substantial numbers. This article investigates the differences in the business models of SFSCs that may be attributed to the initiator-stakeholder, interacting with other stakeholders. Essential to business models are the value proposition, value creation and value capture, but it is the ambition of the initiator-stakeholder that starts a SFSC. Initiator-stakeholders of 57 SFSCs were interviewed on a combination of both multiple choice and open questions. The data converges on three categories of business models. First and foremost, a large majority of SFSCs is driven by the aim of the initiator-stakeholder to increase economic viability, uses the market as governance structure, resulting in profit margins likely to be above margins in conventional business. Two other categories of business models of SFSCs group around the theme of producer-support, and, producer-consumer interaction, respectively.
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Sek, Kun. "Effect of oil price pass-through on domestic price inflation: Evidence from nonlinear ARDL models." Panoeconomicus 66, no. 1 (2019): 69–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/pan160511021s.
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We intended to demonstrate that oil price can have a different passthrough effect into domestic prices at consumer and production levels subject to an oil dependency factor. The results were compared between oil-importing and oil-exporting countries. The nonlinear autoregressive distributed lags (NARDL) models were used to capture the asymmetric pass-through effects of oil price increases and decreases in consumer price and producer price respectively. Our results revealed that oil price changes can have asymmetric effect on consumer price index (CPI) inflation directly and indirectly with more influential impact of indirect effect. This result holds for both groups of countries. The effect on producer price is much larger especially in oil-importing group due to the high dependence of these countries on oil. Oil price changes did lead to increases in consumer prices in oil-importing countries. This may due to effective monetary policy that enhances price stickiness in the economy.
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Witkowski, Andrzej, and Mirosław Majkut. "The impact of CO2 compression systems on the compressor power required for a pulverized coal-fired power plant in post-combustion carbon dioxide sequestration." Archive of Mechanical Engineering 59, no. 3 (2012): 343–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10180-012-0018-x.
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The aim of this paper is to analyze various CO2 compression processes for postcombustion CO2 capture applications for 900 MW pulverized coal-fired power plant. Different thermodynamically feasible CO2 compression systems will be identified and their energy consumption quantified. A detailed thermodynamic analysis examines methods used to minimize the power penalty to the producer through integrated, low-power compression concepts. The goal of the present research is to reduce this penalty through an analysis of different compression concepts, and a possibility of capturing the heat of compression and converting it to useful energy for use elsewhere in the plant.
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Hansson, Anders, Mathias Fridahl, Simon Haikola, Pius Yanda, Noah Pauline, and Edmund Mabhuye. "Preconditions for bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) in sub-Saharan Africa: the case of Tanzania." Environment, Development and Sustainability 22, no. 7 (2019): 6851–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10668-019-00517-y.
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AbstractMost mitigation scenarios compatible with a likely change of holding global warming well below 2 °C rely on negative emissions technologies (NETs). According to the integrated assessment models (IAMs) used to produce mitigation scenarios for the IPCC reports, the NET with the greatest potential to achieve negative emissions is bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS). Crucial questions arise about where the enormous quantities of biomass needed according to the IAM scenarios could feasibly be produced in a sustainable manner. Africa is attractive in the context of BECCS because of large areas that could contribute biomass energy and indications of substantial underground CO2 storage capacities. However, estimates of large biomass availability in Africa are usually based on highly aggregated datasets, and only a few studies explore future challenges or barriers for BECCS in any detail. Based on previous research and literature, this paper analyses the pre-conditions for BECCS in Tanzania by studying what we argue are the applications of BECCS, or the components of the BECCS chain, that are most feasible in the country, namely (1) as applied to domestic sugarcane-based energy production (bioethanol), and (2) with Tanzania in a producer and re-growth role in an international BECCS chain, supplying biomass or biofuels for export to developed countries. The review reveals that a prerequisite for both options is either the existence of a functional market for emissions trading and selling, making negative emissions a viable commercial investment, or sustained investment through aid programmes. Also, historically, an important barrier to the development of production capacity of liquid biofuels for export purposes has been given by ethical dilemmas following in the wake of demand for land to facilitate production of biomass, such as sugarcane and jatropha. In these cases, conflicts over access to land and mismanagement have been more of a rule than an exception. Increased production volumes of solid biomass for export to operations that demand bioenergy, be it with or without a CCS component, is likely to give rise to similar conflicts. While BECCS may well play an important role in reducing emissions in countries with high capacity to act combined with existing large point sources of biogenic CO2 emissions, it seems prudent to proceed with utmost caution when implicating BECCS deployment in least developed countries, like Tanzania.The paper argues that negative BECCS-related emissions from Tanzania should not be assumed in global climate mitigation scenarios.
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Kreuzbauer, Robert, and Joshua Keller. "The Authenticity of Cultural Products: A Psychological Perspective." Current Directions in Psychological Science 26, no. 5 (2017): 417–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0963721417702104.
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Authenticity is a central concern in the evaluation of cultural products. But why do people judge some cultural products as more authentic than others? We provide a psychological explanation centered on the judgment of authenticity as a “truth-seeking” process. Observers evaluate whether the perceivable features of the cultural product truthfully capture cultural knowledge as well as the inferred agency control and intentionality of the producer as a conveyer of cultural knowledge. We argue that while no cultural product is inherently authentic, individuals rely on the same psychological processes when judging cultural products’ authenticity. We discuss how our approach applies to any cultural product, including art, architecture, cuisine, tourism, and sports.
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Ahumada, Hildegart, and Magdalena Cornejo. "Are Soybean Yields Getting a Free Ride from Climate Change? Evidence from Argentine Time Series Data." Econometrics 9, no. 2 (2021): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/econometrics9020024.
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We analyze the influence of climate change on soybean yields in a multivariate time-series framework for a major soybean producer and exporter—Argentina. Long-run relationships are found in partial systems involving climatic, technological, and economic factors. Automatic model selection simplifies dynamic specification for a model of soybean yields and permits encompassing tests of different economic hypotheses. Soybean yields adjust to disequilibria that reflect technological improvements to seed and crops practices. Climatic effects include (a) a positive effect from increased CO2 concentrations, which may capture accelerated photosynthesis, and (b) a negative effect from high local temperatures, which could increase with continued global warming.
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Dashtestani, F., M. Nusheh, V. Siriwongrungson, J. Hongrapipat, V. Materic, and S. Pang. "Effect of H2S and NH3 in biomass gasification producer gas on CO2 capture performance of an innovative CaO and Fe2O3 based sorbent." Fuel 295 (July 2021): 120586. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2021.120586.
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Bomtempo, José-Vitor, Flavia Chaves Alves, and Fabio de Almeida Oroski. "Developing new platform chemicals: what is required for a new bio-based molecule to become a platform chemical in the bioeconomy?" Faraday Discuss. 202 (2017): 213–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7fd00052a.
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This paper proposes a framework with six dimensions that can be useful for evaluating the potential and the current stage of a bio-based platform chemical. The framework considers the technological and strategic challenges to be fulfilled by a company that intends to lead a platform based on a bio-based chemical. A platform chemical should be an intermediate molecule, with a structure able to generate a number of derivatives, that is produced at a competitive cost, capable of allowing exploitation of the scale and scope economies, and inserted within a complete innovation ecosystem that is able to create value with governance mechanisms that are capable of allowing coordination of the innovation process and facilitation of the value capture by the focal company leading the platform, in our case the producer of the platform molecule. Based on these six dimensions, three potential platform chemicals – succinic acid, butanol and farnesene – are compared and discussed. It is possible to identify important differences concerning the technological dimensions and the strategic dimensions as well. Two of the molecules – farnesene and succinic acid – adhere to most of the conditions required to structure a platform chemical. However, the innovation ecosystem is not complete and the governance mechanisms are still under development, so it is not clear if they will be capable of allowing a favorable position for value capture by the platform leader. Butanol structuring for a platform does not seem promising. The potential of the molecule is apparently not high and the strategic initiatives are in general not focused on innovation ecosystem structuring.
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Coppin, Addington. "Sectoral Labor Employment in a Caribbean Economy: The Case of Barbados." Review of Black Political Economy 23, no. 1 (1994): 49–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02895740.
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This study examines the demand for labor in five major sectors of the Caribbean economy of Barbados. While the demand for labor function in the nontradable sectors appears well-defined in terms of real wages and real aggregate output, the inclusion of a variable to capture the effects of capital-deepening appears important to the specification of labor demand in the tradable sectors—agriculture and manufacturing. Low estimates of real wage elasticities and real output elasticities in the vicinity of unity suggest that employers in the major sectors are more likely to alter their demand for labor based on expectations of the economy's performance than in response to labor cost factors denominated in producer prices.
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Poernomo, Achmad, and Endang Sri Heruwati. "Industrialization in fisheries: a challenge to change." Squalen Bulletin of Marine and Fisheries Postharvest and Biotechnology 6, no. 3 (2014): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.15578/squalen.v6i3.65.
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To manage with the Indonesian vision as the biggest producer of fisheries in 2015, capture,aquaculture, and post-harvest fisheries should be ready to operate at large or business scale.Consequently, industrialization should be promoted since this is the most appropriate way tomanage fisheries in business manner. Though it has a positive goal to maximize the utilization offisheries resource for the improvement of economic and prosperity of Indonesian people, however,industrialization undoubtedly retains a negative impact in terms of threats on the sustainability offishery and other natural resources. This article summarises review and analysis aiming to developan ideal model in order to strengthen the fisheries industrialization in Indonesia. Based on previousweaknesses, the ideal model is the one that reflects an inclusive and holistic manner, suitable forvarious characteristics of industries in each typical areas and people of Indonesia, with the emphasison competitive advantage, untraditional, and commercial basis, especially in respect to thedevelopment of a strong fisheries business. This kind of model should also maintain harmonizedand coordinated programs and actions between involved related institutions. Research supportsare needed to develop and test the most appropriate model. Also, in technical basis, innovationson fish capture, aquaculture, as well as processing technologies are urgently needed as acomplement to the developed model of fisheries industries. One thing that should be kept in mindis the importance of management and conservation of natural resources, including resource forfisheries capture and aquaculture, germ plasms and genetic fish resources, as well as marinemicroorganisms, as these all are the main assets for the development of marine and fisheries inIndonesia.
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Erlania, Erlania, I. Nyoman Radiarta, and Joni Haryadi. "STATUS PENGELOLAAN SUMBERDAYA BENIH LOBSTER UNTUK MENDUKUNG PERIKANAN BUDIDAYA: STUDI KASUS PERAIRAN PULAU LOMBOK." Jurnal Kebijakan Perikanan Indonesia 8, no. 2 (2017): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.15578/jkpi.8.2.2016.85-96.
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Indonesia merupakan negara pengekspor utama benih lobster ke negara-negara produsen lobster di dunia. Penetapan PERMEN KP No. 1 tahun 2015 berimplikasi pada larangan penangkapan lobster ukuran benih di Indonesia. Kajian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis data dan informasi terkait status pengelolaan sumberdaya benih lobster dan dampak dari peraturan tentang penangkapan lobster, serta potensi pengelolaan sumberdaya benih lobster alam tersebut melalui pengembangan budidaya. Pengumpulan data telah dilakukan pada tahun 2015 melalui survai lapang, focus group disscussion/FGD, dan rapid rural appraisal/RRA. Hasil kajian memperlihatkan bahwa kawasan perairan Pulau Lombok memiliki potensi benih lobster yang sangat besar. Adanya regulasi yang melarang penangkapan benih lobster menyebabkan berbagai dampak sosial-ekonomi terhadap kehidupan masyarakat pesisir Pulau Lombok. Besarnya potensi benih lobster membuka peluang untuk pengembangan aktivitas budidaya pembesaran lobster, sehingga masyarakat mendapatkan mata pencaharian alternatif sebagai pengganti aktivitas menangkap benih. Namun hal ini harus didukung dengan peninjauan dan penyesuaian kembali PERMEN KP No. 1 tahun 2015 terkait larangan penangkapan lobster khususnya ukuran benih, sehingga masyarakat diizinkan untuk menangkap benih lobster untuk kebutuhan budidaya.Indonesia is main exporter of spiny lobster seeds to lobster-producer countries in the world. Establishement of Minister of Marine Affairs and Fisheries Regulation (PERMEN KP No. 1, 2015) had implications on the capture prohibition of lobster seeds in Indonesia. This study was aimed to analyze data and information which relate to management state of lobster seed resources, the impacts of the lobster capture regulation, and the potencies of lobster seeds resource management through aquaculture development. Acquired data are from field survey, focus group disscussion (FGD), rapid rural appraisal (RRA), and secondary data from related institutions. The result showed that Lombok Island waters area had a great potencies of lobster seeds. Prohibition of seeds capture activities through the regulation has caused various socio-economic impacts on coastal communities in Lombok Island. The magnitude of the lobster seeds potencies gives opportunities for lobster aquaculture development, thus people could get an alternative livelihood other than seeds capturing. However, this has to be supported by reconsideration and readjustment of KEPMEN KP No. 1 2015 related to lobster capture in particular for the seed size, so that the seeds capture activities could be allowed for aquaculture need.
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Barreto, Marliton Rocha, and Ledonir Geovani Da Silva. "Eficiência da Armadilha “R. Bianco” para Captura do Percevejo Leptoglossus zonatus Dallas (Hemiptera: Coreidae), na Cultura do Milho." EntomoBrasilis 9, no. 2 (2016): 84–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.12741/ebrasilis.v9i2.531.
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Resumo. O milho é o cereal com maior índice de consumo, tanto industrializado como in natura, atualmente. É o grão com maior volume de produção, sendo o Brasil o terceiro maior produtor, dessa maneira, faz-se necessário uma atenção especial voltada ao monitoramento e controle de certos invasores que comprometem sua produtividade. Dentre as pragas que podem afetar essa produtividade destacamos os percevejos (Hemiptera: Heteroptera), mais especificamente o percevejo-do-milho (Leptoglossus zonatus Dallas), que tem se mostrado uma importante praga para a cultura do milho. O presente trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar a eficiência de armadilhas caseiras do tipo “R. Bianco” na captura desse percevejo. Os experimentos foram conduzidos no Sitio Nossa Senhora Aparecida, localizado no município de Sinop, MT. As armadilhas foram divididas em 10 abertas e 10 fechadas e avaliadas com e sem isca por 20 dias. O delineamento utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado (DIC) em esquema fatorial 2x2x2 com oito tratamentos e cinco repetições. As armadilhas sem iscas demonstraram maior eficiência, apresentando média superior na captura do percevejo em relação às armadilhas com isca. As armadilhas fechadas, em comparação com as abertas, demonstraram maior eficácia na retenção do inseto. O efeito da borda foi pouco representativo nesse experimento. Portanto, a presença da isca não influenciou na atração do inseto e os tratamentos submetidos ao teste sem isca apresentaram maiores quantidades e maior eficiência na captura de insetos. Levando a crer o efeito de atração do sal pelo percevejo e a localização de cada armadilha pouco influenciou na captura dos insetos.Trap Efficiency “R. Bianco” for Capture the insect Leptoglossus zonatus Dallas (Hemiptera: Coreidae) in Maize CropAbstract. Maize is the cereal with the highest consumption in both industrialized as fresh nowadays. It is the grain with higher volume production, Brazil is the third largest producer, need special attention focused on the monitoring and control of invaders who risk their productivity. Among the pests that can affect the productivity highlight the insects (Hemiptera: Heteroptera), more specifically the bedbugs corn (Leptoglossus zonatus Dallas), which has been an important pest for corn crops. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of homemade traps R. Bianco in control of this insect. The experiments were conducted in Sitio Nossa Senhora Aparecida, in the municipality of Sinop, MT. Traps were divided into 10 open and 10 closed which were evaluated with and without baits by 20 days. The design was completely randomized (DIC) in a 2x2x2 factorial with eight treatments and five repetitions. Traps without baits showed greater efficiency, with an average higher in catching the bugs regarding the traps with bait. The trap closed as compared with the open, demonstrated greater efficacy in retaining the insect. The effect of edge was little representative in this experiment. Therefore, the presence of bait did not influence the insect attraction and treatments submitted to the bait without test showed higher quantities and more efficient insect capture. Leading us to believe the attraction effect of salt by bedbug and the location of each trap had little influence in the capture of insects.
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Haas, Peter M. "Banning chlorofluorocarbons: epistemic community efforts to protect stratospheric ozone." International Organization 46, no. 1 (1992): 187–224. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002081830000148x.
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The emergence of scientific evidence that emissions of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) were depleting the stratospheric ozone layer prompted an epistemic community of atmospheric scientists and concerned policymakers to push for regulations regarding CFC use. Members of the transnational epistemic community played a primary role in gathering information, disseminating it to governments and CFC manufacturers, and helping them formulate international, domestic, and industry policies regarding CFC consumption and production. Community members contributed to the timing and stringency of CFC regulations through a combination of strategies ranging from the persuasion of individuals to the capture of various decision-making channels. Most important, by influencing the actions of the United States and DuPont, the largest producer of CFCs, the epistemic community changed the external environment in which policy decisions were made by other governments and firms.
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Úlfsson, Tryggvi Örn. "Possibility of Science, Impossibility of Miracles: Léon Brunschvicg against Quentin Meillassoux." Praktyka Teoretyczna 28, no. 2 (2018): 124–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/prt.2018.2.6.
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The article argues that, while Quentin Meillassoux‘s project, undertaken in After Finitude, merits attention, since the French philosopher is right that faith in sciences‘ capacity to open up new domains to thought must be restored, the solutions he offers have two serious shortcomings. 1) His depiction of science as the producer of ancestral statements does not capture satisfactorily the essence of scientific creativity. 2) The claim that everything is necessarily contingent is fundamentally incompatible with scientific knowledge. The article, then, contrasts Meillassoux‘s principle of the necessity of contingency with a principle that is extracted from the historical epistemology of Léon Brunschvicg and Antoine-Augustin Cournot. Instead of a principle of unreason, the article defends a principle of a metamorphosing reason founded on the practical impossibility of irreducible contingency.
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Mohareb, Adrian K., Mostafa Warith, and Roberto M. Narbaitz. "Strategies for the municipal solid waste sector to assist Canada in meeting its Kyoto Protocol commitments." Environmental Reviews 12, no. 2 (2004): 71–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/a04-006.
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The Government of Canada has ratified the Kyoto Protocol, committing to a 6% reduction in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from 1990 levels during the commitment period of 20082012. To attain this target, emission reductions throughout many sectors must be achieved. The waste sector can assist Canada in reducing GHG emissions to meet its commitments under the Kyoto Protocol. In 2001, the waste sector generated 24.8 megatonnes (Mt) of carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e) from landfill gas (LFG) generation, wastewater treatment, and incineration. Emissions from the transportation of solid waste were not considered, and are seen to be small. Several strategies for reducing GHG emissions from solid waste are analyzed. Source reduction decreases the amount of material being generated, thus reducing from the source any emissions that might be related to the life cycle of the material. Recycling can reduce GHG emissions by reducing the amount of virgin material being processed, avoiding life cycle emissions. Landfill gas collection for energy recovery can reduce methane (CH4) emissions from organic wastes in landfills, and the Government of Canada's Climate Change Plan has considered this strategy. Anaerobic digestion converts some of the organic matter in the municipal solid waste (MSW) to both CH4 and carbon dioxide (CO2), where the CH4 can be used to generate power, while composting converts some of the organic fraction to CO2. Both of these processes produce a soil conditioner as their residue. Waste incineration reduces MSW volume and can generate power, displacing generation from fossil fuels. An integrated approach, considering these techniques where appropriate, can succeed in reducing emissions from the solid waste sector. Policy choices such as extended producer responsibility, minimum recycled content laws, and LFG capture criteria would increase the impact of solid waste management on GHG emissions. Key words: climate change, Kyoto Protocol, municipal solid waste, source reduction, recycling, landfill gas capture, anaerobic digestion.
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Kumar, Devendra, and Shiva Sharma. "Monitoring of Organochlorine Pesticides Residues in Five Fruits using Gas Liquid Chromatography Equipped with Electron Capture Detector (GLC-ECD)." Asian Journal of Chemistry 31, no. 10 (2019): 2143–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.14233/ajchem.2019.22021.
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India is the largest producer of fruits as they are important part of their economy. But they are badly affected by insect-pest attack during harvesting. Farmers use a large amount of pesticides to protect them but due to their longer persistence they found in fruits in small quantities. This paper described an analytical methodology for the monitoring of 20 organochlorine pesticides in 5 fruits viz. pineapple (Ananas comosus), apple (Malus pumila), plum (Prunus domestica), papaya (Carica papaya) and mango (Mangifera indica) by using gas liquid chromatography equipped with electron capture detector (GLC-ECD). During the monitoring work it has been found that each fruit was contaminated with pesticides. Pineapple was found contaminated with β-BHC, δ-BHC, heptachlor epoxide, dieldrin, endrin and methoxychlor; apple was found contaminated γ-BHC, δ-BHC, heptachlor epoxide, dieldrin, endrin, endosulfan II and methoxychlor; plum and papaya were found contaminated with γ-BHC, β-BHC, δ-BHC, heptachlor epoxide, 4,4′-DDE, endrin, endosulfan sulfate and methoxychlor; mango was found contaminated with β-BHC, δ-BHC, 4,4′-DDE, endrin, endosulfan sulfate and methoxychlor. However, the detected concentration of pesticides was below the MRL values but their long term use can cause serious health problems.
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Hjelmeland, Martin, Arild Helseth, and Magnus Korpås. "Medium-Term Hydropower Scheduling with Variable Head under Inflow, Energy and Reserve Capacity Price Uncertainty." Energies 12, no. 1 (2019): 189. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12010189.
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We propose a model for medium-term hydropower scheduling (MTHS) with variable head and uncertainty in inflow, reserve capacity, and energy price. With an increase of intermittent energy sources in the generation mix, it is expected that a flexible hydropower producer can obtain added profits by participating in markets other than just the energy market. To capture this added potential, the hydropower system should be modeled with a higher level of detail. In this context, we apply an algorithm based on stochastic dual dynamic programming (SDDP) to solve the nonconvex MTHS problem and show that the use of strengthened Benders (SB) cuts to represent the expected future profit (EFP) function provides accurate scheduling results for slightly nonconvex problems. A method to visualize the EFP function in a dynamic programming setting is provided, serving as a useful tool for a priori inspection of the EFP shape and its nonconvexity.
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Lasa, Rodrigo, Ricardo A. Toledo-Hernández, Douglas Rodríguez, and Trevor Williams. "Raspberry as a Source for the Development of Drosophila suzukii Attractants: Laboratory and Commercial Polytunnel Trials." Insects 10, no. 5 (2019): 137. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects10050137.
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Several commercial products and home-made attractants have been developed for monitoring and mass-trapping of the spotted wing drosophila, Drosophila suzukii. Growers in Mexico have adopted an attractant based on a fermenting mixture of raspberry pulp and sucrose, with anecdotally promising results. We compared the capture rates of traps baited with raspberry pulp + sucrose with captures from a range of alternative attractants. Raspberry pulp alone or with sucrose was more attractive than apple cider vinegar (ACV) or SuzukiiTrap and similar to baker’s yeast + sucrose in laboratory cage studies. Synthetic raspberry aroma (0.1–10% concentration), in water or mixed with ACV, did not improve capture rates in the laboratory. Traps baited with raspberry + sucrose or ACV had similar captures of D. suzukii in raspberry or blackberry polytunnels in Michoacán, Mexico. Raspberry + sucrose baited traps captured significantly higher numbers of other drosophilid species, leading to higher total numbers of captured flies (all species), which may explain why Mexican growers favor the raspberry-based attractant. The commercial products SuzukiiTrap and Z-Kinol had lower captures than ACV in polytunnels, although SuzukiiTrap had the highest selectivity in captures of D. suzukii (81% of flies captured). A two-component trap (2C trap) baited with ACV + ethanol as the drowning solution and raspberry pulp + sucrose or baker’s yeast + sucrose in a ventilated tube device was markedly more effective than the trap currently used by growers. We conclude that raspberry pulp + sucrose is as effective for the attraction of D. suzukii as ACV under commercial polytunnel conditions. The 2C trap performed better than the transparent cup trap currently used by berry producers in Mexico.
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Hoang, Nam, and Terrance Grieb. "Hedging positions in US wheat markets: a disaggregated data analysis." Studies in Economics and Finance 37, no. 3 (2020): 429–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/sef-08-2019-0329.
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Purpose This study aims to spot wheat data and disaggregated commitment of trader data for CME traded wheat futures to examine the effect of exogenous shocks for hedging positions of Producers and Swap Dealers on cash-futures basis and excess futures returns. Design/methodology/approach A Bayesian vector autoregression (BVAR) methodology is used to capture volatility transfer effects. Findings Evidence is presented that institutional short hedging positions play a major role in the pricing of asymmetric information held by Swap Dealers into the basis. The results also indicate that producer hedging contains information when conditions in the supply chain create a shift in long vs short hedging demand. Finally, the results demonstrate that that Swap Dealer short hedging has the greatest effect on risk premium size and historical volatility. Originality/value Various proxies for spot prices are used in the literature, although actual spot price data is not common. In addition, stationarity for basis and open interest data is induced using the Baxter-King filter which allows us to work with levels, rather than percentage changes, in the time series data. This provides the ability to directly observe the effect of outright open interest positions for hedgers on contemporaneous innovations in basis and in excess returns. The use of a BVAR methodology represents an improvement over other structural VAR models by capturing contemporaneous systemic effects within an endogeneity based structural framework.
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J. Alsaad, Aymen, Tareq S.al-Attar, and Basil S. Alshathr. "Utilization of Pervious Concrete in CO2 Capturing to Control Environmental Impact of Portland Cement." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 4.20 (2018): 382. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.20.26139.
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The cement industry is a main producer of greenhouse gases that is responsible for 5–7% of CO2 emissions. Therefore, it is important to find a method to reduce the concentration of this gas in the environment especially in places such as tunnels. This work aims to use pervious concrete to capture CO2 from the environment and transform it to calcium carbonate inside its matrix. The pervious concrete exposed at 7, 14, and 28 days age to 25 and 50% concentration of CO2 for a period of 2 and 4 hours to study the extent of carbonation inside this concrete. In addition to that, the effects of carbonation on compressive strength, weight change, CO2-uptake and change in permeability were studied. The results showed that higher concentration of CO2 and longer exposure periods caused deeper penetration of carbonation. The maximum recorded CO2 uptake by pervious concrete occurs when it was exposed to higher CO2 % and longer duration of exposure at the age of 7 days.
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Ahmad, Mohd Aizad, Muhammad Fahmi Nizam, and Zulkifli Abdul Rashid. "Evaluation of Renewable Methanol Production Plant Design Using Tri-Pressure Stripper Configuration." Key Engineering Materials 797 (March 2019): 342–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.797.342.
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Over the past years in the industry, the emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) waste into the atmosphere have been rapidly increasing. The carbon capture technology is used in a few power plants to capture CO2molecules from the flue gas. Researchers have established method to use CO2and convert into valuable products. Therefore, this study is aim to simulate the reaction between captured CO2with hydrogen to produce renewable methanol. In order to achieve objective of designing the renewable methanol plant, the Aspen Hysys is used as modelling and simulation tool to obtain about 50k tonnes per year of renewable methanol production. Then, the amount of CO2is evaluated based on the amount of CO2in flue gas, CO2capture and renewable methanol produced. The results of the simulation that obtained is about 16510 kg/h of captured CO2and 6049 kg/h of methanol produced from the 17936 kg/h of CO2contained in flue gas. Three different coal-fired power plant capacities have been studied to evaluate their methanol production capacity. A small 110 MW power plant could produce 12705 kg/h of methanol, while 1400 MW and 2420 MW power plant will achieve 161,703 kg/h and 279515 kg/h respectively.
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Cantin, Réjean, Geneviève Martin, and Michel J. Tremblay. "A novel virus capture assay reveals a differential acquisition of host HLA-DR by clinical isolates of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 expanded in primary human cells depending on the nature of producing cells and the donor source." Journal of General Virology 82, no. 12 (2001): 2979–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/0022-1317-82-12-2979.
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Previous findings indicated that HLA-DR is probably one of the most abundant cellular constituents incorporated within the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) envelope. Given that the life-cycle of HIV-1 has been reported to be modulated by virion-bound host HLA-DR, an improved version of a virus capture technique was developed to assess the degree of HLA-DR incorporation in several clinical isolates of HIV-1 derived from primary human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM). Analysis of virus stocks purified from PBMCs and MDM indicated that primary isolates of HIV-1 bearing distinct tropism (i.e. T-, macrophage-, and dual-tropic) all incorporate host cell membrane HLA-DR protein. The amount of incorporated HLA-DR varies among the primary HIV-1 isolates tested. Propagation of some clinical HIV-1 isolates in either autologous PBMCs or MDM resulted in differential incorporation of virion-bound cellular HLA-DR depending on the nature of the virus producer cells. Differences in the degree of HLA-DR incorporation were also noticed when macrophage-tropic isolates of HIV-1 were produced in MDM from different donors. Altogether these data show that the efficiency of HLA-DR incorporation into the envelope of primary isolates of HIV-1 is a multifactorial phenomenon since it is affected by the virus isolate itself, the nature of host cells (i.e. PBMCs or MDM) and the donor source.
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Faniel, Ixchel M., Rebecca D. Frank, and Elizabeth Yakel. "Context from the data reuser’s point of view." Journal of Documentation 75, no. 6 (2019): 1274–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jd-08-2018-0133.
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Purpose Taking the researchers’ perspective, the purpose of this paper is to examine the types of context information needed to preserve data’s meaning in ways that support data reuse. Design/methodology/approach This paper is based on a qualitative study of 105 researchers from three disciplinary communities: quantitative social science, archaeology and zoology. The study focused on researchers’ most recent data reuse experience, particularly what they needed when deciding whether to reuse data. Findings Findings show that researchers mentioned 12 types of context information across three broad categories: data production information (data collection, specimen and artifact, data producer, data analysis, missing data, and research objectives); repository information (provenance, reputation and history, curation and digitization); and data reuse information (prior reuse, advice on reuse and terms of use). Originality/value This paper extends digital curation conversations to include the preservation of context as well as content to facilitate data reuse. When compared to prior research, findings show that there is some generalizability with respect to the types of context needed across different disciplines and data sharing and reuse environments. It also introduces several new context types. Relying on the perspective of researchers offers a more nuanced view that shows the importance of the different context types for each discipline and the ways disciplinary members thought about them. Both data producers and curators can benefit from knowing what to capture and manage during data collection and deposit into a repository.
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Zainal, Bidattul Syirat, Mohd Azwan Ahmad, Mahmoud Danaee, Nashrah Jamadon, Nuruol Syuhadaa Mohd, and Shaliza Ibrahim. "Integrated System Technology of POME Treatment for Biohydrogen and Biomethane Production in Malaysia." Applied Sciences 10, no. 3 (2020): 951. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10030951.
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In recent years, production of biohydrogen and biomethane (or a mixture of these; biohythane) from organic wastes using two-stage bioreactor have been implemented by developing countries such as Germany, USA and the United Kingdom using the anaerobic digestion (AD) process. In Thailand, biohythane production in a two-stage process has been widely studied. However, in Malaysia, treating organic and agricultural wastes using an integrated system of dark fermentation (DF) coupled with anaerobic digestion (AD) is scarce. For instance, in most oil palm mills, palm oil mill effluent (POME) is treated using a conventional open-ponding system or closed-digester tank for biogas capture. This paper reviewed relevant literature studies on treating POME and other organic wastes using integrated bioreactor implementing DF and/or AD process for biohydrogen and/or biomethane production. Although the number of papers that have been published in this area is increasing, a further review is needed to reveal current technology used and its benefits, especially in Malaysia, since Malaysia is the second-largest oil palm producer in the world.
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Ortega, David L., and David L. Tschirley. "Demand for food safety in emerging and developing countries." Journal of Agribusiness in Developing and Emerging Economies 7, no. 1 (2017): 21–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jadee-12-2014-0045.
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Purpose Food safety in emerging and developing regions is receiving increased attention from economists, researchers and policymakers. The purpose of this paper is to provide a review of the literature on the economics of food safety in Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Of interest are studies exploring consumer demand and producer behavior regarding food safety. Particular attention is given to areas in need of additional research. The studies’ common implications for future research are discussed. Design/methodology/approach Two English language searches were conducted in the summer of 2013 to identify relevant studies on the economics of food safety, one each in Google Scholar and Web of Science. The authors carefully reviewed the abstracts of these studies for content, and select papers were identified that capture overarching themes found in the literature. Findings are presented by region. Findings Consumers in developing countries will become increasingly aware of food safety issues as urbanization proceeds and incomes continue to rise at robust rates. However, assuring food safety in modernizing food systems involves significant costs, and current incomes in developing SSA are far lower than in Asia. The authors find that overall consumer awareness of food safety problems in SSA is low relative to Asia. Moreover, knowledge of producer behavior and consumer demand for food safety in developing countries is very limited. Research limitations/implications Limitations include a lack of information available on domestic food safety issues and overall knowledge of how food safety affects developing agrifood systems. Originality/value The findings from this review contribute to a better understanding of the economics of food safety in emerging and developing regions.
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Sipolski, Steven J., Sara W. Datson, Michael Reding, Jason B. Oliver, and Steven R. Alm. "Minimizing Bee (Hymenoptera: Apoidea) Bycatch in Japanese Beetle Traps." Environmental Entomology 48, no. 5 (2019): 1203–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ee/nvz098.
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Abstract Native and introduced bees were attracted to and captured in commercially available Japanese beetle, Popillia japonica Newman (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae), traps baited with floral lure components: geraniol, eugenol, and phenethyl propionate [PEP] in Rhode Island, Ohio, and Tennessee. Studies in Rhode Island showed that Bombus impatiens Cresson (Hymenoptera: Apidae) was significantly more attracted to geraniol alone and as a component in floral lure blends than to either eugenol or PEP alone. Xylocopa virginica (L.) (Hymenoptera: Apidae) was more selective in being primarily attracted to traps baited with higher amounts of geraniol in 2016. Removing geraniol from the floral lure blend did not significantly reduce Japanese beetle captures in 2017 and 2018 in Rhode Island and Ohio but did significantly reduce bee captures in Rhode Island in 2017 and 2018. Green, black, brown, and red traps captured significantly fewer bees than clear or standard yellow vane and green cage traps in 2018 in Rhode Island and Tennessee; however, there were no significant differences between Japanese beetle captures in any of the colored or clear traps. Our results show that using all green traps with a lure composed of eugenol and PEP and the Japanese beetle female produced sex pheromone can effectively capture Japanese beetles while minimizing bycatch of bees.
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ELLIOTT, RICHARD. "‘My Tongue Gets t-t-t-’: Words, Sense, and Vocal Presence in Van Morrison'sIt's Too Late to Stop Now." Twentieth-Century Music 13, no. 1 (2016): 53–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1478572215000171.
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AbstractVan Morrison's live version of his song ‘Cyprus Avenue’ on the 1974 albumIt's Too Late to Stop Nowprovides an example of the authority of the singer's voice and of how it leads and demands submission from musicians, songs, and audience. Morrison's voice constantly suggests that it is reflecting important experience and can be understood both as an attempt to capture something and as a post-hoc witnessing or testimony. Through the example of Morrison's work, and ofIt's Too Late to Stop Nowin particular, this article explores the location of the voice in terms of the body and of particular places and histories. It then proceeds to a reflection on the relationship between the performing voice as producer of sound, noise, and music and the poetic voice that provides the words and visions upon which the performing voice goes to work. It concludes by focusing on a moment within ‘Cyprus Avenue’ where Morrison performs the act of being tongue-tied, discussing this as an example of ‘aesthetic stutter’. Throughout, attention is also paid to how other voices (particularly those of rock critics) connect to Morrison's voice by attempting to describe it, re-perform it, or explain it.
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Silfwerbrand, Johan. "Concrete and Sustainability – Some Thoughts from a Swedish Horizon." Nordic Concrete Research 63, no. 2 (2020): 79–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ncr-2020-0019.
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Abstract Concrete production, especially the cement production, stands for 5-8 percent of the global CO2 emissions. Since concrete is the most frequently used man-made construction materials, this fact is not surprising. Concrete is also the only realistic alternative in order to improve the living circumstances in many countries around the world. Due to its size, the concrete sector has a great responsibility for limiting the consequences of the on-going climate change. The Swedish cement producer Cementa has an ambitious zero vision stating zero CO2 emissions in year 2030. The measures include energy efficiency, bio mass instead of fossil fuels, blended cements, CO2 uptake through carbonation and Carbon Capture Storage (CCS). This paper discusses these measures but also others such as optimization of the concrete mix, optimization of the structural geometry and prolongation of the service life. The paper is ended by a section on adaptation since concrete will also have an important role concerning protection of the built environment for climate change. Protection structures against flood, reconstruction of dams, new waste-water systems and bright permeable concrete pavements reflecting sunlight and improving drainage after heavy rain constitute some examples.
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Liu, Y.-X., and X.-Z. Meng. "Identification of sex-pheromone components for Acleris fimbriana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)." Canadian Entomologist 134, no. 4 (2002): 511–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/ent134511-4.
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AbstractFour compounds were identified from female sex-pheromone gland extracts of Acleris fimbriana Merick, an important pest in northern fruit orchards of China, by gas chromatography, gas chromatography – mass spectrometry, and flight-tunnel and field-trapping tests. These compounds were (E)-11,13-tetradecadienal (E11,13-14:Ald), (E)-11,13-tetradecadien-1-ol (E11,13-14:OH), (E)-11-tetradecenyl acetate (E11-14:Ac), and (E)-11,13-tetradecadienyl acetate (E11,13-14:Ac). In field-trapping tests, traps baited with E11,13-14:Ald alone produced the highest trap captures of male A. fimbriana, but the other three individual compounds did not capture any mates. Addition of E11,13-14:Ac to E11,13-14:Ald enhanced trap capture, whereas addition of E11-14:Ac had no effect. A ternary blend of E11,13-14:Ald, E11,13-14:Ac, and E11-l4:Ac in a 6:4:1 ratio captured 7.5 times mean males per trap than virgin females. E11,13-14:OH inhibited trap capture when it was added to E11,13-14:Ald or the ternary blend. This pheromone could be used to monitor populations of A. fimbriana and to control this important pest of fruits in China.
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Steutel, F. W. "Avalanches of electrons in a gas." Journal of Applied Probability 23, no. 4 (1986): 867–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3214461.
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The motion of electrons through a gas of particles is modelled as a two-state process: an electron is alternatingly moving and being held captive by a non-moving particle, during exponentially distributed periods.The model contains a parameter p, the probability that collision of an electron with a gas particle does not lead to its capture but produces an extra electron.The quantity of interest is the current C(t) produced by the moving electrons, as a function of time.
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Steutel, F. W. "Avalanches of electrons in a gas." Journal of Applied Probability 23, no. 04 (1986): 867–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021900200116055.
Full textAbstract:
The motion of electrons through a gas of particles is modelled as a two-state process: an electron is alternatingly moving and being held captive by a non-moving particle, during exponentially distributed periods.The model contains a parameterp, the probability that collision of an electron with a gas particle does not lead to its capture but produces an extra electron.The quantity of interest is the currentC(t) produced by the moving electrons, as a function of time.
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Zúñiga Rodríguez, Laura. "La captura del Estado peruano por el narcotráfico: el caso de los “cuello blanco del puerto”." Revista de Estudios en Seguridad Internacional 6, no. 2 (2020): 175–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.18847/1.12.10.
Full textAbstract:
Since the 1980s, Peru has been a key player in the international drug trafficking scenario. The second largest producer of cocaine in the world and one of the countries where the main input, the coca leaf, is grown, the port of El Callao, being one of the main ports in Latin America due to its volume, is presumed to be where important cargoes of this drug leave from. The interception of communications in 2018 to investigate the violent organized crime that was taking place in that province revealed a network of judges, prosecutors, congressmen, and businessmen who were collaborating with drug traffickers, favoring them with impunity. This is not the first attempt to capture the Peruvian State for drug trafficking. In the 1990s, the government of Fujimori-Montesinos used drug trafficking money -among others- to bribe the country's highest authorities: military chiefs, the Supreme Court, the Attorney General, the media, and businessmen, all of whom were close to the government. The "narco-indulgence" of Alan García's second administration is another symptom of the seriousness of the collaboration of authorities from the highest spheres of the State with the powerful drug traffickers. The "double standard" of the Peruvian Criminal Policy against international drug trafficking is made evident, strong for the weak and weak for the strong: high penalties for small-scale traffickers and impunity for those at the apex of the criminal organizations. In addition, the enormous corrupting capacity of money from drug trafficking (money laundering) to capture members of the powers of the State: Executive, Legislative and Judicial, is of concern. The "case of the white collars of the port" is an empirical example of the intersection of judicial corruption -and its minions- within the Peruvian State and the organized crime criminal organizations. In order to conjure up these alliances, it is necessary to emphasize the punishment against the white-collar criminals of drug trafficking and their collaborators: lawyers, judges, prosecutors, etc., who use their profession as a cover to enrich themselves personally to the detriment of the common good.
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Steutel, F. W. "Avalanches of electrons in a gas." Journal of Applied Probability 23, no. 04 (1986): 867–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021900200118662.
Full textAbstract:
The motion of electrons through a gas of particles is modelled as a two-state process: an electron is alternatingly moving and being held captive by a non-moving particle, during exponentially distributed periods. The model contains a parameter p, the probability that collision of an electron with a gas particle does not lead to its capture but produces an extra electron. The quantity of interest is the current C(t) produced by the moving electrons, as a function of time.
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Hill, David A., Kyle N. Armstrong, and Paul A. Barden. "Preliminary assessment suggests that acoustic lures can increase capture rates of Australian echolocating bats." Australian Mammalogy 37, no. 1 (2015): 104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am14019.
Full textAbstract:
Capture is essential for any field research on bats that requires confirmation of species, sex, maturity and reproductive status, or that involves radio-tracking or marking individuals. However, bats can be difficult to capture. We made a preliminary test of the effectiveness of an acoustic lure that produces ultrasonic simulations of bat social calls for enhancing capture rates in harp traps. Over 102 trap-hours at seven forest sites in north-eastern Queensland, 65 bats representing seven species were captured in traps with lures, while no bats were captured in paired control traps. The results indicate great potential for the development and application of acoustic lures to increase the efficiency of field surveys and research on Australian echolocating bats that involve capture.
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Wei, Duo, Henrik Junge, and Matthias Beller. "An amino acid based system for CO2 capture and catalytic utilization to produce formates." Chemical Science 12, no. 17 (2021): 6020–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1sc00467k.
Full textAbstract:
A novel amino acid based reaction system for CO<sub>2</sub> capture and utilization (CCU) to produce formates is presented applying a ruthenium-based catalyst. Noteworthy, CO<sub>2</sub> can be captured from ambient air and converted to formates in one-pot (TON > 50 000).
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TRINDER, P. W., K. HAMMOND, H. W. LOIDL, and S. L. PEYTON JONES. "Algorithm + strategy = parallelism." Journal of Functional Programming 8, no. 1 (1998): 23–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956796897002967.
Full textAbstract:
The process of writing large parallel programs is complicated by the need to specify both the parallel behaviour of the program and the algorithm that is to be used to compute its result. This paper introduces evaluation strategies: lazy higher-order functions that control the parallel evaluation of non-strict functional languages. Using evaluation strategies, it is possible to achieve a clean separation between algorithmic and behavioural code. The result is enhanced clarity and shorter parallel programs. Evaluation strategies are a very general concept: this paper shows how they can be used to model a wide range of commonly used programming paradigms, including divide-and-conquer parallelism, pipeline parallelism, producer/consumer parallelism, and data-oriented parallelism. Because they are based on unrestricted higher-order functions, they can also capture irregular parallel structures. Evaluation strategies are not just of theoretical interest: they have evolved out of our experience in parallelising several large-scale parallel applications, where they have proved invaluable in helping to manage the complexities of parallel behaviour. Some of these applications are described in detail here. The largest application we have studied to date, Lolita, is a 40,000 line natural language engineering system. Initial results show that for these programs we can achieve acceptable parallel performance, for relatively little programming effort.
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Sari, Ratih Frayunita. "Menyoal Kebablasan Berpendapat: Malfungsi Media Sosial Sebagai Panggung Produsage Konten Negatif." Jurnal Penelitian Pers dan Komunikasi Pembangunan 23, no. 1 (2019): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.46426/jp2kp.v23i1.86.
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The existence of producer productivity practices becomes the dominant thing today, where people freely consume and distribute messages and tendencies that lead to "overload" of opinion. The purpose of this paper is argue that the development of social media in the digital age is not yet fully accompanied by media literacy and sharoening of regulation freedom of speech offered in public space shifts into negative content space. The research method using qualitative with literature review approach. The research result shows five important point, there are, a view of the development of mobile internet and social media that dominate as a trigger of freedom of opinion in Indonesia, the ecology media theory capture the dynamics of freedom of expression, the exaggeration of opinion as a producer of content malfunctions, the polemic varies models of freedom of expression from time to time vs Information and ElectronicTransaction Law and role of the country to contain negative content and media literacy movements.Keywords: freedom of speech, new media, social media, ecology media theory, produsage, negatif content, media literacy, regulation, government.
 ABSTRAKAdanya praktik produktivitas produsen menjadi hal yang dominan saat ini, di mana orang bebas mengkonsumsi dan mendistribusikan pesan dan kecenderungan yang mengarah pada luapan pendapat. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah berpendapat bahwa perkembangan media sosial di era digital belum sepenuhnya dibarengi dengan literasi media dan penyimpangan regulasi kebebasan berbicara yang ditawarkan di ruang publik bergeser ke ruang konten negatif. Metode penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif dengan pendekatan kajian pustaka. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukan ada lima poin penting, yaitu, pandangan tentang perkembangan internet seluler dan media sosial yang mendominasi sebagai pemicu kebebasan berpendapat di Indonesia, media ekologi menangkap dinamika kebebasan berekspresi, pembesar-besaran pendapat sebagai produsen kerusakan konten, polemik bervariasi model kebebasan berekspresi, dan posisi serta peran negara untuk memuat konten negatif dan gerakan literasi media.Kata kunci: kebebasan berpendapat, media sosial, teori ekologi media, konten negatif, literasi media, regulasi, pemerintah.
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YADAV, OM PRAKASH, SUNIL S. BHAMARE, and AJAY PAL SINGH RATHORE. "A FRAMEWORK FOR CAPTURING DEGRADATION BEHAVIOR IN RELIABILITY-BASED ROBUST DESIGN OPTIMIZATION." International Journal of Reliability, Quality and Safety Engineering 18, no. 06 (2011): 531–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218539311004238.
Full textAbstract:
The increasing customer awareness and global competition have forced manufacturers to capture the entire life cycle issues during product design and development stage. The thorough understanding of product behavior (degradation process) and various uncertainties associated with product performance is paramount to produce reliable and robust design. This paper proposes a multi-objective framework for reliability-based robust design optimization, which captures degradation behavior of quality characteristics to provide optimal design parameters. The objective function of the multi-objective optimization problem is defined as quality loss function considering both desirable and undesirable deviations between target values and the actual results. The degradation behavior is captured by using empirical model to estimate amount of degradation accumulated in time t. The applicability of the proposed methodology is demonstrated by considering a leaf spring design problem.
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Xulu, Peerbhay, Gebreslasie, and Ismail. "Unsupervised Clustering of Forest Response to Drought Stress in Zululand Region, South Africa." Forests 10, no. 7 (2019): 531. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f10070531.
Full textAbstract:
Drought limits the production of plantation forests, notably in the drought-prone Zululand region of South Africa. During the last 40 years, the country has faced a series of severe droughts, however that of 2015 stands out as the most extreme and prolonged. The 2015 drought impaired forest productivity and led to widespread tree mortality in this region, but the identification of tree response to drought stress remains uncertain because of its spatial variability. To address this problem, a method that can capture drought patterns and identify trees with similar reactions to drought stress is desired. This could improve the accuracy of detecting trees suffering from drought stress which is key for forest management planning. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the utility of unsupervised mapping approaches in compartments of Eucalyptus trees with similar drought characteristics based on the Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI) and to demonstrate the value of cloud-based Google Earth Engine (GEE) resources for rapid landscape drought monitoring. Our results showed that calculating distances between pixels using three different matrices (Random Forest (RF) proximity, Euclidean and Manhattan) can accurately detect similarities within a dataset. The RF proximity matrix produced the best measures, which were clustered using Wards hierarchical clustering to detect drought with the highest overall accuracy of 87.7%, followed by Manhattan (85.9%) and Euclidean similarity measures (79.9%), with user and producer results between 84.2% to 91.2%, 42.8% to 98.2% and 37.2% to 94.7%, respectively. These results confirm the value of the RF proximity matrix and underscore the capability of automatic unsupervised mapping approaches for monitoring drought stress in tree plantations, as well as the value of using GEE for providing cost effective datasets to resource stricken countries.