Relevant bibliographies by topics / Producer cooperative

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Producer cooperative'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 13 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Producer cooperative"

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Mizik, Tamas. "Bonusz Agro Cooperative: loan options." International Food and Agribusiness Management Review 23, no. 2 (2020): 301–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.22434/ifamr2019.0113.

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Cooperation of producers is essential in agricultural production. The producer group is the official organization of the European arable sector. The Bonusz Agro producer group was established in 2015, and its legal form is cooperative. They use cooperative principles such as the democratic decision-making process ‘one member – one vote’ principle for both significant and insignificant decisions, unlike some other cooperatives. The management of the cooperative is considering investing in a new industrial site. This new site will be for cleaning/drying the produce, and storing it in a new storage facility, among other things. The company currently lacks sufficient financial resources to make this investment possible. One of the obstacles to obtaining the necessary finances is the lack of collateral the organization has control over. This case study examines the investment decision. The main focus is on how the organization can enlist the contribution of all members. The most delicate part of the decision-making dilemma is that all members would have to offer some of their own assets as collateral. These assets would be part of their agricultural land, which is necessary to obtain the required external financial resources from banks.
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Alho, E. "Survey evidence of members’ willingness to invest in agricultural hybrid cooperatives." Journal on Chain and Network Science 16, no. 1 (2016): 41–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/jcns2014.0006.

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Agricultural producer organisations face tight competition in global food and agricultural markets. The opportunities for cooperatives to acquire growth capital are restricted to member contributions, which poses a financial handicap in competition against investor-owned firms. Innovative cooperative structures have emerged as a response to the competitive pressures. For many, gaining access to growth capital from investors has been the reason for departing from the traditional cooperative organisational structure. This study examined whether farmers, as members and owners of agricultural producer cooperatives, are willing to invest in cooperative growth. By using the members of two large Finnish meat producer cooperatives as a sample we were able to utilise the variability in investor-owned firm structures, in which the members have both direct and indirect ownership in two layers of the agricultural producer organisation. A questionnaire study was conducted, including a contingent rating task in which farmers stated the point in the hybrid organisation chain at which they preferred to invest. The results indicated that the majority of farmers were willing to invest and the tendency increased with farm size. The average investment sum is considerable relative to the current capital contribution of an average member. The most preferred form was traditional cooperative capital, while a comparison of investment alternatives suggested that farmers are not yet receptive to new transferable cooperative shares. Retaining control appears important to producers. Farmer commitment erodes when the firm is in financial difficulties. Less member capital is available to save the firm from a cash crisis compared to a scenario of investments improving competitiveness.
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Kheir, Kamal Hamdy Aboul. "Cooperation in the Arab Countries: An Overview." Journal of Interdisciplinary Economics 3, no. 2 (1990): 83–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/02601079x9000300202.

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Cooperation is wide in scope in the Arab Region encompassing both the Al-Mahgreb and Al-Mashreq. In discussing the extent and general nature of cooperative movements in this diverse region that also shares many commonalities, countries of Africa, the Levant and the Arabian Peninsula will be assessed based on primary research experience coupled with personal contacts with leaders of cooperative movements in the Arab Region. It is found that cooperatives whether consumer, producer or agricultural cooperatives are viewed as a viable economic alternative for development.
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Koutsou, Stavriani, and Panagiota Sergaki. "Producers’ cooperative products in short food supply chains: consumers’ response." British Food Journal 122, no. 1 (2019): 198–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/bfj-05-2018-0297.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate an innovation concerning a short food supply chain (SFSC) created by a newly established producers’ cooperative in Greece that sells fresh milk to consumers via automatic vending machines; the consumers’ response toward this innovation; and the financial performance of the cooperative. Design/methodology/approach The case study focused on consumer’s attitudes toward the cooperative’s fresh milk sold by automatic vending machines and the cooperative’s financial performance. A structured questionnaire was answered by 912 consumers in Thessaloniki during 2015 and analyzed using the IBM SPSS STATISTICS program, version 22. Additionally, the cooperative’s financial data (2012–2015) were used in order to calculate its financial performance. Findings The authors identified five unique consumer categories according to consumer motive, of which social motives are considered in the sample as the most important. The cooperative’s financial indicators are satisfying, especially taking into consideration the severe economic crisis in Greece over the past years. Research limitations/implications It is difficult to evaluate Thesgala as there exists no similar producer cooperative in SFSCs in Greece. The cooperative is recently established and therefore financial indicators represent a short time period. Practical implications Producers, especially small ones in remote or peri-urban areas, can be involved in a SFCS and reach consumers via their cooperatives (or by founding a cooperative). Producer’s cooperatives can include SFSCs in their strategic planning in order to stimulate changes in the food system for the benefit of both producers and consumers. Social implications Policy makers should orient the appropriate policy measures to support SFSCs for the benefit of society as a whole. Originality/value The research investigates an SFSC that was created as a producer’s initiative (not a consumer’s) via their cooperative. It advances knowledge of how to initiate changes in the food system.
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Sachdeva, J. K. "Study of Consumers’ perceptions about Malls and Traditional Retail Outlets." Journal of Global Economy 4, no. 4 (2008): 259–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1956/jge.v4i4.107.

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Cooperative marketing is not new to India. To get the economies of scale, Indian craftsmen and traders made shrenies or groups of similar products and trade during 6th and 7th centuries. This was the basis of caste system. The villages during medieval and British period grew with cooperative trade. Cooperative marketing is just an extension and application of the philosophy of cooperation in the area of agricultural marketing. It is a process of marketing through a cooperative society, formed for the producers, by the producers. It seeks to eliminate the middlemen between the producer and the consumer, thus getting the maximum price for their produce. Kirana shops are traditional retail outlets in India. However with the advent of new cooperative marketing with modern all-facility malls, there is general perception that retails consumers are getting skewed towards malls and consequently Kirana stores are experiencing tough competition to retain their customers. This paper is an attempt to know consumers’ perception of Malls and Kriana stores.
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Pronko, Lyudmila, Irina Furman, Anatolii Kucher, and Yaroslav Gontaruk. "Formation of a State Support Program for Agricultural Producers in Ukraine Considering World Experience." European Journal of Sustainable Development 9, no. 1 (2020): 364. http://dx.doi.org/10.14207/ejsd.2020.v9n1p364.

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In our paper we researched the state regulation in agriculture of Ukraine, as well as world experience in this field. The distribution of state financing for support of agricultural production is analyzed. We singled out the direction of state support to the agrarian sector of Ukraine. The directions of organizational reforming of households in the market conditions are investigated. The variants of integration of households of the population into more consolidated economic forms are offered. The priority of the development of cooperatives in agriculture has been argued. The positive experience of state support of servicing cooperation is considered on the example of «The Benefits of the Development of Personal Peasant, Farmers, Cooperative Movement in the Village and Advice Service for 2016-2020» of the Vinnytsia Region. The prospects of creation of cooperatives for the provision of oilseeds processing services for the energy needs of agribusinesses and provision of livestock feed with forages are argued. The prospects for realization of the program of development of agricultural servicing cooperatives within the boundaries of Ukraine are outlined.
 Keywords: agrarian policy, agribusiness development program, agricultural servicing cooperative agriculture, cooperation, food safety, energy security, enterprise-agro producer, integration of farms, state support of agrarian sector
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Kamshad, Kimya M. "A model of the free-entry producer cooperative." Annals of Public and Cooperative Economics 68, no. 2 (1997): 225–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8292.00044.

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Chaudhary, H., and J. S. Panwar. "Dairy cooperative societies-Perceptions of milk producer members." Social Change 34, no. 3 (2004): 53–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/004908570403400304.

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Vaznonis, Vytautas. "Creation of producer organisations as opportunity of agricultural cooperation development in Lithuania." Management Theory and Studies for Rural Business and Infrastructure Development 36, no. 2 (2014): 435–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/mts.2014.040.

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The imperfection of the agri-food market determines the low power of single farmer in the market; therefore it creates the need of cooperation. The creation of producer organisations generates the new opportunities for development of farmers’ cooperation. The aim of the research is to evaluate effects and possibilities of producer organisations creation in Lithuania. For achieving the research aim the analysis of the essence and the content of the producer organisation was done, the results of support application for producer organisations creation in Lithuania were analysed, the creation and activity effects of producer organisations were revealed. Having done the analysis of laws of Lithuanian Republic it was determined that the most appropriate legal form of producer organisation is the cooperative. The proposals for farmers, especially for small ones, about the consolidation to producer organisations are introduced.
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Ebrahimi, Ali, Julia Schwartzman, and Otto X. Cordero. "Multicellular behaviour enables cooperation in microbial cell aggregates." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 374, no. 1786 (2019): 20190077. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2019.0077.

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Oligosaccharides produced from the extracellular hydrolysis of biological materials can act as common goods that promote cooperative growth in microbial populations, whereby cell–cell aggregation increases both the per capita availability of resources and the per-cell growth rate. However, aggregation can also have detrimental consequences for growth, as gradients form within aggregates limiting the resource accessibility. We built a computational model, which predicts cooperation is restricted in dense cell aggregates larger than 10 µm because of the emergence of polymer and oligomer counter gradients. We compared these predictions to experiments performed with two well-studied alginate-degrading strains of Vibrio splendidus , which varied in their ability to secrete alginate lyase. We observed that both strains can form large aggregates (less than 50 µm), overcoming diffusion limitation by rearranging their internal structure. The stronger enzyme producer grew non-cooperatively and formed aggregates with internal channels that allowed exchange between the bulk environment and the aggregate, whereas the weak enzyme producer showed strongly cooperative growth and formed dense aggregates in which cells near the core mixed by active swimming. Our simulations suggest that the mixing and channelling reduce diffusion limitation and allow cells to uniformly grow in aggregates. Together, these data demonstrate that bacterial behaviour can help overcome competition imposed by resource gradients within cell aggregates. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue ‘Single cell ecology’.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Producer cooperative"

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Khodaparast, Youssef. "Producer cooperatives and industrial democracy: a comparative study of the performance of cooperative and conventional plywood plants." PDXScholar, 1986. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/520.

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Widely differing theoretical expectations exist concerning the economic performance of labor-managed firms or producer cooperatives (PCs). While a good number of theoretical studies of these firms by economists have been undertaken, there remain considerable gaps in the empirical record. This is especially true in the case of American PCs. In general, theoretical controversies have not been tempered by enough empirical analysis. While some expect good performance from PCs, others are much less sanguine. This study compares the economic performance of a group of eight worker-owned producer co-op plants with that of eight conventional mills in the Pacific Northwest softwood plywood industry. The purpose is to test the validity of several propositions that are typically maintained in the analysis of PCs suggesting that this type of organization basically lacks the incentive to utilize labor inputs efficiently, and is therefore less productive when compared to conventionally organized producing units. Using secondary data, pooled time-series cross-section equations are estimated. Results indicate that growth in annual output per employee per year is 18 percent greater in the co-ops than in their conventional counterparts. The study provides strong evidence that the two groups of plants differ significantly in their behavior. The major conclusion that emerges is that worker-owned co-ops are a viable and productive form of economic organization that utilize labor inputs efficiently and in doing so can achieve higher worker productivity than their conventional counterparts. In a public policy context, government support of employee ownership and establishment of worker-owned co-ops is viewed as a viable policy option to plant closings.
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Heiman, Travis. "Analysis of a cooperative dairy producer risk management program." Thesis, Kansas State University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/16173.

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Master of Agribusiness<br>Department of Agricultural Economics<br>Kevin Dhuyvetter<br>Dairy Farmers of America (DFA) is national milk marketing cooperative. DFA’s primary focus is to market the milk of the cooperative’s 17,000 members. In addition, DFA offers its membership a number of farm services. The sole purpose of these services is to make it easier for DFA members to operate their businesses. One of the services offered provides members access to forward contracting alternatives for pricing their milk. The objective of this research is to utilize demographic and other information related to the characteristics of individual dairy producers and determine how these characteristics impact the use (or lack thereof) of risk management marketing tools. More specifically, the focus of this research is to identify what types of dairy producers are most likely to use the DFA’s forward contracting program. The logit model estimated indicated that regional and demographic differences impact the use of DFA’s forward contracting program. Members in the Mountain Area are most likely to use the program followed by members in the Central Area. Demographic differences that significantly impacted the use of forward contracting include age (older producers use forward contracts less than younger operators) and the size of operation, as measured by milk produced per year (larger operators were more likely to use forward contracting services). While the estimated logit model did identify several factors related to the use of forward contracting services, relationships are not particularly strong and the percent of producers using the services is relatively low. Thus, the model is limited in its ability for identifying key factors and thus it will be difficult for DFA to base a targeted marketing effort at certain producers. DFA would need additional information about their members to successfully target for this farm service.
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Dietsch, Marcel. "The political economy of natural gas producer cooperation : cartelisation and market power." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2011. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:0454e490-1583-45af-aa70-83526dbcd4af.

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In 2001 the Gas Exporting Countries Forum (GECF) was created by some of the world’s leading natural gas producing and exporting countries in order to promote their mutual interests through cooperation, in particular with regard to extracting the maximum value from their natural gas exports. My core research question is: Does cooperation among GECF member countries explain those exporters’ market power in highly import-dependent natural gas consuming countries? To determine the influence of the GECF’s cooperative actions and policies, I study the GECF’s cooperative behaviour and measure the role of (collusive) producer conduct in terms of its contribution to achieving the main GECF objective: attaining gas prices that are measurably above the cost of production and hence help producers earn significant economic rents. I employ a variety of methods from the international relations literature on cooperation and cartelisation, collective action theory and an economic measurement model in three case studies. I find that cooperation among GECF members partly explains their market power in a number of import-dependent gas markets. This is so despite the GECF’s weak degree of institutionalisation. The reasons for the GECF’s influence on effective cooperative results are: first, conducive structural conditions in many gas importing markets favouring cartelisation; second, GECF members use methods such as artificial market entry barriers (e.g. long-term term contracts negotiated in a non-transparent way) to secure their market power and third, the GECF faces less severe internal procedural challenges that plague other cartels such as collective action problems, especially cheating. Cooperation among GECF exporters hence contributes to high(er) prices of natural gas. This causes economic inefficiencies and a transfer of wealth—and political power—from gas consumers to producers. It also hinders climate change mitigation as cleanerburning gas remains too expensive to replace ‘dirty’ coal in power generation.
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Mzuyanda, Christian. "Assessing the impact of primary agricultural co-operative membership on smallholder farm performance (crops) in Mnquma Local Municipality of the Eastern Cape Province." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1021285.

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Mqaba, Mzuyanda Victor. "The impact of government support on growth, survival and performance of cooperatives in selected areas of Eastern Cape province; South Africa." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/1612.

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This study investigated the impact of government support on growth, survival and performance of agricultural cooperatives in selected areas of Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. The objectives of this empirical study were to examine (1) the impact of government support on growth of cooperatives, (2) assess the impact of government support on the performance of cooperatives, (3) reviewing the impact of government support on survival of cooperatives. A total sample of 157 agricultural cooperatives which consisted of poultry, maize, goat, nursery, sheep and vegetable coops was used. Stratified random sampling technique was used and a self-administered questionnaire used to gather primary data. The primary data of the study was gathered from the cooperatives managers only as they were the targeted respondents. Gathered data went through factor analysis, anova test and correlation analysis for the statistical analysis purposefully to arrive in study findings and conclusion. The findings of the study drawn from the 66% response rate concluded that government support has a statistical significant impact on growth of cooperatives. The study also indicated that government support has a significant impact on the survival of cooperatives. It is also reported that the performance of cooperatives is significantly impacted positively by government support. The findings of the study also indicated that agricultural cooperatives are not satisfied with the present government support.
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Gustafsson, Viktor, and Gustav Höglund. "The cooperative future of game development : A phenomenon of collaboration between producers and consumers in the video game industry." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för datavetenskap och kommunikation (CSC), 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-188581.

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Independent developers and large-scale development studios - commonly seen as the Davids and Goliaths of the video game industry - are moving closer together. Powerful software frameworks, traditionally reserved for professional developers and only available through expensive licenses, are becoming free to use for consumers. By sharing their tools instead of keeping them for themselves, companies can utilize the combined talent of whole communities and monetize on that talent through royalties and other indirect fees. This paper describes how the video game industry has developed in recent years to allow for this change in business strategy and examines how the industry can continue to evolve because of this. The result of a Delphi study based on interviews with game developers both inside and outside the industry point toward a future of increased intermingling and sharing of knowledge and resources, characterized by more producer-consumer collaborations and closer relationships between companies and their communities. By adopting free-to-use business models and sharing powerful, proprietary software with their consumers, companies are lowering the point of entry for aspiring developers and thereby dissolving the traditional narrative of “we and them” that has existed between independent developers and established studios in the past.<br>Oberoende utvecklare och storskaliga utvecklingsstudior - vanligtvis betraktade som tv-spelsindustrins David och Goliath - rör sig allt närmre varandra. Kraftfulla mjukvaruramverk som traditionellt sett varit reserverade för professionella utvecklare och som tidigare endast varit tillgängliga genom kostsamma licenser blir i allt större utsträckning gratis att använda för konsumenter. Genom att dela med sig av sina verktyg istället för att hålla dem för sig själva så kan företag nyttja den kombinerade talangen hos sociala nätverk knutna till sina produkter och generera intäkter genom royalties och andra indirekta avgifter. Denna uppsats beskriver hur tv-spelsindustrins utveckling på senare år har möjliggjort denna affärsstrategiska förändring och hur industrin kan fortsätta att utvecklas som en följd av detta. Resultatet av en Delfistudie baserad på intervjuer med spelutvecklare både inom och utanför industrin pekar mot en framtid av ökat samspel och delande av kunskap och resurser. Detta karaktäriseras av fler samarbeten mellan producenter och konsumenter samt närmre relationer mellan företag och deras konsumentnätverk. Genom att ta till sig affärsmodeller som bygger på gratis-att-använda-principer och att dela med sig av avancerad, äganderättsskyddad mjukvara med sina konsumenter, så sänker företag ingångströskeln för aspirerande spelutvecklare. Därigenom löser företagen upp den traditionella  “vi och dem”-relationen som tidigare existerat mellan oberoende utvecklare och etablerade studior.
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Green, Kris R. "Recruiting and maintaining dairy cooperative members : a strategy for reducing the free rider problem /." Thesis, This resource online, 1992. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-05042010-020208/.

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Kazmierczak, Tamra Kirkpatrick. "The Horticultural Producers Federation : a comprehensive approach for addressing the problems of small-scale vegetable marketing cooperatives /." Thesis, This resource online, 1990. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-03122009-040752/.

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Santos, Fábio Ferreira. "Identificação de oportunidades de Produção Mais Limpa em uma cooperativa de reciclagem de plásticos na cidade de Sorocaba-SP." Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2017. https://repositorio.ufscar.br/handle/ufscar/8813.

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Submitted by Milena Rubi (milenarubi@ufscar.br) on 2017-06-01T18:28:12Z No. of bitstreams: 1 SANTOS_Fabio_2017.pdf: 67920851 bytes, checksum: 05c272202a619adfb95c8590ddcb3c04 (MD5)<br>Approved for entry into archive by Milena Rubi (milenarubi@ufscar.br) on 2017-06-01T18:29:40Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 SANTOS_Fabio_2017.pdf: 67920851 bytes, checksum: 05c272202a619adfb95c8590ddcb3c04 (MD5)<br>Approved for entry into archive by Milena Rubi (milenarubi@ufscar.br) on 2017-06-01T18:29:49Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 SANTOS_Fabio_2017.pdf: 67920851 bytes, checksum: 05c272202a619adfb95c8590ddcb3c04 (MD5)<br>Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-01T18:29:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 SANTOS_Fabio_2017.pdf: 67920851 bytes, checksum: 05c272202a619adfb95c8590ddcb3c04 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-21<br>Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)<br>Waste generation is a global challenge to be faced, especially in industrializing countries such as Brazil, where high waste generation in line with structural problems and inadequate waste management can result in environmental, economic and social problems. Thus, recycling can be considered as an important strategy to face this challenge in order to develop practices focused on the triple bottom line (sustainability). The recycling chain in Brazil is considered complex involving multiple actors, among them we can highlight the activities of scavengers as fundamental agents on viability of recycling. However, the scavengers are not always recognized, they are the ones that benefit least in the chain and they face several difficulties. In seeking to overcome the difficulties and achieve better positioning in the chain, scavengers have organized into cooperatives, networks and materials processing centers. From the environmental point of view, recycling processes, especially of post-consumer plastics, can also have an impact on the environment, if management is not established from the collection until the final disposal of the same. It is therefore important to adopt environmental management tools such as Cleaner Production (CP), for example, that result in benefits to the environment, society and organizations. This research aimed to identify opportunities for improvement in plastics recycling process in a cooperative of Sorocaba-SP, through the use of the CP tool. The research consisted of a case study in a cooperative that performs the recycling process of Polyethylene (PE) and Polypropylene (PP), transforming them into flakes and / or pellets. The steps of the CP adopted in this research were based on the Centro Nacional de Tecnologias Limpas (CNTL, 2003) and complemented by SEBRAE guidelines (2005) and by the study of Silva et al. (2013). The following steps were carried out: awareness and general characterization of the cooperative, mapping of the recycling process, quantification of input and output streams, definition of indicators, selection of the evaluation focus, identification of causes of waste generation, effluents and emissions, and identification of CP opportunities. The study revealed that the recycling process of the cooperative is passive to generate environmental impacts, mainly due to the lack of standardization of the raw material and the high consumption of water in the washing stage and consequent generation of effluents. 25 improvement opportunities were identified, focusing mainly on level 1 of housekeeping. In addition, barriers to CP in the cooperative were identified, especially those related to financial issues and lack of government support. Thus, it is necessary to overcome these barriers to an effective implementation of the CP and obtain the consequent economic, environmental and social benefits.<br>A geração de resíduos é um desafio mundial a ser enfrentado, principalmente nos países em processo de industrialização como o Brasil, no qual a alta geração de resíduos alinhada aos problemas estruturais de gestão e descartes inadequados podem ocasionar problemas ambientais, econômicos e sociais. Assim, a reciclagem pode ser considerada como uma importante estratégia para se enfrentar este desafio com o objetivo de desenvolver práticas voltadas para o tripé da sustentabilidade. A cadeia de reciclagem no Brasil é considerada complexa por envolver múltiplos atores, dentre eles, podem-se destacar a atuação dos catadores como agentes fundamentais na viabilização da reciclagem. No entanto, os catadores nem sempre são reconhecidos, são os que menos se beneficiam na cadeia e enfrentam várias dificuldades. Na busca por superar as dificuldades e obter um melhor posicionamento na cadeia, os catadores têm-se organizado em cooperativas, redes e centros de processamento de materiais. Sob o ponto de vista ambiental, os processos de reciclagem, principalmente dos plásticos oriundos do pós-consumo, também podem ocasionar impactos ao meio ambiente, caso não se estabeleça uma gestão desde a coleta até a destinação final dos mesmos. Assim, é importante a adoção de ferramentas de gestão ambiental como a Produção Mais Limpa (P+L), por exemplo, que resulte em benefícios ao meio ambiente, a sociedade e as organizações. Esta pesquisa objetivou identificar oportunidades de melhorias no processo de reciclagem dos plásticos em uma cooperativa de Sorocaba – SP, por meio da utilização da ferramenta P+L. A pesquisa consistiu em um estudo de caso em uma cooperativa que realiza o processo de reciclagem do Polietileno (PE) e Polipropileno (PP), transformando-os em flakes (fragmentos) e/ou pellets (grânulos). As etapas da P+L adotadas nesta pesquisa foram baseadas no Centro Nacional de Tecnologias Limpas (CNTL, 2003) e complementada pelas orientações do SEBRAE (2005) e pelo estudo de Silva et al. (2013). Assim realizaram-se as seguintes etapas: sensibilização e caracterização geral da cooperativa, mapeamento do processo de reciclagem, quantificação das correntes de entradas e saídas, definição de indicadores, seleção do foco de avaliação, identificação das causas de geração de resíduos, efluentes e emissões, e identificação de oportunidades de P+L. O estudo revelou que o processo de reciclagem da cooperativa é passivo de gerar impactos ambientais, devido principalmente a ausência de padronização da matéria-prima e o alto consumo de água na etapa de lavagem e consequente geração de efluentes. Foram identificadas 26 oportunidades de melhorias, em sua maioria classificadas no nível 1 da P+L (housekeeping). Além disso, foram identificadas barreiras de P+L na cooperativa, principalmente as relacionadas às questões financeiras e ausência de apoio governamental. Assim, foi constatado a necessidade de superar essas barreiras para uma efetiva implementação da P+L e obter os consequentes benefícios econômicos, ambientais e sociais.
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Trupo, Paul. "Agricultural Cooperation and Horticultural Produce Marketing in Southwest Virginia." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/36871.

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<p> Agricultural production in Southwest Virginia is characterized by numerous small, geographically disperse farms dedicated to traditional practices of producing tobacco and cattle. Community leaders have expressed the desire to diversify the region's agricultural production base to include potentially more profitable commodities such as horticultural crops. In order for the small growers to penetrate the fresh horticultural market and compete with the larger production regions, they must organize themselves into a farmer cooperative that allows them to pool resources, reduce costs, and share risk. <p> A successful cooperative will increase farm incomes for the region's producers. The co-op will strive to obtain a higher price for the commodities produced than that price which can be obtained by growers acting independently. The increase in farm incomes should offset forecasted decreases in agricultural incomes resulting from declines in the region's traditional production activities. Increased farm incomes for a large number of small growers should have a substantial impact on agricultural producers, marketers, and equipment suppliers and lead to economic development for the region as a whole. <p> Several past horticultural cooperative efforts have been publicly financed and eventually failed for a wide variety of reasons. The methodology used in this research include surveying and interviewing marketing specialists, co-op managers, growers, extension agents, horticulturists, and other experts involved with both successful and failed cooperative efforts. The data gathered from these interviews has been used to identify key factors that have contributed to the success or failure of the other cooperative efforts. <p> Based on the key factors identified from the research, a specific cooperative structure has been developed for the Southwest Virginia growers. This organizational structure incorporates into its legal documentation (bylaws, business plan, and marketing agreement) the critical factors that must be carried out by members, management, extension, and marketers in order to increase the probability for the cooperative's long-term survival and profitability.<br>Master of Science
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Books on the topic "Producer cooperative"

1

Saibaba, Rudra. Management of cooperative. Printwell, 1991.

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Saibaba, Rudra. Management of cooperative. Printwell, 1991.

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Daniel, Abraham. A new model for producer co-operatives in Israel. Centre for the Study of Co-operatives, Diefenbaker Centre, University of Saskatchewan, 1986.

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Industrial cooperatives: A regional synthesis to Andhra Pradesh. Northern Book Centre, 1992.

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Bérard, Johanne. Les Coopératives au Québec, au Canada et dans le monde. Centre de gestion des coopératives de l'École des hautes études commerciales de Montréal, 1988.

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Ormaechea, José María. La experiencia cooperativa de Mondragón. Grupo Cooperativo Mondragón, 1991.

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Erasmus, Zimitri. Cooperative development as process: Four case studies of producer cooperatives in Southern Africa. Verlag für Entwicklungspolitik Breitenbach, 1994.

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Bailey, S. E. R. Encouraging democracy in consumer and producer co-ops. Centre for the Study of Co-operatives, University of Saskatchewan, 1986.

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Melmed, Jolyne S. Interpreting the parcellation of Peruvian agricultural producer cooperatives. Land Tenure Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1988.

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International Co-operative Alliance. Regional Office for Africa, ed. Report of the Workshop on the International Agricultural Marketing for Cooperatives in the East, Central and Southern Africa and the Way Forward: Held in Kampala at Fairview Hotel, 12th-16th December, 2005. International Co-operative Alliance, Regional Office for Africa, 2005.

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Book chapters on the topic "Producer cooperative"

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Kjellberg, T. "Product modelling and model based product realisation." In Cooperative Knowledge Processing for Engineering Design. Springer US, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-35357-9_19.

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Hanai, M., K. Matsumoto, M. Watanabe, and H. Fujimoto. "Development of Man-Machine Cooperative Production System." In Rapid Product Development. Springer US, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-6379-2_45.

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Wenzel, Henrik, Michael Hauschild, and Leo Alting. "Cooperation with the Designer." In Environmental Assessment of Products. Springer US, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-6367-9_14.

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Beringer, Jörg, and Markus Latzina. "Socially Embedded Technology: The Pathway to Sustainable Product Development." In Computer Supported Cooperative Work. Springer London, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-6720-4_2.

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Luczak, Holger, Christopher Schlick, Detlef Herbst, Oliver Thome, Markus Wittmann, and Ling Tian. "Cooperation in Product Development." In Strategic Production Networks. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-24812-5_5.

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Drira, K., M. Molina, O. Nabuco, L. M. Rodriguez-Peralta, and T. Villemur. "Product Data and Workflow Management." In Cooperative Environments for Distributed Systems Engineering. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-45582-5_6.

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van den Broek, Egon L., Frank Meijer, Jan Miedema, Huaxin Wang, Mascha C. van der Voort, and Joris S. M. Vergeest. "Synthetic Environments for Cooperative Product Design." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-88011-0_1.

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Schlick, Christopher, and Bruno Demissie. "Mathematical Models of Cooperative Work in Product Development Projects." In Product Development Projects. Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-21717-8_2.

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Cook, H. E., and C. J. Gauthier Professor. "A unified decision support tool for product management." In Cooperative Knowledge Processing for Engineering Design. Springer US, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-35357-9_3.

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Schmidt, Christian. "Competition and Cooperation Among Producers: Cournot Revisited." In Economics in a Changing World. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-25168-1_15.

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Conference papers on the topic "Producer cooperative"

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Wise, Daniel M., Daniel B. Olsen, and Myoungjin Kim. "Characterization of Methane Number for Producer Gas Blends." In ASME 2013 Internal Combustion Engine Division Fall Technical Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icef2013-19221.

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Producer gas, any of a variety of gases generated from biomass gasification, is a renewable gaseous fuel that can be burned in gas engines for power production. Producer gas consists primarily of methane, hydrogen, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen. These gas blends can be problematic as a fuel for natural gas engines due to widely varying composition and significantly different fuel properties than natural gas. Characterization of combustion properties of different producer gas compositions is critical if the gas engine is to be operated reliably and at the greatest efficiency possible. A sample space of 35 producer gas blends consisting of distinct percentages of combustible gases (methane, hydrogen, and carbon monoxide) and diluent (carbon dioxide and nitrogen) is created to provide a basis for methane number testing. A test cell is established to mix producer gas blends of desired constituent makeup for consumption in a Waukesha F2 Cooperative Fuel Research (CFR) engine to directly measure methane number for each blend. Additional measurements include combustion pressure statistics, fuel consumption, and power output. Methane number is correlated to combustion pressure statistics and producer gas properties. Methane number measurements are compared with predictions using the software AVL Methane, often employed by engine manufacturers to characterize gaseous fuels. Measured methane number shows a strong correlation to 0–10% and 10–90% burn durations. The predicted methane number values from AVL Methane are significantly different than measured methane number in many cases. The error in the prediction is strongly dependent on the amount of carbon monoxide and hydrogen in the producer gas.
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STAWICKI, Maciej, and Agnieszka WOJEWÓDZKA-WIEWIÓRSKA. "DEVELOPMENT OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCER GROUPS IN POLAND – MAZOVIA CASE STUDY." In RURAL DEVELOPMENT. Aleksandras Stulginskis University, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/rd.2017.157.

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The aim of the paper was to present the development of agricultural producer groups in Mazovia - region in Central Poland with capital of the Voivodeship in Warsaw. Data and literature analysis, interviews and descriptive methods were used. In the first part the authors present theoretical background of cooperation in agriculture based on social capital. The second part presents the main results of the research: the quantitative development of producer groups in the period 2007-2017, the structure of agricultural products produced by the groups and their legal forms. Currently most of groups operate as limited liability companies and co-operatives. Also the main benefits and barriers concerning creation and development of agricultural producer groups were identified. The main barriers were unwillingness to cooperate, mistrust, and high administrative and legal burdens. On the basis of the study – in order to help develop agricultural groups - it is recommended to strengthen social capital in the rural areas (especially important is overcoming mental barriers and development of trust), educate farmers (management, accounting, etc.) and promote good practice. The conclusions of the study may be applicable in countries where producer groups’ development is low (as Lithuania).
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Rajan, Venkat N. "Assembly Product and Cooperating Multi-Robot Cell Design Based on Constraints Interaction Analysis." In ASME 1994 Design Technical Conferences collocated with the ASME 1994 International Computers in Engineering Conference and Exhibition and the ASME 1994 8th Annual Database Symposium. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc1994-0376.

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Abstract Cooperating multi-robot cells are highly flexible, reliable, and reconfigurable. Flexibility is obtained by the enhanced task processing capability due to cooperation, reliability is obtained by the ability to substitute failed robots by cooperating robot sets, and re-configurability is obtained by the ease with which the cell can be changed from one assembled product to another. These features can only be exploited by the proper design and planning of the cell. Integrated assembly and task planning is essential to generate optimal plans by the application of both assembly and cell constraints simultaneously. In prior research the integrated Cooperation Requirement Planning (CRP) methodology was presented. In this paper the CRP methodology is used to show the effect of interactions between fixed assembly constraints and variable robot constraints on the design of assembly products and multi-robot cells. It is shown that the planning methodology can be used to exploit the cell capability with minimal redesign. In cases where this is not possible, the planning results indicate potential modifications to the multi-robot cell and/or the assembled product.
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Battistoni, Chiara, Agnese Pallaro, and Leire Arrizabalaga Arambarri. "Systemic Design for a sustainable local economic development: Lea-Artibai case study." In Systems & Design: Beyond Processes and Thinking. Universitat Politècnica València, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/ifdp.2016.3309.

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The Systemic Design approach provides a methodology to define complex territorial network of companies with reduced environmental impact. This method defines a way of analysis to understand and map the complexity of current issues addressing them at different levels, in order to design appropriate and long lasting solutions mainly based on the increase of relations between the involved actors. The creation of a network of connections permits to obtain several positive outcomes that involve both the territory and the society that lives in it and it also makes the system more resilient. An holistic diagnosis is the starting point for the identification of different areas to develop a systemic project. This methodology was applied to Lea-Artibai, a department of the Basque Country. Its economy is historically based on forestry and fishing that are currently facing a long-lasting crisis and it is difficult to intervene in these sectors for the complexity of the regulatory system. The holistic diagnosis highlighted other territorial potentialities of the area, mainly the agri-food sector (with traditional products and dishes) and the deeply rooted culture of cooperation. As a kick-off for the creation of the net between the different actors of the department was chosen the creation of a 'Systemic Buying Group (SBG)'. It enables to start the cooperation between the partners for the success of the pilot project: a large cooperative with its employees as potential clients, a cooperative of local producers and transformers, a little shop working as the bridge of communication between them. At their side operate AZARO fundazioa (a private non –profit centre for entrepreneurship and innovation that promotes the creation of new businesses and the competitive improvement of the business network) as the coordinator of the project and the Systemic Design Group of Politecnico di Torino in the role of project leader. The project underlines the role of design as a deeply interdisciplinary field of work that is able to talk and cooperate with different disciplines to reach a collective goal: the environmental, social and economic sustainability. The SBG becomes the driver of change for the enhancement of the territory and the implementation of systemic design in the area, for an economy based on the quality instead of the quantity. A concrete action that acts on a small scale permits to manage the transition from the design of intangible to tangible.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/IFDP.2016.3309
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Watanabe, Kentaro, Satoshi Mikoshiba, Takeshi Tateyama, Yoshiki Shimomura, and Koji Kimita. "Service Design Methodology for Cooperative Services." In ASME 2011 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2011-48180.

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In accordance with the maturation of industry, the major mean of value offering shifts from mass products to services. To develop successful services, the cooperation with different organizations and individuals is effective since innovative services often require various capabilities and resources which are difficult to obtain by one company. For the realization of such a cooperative service, a design methodology which can handle requirements of various stakeholders and a complex service structure is required. However, the general methodology for cooperative services has not been established. In this paper, the authors propose a service design methodology of cooperative services. This methodology includes a service evaluation framework to adjust the specification of a service which influences the multiple stakeholders, a computational simulation method for service evaluation and a service design process based on the proposed methods.
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Dong, Hongzhao. "Fractal-Agent Based Cooperation Style of Industrial Alliance." In ASME 2005 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2005-84357.

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Internet technology provides a convenient and low-cost platform for the cooperation among two or more manufacturers. Industrial alliance is a networked cooperative enterprise group linked by the similar product and technology relying on such an Internet platform coupled with supporting cooperation system. However, with increasing bulkiness and complexity of the cooperation system, it is a significant issue in industrial alliance to simplify the cooperation style among these manufacturers. The hierarchical industrial alliance is always classified into alliance level, enterprises level and departments level. Based on the self-similarity principle of fractal, the paper analyzes the similarity concerning both function structure and workflow of the industrial alliance. To describe these self-similar organizations at different levels while developing information system, fractal-agent theory is raised here. Moreover, based on the fractal-agent theory, a new cooperation style of industrial alliance is put forward, by which a cooperation pool of fractal-agents and the multi-level nested dynamic sub-alliance can be established to simplify their cooperation activities. It’s practically proved that the technology can efficiently enable the industrial alliance to fulfill rapid reconfiguration.
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Li, Yi, and Zhu Xihua. "Short Analysis of the stakeholders’ benefit and satisfaction about Rural Land Share Cooperatives of the Southern Jiangsu Province." In 55th ISOCARP World Planning Congress, Beyond Metropolis, Jakarta-Bogor, Indonesia. ISOCARP, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.47472/ztfm2175.

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The agricultural land around Shanghai is famous for its huge population and intensive cultivation. With the expansion of the metropolis, a large number of agricultural people have entered the city to work, and rural land has been abandoned1,2. In 2009, Kunshan City implemented a land transfer system, and 99% of the cultivated land was packaged for large scale farmers, and initially realized large‐scale operation3 . However, the large‐scale business model has gradually experienced problems such as predatory management, ecological destruction, and no sense of social responsibility. Through the establishment of agricultural land share cooperatives, Changyun Village took the lead in realizing the collective management of agricultural land, taking shares in the land, giving priority to paying dividends to the land, and paying wages to the farmers working in the cooperative. The peasants' enthusiasm for entering the city has become an important buffer for the migrants to work in Shanghai and surrounding village.It has increased the employment rate. At the same time, it has supplied green agricultural products to the city, passed on agricultural technology, and activated local communities. This article intends to analyse the correlation between several village share cooperative models based on Changyun Village and the large family farm contracting model of more than ten villages, and the satisfaction of villagers, combined with property rights theory, scale economy theory, and accounting cooperatives. Cost‐benefit, evaluate the effect of “long cloud-style” collectivization on revitalizing the surrounding villages of metropolises and assess the satisfaction of governments at all levels. Through field interviews and questionnaire surveys, the correlation analysis of village cadres and villagers' satisfaction was conducted. The government is optimistic about the role of the "long cloud model" in grassroots management and improvement of people's livelihood. Even if public finances are required to invest a large amount of money, it is necessary to strengthen the medical and social security of the villagers. The government is also quite satisfied with the Changyun model. At present, the economic benefits of the stock cooperatives have steadily increased. Although the growth rate is not large, the villagers have a strong sense of well‐being, and the village's ecological environment has been improved. In the future, the cost of the village will be reduced after the large scale operation, and the overall economic benefits will be improved. The future research direction will be how to solve the specific problems that plague the cooperative's production and operation, such as low rice prices and lack of high value added finishing facilities to continue to activate the surrounding areas of the metropolis and improve the satisfaction of the government and villagers.
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Wise, Daniel M., Daniel B. Olsen, and Myoungjin Kim. "Development of a Lean Burn Methane Number Measurement Technique for Alternative Gaseous Fuel Evaluation." In ASME 2013 Internal Combustion Engine Division Fall Technical Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icef2013-19220.

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A wide range of fuels are used in industrial gas fueled engines. Fuels include well-head gas, pipeline natural gas, producer gas, coal gas, digester gas, landfill gas, and liquefied petroleum gas. Many industrial gas fueled engines operate at high power density and at ultra-lean air-fuel ratios for low NOx emissions. Engines operate in a narrow air-fuel ratio band between misfire and knock limits. To utilize this wide range of fuels effectively it is important to understand knock properties. Methane number determination for natural gas blends is traditionally performed with research engines at stoichiometric conditions where the onset of knock is identified through subjective audible indication. The objective of this paper is to develop a process to determine knock onset through direct indication from pressure transducer data at lean operating conditions characteristic of lean-burn industrial gas engines. Validation of the method is provided with methane number determination and comparison of pipeline natural gas. A Waukesha F2 Cooperative Fuel Research (CFR) engine is modified to incorporate piezoelectric pressure transducers at the cylinder head and conversion from natural aspiration to boosted intake and variable exhaust back pressures (to simulate turbocharger operation). The new pressure sensors enable Fast Fourier Transform calculation of pressure data to calculate amplitude at characteristic knock frequency.
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Hanna, Lindsay, and Jonathan Cagan. "Protocol-Based Multi-Agent Systems: Examining the Effect of Diversity, Dynamism, and Cooperation in Heuristic Optimization Approaches." In ASME 2010 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2010-28601.

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Many heuristic optimization approaches have been developed to combat the ever-increasing complexity of engineering problems. In general, these approaches can be classified based on the diversity of the search strategies used, the amount of change to those search strategies during the optimization process, and the level of cooperation between the strategies. A review of the literature indicates that approaches which are simultaneously very diverse, highly dynamic, and cooperative are rare but have immense potential for finding high quality final solutions. In this work, a taxonomy of heuristic optimization approaches is introduced and used to motivate a new approach, entitled Protocol-based Multi-Agent Systems. This approach is found to produce final solutions of much higher quality when its implementation includes the use of multiple search protocols, the adaptation of those protocols during the optimization, and the cooperation between the protocols than when these characteristics are absent.
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Kaufmane, Dace, Liga Paula, Kaspars Naglis-Liepa, Liga Proskina, and Laura Andriana Indriksone. "Municipal activities in local food systems: case study of Zemgale region." In 22nd International Scientific Conference. “Economic Science for Rural Development 2021”. Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies. Faculty of Economics and Social Development, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.22616/esrd.2021.55.030.

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According to the Actor Network Theory, the local food system is a set of interconnected processes and social agents including municipalities as a business environment. In the context of rural studies, support for local food producers is important for local communities. By content analysis of the information available on the websites of Zemgale region’s municipalities and the opinions of municipal specialists on local support measures for entrepreneurs, the aim of the paper was to identify the activities of municipalities in local food systems. Within a context of local food systems, the authors revealed that municipalities in Zemgale region provide support activities in two main directions: food businesses and tourism activities. The analysis of business support measures showed that local food producers in municipalities are promoted and supported in a number of ways through branding, special events and trade facilitation, seminars and annual awards. Activities in the field of tourism revealed cooperation, involving local food producers in the tourism system and ensuring the recognition of local food products to a wider group of consumers. Integrating local food businesses into tourism routes and thematic activities, in other words making locally produced food an integral part of the tourism product, develops small and medium-sized enterprises that contribute to the socio-economic resilience and environmental sustainability of rural communities, local innovations and creativity. In Zemgale, municipal activities for support of local food producers in the context of COVID-19 crisis are strengthening rural communities thus supporting and helping entrepreneurs to adapt to changes.
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Reports on the topic "Producer cooperative"

1

Khodaparast, Youssef. Producer cooperatives and industrial democracy: a comparative study of the performance of cooperative and conventional plywood plants. Portland State University Library, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.520.

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Urgessa, Berhanu, Habtamu Diriba, Ahmed Yimam, et al. Training manual on Seed Producer Cooperatives (SPCs) module: entrepreneurship. Wageningen Centre for Development Innovation, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18174/536879.

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Reda, Abraha, Mersha Tezera, Mulatu Gabisa, et al. Training manual on Seed Producer Cooperatives (SPCs) module: quality seed production. Wageningen Centre for Development Innovation, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18174/536874.

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Yimam, Muhsin, Tadesse Teshome, Jo Weeks, et al. Training manual on Seed Producer Cooperatives (SPCs) module: financial management of SPCs. Wageningen Centre for Development Innovation, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18174/536873.

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Yimam, Muhsin, Tadesse Teshome, Alemayehu Assefa, et al. Training manual on Seed Producer Cooperatives (SPCs) module: organization and management of SPCs. Wageningen Centre for Development Innovation, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18174/536872.

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Abay, Alemnew, Ahmed Yimam, Arfassa Kiross, et al. Training manual on Seed Producer Cooperatives (SPCs) module: market research and customer relations. Wageningen Centre for Development Innovation, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18174/536881.

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Abebe, Zerihun, Abdo Woyema, Abraha Reda, et al. Training manual on Seed Producer Cooperatives (SPCs) module: seed quality control and assurance. Wageningen Centre for Development Innovation, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18174/536875.

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Yimam, Muhsin, Tadesse Teshome, Alemayehu Assefa, et al. Training manual on Seed Producer Cooperatives (SPCs) module: governance and leadership of SPCs. Wageningen Centre for Development Innovation, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18174/536871.

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Yimam, Muhsin, Tadesse Teshome, Alemayehu Assefa, et al. Training manual on Seed Producer Cooperatives (SPCs) module: an introduction to SPCs in Ethiopia. Wageningen Centre for Development Innovation, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18174/536870.

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Bożek, Małgorzata. FILM PRODUCTION IN POLAND. STAGES: FROM AN IDEA TO THE SCREEN. Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vjo.2021.50.11112.

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The Polish film system is characterized by a variety of forms. Michał Zabłocki, the author of the comprehensive study of the «Organization of the production of feature film in Poland», isolates two models of world cinema: a producer and a producer – director. The first one features the dominant role of the producer, which means the person who is responsible for the work of all the film departments – direction, cinematography, production management, scenography and costume design. The second one, the model which is still the most popular in Poland, assumes close cooperation between the producer and the director.
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