Journal articles: 'Producer Gas'

1

Morgan, Richard G., and Brian T. O'Reilly. "Producer column: Order 451 decision's effect on producers." Natural Gas 6, no. 5 (2008): 8–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gas.3410060504.

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O'Reilly, Brian T. "Producer demand charges demand producer protests." Natural Gas 7, no. 6 (2008): 14–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gas.3410070605.

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3

Benham, William T. "Producer rate proposal: Producer point of view." Natural Gas 16, no. 7 (2007): 24–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gas.3410160706.

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O'Reilly, Brian T., and Richard G. Morgan. "Producer column: Natural gas futures and the producer." Natural Gas 6, no. 6 (2008): 18–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gas.3410060608.

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Smith, William H. "Dear Producer-." Natural Gas 8, no. 7 (2008): 18–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gas.3410080707.

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6

Mohammud, Mohd Mahadzir, Nor Azirah Mohd Fohimi, Muhammad Arif Ab Hamid Pahmi, and Ariffatul Amirah Hairun Anuar. "Nitrogen Gas Adsorption Filter (NgAF) to enhance producer gas quality." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2053, no. 1 (2021): 012023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2053/1/012023.

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Abstract Biomass gasification is a thermochemical conversion process of solid biomass into a gaseous fuel called producer gas that can be used to generate power and electricity. The producer gas consists of around 47% of Nitrogen (N2), 24% Carbon Monoxide (CO), 16% Carbon Dioxide (CO2), 12% Hydrogen (H2), and 1% Methane (CH4). However, Nitrogen (N2) content in the producer gas reduces its heating values as N2 acts as a diluent because of the low calorific value (LCV) of gas. This study aims to design a Nitrogen gas filter for capturing nitrogen gas from producer gas to increase the heating value of producer gas as fuel in combustion. The method to increase the heating value of producer gas will increase the number of combustible gases or reduce the composition of non-combustible gases in producer gas. The use of material name zeolite with its microporous structures able to adsorb nitrogen molecules and act as catalysts to chemical reactions. Zeolites 5A have a small pore highly efficient to adsorb nitrogen gas because pore diameter is relatively similar to the size of nitrogen molecules. The quality of the producer gas depends on the design and operating parameters of the zeolite catalyst. Nitrogen Gas Adsorption Filter is a new method that has to be designed to improve the previous producer gas quality. Nitrogen Gas Adsorption Filter consists of a cylindrical shape body packed with crushed zeolites 5A. When this method of adsorption process is applied, the heating value of the producer gas is increased by observing the quantity of blue flame colour produced by NgAF.

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7

Matthews, Charles R. "Producer challenges exist for texas gas." Natural Gas 16, no. 4 (2007): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gas.3410160402.

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8

Jones, J. C. "Producer gas from biomass." Fuel 89, no. 5 (2010): 1181. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2009.10.034.

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Rabou, Luc P. L. M., Jan M. Grift, Ritze E. Conradie, and Sven Fransen. "Micro Gas Turbine Operation with Biomass Producer Gas and Mixtures of Biomass Producer Gas and Natural Gas." Energy & Fuels 22, no. 3 (2008): 1944–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ef700630z.

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10

Smead, Richard G. "Producer demand charges can work." Natural Gas 7, no. 6 (2008): 21–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gas.3410070608.

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11

Benham, W. T. "Getting the Producer Message Across." Natural Gas 8, no. 3 (2008): 24–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gas.3410080309.

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12

Blackford, Todd A. "Northeast Producer-Marketer's Practical Points." Natural Gas 10, no. 4 (2008): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gas.3410100402.

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13

Shrader, Jeffrey G. "Take-or-pay: Emerging Producer Issues." Natural Gas 5, no. 2 (2007): 18–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gas.3410050207.

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14

Willett, Robert E. "GRI can give producer an edge." Natural Gas 7, no. 4 (2008): 16–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gas.3410070407.

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15

Plassman, Charles A. "Royalty payments associated with producer imbalances." Natural Gas 7, no. 7 (2008): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gas.3410070702.

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16

Taylor, Craig. "Producer Considerations for Supply Area Storage." Natural Gas 10, no. 8 (2008): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gas.3410100802.

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17

Legates, Charlotte. "More producer action expected in 1996." Natural Gas 12, no. 7 (2007): 14–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gas.3410120705.

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Wells, Bruce, and John Benton. "New producer technologies available from PTTC." Natural Gas 13, no. 2 (2007): 11–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gas.3410130204.

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19

Junaedi, J., Herri Susanto, and Benny Haryoso. "Kajian modifikasi unit reforming pabrik amoniak pusri iii dan kajian pemanfaatan gas paduser sebagai bahan bakar pengganti gas alam di pt pupuk sriwidjaja." Jurnal Teknik Kimia Indonesia 5, no. 2 (2018): 434. http://dx.doi.org/10.5614/jtki.2006.5.2.5.

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Study of reforming unit modification of ammonia plant Pusri iii and gas producer utilization as subtitution fuel for natural gas in PT Pupuk Sriwidjaja. This study dealt with an energy conservation program at the reforming unit in PT Pupuk Sriwidjaja, to anticipate the increase of price and possible shortage of natural gas in the nearfillure. A potential reduction of natural gas consumption was evaluated based on thermodynamic modeling and simulation. Three process modifications were studied and their performance had heen compared to the existing unit: KRES (KBR Reforming Exchanger System); totally replace the existing primary reformer; ATR (AutoThermal Reformer): totally replace the existing primary reformer; KRES-revamp: appending KRES on the existing unit. Compared to that of the existing reformer of 37.15 MMBtu/metric ton of NH3 the natural gas consumption in the proposed modified process are lower by 9%, 15%, and 20% in KRES-revamp, KRES. and ATR, respectively. Unfortunately, the proposed modified process produces less steam as by-product due to the decrease of waste sensible heat. Therefore, to restore the steam supply, the proposed modified process requires an additional auxiliary boiler with a capacity of 105 tons/hour for KRES-revamp, 137 tons/hour for KRES and 97 tons/hour for ATR. KRES-revamp has been considered as the most attractive modification. This modification may give an annual natural gas saving of about 8.39%. In addition based on investment aspect. KRES-revamp is very attractive due to payback period of about 10 months. The use of producer gas (produced from the gasification of coal) as a substitute of natural gas for fuel was found to be thermodynamically feasible. But a separate study shows that the producer gas price is about 5 USD/MMBtu. Thus, the use of producer gas was not attractive yet economically. Moreover, the producer gas consumption combined with natural gas is higher than natural gas only (37,26 vs. 34,86 MMBtu/metric ton of NH3 with some modifications in combustion system.Keywords: reforming unit, producer gas and energy efficiency. AbstrakSehuhungan dengan kecenderungan kenaikan harga dan ketidakpastian pasokan gas alam, PT Pupuk Sriwidjaja telah menyusun rencana penghematan konsumsi gas alam dengan modifikasi proses maupun pemanfaatan batubara sebagai bahan bakar alternatif. Penelitian dilakukan terhadap empat konfigurasi existing unit yang terdiri dari primary and secondary reformers, KRES yang berupa unit baru pengganti existing unit, ATR yang berupa unit baru pengganti existing unit, KRES-revamp yang menggahung KRES dengan existing unit. Secara termodinamika, teknologi produksi gas sintesis KRES-revamp, KRES. ATR terbukti lebih efisien dan dapat mengurangi konsumsi gas alam untuk pabrik amoniak berturut-turut: 9%, 15%. dan 20% dari kebutuhan gas alam untuk reformer konvensional sebesar 37,15 MMBtu/MT NH3. Walaupun efisiensi energi lebih baik, teknologi-teknologi tersebut juga memerlukan modifikasi steam system dan mengakibatkan penambahan auxiliary boiler dengan kapasitas berturut-turut: 105, 137, dan 97 ton/jam. Selanjutnya kajian diperdalam untuk KRES-revamp. Penerapan KRES-revamp dengan kapasitas produksi amoniak tetap 1200 MTPD (kasus yang pertama) dapat menurunkan biaya produksi hingga 8,39%/tahun. Hanya dengan memperhatikan investasi untuk tambahan KRES dan tambahan auxilliary boiler, Payback Period diperkirakan 10 bulan. Substitusi gas alam dengan gas produser untuk saat ini kurang menarik karena menurut kajian lain harga gas hasil gasifikasi diperkirakan mencapai 5 USD/MMBtu (pada kondisi tertentu). Terlebih lagi pemanfaatan gas produser sebagai bahan bakar pengganti gas alam memerlukan beberapa modifikasi pada sistem pembakaran. Di samping itu, konsumsi total energi gabungan gas alam dan gas produser lebih tinggi daripada yang hanya gas alam (37,26 vs. 34,86 MMBtu/MT NH3.Kata kunci: Reforming unit, Gas produser, Efisiensi Energi.

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20

Irawan, Anton, Hafid Alwan, and Faroukiyah Mustika. "Pengaruh tinggi dan kerapatan unggun pada kualitas pembakaran gas produser dari gasifikasi skala rumah tangga." Jurnal Teknik Kimia Indonesia 11, no. 3 (2018): 166. http://dx.doi.org/10.5614/jtki.2012.11.3.6.

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The effect of bed height and density on producer gas combustion quality from house hold scale gasification.Increased energy demand caused the crude oil to be expensive and limited so that renewable energy could be a solution of the crisis energy in the future. Rice husk that produced from rice mill had potential as energy in the rural area due to had energy content around 3000-3500 kcal/kg. Rice husk had proximate analysis for fixed carbon 15%, volatile matter 50%, ash 20%, and moisture 15% so that rice husk could be converted to the gas by gasification. Gas producer that was produced by gasification can be used for household fuel. The aim of this research was to observe influence of density and height of rice husk bed to the flame of the gas producer combustion in the small scale gasification. Small scale gasification was done in gasification stove that had capacity 1000 g rice husk. Variations in this research were density of rice husk bed (85, 95, and 105 kg/m3) and height of rice husk bed (25, 40, and 55 cm). Parameter of quality of gas producer combustion was holding time of the flame temperature above 500 oC. The results showed the combustion quality of the gas producer was influenced by density and height of rice husk bed.Keywords: rice husk, gasification, gas producer, bed height, bed density AbstrakPeningkatan kebutuhan energi menyebabkan minyak bumi menjadi mahal dan terbatas sehingga energi terbarukan dapat menjadi solusi untuk menggantikan minyak bumi pada masa mendatang. Salah satu sumber energi terbarukan adalah sekam padi yang dihasilkan dari pengolahan padi dengan kandungan energi 3000-3500 kcal/kg sekam padi kering. Sekam padi memiliki komposisi karbon sekitar 15%, volatile matter 50%, abu 20%, dan kandungan air 25% sehingga sekam padi dapat dikonversi melalui proses gasifikasi. Dengan metode gasifikasi skala rumah tangga, gas produser yang dihasilkan dapat dipergunakan sebagai bahan bakar rumah tangga. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengamati pengaruh tinggi dan kerapatan unggun terhadap kualitas pembakaran gas produser hasil gasifikasi sekam padi. Parameter kualitas pembakaran adalah pengukuran temperatur lidah api dengan posisi tetap. Waktu tahan temperatur di atas 500 oC menjadi standar kualitas proses gasifikasi sekam padi yang dipengaruhi oleh kerapatan dan tinggi unggun sekam padi. Gasifikasi dilakukan pada kompor gasifikasi skala rumah tangga yang mampu memuat sekam padi 1000 g. Variasi tinggi unggun adalah 25, 40, dan 55 cm serta kerapatan unggun 85, 95, dan 105 kg/m3. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kualitas pembakaran gas produser dipengaruhi oleh tinggi dan kerapatan unggun.Kata kunci: sekam padi, gasifikasi, gas produser, tinggi unggun, kerapatan unggun

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Sridhar, G., H. V. Sridhar, S. Dasappa, P. J. Paul, N. K. S. Rajan, and H. S. Mukunda. "Development of producer gas engines." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 219, no. 3 (2005): 423–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/095440705x6596.

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This paper summarizes the findings involved in the development of producer gas fuelled reciprocating engines over a time frame of six years. The high octane rating, ultra clean, and low-energy density producer gas derived from biomass has been examined. Development efforts are aimed at a fundamental level, wherein the parametric effects of the compression ratio and ignition timing on the power output are studied. These findings are subsequently applied in the adaptation of commercially available gas engines at two different power levels and make. Design of a producer gas carburettor also formed a part of this developmental activity. The successful operations with producer gas fuel have opened possibilities for adapting a commercially available gas engine for large-scale power generation application, albeit with a loss of power to an extent of 20–30 per cent. This loss in power is compensated to a much larger extent by the way toxic emissions are reduced; these technologies generate smaller amounts of toxic gases (low NOx and almost zero SOx), being zero for greenhouse gas (GHG).

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22

Vidian, Fajri, and Abdul Kholis. "Performance Small Spark Ignition Engine Using Producer Gas From Coal Gasification: Dual Fuel Operation." Journal of Southwest Jiaotong University 56, no. 3 (2021): 241–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.35741/issn.0258-2724.56.3.20.

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This study proposed a dual fuel operation of a mix of gasoline and producer gas from coal gasification on the spark ignition engine. The experiment was carried out on a constant load with variations in speed for single fuel operation of gasoline and dual fuel operation of a mix of gasoline and producer gas to see the influence on speed, torque, power, and braking (effective pressure). The power produced was compared to power produced by the single fuel of producer gas that has been reported in the literature. The result shows an increase of speed would increase torque, power, and braking (effective pressure) for single fuel operation of gasoline and dual fuel operation of a mix of gasoline and producer gas. The power operation of dual fuel of a mix of and gasoline and producer gas will decrease by about 10.9% compared to operation of single fuel of gasoline, and the power operation of the single fuel of producer gas will decrease by about 20% compared to the operation of the single fuel of gasoline. The maximum shaft power produced by dual fuel operation is 1.49 kW at a load of 5 kg and a speed of about 3,500 rpm.

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23

Smead, Richard G. "Producer rate proposal: Pipeline point of view." Natural Gas 16, no. 4 (2007): 22–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gas.3410160406.

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24

Smith, William H. "Producer rate proposal: Regulator point of view." Natural Gas 16, no. 4 (2007): 26–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gas.3410160407.

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Sanjaya, Ari Susandy, S. Suhartono, and Herri Susanto. "Pemanfaatan gasifikasi batubara untuk unit pengeringan teh." Jurnal Teknik Kimia Indonesia 5, no. 2 (2018): 443. http://dx.doi.org/10.5614/jtki.2006.5.2.6.

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Coal gasification utilization for tea drying unit. Anticipating the rise of fuel oil, the management of a tea plantation and drying plant has considered to substitute its oil consumption with producer gas (gaseous fuel obtained from gasification process). A tea drying unit normally consumes 70 L/h of industrial diesel oil and is operated 10 hours per day. The gasification unit consisted of a down draft fixed bed gasifier (designed capacity of about 100 kg/h), gas cooling and cleaning systems. The gas producer was delivered to the tea processing unit and burned to heat the drying oil: Low calorific value coal (4500 kcal/kg) and wood waste (4000 kcal/kg) have been used as fuel. The gasification unit could be operated as long as 8 hours without refueled since the coal hopper on the toppart of gasifier has a capacity of 1000 kg. Sometimes, the gasification process must be stopped before coal completely consumed due to ash melting inside the gasifier. Combustion of producer gas produced a pale-blue flame, probably due to a lower calorific value of the producer gas or too much excess air. Temperature of heating-air heated by combustion of this producer gas was only up to 96 oC. To achieve the target temperature of 102 oC, a small oil burner must he operated at a rate ofabout 15 L/h. Thus the oil replacement was about 78%.Keywords: Fuel oil, Producer gas, Downdraft gasifier, Dual fuel, Calorific value, Burner. AbstrakKenaikan harga bahan bakar minyak untuk industri pada awal 2006 telah mendorong berbagai pemikiran dan upaya pemanfaatan bahan bakar alternatif. Sebuah unit gasifikasi telah dipasang di pabrik teh sebagai penyedia bahan bakar alternatif. Unit gasifikasi tersebut terdiri dari gasifier, pendingin, pembersih gas, dan blower. Unit gasifikasi ini ditargetkan untuk dapat menggantikan konsumsi minyak bakar 70 L/jam. Gasifier dirancang untuk kapasitas 120 kg/jam batubara, dan memiliki spesifikasi sebagai berikut: downdraft gasifier; diameter tenggorokan 40 cm, diameter zona reduksi 80 cm. Bunker di bagian atas gasifier memiliki kapasitas sekitar 1000 kg batubara agar gasifier dapat dioperasikan selama 8 jam tanpa pengisian-ulang. Bahan baku gasifikasi yang telah diuji-coba adalah batuhara kalori rendah (4500 kcal/kg) dan limbah kayu (4000 kcal/kg). Gas produser (hasil gasifikasi) dibakar pada burner untuk memanaskan udara pengering teh sampai temperatur target 102 oC. Pembakaran gas produser ternyata menghasilkan api biru pucat yang mungkin disebabkan oleh rendahnya kalor bakar gas dan tingginya udara-lebih. Temperatur udara pengering hasil pemanasan dengan api gas produser hanya mencapai 96 oC. Dan untuk mencapai temperatur udara pengering 102 oC, burner gas prod user harus dibantu dengan burner minyak 15 L/jam. Jadi operasi dual fued ini dapat memberi penghematan minyak bakar 78%.Kata kunci: Minyak bakar, Gas produser, Downdraft gasifier, Dual fuel, Kalor bakar, Burner.

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Keerthivasan, K. C., and S. Nandhakumar. "Fabrication and Testing of Downdraft Gasifier for Solid Biomass." Applied Mechanics and Materials 854 (October 2016): 142–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.854.142.

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Bio mass was the fuel used for combustion and produce thermal energy. Gasification was a thermo chemical process it convert solid fuel into gaseous fuel. Gasification is the operation used to produce the combustible gas by burning solid biomass, that combustible gas is also named as producer gas. We are using downdraft gasifier to generate producer gas, why because the down draft gasifier produce a lesser amount of tar content and minimum pressure drop. In our country, large amount of solid waste like coconut shell, groundnut shell, carpentry wastage, bagasse this kind of waste is easily combustible biomass. So we can use that combustible waste to run the down draft gasifier to produce the producer gas. We have fabricated the down draft gasifier with 3.5kW power generation. Performance of gasifier has been analysed in-terms of different zone temperatures and pressure drop, wood consumption this things would be experimentally investigated.

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27

Bates, Richard, and Klaus Dölle. "Dual Fueling a Diesel Engine with Producer Gas Produced from Woodchips." Advances in Research 14, no. 1 (2018): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/air/2018/39431.

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Hendriyana, Hendriyana. "Effect of Equivalence Ratio on the Rice Husk Gasification Performance Using Updraft Gasifier with Air Suction Mode." Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan 9, no. 1 (2020): 30–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/jbat.v9i1.23527.

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Rice husk is the waste from agriculture industries that has high potential to produce heat and electricity through the gasification process. Air suction mode is new development for updraft rice husk gasification, where blower are placed at output of gasifier. The objective of this research is to examine these new configuration at several equivalence ratio. The equivalence ratio was varied at 32% and 49% to study temperature profile on gasifier, producer gas volumetric flow rate, composition of producer gas, producer gas heating value, cold gas efficiency and carbon conversion. The time needed to consume rice husk and reach an oxidation temperature of more than 700oC for equivalence ratio of 49% is shorter than 32%. Producer gas rate production per unit weight of rice husk increase from 2.03 Nm3/kg and 2.36 Nm3/kg for equivalence ratio of 32% and 49%, respectively. Composition producer gas for equivalence ratio of 32% is 17.67% CO, 15.39% CO2, 2.87% CH4, 10.62% H2 and 53.45% N2 and 49% is 19.46% CO, 5.94% CO2, 0.90% CH4, 3.46% H2 and 70.24% N2. Producer gas heating value for equivalence ratio 32% and 49% is 4.73 MJ/Nm3 and 3.27 MJ/Nm3, respectively. Cold gas efficiency of the gasifier at equivalence ratio 32% is 69% and at 49% is 55%.

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Willett, Robert E. "Business Strategy Small Producer Doubles Shipments & Some Margins." Natural Gas 4, no. 11 (2007): 14–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gas.3410041105.

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Morgan, Richard G., and Richard A. Drom. "Are producer-shippers forgotten parties in contested FERC settlements?" Natural Gas 7, no. 9 (2008): 12–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gas.3410070905.

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Moring, Frederick. "Order Is Producer-Friendly, Pipeline-Friendly, but LDC-Hostile." Natural Gas 8, no. 11 (2008): 8–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gas.3410081104.

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Nelson, Richard F. "Perspective of a US Producer." Energy Exploration & Exploitation 4, no. 2-3 (1986): 151–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014459878600400207.

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The US natural gas business is making headway in becoming more efficient, and more market responsive. Advice to the Canadian gas industry is this: Our challenges are your challenges. Be prepared to meet in a very competitive United States market.

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Willett, Robert E. "Business Strategy. Team Approach Helps Medium-Sized Producer Acquire Reserves." Natural Gas 5, no. 4 (2007): 14–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gas.3410050405.

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Jangsawang, Woranuch. "Performance testing of a downdraft biomass gasifier stove for cooking applications." MATEC Web of Conferences 204 (2018): 04011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201820404011.

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A down draft biomass gasifier stove with four steps of cleaning gas system was developed to produce the producer gas for replacing LPG for cooking applications in lunch project for the student in rural school area. This project has been implemented at Bangrakam primary school that located at Pitsanuloke Province, Thailand. The biomass fuels used are Mimosa wood twigs. The gasifier stove was developed based on down draft fixed bed gasifier with the maximum fuel capacity of fourteen kilograms. The performance testing of the biomass gasifier stove showed that the heating value of the producer gas is 4.12 MJ/Nm3 with the thermal efficiency in the percentage of 85.49. The results from this study imply that it has high potential to replace LPG with producer gas.

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CUPIAŁ, Karol, and Stanisław SZWAJA. "Producer gas combustion in the internal combustion engine." Combustion Engines 141, no. 2 (2010): 27–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.19206/ce-117143.

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The investigation presented in the paper concerns producer gas combustion in both the spark ignited (SI) and the dual-fuel compression ignition (CI) engine with a diesel pilot of 15% with respect to its nominal dose, at compression ratio (CR) of 8, 12 (for the SI engine) and 17 (for the CI engine). The research tasks were mainly focused on combustion instabilities such as engine work cycles unrepeatability and combustion knock onset. The investigation included also combustion of such gases as methane, biogas and hydrogen, which were taken for making comparison between them and the producer gas. The conducted analysis shows that producer gas is resistant to generate knock even if it contains significant hydrogen content of 16%. However, high work cycles unrepeatability is observed when producer gas is combusted in the SI engine. Obtained results led to conclusion that producer gas can be burnt more efficiently in the dual-fuel CI engine than the SI one. Neither misfiring nor knocking have occurred during its combustion in that engine.

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Maneewan, Somchai, Chantana Punlek, S. Chindaraksa, R. Charoenwat, and C. Lertsatitthanakorn. "Hybrid Producer Gas Using Biomass Combined Thermoelectric." Applied Mechanics and Materials 448-453 (October 2013): 1644–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.448-453.1644.

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The hybrid Biomass gasification-Thermoelectric system (BG-TES) is full renewable energy system. Hybrid system was integrated with biomass gasifier and thermoelectric power generation. To illustrate, the rice husk was used to be the alternative fuel in a biomass gasifier and TE generated electric energy for air flow into gasification system. BG-TE system was developed and analyzed in variations of air flow rates in order to show the efficiency of the system. In this study, the different air flow rates were tested of 2.03x10-3, 2.15x10-3 and 2.44x10-3 m3/s with using rice husk 1.2 kg per once operated. The optimum operation condition was considered by comparing between thermal efficiency and air flow rates of BG-TES. The result has been shown that 2.435 x 10-3 m3/s is optimum flow rate for gasification system. It could be generating maximum producer gas which system was operated about 40 minute. Biomass gasification system had 19.43% of thermal efficiency Whereas the conversion efficiency of the TE power generator was around 2.42%. According to the biomass energy, the rice husk is not only the alternative fuel but it is also abundant in remote area. Therefore, the rice husk is one of the promising fuels that can be used to replace the LPG in the lacking power area. The rice husk at one operation was replaced LPG about 0.2 kgLPG. In conclusion, BG-TES using rich husk is the alternative system that can be suitable for lacking power area.

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Lawrance N. Shaw. "Improving Performance of Producer Gas Fueled Engines." Applied Engineering in Agriculture 4, no. 4 (1988): 282–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.26620.

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Bhoi, P. R., and S. A. Channiwala. "Optimization of producer gas fired premixed burner." Renewable Energy 33, no. 6 (2008): 1209–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2007.07.014.

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Jain, Arpit, and G. Sridhar. "Dynamic simulation of producer gas-engine operation." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part A: Journal of Power and Energy 228, no. 5 (2014): 563–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0957650914531946.

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Zhuravskii, G. I., A. S. Matveichuk, and P. L. Falyushin. "Gas-Producer Technologies of Organic-Waste Processing." Journal of Engineering Physics and Thermophysics 78, no. 4 (2005): 690–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10891-005-0115-5.

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41

Gómez-Villarreal, Hernán, Miguel Carrión, and Ruth Domínguez. "Optimal Management of Combined-Cycle Gas Units with Gas Storage under Uncertainty." Energies 13, no. 1 (2019): 113. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13010113.

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We formulated a problem faced by a power producer who owns a combined-cycle gas turbine (CCGT) and desires to maximize its expected profit in a medium-term planning horizon. We assumed that this producer can participate in the spot and over-the-counter markets to buy and sell natural gas and electricity. We also considered that the power producer has gas storage available that can be used for handling the availability of gas and the uncertainty of gas prices. A stochastic programming model was used to formulate this problem, where the electricity and gas prices were characterized as stochastic processes using a set of scenarios. The proposed model includes the technical constraints resulting from the operation of the combined cycle power plant and the gas storage and a detailed description of the different markets in which the power producer can participate. Finally, the performance of the proposed model is tested in a realistic case study. The numerical results show that the usage of the gas storage unit allows the power producer to increase its expected profit. Additionally, it is observed that bilateral contracting decisions are not influenced by the presence of the gas storage unit.

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Vivek, C. M., P. K. Srividhya, and P. Ramkumar. "Investigating the Effect of Producer Gas in Pipelines of Downdraft Gasifier." Solid State Phenomena 338 (October 28, 2022): 49–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-82j2e3.

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With energy demand and for promoting the energy supply to remote areas the fuel from biomass initiative is carried. Gasification technology is an efficient conversion technique for biomass resources to energy. The production of producer gas by gasification are used for various applications including electricity generation. Utilization of the Producer gas for applications involves the flow of gas through pipes from reactor to applications. During the flow, the producer gas is subjected to wet scrubbers and passes through various filters for gas clean-up. The pipelines suffer corrosion due to moisture deposits and chemical components in the Producer gas. In this paper, the influence of producer gas to the inner surface of pipelines in downdraft gasifiers is investigated. The inlet pipe exhibits reduction ranging 68 to 72 HRB in the hardness comparing to the outlet pipe ranging 77 to 78 HRB from the coarse filters.

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Gomes, Helena G. M. F., Manuel A. A. Matos, and Luís A. C. Tarelho. "Influence of Oxygen/Steam Addition on the Quality of Producer Gas during Direct (Air) Gasification of Residual Forest Biomass." Energies 16, no. 5 (2023): 2427. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16052427.

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Biomass gasification is a relevant option to produce a gaseous fuel, it faces, however, several barriers regarding its quality for energetic applications. Therefore, in this study, air-steam and O2-enriched air mixtures were used as gasification agents during the gasification of residual biomass from eucalyptus to improve the producer gas quality. The steam addition promoted an increase in CO2 and H2 concentrations, whilst decreasing the CO and CH4 concentrations. The steam addition had no evident impact on the lower heating value of the dry producer gas and a positive effect on gas yield and the H2:CO molar ratio, attaining the later values up to 1.6 molH2∙mol−1CO. The increase in O2 concentration in the gasification agent (φ) promoted an increase in all combustible species and CO2 concentrations. The lower heating value of the dry producer gas underwent an increase of 57%, reaching a value of 7.5 MJ∙Nm−3dry gas, when the φ increased from 20 to 40 %vol.O2, dry GA. The gas yield had a significant decrease (33%) with φ increase. This work showed that the addition of steam or O2 during air gasification of residual biomass improved producer gas quality, overcoming some of the barriers found in conventional air gasification technology.

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Dasappa, S., G. Sridhar, and P. J. Paul. "Adaptation of small capacity natural gas engine for producer gas operation." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 226, no. 6 (2011): 1568–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954406211424678.

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This article addresses the adaptation of a low-power natural gas engine for using producer gas as a fuel. The 5.9 L natural gas engine with a compression ratio of 10.5:1, rated at 55 kW shaft power, delivered 30 kW using producer gas as fuel in the naturally aspirated mode. Optimal ignition timing for peak power was found to be 20° before top dead centre. Air-to-fuel ratio (A/F) was found to be 1.2 ± 0.1 over a range of loads. Critical evaluation of the energy flows in the engine resulted in identifying losses and optimizing the engine cooling. The specific fuel consumption was found to be 1.2 ± 0.1 kg of biomass per kilowatt hour. A reduction of 40 per cent in brake mean effective pressure was observed compared with natural gas operation. Governor response to load variations has been studied with respect to frequency recovery time. The study also attempts to adopt a turbocharger for higher power output. Preliminary results suggest a possibility of about 30 per cent increase in the output.

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Babu, M. Sreedhar, Shibu Clement, and N. K. S. Rajan. "Adaptation of Air-Gas Regulator for Small Capacity Producer gas Engine." Energy Procedia 156 (January 2019): 435–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2018.11.091.

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46

Erwin, Erwin, Aida Syarif, and M. Yerizam. "Analysis of downdraft low rank coal performance gasification by variations coal to syngas product." Indonesian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Chemistry 7, no. 1 (2022): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.24845/ijfac.v7.i1.01.

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Coal resources are inclusive (reserves are part of the resource), of which 48% is located in South Sumatra, with 70% of the deposits being brown or low-quality coal. With the high amount available, the direct use of coal has several shortcomings, one of which is that coal releases gases (CO2, N2O, NOx, SOx and Hg) which cause global warming. Coal gasification is a process for converting solid coal into a gas mixture that has a fuel value. Coal gasification will yield producer gas in the form of synthetic gas (syngas) with the main components consisting of carbon monoxide (CO), hydrogen (H2), and methane gas (CH4). By converting coal using gasification as a clean energy producer, a blower as a regulator of air flow, a cyclone as a tar separator and a gas cooler. Based on the results of testing the variation of coal used, the variation of 5515 kcal /kg coal has a rapid rise in temperature and is able to produce a flame for 115 minutes. with the composition of Syngas CO and CH4 of 12.4% an 1.2%, while the coal variation of 4640 kcal/kg produces the highest H2 of 6.9%. Coal 5515 kcal/kg produces the largest percentage of syngas conversion, carbon conversion, Low Heating Value, power output and stove efficiency, namely 13.46%, 70.397%, 2.427 MJ/kg, 18.403 kW and 31.23%.

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Willett, Mark M. "Systems: Gas balancing I-how to devise a system for producer imbalances." Natural Gas 6, no. 3 (2008): 15–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gas.3410060307.

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Sadig, Hussain, Shaharin Anwar Sulaiman, Mior A. Said, and Suzana Yusup. "Performance and Emissions of a Micro-Gas Turbine Fueled with LPG/Producer Gas in a Dual Fuel Mode." Applied Mechanics and Materials 695 (November 2014): 482–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.695.482.

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In this paper, a tubular combustor along with a single shaft micro-gas turbine system was experimentally tested with a producer gas fuels. In order to carry out the experiments, a low cost single shaft micro-gas turbine was developed. The system was characterized first with liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) and then tested with two producer gas fuels in a dual fuel mode. The tests were examined in terms of LPG fuel replacement, turbine entrance temperature, efficiency and emission characteristics at different LPG fuel replacement ratios. The study showed a maximum LPG replacement of 42% and 56% on energy basis for producer gas1 and producer gas2, respectively.

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Shivapuji, Anand M., and S. Dasappa. "Experiments and zero D modeling studies using specific Wiebe coefficients for producer gas as fuel in spark-ignited engines." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 227, no. 3 (2012): 504–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954406212463846.

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The paper addresses experiments and modeling studies on the use of producer gas, a bio-derived low energy content fuel in a spark-ignited engine. Producer gas, generated in situ, has thermo-physical properties different from those of fossil fuel(s). Experiments on naturally aspirated and turbo-charged engine operation and subsequent analysis of the cylinder pressure traces reveal significant differences in the heat release pattern within the cylinder compared with a typical fossil fuel. The heat release patterns for gasoline and producer gas compare well in the initial 50% but beyond this, producer gas combustion tends to be sluggish leading to an overall increase in the combustion duration. This is rather unexpected considering that producer gas with nearly 20% hydrogen has higher flame speeds than gasoline. The influence of hydrogen on the initial flame kernel development period and the combustion duration and hence on the overall heat release pattern is addressed. The significant deviations in the heat release profiles between conventional fuels and producer gas necessitates the estimation of producer gas-specific Wiebe coefficients. The experimental heat release profiles are used for estimating the Wiebe coefficients. Experimental evidence of lower fuel conversion efficiency based on the chemical and thermal analysis of the engine exhaust gas is used to arrive at the Wiebe coefficients. The efficiency factor a is found to be 2.4 while the shape factor m is estimated at 0.7 for 2% to 90% burn duration. The standard Wiebe coefficients for conventional fuels and fuel-specific coefficients for producer gas are used in a zero D model to predict the performance of a 6-cylinder gas engine under naturally aspirated and turbo-charged conditions. While simulation results with standard Wiebe coefficients result in excessive deviations from the experimental results, excellent match is observed when producer gas-specific coefficients are used. Predictions using the same coefficients on a 3-cylinder gas engine having different geometry and compression ratio(s) indicate close match with the experimental traces highlighting the versatility of the coefficients.

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Azancot, Lola, Luis F. Bobadilla, Miguel A. Centeno, and José A. Odriozola. "Catalytic reforming of model biomass-derived producer gas." Fuel 320 (July 2022): 123843. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2022.123843.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Producer Gas'

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