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Llerena, Julissa Giuliana Villanueva. "Multi-label classification based on sum-product networks." Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/45/45134/tde-08122017-100124/.
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Multi-label classification consists of learning a function that is capable of mapping an object to a set of relevant labels. It has applications such as the association of genes with biological functions, semantic classification of scenes and text categorization. Traditional classification (i.e., single-label) is therefore a particular case of multi-label classification in which each object is associated with exactly one label. A successful approach to constructing classifiers is to obtain a probabilistic model of the relation between object attributes and labels. This model can then be used to classify objects, finding the most likely prediction by computing the marginal probability or the most probable explanation (MPE) of the labels given the attributes. Depending on the probabilistic models family chosen, such inferences may be intractable when the number of labels is large. Sum-Product Networks (SPN) are deep probabilistic models, that allow tractable marginal inference. Nevertheless, as with many other probabilistic models, performing MPE inference is NP- hard. Although, SPNs have already been used successfully for traditional classification tasks (i.e. single-label), there is no in-depth investigation on the use of SPNs for Multi-Label classification. In this work we investigate the use of SPNs for Multi-Label classification. We compare several algorithms for learning SPNs combined with different proposed approaches for classification. We show that SPN-based multi-label classifiers are competitive against state-of-the-art classifiers, such as Random k-Labelsets with Support Vector Machine and MPE inference on CutNets, in a collection of benchmark datasets.<br>A classificação Multi-Rótulo consiste em aprender uma função que seja capaz de mapear um objeto para um conjunto de rótulos relevantes. Ela possui aplicações como associação de genes com funções biológicas, classificação semântica de cenas e categorização de texto. A classificação tradicional, de rótulo único é, portanto, um caso particular da Classificação Multi-Rótulo, onde cada objeto está associado com exatamente um rótulo. Uma abordagem bem sucedida para classificação é obter um modelo probabilístico da relação entre atributos do objeto e rótulos. Esse modelo pode então ser usado para classificar objetos, encon- trando a predição mais provável por meio da probabilidade marginal ou a explicação mais provavél dos rótulos dados os atributos. Dependendo da família de modelos probabilísticos escolhidos, tais inferências podem ser intratáveis quando o número de rótulos é grande. As redes Soma-Produto (SPN, do inglês Sum Product Network) são modelos probabilísticos profundos, que permitem inferência marginal tratável. No entanto, como em muitos outros modelos probabilísticos, a inferência da explicação mais provavél é NP-difícil. Embora SPNs já tenham sido usadas com sucesso para tarefas de classificação tradicionais, não existe investigação aprofundada no uso de SPNs para classificação Multi-Rótulo. Neste trabalho, investigamos o uso de SPNs para classificação Multi-Rótulo. Comparamos vários algoritmos de aprendizado de SPNs combinados com diferentes abordagens propostos para classi- ficação. Mostramos que os classificadores Multi-Rótulos baseados em SPN são competitivos contra classificadores estado-da-arte, como Random k-Labelsets usando Máquinas de Suporte Vetorial e inferência exata da explicação mais provavél em CutNets, em uma coleção de conjuntos de dados de referência.
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Tatem, Rachel E. "Portable electromechanical braille label maker : from a 2.009 prototype to a product." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/85781.
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Thesis: S.B., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, 2009.<br>Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.<br>Includes bibliographical references (pages 27-28).<br>Most student projects never make the transition from a class prototype to a commercial product. This document is meant to be used as a guide by any student trying to turn an alpha prototype into a product on the market. The process is involved and there can be many challenges. There are also many approaches that might be adopted depending on the product and the goals of the inventor. This thesis begins with a discussion of technology transfer programs at three different universities and then looks into successful stories of student products. The focus then shifts to my own student product: a portable electromechanical Braille label maker that was developed in the MIT class 2.009, product engineering processes. The discussion focuses on the steps that have been taken thus far towards making the alpha prototype into a commercially available device, and discusses the steps that must be taken in the future.<br>by Rachel E. Tatem.<br>S.B.
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Prinsloo, Nadia. "Consumer satisfaction with food labels during the pre-purchase in-store evaluation : a study in Gauteng / Nadia Prinsloo." Thesis, North-West University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/8421.
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Food labels are imperative in consumers‟ decision-making process of packaged food products as they communicate important information such as expiry dates, nutrition information and information about allergies to the consumer. Especially during a first-time purchase, consumers rely on food labels to assist them in making their product choice easier. In the heterogeneous context of South Africa, consumers‟ product needs vary and one may assume that consumer needs in terms of food label information differ. Although food labelling is regulated in South Africa, it is still important that consumers are satisfied with labels due to their significant communicative function. However, to the knowledge of the author, little previous research exists on South African consumers‟ satisfaction with food labels. Therefore, this study aimed to explore and describe consumers‟ satisfaction with food labels based on a typical in-store encounter.
The confirmation/disconfirmation paradigm had been used as theoretical foundation in this study and consumers‟ expectations and performance judgement of food labels were therefore explored and compared within the confirmation/disconfirmation paradigm. This study furthermore aimed to explore the influence of food labels on consumers‟ product choice as well as to determine the influence of demographic characteristics on consumers‟ expectations and performance judgement of food labels. Lastly, this study aimed to make recommendations to food regulators and manufacturers on how existing food labels could be improved in order to enhance consumer satisfaction.
Based on the literature, satisfaction with food labels might be influenced by the information on food labels such as ingredient lists, expiry dates and nutrition information as well as attributes of food labels such as the readability, understandability, credibility and adequacy. Exploratory factor analysis used in the present study indicated that the information on food labels can be classified as either primary (ingredient list, expiry date, health and nutrition information, information about allergies and quality guarantee) or secondary (name of manufacturer, well-known logos or symbols, country of origin or geographical region, usage instructions and number of servings). A quantitative research method by means of a survey approach was used in this study over a period of three weeks. A total of 400 self-administered questionnaires were distributed at office buildings and business premises in the urban Gauteng Province in September 2010 by means of a non-probability sampling method. A total of 279 useful questionnaires were retrieved and data analysis was performed by Statistical Consultations Services of the North-West University using SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences). Results show that respondents were only partially satisfied with food labels as they were satisfied with secondary information, but dissatisfied with primary information as well as with label attributes. The results furthermore show that primary information tended to be more likely to influence respondents‟ product choice than secondary information. In addition, results show that demographics had little influence on respondents‟ expectations and performance judgement of food labels.
Based on the findings of this study, recommendations can be made to regulators and manufacturers on how consumer satisfaction with existing food labels can be improved. Recommendations include the improvement of the overall readability, understandability, credibility as well as adequacy of food labels. Especially primary information and the way it gets portrayed should be considered for improvement to increase consumer satisfaction.<br>Thesis (M. Consumer Science)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011
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King, Larrie Leon Jr. "Private Labels and Personal Care: A Focus on Store Brand Package Design, Branding Design and Consumer Attitudes Towards Private Label Personal Care Products." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1400330956.
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Gregorovic, Antonia, and Elizaveta Anikina. "Konstruktion av lapputmatningsmaskin." Thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, Maskinteknisk produktframtagning (MTEK), 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-25764.
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The vision of this thesis was to create a concept that can be used as a base for amachine construction. The purpose of this project was to use different methods todevelop a concept that on the best way meets the sat up requirements. This projecthas been divided into three stages/parts; principle, primary and the final solutionstage.This thesis has been conducted in collaboration with Västkustägg AB. It is aconstruction project designed to construct a machine that will automatically putlabels on the egg packages. Västkust AB wanted to automate this process. Thecompany has only tested this process earlier by an operator who did this jobmanually.We came up with different solution during this project. The assessments of theseconcepts were made after Olsson's (1995) method and together with Terje Olsson- our supervisor at the company, later during the project. During the last stage ofthis project we chose to go with one final concept for a further developing. Alldemands made by the company were followed throughout the working process.We managed to develop a machine containing few and simple components, whichat the same time are very functional for its purpose. The design of our machine isdifferent from other industrial machines and labeling machines which makes itunique in its own way. This machine is meant for labels of two standard types ofpaper A5 and A6.The calculations we made during this project have been done in Catia V5 and hasbeen verified. We had a clear image of how our ideas should be in the beginningof this project and we knew how we wanted them to be we used our own theoriesand approaches in practice. Our theories and ideas showed in our sketches andprototypes. This along with other methods led to our final concept.We had also built some prototypes to be able to see if our ideas work in practice.The prototype led to some changes in our concepts. It gave us experience inprototype creating, functionality of the ideas and other areas.
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Petrauskaitė, Inga. "Maisto produktų ženklinimas ir vartotojų teisių apsauga." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2012. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2012~D_20120124_140926-52129.
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Magistro baigiamojo darbo tikslas - ištirti maisto produktų ženklinimo ir vartotojų teisių apsaugos teisino reglamentavimo ypatumus. Tam, kad būtų pasiektas numatytas tikslas, darbe buvo iškelti šie pagrindiniai uždaviniai: išanalizuoti maisto produktų ženklinimo teisinio reglamentavimo ypatumus Europos Sąjungos ir Lietuvos teisės aktuose; išnagrinėti reikalavimų ženklinant ekologiškus ir maisto priedų turinčius maisto produktus teisinį reguliavimą; išnagrinėti vartotojo galimybes neteisminiu keliu realizuoti savo teises maisto produktų ženklinimo srityje.
Vienas iš Europos Sąjungos maisto saugos politikos tikslų – užtikrinti, kad maisto produktai būtų ženklinami. Todėl pirmame darbo skyriuje išanalizavus maisto produktų ženklinimo teisinį reglamentavimą galima teigti, jog šios srities ženklinimas Europos Sąjungoje yra reglamentuojamas horizontaliais ir vertikaliais teisės aktais. Naujuoju Europos Parlamento ir Tarybos 2011 m. spalio 25 d. reglamentu Nr. 1169/2011 siekiama sujungti šiuo metu galiojančius teisės aktus dėl maisto produktų ženklinimo, juos konsoliduoti bei supaprastinti. Pagrindiniu teisiniu dokumentu, reglamentuojančiu maisto produktų ženklinimą Lietuvos Respublikoje, yra laikoma Lietuvos higienos norma HN 119:2002 „Maisto produktų ženklinimas“.
Plečiantis tiek ekologiškų, tiek maisto priedų turinčių maisto produktų rinkai, antrame darbo skyriuje nagrinėjami teisės aktų keliami reikalavimai šių produktų ženklinimui. Teisės aktų, reglamentuojančių ekologiškų... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]<br>The goal of this master thesis is to complete a research on the legal regulation peculiarities of food labelling and consumer protection. In order to achieve the set goal, following tasks were formed in this thesis: to analyze the legal regulation peculiarities of food labelling in legislation of European Union and Lithuania; to analyze legal regulation of requirements for labelling organic food and products that contain food additives; to provide insights regarding possibilities for consumers to implement their rights in the sphere of food labelling.
One of the goals of the European Union food safety policy is to ensure the labelling of food. Therefore, after analysing the legal regulation of food labelling in the first section of the thesis, a proposition can be made that, the labelling of this sphere in the European Union is regulated by horizontal and vertical legislation. The new regulation No. 1169/2011, issued by the European Parliament and Council on the 25th of October, seeks to join, consolidate and simplify currently valid legislation regarding food labelling. The main legal document which regulates food labelling in the Republic of Lithuania is Lithuanian Hygiene Norm HN 119:2002 “Food Labelling”.
While the market of both organic food and products that contain additives continues to develop, the second section of the thesis analyzes the requirements set by legislation for labelling such products. The analysis of legislation that regulates the labelling of... [to full text]
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Swindell, Julie Ann. "Measuring visual search reaction time and accuracy for a product label warning as a function of icon, color, column, and vertical placement." Raleigh, NC : North Carolina State University, 1999. http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/etd/public/etd-15448312993890/etd.pdf.
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Wortman, Roger W. "Impact of Product Label Communication Congruency on Attitude Certainty and Purchase Intention for Food Allergy Stakeholders Under High and Low Levels of Elaboration." NSUWorks, 2016. http://nsuworks.nova.edu/hsbe_etd/125.
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Food allergies within the United States and Europe have become exceedingly prevalent in children, adolescents, and adults. In the United States alone, over 12 million people have been diagnosed with at least one food allergy. If the allergen is accidentally consumed, the food allergy sufferer may suffer a life-threatening condition known as anaphylaxis. More than 200 U.S. food allergic consumers die annually as a result of anaphylaxis due to ingestion of food allergens. To safely manage food allergies, food allergy sufferers and stakeholders (such as caregivers) require clear and complete ingredient information to avoid certain allergens in packaged food products. Despite U.S. legislative mandates designed to assist the food allergic consumers and stakeholders to make safe food selection choices, food allergy labeling on consumer packaged food products remains unclear. To properly manage food allergy, it is imperative that food allergy stakeholders have access to clear and unambiguous food allergen ingredients located on the food product labels. The purpose of this research was to capture the impact of current United States food allergen labeling guidelines on U.S. food allergy stakeholders. With the elaboration likelihood framework, this research aimed to better understand how the congruence of allergen ingredient information on the Product Label Claim on the front of the package and Nutrition Facts Panel information on the back of the package affected food allergic consumers and stakeholders in evaluation of product packaging allergen information. A total of 223 food allergy stakeholders were administered four surveys depicting food allergen labeling variations found on U.S. food product labels. Seventeen hypotheses were formulated and analyzed with ANCOVA and t tests to measure the impact of congruence and elaboration of the food allergen messages on the food product labels, with a specific focus on purchase intention. Findings indicated that food allergy stakeholders had difficulties using and understanding existing food allergen labels under current U.S. food allergen labeling guidelines. The results also showed confusion among U.S. food allergic stakeholders with safe food selection choices when the label claims did not align with the actual allergen ingredient information. Research, public policy, and managerial implications were thoroughly discussed.
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De, Klerk Annalize. "Information the wine consumer wants on the back label of a wine bottle - to assist with the consumer's purchasing decision?" Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/53468.
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Thesis (MComm)--Stellenbosch University, 2003.<br>ENGLISH ABSTRACT: In an ever-increasing wme market in which the decision to purchase becomes increasingly
complicated for the consumer of wine because of the greater variety of wines that are available
on the shelves of wine shops, wine producers and marketers are compelled to differentiate their
product from the rest of the products. This can be done by finding more and better ways of
providing the consumer with correct information to support the decision to purchase. Such
information should support the consumer in the place where the decision to purchase must be
made, namely at the shop shelf. This is where the packaging, which includes the label, is the
main source of information. Correct information is a relative concept and the aim of this study
was to determine what the consumer regarded as the most important information on the back
label of a bottle of wine.
A questionnaire was compiled to collect such information and was distributed in the Boland
region. Wine consumers who also are buyers of wine were asked to complete the questionnaires.
The results of the study indicated that, although twenty options with regard to information, which
were presented in the questionnaires, were all regarded as important, eight of these options were
clearly given a greater degree of preference.
The challenge presented to the winemaker and marketer is to exercise a selective choice with
regard to the information to be accommodated in the limited area of the back label on a wine
bottle to thereby adequately meet the consumer's need for information relevant to the particular
wine<br>AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: In 'n steeds groeiende wynmark waar die koopbesluit vir die wynverbruiker steeds meer
ingewikkeld raak as gevolg van die groter verskeidenheid wyne beskikbaar op die winkelrak, is
die wynprodusent en -bemarker geforseer om sy produk van die res te differensieer. Dit kan
gedoen word deur meer en beter metodes te vind om die verbruiker te voorsien van korrekte
inligting om sodoende sy koopbesluit te ondersteun. Hierdie inligting moet die koper ondersteun
waar hy die koopbesluit neem, naamlik by die winkelrak, dit is wanneer hy daar is dat die
verpakking, wat die etiket insluit, die hoof inligtingsbron is. Korrekte inligting is 'n relatiewe
begrip en die doel van hierdie studie was om te bepaal wat die verbruiker as die belangrikste
inligting op 'n wyn rugetiket beskou.
'n Vraelys is opgestel om sodanige inligting te versamel en is in die Boland area versprei.
Wynverbruikers wat ook self wyn aankoop, is versoek om die vraelyste te voltooi. Die resultate
van die studie het daarop gedui dat, alhoewel al twintig inligtingsopsies in die vraelys as
belangrik beskou was, daar duidelik agt opsies was wat voorkeur geniet het.
Die uitdaging aan die wynmaker en -bemarker is om die selektiewe keuse te maak ten opsigte
van watter van hierdie informasie hul op die beperkte ruimte van 'n wyn rugetiket sal kan
akkomodeer om sodoende ook aan die verbruiker se inligitingsbehoeftes te voorsien, met
inagname van beskikbare inligting rakende die betrokke wyn.
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RebouÃas, Marina Cabral. "Cashew nut kernel-based prebiotic beverage: A study with consumers in different approaches for the evaluation of sensory and external factors to the product." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2016. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=16496.
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CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior<br>Prebiotic beverages made from cashew nut kernels and fruit juice are a viable alternative in the area of new functional productsâ development. Thus, this research aimed to develop three prebiotic beverages made from cashew nut kernels added with fruit juice (grape, mango and pineapple), evaluating how non-sensory attributes (external to the product) and consumersâ characteristics as to behavior and personality affect their acceptance. A factorial 2 central composite rotatable design was used for the development of the formulations. Focus groups were applied to define the most important label attributes on consumerâs purchasing decision. The illustration, nutritional information and the term prebiotic associated with its functional claim, within their respective levels, were selected for the labelsâ development via the 3x2x3 full factorial design and the employment of conjoint analysis and cluster analysis multi-varying techniques for results evaluation. The mango beverage was evaluated displaying three different label versions in order to check if the expectation generated by different nutritional information affected consumersâ perception as to characteristics of quality, overall impression and purchasing attitude. The beverage added with pineapple juice was compared to its soy-based commercially similar in order to evaluate if information on composition, nutritional characteristics and functional claims associated with these products affect the acceptance and perception of consumers with different behavioral characteristics and personality. The formulations optimized as to acceptance should be added with the following concentrations of sugar and juice, respectively; grape beverage (37% and 7%), pineapple (35% and 7%) and mango (40% and 8%). Among the most important label attributes in the purchasing process, the illustration was the one that mostly influenced, followed by nutritional information and the term prebiotic and its functional claim. The nutritional claims displayed on the label revealed to have a positive impact over the perception of the beverage as to the characteristics of quality, overall impression and purchasing attitude, with information such as â0% lactose, 0% cholesterol and fiber-richâ and â0% lactose, 0% cholesterol and antioxidantsâ found to influence more positively consumers. Information related to the beverages made from soy and cashew nut did not influence the acceptance of flavor nor on the overall impression, nonetheless, it had a positive impact over consumersâ perception as to healthiness and the nutritious value of both, being the cashew nut kernel-based beverage perceived as more nutritious and healthier than the soy-based one. Consumersâ different characteristics as to the interest in healthy eating and food neophobia did not influence the acceptance of the beverages, their perception as healthy food and nutritious value.<br>Bebida prebiÃticas à base de amÃndoas de castanha de caju e suco de frutas à uma alternativa viÃvel na Ãrea de desenvolvimento de novos produtos funcionais. Assim, este trabalho objetivou desenvolver trÃs bebidas prebiÃticas à base de amÃndoa da castanha de caju adicionadas de suco de frutas (uva, manga e abacaxi), avaliando de que forma atributos nÃo sensoriais (externos ao produto) e caracterÃsticas comportamentais e de personalidade dos consumidores afetam a sua aceitaÃÃo. Utilizou-se um delineamento fatorial 22 do tipo composto central rotacionado para desenvolvimento das formulaÃÃes. Grupos de foco foram empregados para definiÃÃo dos atributos do rÃtulo mais importantes na decisÃo de compra do consumidor. A ilustraÃÃo, as informaÃÃes nutricionais e o termo prebiÃtico associado a sua alegaÃÃo funcional, com seus respectivos nÃveis, foram selecionados para o desenvolvimento dos rÃtulos por meio de delineamento fatorial completo do tipo 3 x 2 x 3, aplicando-se as tÃcnicas multivariadas conjoint analysis e cluster analysis para avaliaÃÃo dos resultados. A bebida de manga foi avaliada associada a trÃs versÃes do rÃtulo para verificar se a expectativa gerada por diferentes informaÃÃes nutricionais afetavam a percepÃÃo dos consumidores quanto Ãs caracterÃsticas de qualidade, impressÃo global e atitude de compra. A bebida adicionada de suco de abacaxi foi comparada frente ao seu similar comercial à base de soja para avaliar se informaÃÃes sobre composiÃÃo, caracterÃsticas nutricionais e alegaÃÃes funcionais associadas a estes produtos afetam a aceitaÃÃo e percepÃÃo dos consumidores com diferentes caracterÃsticas comportamentais e de personalidade. As formulaÃÃes otimizadas quanto à aceitaÃÃo devem ser adicionadas das seguintes concentraÃÃes de suco e aÃÃcar, respectivamente, para a bebida de uva (37% e 7%), abacaxi (35% e 7%) e manga (40% e 8%). Dentre os atributos do rÃtulo mais importantes no processo de compra, a ilustraÃÃo foi o que mais influenciou, seguido pelas informaÃÃes nutricionais e pelo termo prebiÃtico e sua alegaÃÃo funcional. As alegaÃÃes nutricionais no rÃtulo mostraram ter um impacto positivo na percepÃÃo da bebida quanto Ãs caracterÃsticas de qualidade, impressÃo global e atitude de compra, com os as informaÃÃes â0% lactose, 0% colesterol e fonte de fibrasâ e â0% lactose, 0% colesterol e antioxidantesâ influenciando mais positivamente os consumidores As informaÃÃes relacionadas Ãs bebidas de soja e castanha de caju nÃo influenciaram a aceitaÃÃo do sabor e impressÃo global, no entanto tiveram um impacto positivo na percepÃÃo dos consumidores quanto à saudabilidade e o valor nutritivo de ambas, sendo a bebida à base de amÃndoa da castanha de caju percebida como mais nutritiva e mais saudÃvel do que a bebida de soja. As diferentes caracterÃsticas dos consumidores quanto ao interesse em alimentaÃÃo saudÃvel e a neofobia alimentar nÃo tiveram influÃncia sobre a aceitaÃÃo das bebidas, a percepÃÃo de alimento saudÃvel e valor nutritivo.
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Ferlet, Axelle. "Le rôle des représentations sociales dans l'évaluation d'attributs socialement responsables : le cas de la gouvernance des coopératives agroalimentaires." Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSE3078/document.
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Jacquet, d’aucy, Béghin-Say ou Labeyrie… ces marques font partie du quotidien des consommateurs français sans pour autant qu’ils sachent, dans leur grande majorité, qu’elles sont détenues par des coopératives agricoles. Si ces marques communiquaient leur statut coopératif, ceci constituerait-il une valeur ajoutée pour les consommateurs ? Ce travail doctoral s’intéresse au rôle joué par la représentation sociale des consommateurs au sujet du mode de gouvernance de l’entreprise productrice dans le cadre de l’évaluation des produits. Cette problématique de recherche est abordée selon trois questions de recherche. La première s’intéresse au contenu et à la structure de la représentation sociale des consommateurs français au sujet des coopératives. La seconde question étudie l’influence de cette représentation sociale sur la catégorisation et l’évaluation des offres coopératives, en considérant le rôle médiateur du niveau de congruence de l’offre avec cette représentation. La troisième aborde l’effet d’une mention et des arguments coopératifs sur les attitudes et intentions de comportement des consommateurs. Elle traite en particulier le niveau de congruence et de centralité des arguments par rapport à la représentation considérée. La représentation sociale des coopératives et son influence sont ainsi étudiées et discutées au moyen de sept études selon une approche multi-méthode. D’un point de vue théorique, cette recherche souligne, que la représentation sociale des coopératives fait écho aux préoccupations CSR des consommateurs ce qui explique l’effet bénéfique d’un label ou d’une mention sur ce statut. D’un point de vue méthodologique, cette recherche mobilise des méthodes d’investigations originales (méthodes hybrides et implicites) en complément des méthodes traditionnellement utilisées en marketing. D’un point de vue managérial, ce travail apporte des réponses aux managers et aux institutionnels qui s’interrogent sur le recours à une mention coopérative et les aiguille dans le choix d’arguments de communication efficaces pour accompagner cet affichage<br>Jacquet, d’aucy, Béghin-Say or Labeyrie... What do these brands have in common? These brands are part of the everyday life of French consumers, though not many actually know they are owned by agricultural cooperatives. If these brands communicated their cooperative status on the market, would this be considered by consumers to be an added value? This doctoral dissertation focuses on the role played by consumers’ social representation in relation to the producer’s governance mode, as part of the product evaluation. This work aims to answer this central research question according to three sub-questions. The first one focuses on the content and structure of the social representation of French consumers regarding cooperatives. The second question analyzes the influence of this social representation on the categorization and evaluation of cooperatives’ offerings, taking into account the mediating role of the level of congruence between the offer and this social representation. The third question addresses the effect of cooperative labelling and arguments on the attitudes and behavioral intentions of consumers. In particular, this sub-question evaluates the levels of congruence and centrality of the arguments with the considered social representation. Therefore, the social representation of cooperatives and its influence are studied and discussed in seven studies, though a multi-method approach. From a theoretical point of view, this research highlights that the social representation of cooperatives echoes consumers’ CSR concerns; this explains the beneficial effect of a label or a mention on this governance status. From a methodological point of view, this research uses original methods (hybrid and implicit methods) in addition to those that are traditionally used in marketing. From a managerial point of view, this work provides managers and institutional entities with answers on the potential of a cooperative mention and helps them choose arguments that will lead to effective marketing communications
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Kourkoulos, Spiridon Savvas, and Georgios Konstandakis. "Private label strategies in the Greek Food Retail Market:AB Vassilopoulos Private Label Line AB Bio." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Avdelningen för ekonomi, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-11331.
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Arendse, Garron Mark. "Private-label versus corporate brands : a qualitative study." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/18155.
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Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2008.<br>ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Competition in food retailing has become a noticeable cosmopolitan
phenomenon. Competitiveness filters down from retailers and their private-label
brands to the suppliers and their manufacturer brands. Furthermore, the
proliferation of food retailing has evolved into a double-edged sword for suppliers
and manufacturers of both private-label and manufacturer/supplier-branded
goods. Therefore, these suppliers, in comparison to those that solely
manufacture national-brand goods, has to continuously maintain a favourable
status quo on shelf with regard to brand performance, product quality and price
of both retailer and supplier brands. Moreover, in store and on shelf, consumers
of these brands are overloaded with choices between different packaging, prices
and product statements. All relevant and eye catching, but do the supplier
brands get the worst of the bargain? The objective of this study was to perform a
qualitatively analysis on the supplier value of being a supplier of both privatelabel
and manufacturer brands to the food-retail industry.
The empirical study encompassed one-an-one and electronic interviews with key
participants from specific food retailers to obtain answers validly, objectively and
economically. The researcher employed a qualitative research approach
together with a non-probability sampling strategy to explore the retail
environment and interview participants. The three retailers that participated in
the qualitative study were SPAR and Shoprite from South Africa and Morrisons
from the United Kingdom. Interviews were scheduled with each participant that
was available to participate and actively contribute to the outcome of this study.
Interviews were conducted with a pre-set list of open-ended questions that was
prepared in a discussion guide. Content analysis was then done on the interview
feedback and this was used to formulate major findings and provide justification
for the research objectives and propositions of this study. From the major
findings in this study five themes were identified: growth, challenges, competitive
environment, brand differentiation and supplier-retailer relationship.
Findings indicated that retailers - regardless of their global location, consumer
base and competitive environment - were mostly focused on growing their
company and their respective private-label brand. Depending on the volatility of
the supplier-retailer relationship, this growth focus could even come at the
expense of a manufacturer's brand. The study also revealed that retailers are
faced with a number of different challenges, which include deciding whether a
product is fit to be sold under their private-label brand and if a supplier's strategy
supports their own company strategy. The challenges encompass dependability
of supply, quality of product and delivery reliability. Additionally, prime area for
retailing is becoming more condensed in South Africa and as a result competition
between the four major South African retailers is more vibrant. The study has
noted that major retailers are also seeking expansion into emerging markets
outside the metropolitan areas in South Africa, which will increase demand and
create new customer expectations. Competitiveness and a point of difference
would then be underpinned by innovation , creating a favourable shopping
experience and service delivery, but with no compromise on quality and price.
When considering brand differentiation, the study revealed that retailers were
using this differentiation to increase private-label market share among the
national brands whereas suppliers use it to create aspirational brands that attract
and sustain consumer loyalty. It was concluded from this study that the growing
availability and presence of private-label products in all categories on retailer
shelves will become a serious threat for growing national brands that have not
yet established themselves as market leaders. This threat will be further
enhanced by the fact that retailers are using real estate and shelf space as
leverage to negotiate. Regarding supplier-retailer relationship, this study showed
that a retailer's focus will always be biased with the balance of power tilting in
favour of the retailer, speCifically where a supplier is considered to be a supplier
of both private-label and manufacturer brands. Although the latter is an industry
norm, the power balance is complicated by the fact that no contract exists
between supplier and retailer. As a result, a show of goodwill and a hand shake
will seldom have the one-sided situation swing in favour of a supplier.
Nonetheless, retailers' feedback indicated that they would rather develop
relationships with suppliers that either have brands with smaller market share or
only manufacture private-label products.<br>AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Mededinging in die voedselkleinhandel het 'n merkbare kosmopolitaanse
verskynsel geword. Mededingendheid syfer van kleinhandelaars en hul private
handelsmerke na verskaffers en hul vervaardigershandelsmerke deur. Voorts
het uitbreiding in die voedselkleinhandel in 'n tweesnydende swaard vir
verskaffers en vervaardigers van goedere vir sowel private as vervaardigersIverskaffershandelsmerke
ontwikkel. Daarom moet hierdie verskaffers,
vergeleke met diegene wat slegs goedere vir nasionale handelsmerke
vervaardig, voortdurend 'n gunstige status quo op die rak handhaaf ten opsigte
van die handelsmerkprestasie, produkgehalte en prys van sowel private as
verskaffershandelsmerke. Origens word verbruikers van hierdie handelsmerke,
in die winkel en op die rak, oorlaai met keuses tussen verskillende verpakking,
pryse en produkverklarings. Dit is alles tersaaklik en treffend, maar trek die
verskaffershandelsmerke aan die kortste end? Die oogmerk van hierdie studie
was om 'n kwalitatiewe ontleding te doen van die waarde vir die verskaffer om 'n
verskaffer van sowel private as vervaardigershandelsmerke vir die
voedselkleinhandel te wees.
Die empiriese studie het persoonlike en elektroniese onderhoude met
sleuteldeelnemers van spesifieke voedselkleinhandelaars behels om op geldige,
objektiewe en ekonomiese wyse antwoorde te bekom. Die navorser het 'n
kwalitatiewe navorsingsbenadering gevolg tesame met 'n niewaarskynlikheidsteekproefnemingstrategie
om die kleinhandelomgewing te verken en
onderhoude met deelnemers te voer. Die drie kleinhandelaars wat aan die
kwalitatiewe studie deelgeneem het, was SPAR en Shoprite van Suid-Afrika en
Morrisons van die Verenigde Koninkryk. Onderhoude is geskeduleer met elke
deelnemer wat vir deelname beskikbaar was en aktief tot die uitkoms van die
studie wou bydra. Onderhoude is gevoer met 'n voorafbepaalde lys oop vrae wat
in 'n besprekingsgids saamgevat is. Inhoudsontleding is daarna gedoen ten
opsigte van die terugvoering wat tydens die onderhoude ontvang is. Dit is gebruik om hoofbevindinge te formuleer en motivering vir die
navorsingsoogmerke en stellings van die studie te bied. Op grond van die
hoofbevindinge van die studie is vyf temas geïdentifiseer: groei, uitdagings,
mededingende omgewing, handelsmerkdifferensiasie en verhouding tussen
verskaffer en kleinhandelaar.
Die bevindinge het getoon dat kleinhandelaars - ongeag waar hulle hul in die
wêreld bevind, hul verbruikersbasis en mededingende omgewing - meestal op
hul maatskappy en hul private handelsmerk se groei toegespits is. Na gelang
van die wisselvalligheid van die verhouding tussen verskaffer en kleinhandelaar
kan hierdie fokus op groei selfs ten koste van 'n vervaardigershandelsmerk
plaasvind. Die studie het ook getoon dat kleinhandelaars voor verskeie
uitdagings te staan kom, waaronder die besluit of 'n produk geskik is om onder
hul private handelsmerk verkoop te word en of 'n verskaffer se strategie hul eie
maatskappystrategie ondersteun. Die uitdagings sluit ook betroubaarheid ten
opsigte van voorraad, produkgehalte en lewering in. Daarby word die
eersteklasgebied vir klein handel in Suid-Afrika toenemend digter en as gevolg
daarvan is mededinging tussen die vier vernaamste Suid-Afrikaanse
kleinhandelaars lewendiger. Die studie het bevind dat vername kleinhandelaars
ook na ontluikende markte buite die metropolitaanse gebiede in Suid-Afrika wil
uitbrei, wat die vraag sal vergroot en nuwe verbruikersverwagtinge sal skep.
Mededingendheid en 'n verskilpunt sal dan deur innovering, die skepping van 'n
aangename inkopie-ervaring en dienslewering - sonder benadeling van gehalte
en prys - ondersteun word. Ten opsigte van handelsmerkdifferensiasie het die
studie getoon dat kleinhandelaars hierdie differensiasie gebruik om die
markaandeel van private handelsmerke onder nasionale handelsmerke te
verhoog, terwyl verskaffers dit gebruik om aspirasie-handelsmerke te skep wat
verbruikerslojaliteit lok en behou. Daar is van die studie afgelei dat die
toenemende beskikbaarheid en teenwoordigheid van produkte onder private
handelsmerke in alle kategorieë op kleinhandelaars se rakke 'n ernstige
bedreiging sal word vir groeiende nasionale handelsmerke wat hulle nog nie as
markleiers gevestig het nie. Hierdie bedreiging sal versterk word deur die feit dat
kleinhandelaars eiendom en rakruimte vir mag in onderhandeling sal gebruik.
Ten opsigte van die verhouding tussen verskaffer en kleinhandelaar het hierdie
studie getoon dat 'n kleinhandelaar se fokus altyd partydig sal wees, met die
magsbalans ten gunste van die kleinhandelaar, veral indien 'n verskaffer as
verskaffer van sowel private as vervaardigershandelsmerke beskou word.
Alhoewel laasgenoemde 'n bedryfsnorm is, word die magsbalans bemoeilik deur
die feit dat daar geen kontrak tussen die verskaffer en die kleinhandelaar
bestaan nie. As gevolg daarvan sal 'n welwillendheidsgebaar en 'n handdruk
selde daartoe lei dat die eensydige situasie ten gunste van die verskaffer sal
draai. Kleinhandelaars se terugvoering het nietemin aangedui dat hulle eerder
verhoudings met verskaffers sal ontwikkel wat of handelsmerke met 'n kleiner
markaandeel het of produkte vir private handelsmerke vervaardig .
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Sandahl, Sanna, Carina Powers, and Ellen Kavmark. "Influences Behind the Success or Failure of Private Label Goods : A Study of Four Private Label Products." Thesis, Högskolan i Jönköping, Internationella Handelshögskolan, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-18699.
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Background and Problem: Consumer behavior has become a topic of great interest in today’s society. Considering todays competitive markets it is imperative that companies understand the needs and actions of their customers. There are many influences behind consumers’ decisions of choosing one brand over another. This thesis investigates Swedish consumers and why some private label products succeed, while others fail within different product categories. Purpose: The purpose of this thesis is to investigate how the nature of the good influences Swedish consumers in their decision between private label and national brand goods. Frame of reference: Three theories are applied in order to understand consumer choices: brand loyalty, perceived risk factor and social risk factor. Method: Both a quantitative survey and qualitative interviews have been carried out and applied to the three theories. Coding of interviews was used to understand how the level of influence varies amongst different product types. In order to respond to the research questions, these findings were compared to sales statistics received from Swedish supermarkets. Conclusion: It can be concluded that the three influences affect consumer choices differently,depending on the type of good. Private label brands succeed in low loyalty, low social risk, and low perceived risk goods, while national brands take the lead in high brand loyalty, high social pressure and high associated risk good categories.
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Lindgren, Axel. "The Bilateral transition of product labels in Sweden : A study on product labels with emphasis on food and sustainable profiling." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för arkeologi och antik historia, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-354647.
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The present thesis aims to explore and argue for an idea called Bilateral transition. Bilateral transition is based on the concepts of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) and sustainable consumption and relates to how organisations behind product labels develop their profiling of product labels in a Swedish context. The study is centred around three parts, each approaching the topic from a different angle: a historical angle, a contemporary angle and a future oriented angle. The first theme provides a historical context of different product labels found on the Swedish market. The second theme centres around a critical discourse analysis of market reports from the Swedish food label KRAV, with some quantitative elements incorporated, resulting in an analysis that addresses the change in profiling of Swedish product labels connected to sustainability and environment. The final theme is a qualitative analysis of quantitative data on consumer opinions concerning product labels in Sweden, based on an internship at Djurens Rätt. The latter study aims at investigating the perceived confusion surrounding product labelling and how transparency and a holistic profiling concerning sustainability might affect consumers. The final sub theme also addresses how emerging product labels can redirect their profiling towards producers and consumers. The final chapter contains a concluding discussion, where the results from the different parts have been compiled. The main result established in the thesis is that product labels (with focus on foods in Sweden) have undergone a transition in profiling, from focusing on one specific issue (e.g. organic farming), towards inclusion of a wider range of issues i.e. a holistic type of profiling towards sustainability. This might attract a broader target group of potential customers, in response to a broader societal focus on sustainability. The aim of the thesis has not been to draw any definite conclusions, but has rather been to make the present product label market in Sweden more comprehensive, by connecting the past, present and developing aspects of the topic of product labels in Sweden. The conclusion of the thesis has therefore resulted in establishing the idea of a bilateral transition in sustainability profiling on product labels in Sweden.
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Dodan'Li, Nihal. "Digital product labels and the mapping of consumer values." Thesis, Abertay University, 2013. https://rke.abertay.ac.uk/en/studentTheses/c697b0fe-d3e3-4f9a-b625-241cd3239b2b.
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Current labels of consumer products provide some level of information to consumers but at the moment, this expanding labelling logic, and the multitude of requirements it generates, is often tricky to implement and difficult to translate into a clear and accessible form of communication for consumers to engage with. In the first part of the thesis, an analysis of current labels is carried out which examine a selection of widely used consumer products. This examination supports the objective to imagine the type of complementary information consumers may deem useful, and also highlights the difficulty there may be for consumers in accessing and verifying some key information that directly concerns the product they use and that may significantly influence the assessment they make of it. To improve the quality of the information provided to the public, a fourtiered architecture is proposed in the second section that can respond to the issues that have been identified during the analysis and also with reference to techno-sociological considerations presented in the Literature Review. The end result is an online database which generates real-time digital labels that uses collaborative logics and allows users to conveniently explore essential information about the products and services they use and make decisions more in accordance with their own requirements and values. The system also offers the possibility for the various label stakeholders to actively engage with the evolution of the product they manufacture, verify, legislate upon or consume depending on their relation to the product. In order to illustrate the potential of this architecture, the digital label is applied to informational situations commonly encountered by consumers. Conceptually, the digital label appears capable to meet consumer needs and is ready to be implemented into a prototype. The architecture is also considered against recent developments in terms of digital product labels, and appears to offer a solid foundation to catalogue, compare and analyse them critically. The third section of the dissertation is a reflection on the merits of the digital labelling system, this time from a sociological perspective. The discussion has two objectives (1) validating the digital label as an information arrangement capable of responding to current societal demands and (2) determining the label underlying principles in order to guide further development.
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Stivers, Andrew Edward. "Essays on strategies of product labeling." Access restricted to users with UT Austin EID Full text (PDF) from UMI/Dissertation Abstracts International, 2001. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/fullcit?p3035984.
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Metz, Marilyn. "Preferences of consumers age 50+ for typography of product instruction labels." Thesis, McGill University, 1996. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=42096.
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Fifty well-educated consumers over 50 years of age selected print variables within the safety zone for optimal print presentation. A Typography Variable Score (TVScore) matrix based on deviations from optimal print was developed in order to provide a means of assessing consumer product instruction labels. There was a significant correlation between the TVScore and participants' ratings of ease of reading and attractiveness of 40 product instruction labels presented. A modified Miscue Analysis procedure was developed and used to assess the influence of typography on the ease of reading of labels with different typography and TVScores. Participants who read the label with most deviations from optimal print, and therefore the highest TVScore, made significantly more reading miscues. Typography of product instruction labels is an important feature for ease of reading. The Typography Variable Score provides a reliable means of predicting ease of reading for well-educated consumers over 50 years of age.
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Hnojská, Miluše. "Environmentální značení v ČR - analýza jednotlivých typů." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2009. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-11017.
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Environmental labels and declarations as market oriented approach of environmental protection can lead to sustainable production and consumption through credible and verifiable labeling schemes. Ecolabel provides consumers information about environmental impacts of the product that they can include in their purchase decisions. The goal of this paper is to determine how companies evaluate effects resulting from use of one of the types of environmental labeling in the Czech Republic. Environmental labeling encompasses three types - ecolabeling (Type I), self-declared environmental claims (Type II) and Environmental product declaration (Type III). Main objective is the evaluation of environmental labels as a communication tool between company and consumer.
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Rajam, G. "The UK food chain : restructuring, strategies and price transmission." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.243617.
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Schutte, Sophia Elizabeth. "Student consumers' decision-making process regarding food products containing limited label information / S.E. Schutte." Thesis, North-West University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/1813.
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Bryunina, Daria, and Safaei Sara Khodadad. "The Influence of Eco-labeled Products on Consumer Buying Behavior : By focusing on eco-labeled bread." Thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för hållbar samhälls- och teknikutveckling, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-11507.
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Research Question: How eco-label can influence on consumer buying behavior by focusing on bakery industry. Purpose: The main objective of this research is to identify and analyze how eco-label on bread can influence on consumer buying behavior. Furthermore, the thesis will propose suggestions for the food markets future improvements. Method: In this paper the literature review has based on the secondary data and telephone interview, e-survey and interview as the primary data has been carried out. Conclusion: Ecological labels do influence on buyer behavior, however it is difficult to make this statement about organic bread because of lack of supply and advertisement that makes it hard for people to get information about existence of such bread.
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Gilchrist, Jennifer, and Hannah Edgren. "Coming Clean : An exploratory study of sustainable consumption and clean label consumer motivations." Thesis, Internationella Handelshögskolan, Jönköping University, IHH, Företagsekonomi, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-49301.
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Background: The food industry has become one of the key actors in today’s sustainability equation. Consumers are becoming more conscious than ever before, putting more thought into ingredients and packaging. The number one trend of 2020 is clean label food, thus inviting for research within this specific field. Purpose: This thesis aims to investigate the role of sustainable consumption in clean label food purchasing. In addition, exploring why consumers purchase clean label food products. Method: This study follows a deductive interpretivist approach based on ten qualitative semi-structured interviews. The research is based on the Censydiam framework on human motivations, and the results are analyzed, compared, and tailored to this model. Results: There is a strong implication that those who consume sustainably are also very likely to purchase clean label food products. The main reason why people purchase clean label food products is Expertise. Taking care, Safe Choices, and Boost Energy are also prominent motivations.
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Jiang, Haiyan. "Japanese willingness to pay for agricultural products with the "U.S.A." label a choice-based conjoint analysis for pork /." Access to citation, abstract and download form provided by ProQuest Information and Learning Company; downloadable PDF file, 98 p, 2009. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1889099061&sid=3&Fmt=2&clientId=8331&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Lefébure, Annie, and Muñoz Rafael Rosales. "Communicating to consumers in Sweden with eco-labels : Is the message getting through?" Thesis, Umeå universitet, Handelshögskolan vid Umeå universitet, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-45550.
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Sustainable consumption has become a crucial factor to consider for both consumers and manufacturing firms. Green marketing practices, or marketing activities aimed at decreasing the impact on the environment, have been incorporated into many business plans to combat old habits of wastefulness and pollution. One very popular method that has come to prominence over the recent years is eco-labeling of products and services. Eco-labels are logos that represent that a product or service has met standardized criteria set by a certifying organization and that it is deemed a sustainable option in its product category. The focus of this study will center-on well-known and established eco-labels in the Swedish market, namely the Swan, Bra Miljöval, KRAV, EU-Ecolabel and the Marine Stewardship Council eco-labels. Eco-labels are tools for communication which can be used to facilitate the practice of sustainable consumption. However, there are many factors that influence the consumer’s ability to understand the message of the eco-label which in turn can affect their capacity to adopt the sustainable behavior. The purpose of this study is to determine if Swedish consumers understand the eco-label’s message and if this message affects their green purchasing. These results were related to message quality as defined by the International Standards Organization 14063 standard for environmental communication (2004 cited in Strömdahl, 2005, p. 15; Von Ahn & Wikström, 2005, p. 33-34) and other notable factors found from a literature review. The following research questions were answered: • Do consumers understand the message of an eco-label? o What are the factors related to understanding the eco-label? • Do awareness and understanding affect purchase behavior of and eco-label? o What are the factors related to the purchase of eco-labeled products? A quantitative approach has been used in this research project and a survey has been administered at supermarkets in the Umeå area. To confirm the message of the eco-labels, a semi-structured interview was conducted with the issuing organizations prior to designing the questionnaire. A total of 152 responses were collected from the survey and analyzed with frequency distributions, independent sample t-tests and contingency tables where a significance level of chi-square of .05 or lower was required. The results of the study indicate that customer understanding and purchase behavior varied by each eco-label. Message quality can have a significant impact on understanding of the eco-label. Also, other personal factors were related to understanding and purchase behavior with nationality giving evidence of the strongest relationship.
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Abderrazak, Msallem Chéma. "Une contribution à l'analyse des labels écologiques." Paris 11, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA111015.
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Bista, Shachi. "Extracting Adverse Drug Reactions from Product Labels using Deep Learning and Natural Language Processing." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för kemi, bioteknologi och hälsa (CBH), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-277815.
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Pharamacovigilance relates to activities involving drug safety monitoring in the post-marketing phase of the drug development life-cycle. Despite rigorous trials and experiments that drugs undergo before they are available in the market, they can still cause previously unobserved side-effects (also known as adverse events) due to drug–drug interaction, genetic, physiological or demographic reasons. The Uppsala Monitoring Centre (UMC) is the custodian of the global reporting system, VigiBase, for adverse drug reactions in collaboration with the World Health Organization (WHO). VigiBase houses over 20 million case reports of suspected adverse drug reactions from all around the world. However, not all case reports that the UMC receives pertains to adverse reactions that are novel in the safety profile of the drugs. In fact, many of the reported reactions found in the database are known adverse events for the reported drugs. With more than 3 million potential associations between all possible drugs and all possible adverse events present in the database, identifying associations that are likely to represent previously unknown safety concerns requires powerful statistical methods and knowledge of the known safety profiles of the drugs. Therefore, there is a need for a knowledge base with mappings of drugs to their known adverse reactions. To-date, such a knowledge base does not exist. The purpose of this thesis is to develop a deep-learning model that learns to extract adverse reactions from product labels — regulatory documents providing the current state of knowledge of the safety profile of a given product — and map them to a standardized terminology with high precision. To achieve this, I propose a two-phase algorithm, with a first scanning phase aimed at finding regions of the text representing adverse reactions, and a second mapping phase aiming at normalizing the detected text fragments into Medical Dictionary for Regulatory Activities (MedDRA) terms, the terminology used at the UMC to represent adverse reactions. A previous dictionary-based algorithm developed at the UMC achieved a scanning F1 of 0.42 (0.31 precision, 0.66 recall) and mapping macro-averaged F1 of 0.43 (0.39 macro-averaged precision, 0.64 macro-averaged recall). State-of-the-art methods achieve F1 above 0.8 and above 0.7 for the scanning and mapping problems respectively. To develop algorithms for adverse reaction extraction, I use the 2019 ADE Evaluation Challenge data, a dataset made by the FDA with 100 product labels annotated for adverse events and their mappings to MedDRA. This thesis explores three architectures for the scanning problem: 1) a Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory (BiLSTM) encoder followed by a softmax classifier, 2) a BiLSTM encoder with Conditional Random Field (CRF) classifier and finally, 3) a BiLSTM encoder with CRF classifier with Embeddings from Language Model (ELMo) embeddings. For the mapping problem, I explore Information Retrieval techniques using the search engines whoosh and Solr, as well as a Learning to Rank algorithm. The BiLSTM encoder with CRF gave the highest performance on finding the adverse events in the texts, with an F1 of 0.67 (0.75 precision, 0.61 recall), representing a 0.06 absolute increase in F1 over the simpler BiLSTM encoder with softmax. Using the ELMo embeddings was proven detrimental and lowered the F1 to 0.62. Error analysis revealed the adopted Inside, Beginning, Outside (IOB2) labelling scheme to be poorly adapted for denoting discontinuous and compound spans while introducing ambiguity in the training data. Based on the gold standard annotated mappings, I also evaluated the whoosh and Solr search engines, with and without Learning to Rank. The best performing search engine on this data was Solr, with a macro-averaged F1 of 0.49 compared to the macro-averaged F1 of 0.47 for the whoosh search engine. Adding a Learning to Rank algorithm on top of each engine did not improve mapping performance, as both macro-averaged F1 dropped by over 0.1 when using the re-ranking approach. Finally, the best performing scanning and mapping algorithms beat the aforementioned dictionary-based baseline F1 by 0.25 in the scanning phase and 0.06 in the mapping phase. A large source of error for the Solr search engine came from tokenisation issues, which had a detrimental impact on the performance of the entire pipeline. In conclusion, modern Natural Language Processing (NLP) techniques can significantly improve the performance of adverse event detection from free-formtext compared to dictionary-based approaches, especially in cases where context is important.<br>Farmakovigilans berör de aktiviteter som förbättrar förståelsen av biverkningar av läkemedel. Trots de stränga prövningar som behövs för läkemedelsutvecklingen finns ändå en del biverkningar som är okända p.g.a. genetik, fysiologiska eller demografiska faktorer. Uppsala Monitoring Centre (UMC), i samarbete med World Health Organization (WHO) är vårdnadshavare till den globala databasen av rapporter på medicinska biverkningar, VigiBase. VigiBase innehåller över 20 miljoner misstänkta rapporter från hela världen. Dock, en andel av dessa rapporter beskriver biverkningar som är redan kända. Egentligen finns det över 3 miljoner potentiella samband mellan alla läkemedel och biverkningar i databasen. Att hitta den riktiga och okända biverkningar behövs kraftfulla statistiska metoder samt kunskap om det kända säkerhetsprofil av läkemedlet. Det finns ett behöv för ett databas som kartlägger läkemedel med alla kända biverkningar men, inget sådant databas finns idag. Syftet med detta examensarbete är att utveckla en djup-lärandemodell som kan läsa av texter på läkemedels etiketter — tillsynsdokument som beskriver säkerhetsprofil av läkemedel — och kartlägga dem till ett standardiserat terminologi med hög precision. Problemet kan brytas in i två fas, den första scanning och den andra mapping. Scanning handlar om att kartlägga position av text-fragmentet i etiketter. Mapping handlar om att kartlägga de detekterade text-fragmentet till Medical Dictionary for Regulatory Activities (MedDRA), den terminologi som används i UMC för biverkningar. Tidigare försök, s.k. dictionary-based approach på UMC uppnådde scanning F1 i 0,42 (0,31 precision; 0,64 recall) och mapping macro-averaged F1 i 0,43 (0,39 macro-averaged precision; 0,64 macro-averaged recall). De bästa systemen (s.k. state-of-the-art) uppnådde scanning F1 över 0,8 och 0,7 för den scanning respektive mapping problemet. Jag använder den 2019 ADE Evaluation Challenge dataset att utveckla algoritmerna i projektet. Detta dataset innehåller 100 läkemedels etiketter annoterad med biverkningar och deras kartläggning i MedDRA. Denna avhandling utforskar tre arkitekturer till scanning problemet: 1) Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory (BiLSTM) och softmax för klassificering, 2) BiLSTM med Conditional Random Field (CRF) klassificering och, till sist, 3) BiLSTM med CRF klassificering och Embeddings from Language Model (ELMo) embeddings. Med avseende till mapping problematiken utforskar jag metoder inom Information Retrieval genom användning av sökmotorerna whoosh och Solr. För att förbättra prestandan i mapping utforskar jag Learning to Rank metoder. BiLSTM med CRF presterade bäst inom scanning problematiken med F1 i 0,67 (0,75 precision; 0,61 recall) som är ett 0,06 absolut ökning över den BiLSTM encoder med softmax klassificering. Med ELMo försämrade F1 till 0,62. Analys av felet visade att Inside, Beginning, Outside (IOB2) märkning som jag har valt att använda passar inte till att beteckna diskontinuerliga och sammansatta spans, och tillför betydande osäkerhet i träningsdata. Med avseende till mapping problematiken har jag kollat på sökmotorn Solr och whoosh, med, och utan Learning to Rank. Solr visade sig som den bäst presterande sökmotorn med macro-averaged F1 i 0,49 jämfört med whoosh som visade macro-averaged F1 i 0,47. Learning to Rank algoritmerna försämrade F1 med över 0,1 för båda sökmotorer. Den bäst presterande scanning och mapping algoritmer slog den baseline systemets F1 med 0,25 i scanning faset, och 0,06 i mapping fasen. Ett stor källa av fel för den Solr sökmotorn har kommit från tokeniserings-fel, som hade en försämringseffekt i prestanda genom hela pipelinen. I slutsats, moderna Natural Language Processing (NLP) tekniker kan kraftigt öka prestanda inom detektering av biverkningar från etiketter och texter, jämfört med gamla dictionary metoder, särskilt när kontexten är viktigt.
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Nadaï, Alain. "Nature, fonctionnement et utilisation de l'écolabel de produit." Paris, ENMP, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998ENMP0857.
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Depuis le début des années 90, les dispositifs nationaux d’étiquetage environnemental de produits (i. E. Ecolabel) se sont multipliés au niveau mondial. L'écolabel permet aux firmes de signaler au consommateur les produits considérés comme plus respectueux de l'environnement naturel. Il offre cette possibilité pour les produits qui satisfont des exigences environnementales minimales appelées critères d'écolabellisation. Ces critères sont négocies pour chaque groupe de produits entre les différents groupes d’intérêts, notamment industriels, et les représentants des pouvoirs publics. En effet, ces derniers voient dans l'écolabel un moyen de déclencher des innovations environnementales sur les produits. L'analyse empirique du développement des écolabels français et européens m'a permis de montrer que les stratégies industrielles vis a vis de l’écolabel prennent différentes formes : coopération d'ensemble de l'industrie a l’élaboration des critères et au développement de l’écolabel, opposition frontale, affrontement de groupes stratégiques de firmes sur le choix des critères. La thèse met ces stratégies d'opposition et d'affrontements en rapport avec l'impact qu'a l’écolabel sur les profits des firmes. L'outil d'analyse est l’économie de l'environnement et l’économie industrielle. Sur le plan théorique, ce travail rebondit dans le champ de l’économie de la qualité. La thèse assimile l’écolabel à une qualification de produits, au sens donné à ce terme par l’économie des conventions. Je montre que l’élaboration d'une qualification détermine le coût d'innovation en qualité des firmes, entendu comme le coût de l'innovation qui permet de modifier la qualité d'un produit aux yeux des consommateurs. Ces coûts déterminant les profits des firmes sur le marché, elles en conçoivent naturellement des enjeux par rapport au contenu de cette qualification. Le travail ouvre donc et fait avancer la question du lien entre concurrence marchande et processus de qualification.
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GODOY, Heloisa Baleroni Rodrigues de. "Granulometria de grãos em rações para frangos Label Rouge." Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2009. http://repositorio.bc.ufg.br/tede/handle/tde/1200.
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Previous issue date: 2009-12-22<br>To determine the nutritional value of corn, millet and sorghum in different sizes for broiler chickens, Label Rouge, animal performance and development of the digestive organs, experiments were performed in the areas of Poultry, Federal University of Goiás (UFG) and the Federal University of Tocantins (UFT). We evaluated the values of apparent metabolizable energy (AME) and apparent metabolizable energy corrected for nitrogen balance (AME) in the dry and natural, the coefficients metabolism of nutrients, animal performance up to 28 days and the biometrics of the digestive organs of broiler type rustic Red Label line with diets based on corn, millet and sorghum in different sizes
For the determination of AME and AME of grains, we used the method of excreta collection of chickens 14 days old were distributed in a completely randomized in two experimental trials, using 60% reference diet and 40% of food test. The AME values of dry matter of coarsely ground corn, finely ground corn, millet grain, finely ground millet, sorghum grain, sorghum grain sorghum thick and finely ground, were 3530, 3445, 3617, 3586, 3295, 3156 and 3024 kcal / kg, respectively and the values of the AME 3273, 3200, 3352, 3372, 3137, 3147 and 2.967kcal/kg natural matter, respectively. The coefficient of metabolism of nutrients improved with increased particle size, except for sorghum integer that showed the worst. The metabolizable energy was higher for sorghum grain and did not change for maize and millet for broilers Label Rouge. For the performance parameters, we used 300 animals during the early stage of development (1 to 28 days) in a completely randomized design and for morphometric measurements so sacrificed at 28 days, one animal per repetition, totaling 30 animals. Except for finely ground corn that showed the worst performance results, all other treatments were satisfactory, with millet grain made the best economic feasibility of its use. The rations provided in different sizes, showed that particle size influenced the consumption, the balance of dry matter and nitrogen and the coefficient of metabolism of nutrients and energy from seven to ten days of maize and sorghum and improved the AME values of millet. 17 to 24 days
old animals fed grain sorghum had greater retention of dry matter and nitrogen. It is recommended that the pearl millet grain for chickens like hillbilly Label Rouge until 28 days old, as the treatments used showed little effect of particle size on performance and organ development and grain millet showed the best economic indicators proved to be a grain that can be delivered worldwide from day-old chicks for Label Rouge<br>Para determinar os valores nutricionais do milho, milheto e sorgo em diferentes granulometrias para frangos da linhagem Label Rouge, o desempenho dos animais e o desenvolvimento dos órgãos digestivos, foram realizados experimentos nos setores de Avicultura da Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG)
e na Universidade Federal do Tocantins (UFT). Avaliou-se os valores de energia metabolizável aparente (EMA) e energia metabolizável aparente corrigida para balanço de nitrogênio (EMAn) na matéria seca e natural, os coeficientes de
metabolização dos nutrientes, o desempenho dos animais até os 28 dias e a biometria dos órgãos digestivos de frango de corte tipo caipira da linhagem Label Rouge com dietas a base de milho, milheto e sorgo em diferentes granulometrias
Para a determinação da EMA e EMAn dos grãos, foi utilizado o método de coleta total de excretas em frangos de 14 dias de idade distribuídos em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em dois ensaios experimentais, usando 60% de ração-referencia e 40% do alimento-teste. Os valores de EMAn na matéria seca do milho moído grosso, milho moído fino, milheto grão, milheto moído fino, sorgo em grão, sorgo moído grosso e sorgo moído fino, foram 3.530, 3.445, 3.617, 3.586, 3.295, 3.156 e 3.024 kcal/kg, respectivamente e os valores de EMAn de 3.273, 3.200, 3.352, 3.372, 3.137, 3.147 e 2.967kcal/kg na matéria natural, respectivamente. O coeficiente de metabolização dos nutrientes melhorou com o aumento da granulometria, exceto para o sorgo inteiro que apresentou os piores valores. Os valores de energia metabolizável foram maiores para o sorgo em grão e não variaram para o milho e para o milheto para frangos de corte Label Rouge. Para os parâmetros de desempenho, foram utilizados 300 animais durante a fase inicial de desenvolvimento (1 aos 28 dias de vida), em delineamento inteiramente casualizado e para as medidas morfométricas forma sacrificados aos 28 dias, um animal por repetição, totalizando 30 animais. Exceto o milho finamente moído que apresentou os piores resultados de desempenho, todos os demais tratamentos mostraram-se satisfatórios, tendo o milheto em grão apresentado a melhor viabilidade econômica com seu uso. As rações fornecidas nas diferentes granulometrias,demonstraram que a granulometria influenciou o
consumo, o balanço da matéria seca e do nitrogênio e o coeficiente de metabolização desses nutrientes e da energia dos sete aos dez dias do milho e do sorgo e melhorou os valores de EMAn do milheto moído. Dos 17 aos 24 dias
de idade os animais alimentados com sorgo em grão tiveram maior retenção de matéria seca e nitrogênio. Recomenda-se a utilização do milheto em grão para frangos do tipo caipira Label Rouge até os 28 dias de idade, já os tratamentos
utilizados mostraram pouco efeito do tamanho da partícula no desempenho e desenvolvimento dos órgãos e o milheto em grão mostrou os melhores índices econômicos demonstrando ser um grão que pode ser fornecido inteiro desde o primeiro dia de idade para pintos Label Rouge
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Steyn, Liezl. "Consumer perceptions regarding labels on clothing and household textile products : a study in Gauteng / Liezl Steyn." Thesis, North-West University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/4746.
Full textAbstract:
Textile product labels are provided on the clothing and household textile products to assist consumers with important product information. However, the assumption cannot be made that because the label is available on these products it will be used by consumers. Consumers do not base their pre– and post–purchasing decisions on reality but rather on what they perceive to be the reality. Thus consumers’ perceptions of textile product labels need to be studied as it influences their pre– and post–purchasing decisions and use of these labels. Consumers use their perceptions as a frame of reference for making purchasing decisions. This study determined consumers’ perceptions, in order to form a better understanding of their textile pre– and post–purchasing decisions. However, perception is not a singular concept but an interactive process. Therefore, the present study, done in the Gauteng Province, aimed to determine consumers’ perceptions of clothing and household textile labels, by focusing on the perceptual process of consumers. The first objective was to determine consumers’ awareness of labels on clothing and household textile products. Secondly, it was determined whether consumers’ attention is drawn to labels of clothing and household textile products. Thirdly it was determined whether labels on textile products are important to consumers and finally, whether consumers interpret labels on textile products. An interviewer–administered questionnaire was used as the data collection technique. A total of 411 questionnaires were administered by trained fieldworkers. The study location was three different regions in Gauteng Province, namely: Pretoria, Vereeniging and the West Rand. Public locations were used for the recruitment of respondents selected within the three regions, which included: schools, retirement villages, parking areas and government institutions. This contributed to the probability that a diverse group of respondents participated. The study population consisted of 44.5% males and 55.5% females. The home languages most spoken among the respondents were English (20.9%), Afrikaans (21.1%) or isiZulu (16.5%). Respondents generally tended to have a positive perception regarding textile product labels. The results illustrated that respondents tended to agree to be aware of label information and that the front and back panels of the label draw their attention. However respondents tended to be neutral as to whether the information is important enough to read. Respondents mostly agreed that they interpret the symbols on textile product labels. Although respondents tended to perceive textile product labels positively, it still remains unclear whether it is important enough for consumers to use these labels found on textile products. By striving to improve consumers’ perceptions regarding textile product labels through better labelling initiatives and consumer education on labels, consumers might view labels as important and use them before and after purchasing a textile product. This will in effect teach consumers how to clean and maintain textile products to extend the product’s lifespan. This would in turn contribute to the consumer’s pre– and post–purchasing satisfaction. This study additionally found that respondents’ perceptions of textile product labels were influenced by some of their demographic characteristics. Although there were no large effect sizes which illustrated practical significance, there were some small to medium tendencies regarding respondents’ perceptions of textile product labels and their demographic characteristics. Different tendencies were especially found when analysing the relationships between respondents’ perceptions and age or language. Older respondents (60 and older) tended to have a more positive perception of textile product labels than younger respondents (18 to 29 years). In addition, respondents with an African language as their home language seemed to differ from Afrikaans and English respondents. To understand South African consumers fully, researchers should understand the diversity and political history of South Africa, by focusing on cultural differences and reasons thereof. Different age generations need to be examined in further South African studies in order to determine the perceptions of consumers from different age groups regarding textile product labels.<br>Thesis (M. Consumer Science)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011.
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Ängerfors, Jonas, and Sofia Svensson. "Milking the consumer’s conscience : Consumers’ perception of ecologically and locally produced milk." Thesis, Uppsala University, Department of Business Studies, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-130820.
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<p>This thesis investigates how consumers perceive ecologically and locally produced milk. Theories on consumer perception are used together with definitions of ecologically and locally produced food. The empirical findings are based on four focus groups discussing their perception towards six milk brands in Uppland as well as the concepts of ecologically and locally produced goods. We see a positive perception of brands with higher responsibility standards and brands wearing external labels guaranteeing the standards of the product. We have come to the conclusion that the participants in this study have an interest in ecologic and local production, something that we presumed because of the trends we have seen. We do however also conclude that the knowledge of these concepts is low due to vague information from the producers in combination with consumer inertia.</p>
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Chamberland, Vincent. "Conditions d’établissement d’un label de provenance pour les produits du bois du Québec." Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/30371/30371.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
On observe sur le marché québécois un engouement des consommateurs envers les produits locaux. Le secteur des produits du bois, qui subit une compétition étrangère importante principalement dans le secteur des produits d’apparence, pourrait bénéficier d’un label faisant la promotion de la provenance locale. L’objectif du projet de recherche était de déterminer s’il serait opportun de développer un label spécifique aux produits du bois selon la perspective des manufacturiers, des détaillants et des consommateurs de produits du bois. Les manufacturiers et les détaillants se sont montrés divisés quant à leur intérêt à adhérer à une stratégie de promotion sectorielle. Cet intérêt variait aussi en fonction des réalités propres à chaque entreprise. Les consommateurs finaux ont exprimé une forte préférence pour les produits du bois locaux et cette préférence a surtout été observée pour les produits à valeur ajoutée. En conclusion, un label propre aux produits du bois représente une stratégie de promotion pertinente dans le contexte québécois.<br>Quebec consumers show an increasing preference towards locally sourced products. Meanwhile, the wood products industry is facing strong competition from foreign manufacturers, especially in the appearance wood products sector. The objective of this research is to determine whether it would be appropriate to develop a label for promoting local wood products in Quebec from the perspective of manufacturers, retailers and consumers. Manufacturers and retailers are divided on their interest to join a local wood products label. Their interest varies depending on their specific business conditions. Consumers have expressed a strong preference for local wood products and this preference was more important for value-added products. Finally, a label promoting local wood products would be appropriate within Quebec.
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Hartter, David L. "Understanding consumers' ornamental plant preferences for disease-free and water conservation labels." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/34538.
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Product labeling is increasingly used as a tool to differentiate products with public and private benefits that cannot be readily evaluated by a consumer at the time of purchase. Our research investigates how a labeling program may be applied in the sale of ornamental plants to address two key issues; plant disease and irrigation water use. A choice modeling survey was utilized to estimate consumersâ willingness to pay a premium for six ornamental plants with disease-free and/or water conservation certification labels. The results of the mixed logit models show consumers are willing to pay a premium for plants certified as disease-free and/or produced with water conservation practices. The results strongly suggest producers can recoup some of the costs of implementing water conservation measures such as water recycling and disease control measures amid regulatory and drought concerns. Our research also investigated consumersâ preferences for multiple third party certifying authorities and whether preferences for the labels varied among consumers. The results showed ornamental plant consumers did not reveal a preference for a particular certifying authority. The results are mixed as to whether willingness to pay for the labels varies among respondents. We show willingness to pay does vary among respondents for three of the plant models indicating preference heterogeneity.<br>Master of Science
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Palmqvist, Rickard, Björn Lindell, and Jerry Karlsson. "The Fight for Shelf Space : Regional Meat Producers Facing Retail Labels." Thesis, Jönköping University, JIBS, EMM (Entrepreneurship, Marketing, Management), 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-702.
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<p>Sweden has experienced a surge in retail labels within the food industry the last decade and this increase has meant great changes within the meat industry. Producer brands have been faced with issues of strategy formulation and changing power structures that has affected small-and medium sized companies more than others. The purpose of this thesis is to, from a small- and medium sized producer perspective; investigate the impact the increase in retail label products have on selected producer brand producing companies in the Swedish meat industry and if they constitute a major threat to the producer brands. Furthermore, the thesis addresses issues such as the present structure of the industry and future views of the meat industry.</p><p>Method</p><p>A qualitative research method was used in order to investigate the impact of the increase in retail labels. Interviews were conducted with three cured meat producers operating in the region of Småland. Furthermore, a market leading producer and representatives from the market leading retailer was also included in the study to gain a deeper understanding of market conditions.</p><p>Results</p><p>The results of the interviews shows an industry that is mature and experiencing slow and sometimes even declining growth where companies are pretty much set in their ways. The fiercest competition, over shelf space, is between producers with similar strategies instead of between producers and retailers. The increase in retail labels has meant a drastically reduced shelf space for producers to compete over. However, the three producers have taken steps in order to secure that the threat from retail labels is kept at a minimum. Nevertheless, new retail labels that will be closer to producer brands in terms of quality and price are coming. These are seen as a greater threat than the existing labels.</p>
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Metz, Marilyn. "Typography preferences of consumers over 50, preferences of consumers age 50+ for typography of product instruction labels." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/NQ30338.pdf.
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Olímpio, Ana Catarina Alves da Silva Félix. "The effect of a design label on product choice in FMCG." Master's thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.14/20235.
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The concept of User Innovation is not very familiar to consumers, but a growing number of
companies are starting to invest on users to assist their R&D process. Thompson and
Malaviya’s Skepticism-Identification model explain why companies should encourage but at
the same be careful when communicating that a product was designed by users. This
experimental study aims to understand the influence of the level of user input in product
design on product choice. The design continuum: (1) firm-designed; (2) user-designed and (3)
co-creation (the collaboration between the two) is applied to the FMCG industry and tested
whether product nature (hedonic and utilitarian) influences consumers’ responses.
Firstly, the results indicated that co-creation is the preferred design label, regardless of the
product nature. A co-created label enhances perceptions of product quality and for this reason,
managers should use this increase in product value to create a competitive advantage in the
marketplace. Secondly, the results indicated that utilitarian products draw the most benefits
from a user design label. When looking at communicating the product design mode,
companies should first look at the nature of their products.<br>Os consumidores não se encontram muito familiarizados com o conceito de “inovação do
consumidor”. Contudo, um número crescente de empresas começa a investir cada vez mais no
seu contributo para o processo de I&D. O modelo “Ceticismo-Identificação” de Thompson e
Malaviya explica as razões que incentivam e alertam sobre os cuidados da comunicação de
que um produto foi concebido pelos consumidores. O presente estudo experimental tem como
objectivo perceber a influência do grau de contribuição dos consumidores (na fase de
concepção) na escolha do mesmo. O contínuo (1) concebido por profissionais (2) por
consumidores e (3) cocriação (colaboração entre as duas partes) é aplicado em Bens de
Consumo e é testado perante naturezas de produto distintas (hedónica e utilitária).
Os resultados indicam que, em primeiro lugar, a cocriação é a opção mais preferida dos
consumidores, independentemente da natureza do produto. Os consumidores percepcionam
uma qualidade superior nestes produtos, sendo que as empresas podem ganhar uma vantagem
competitiva no mercado. Em segundo lugar, os resultados indicam que os produtos utilitários
vão beneficiar fortemente da comunicação de que um produto foi concebido por utilizadores,
o que sugere que as empresas devem analisar a natureza do produto antes de investirem neste
tipo de estratégias.
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Chang, Fu-Li, and 張馥麗. "The Research on the Laws and Regulations of Food Product Label and Advertisement." Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/84825604756020857125.
Full textAbstract:
碩士<br>國立高雄第一科技大學<br>科技法律研究所<br>99<br>Because of the development of new technology, the path of food production from farm to fork has a short-cut. People can acess and purchase a variety of food on the market through the physical and network. Currently, the safety of food concerns spread around the world in recent years. The research study is aimed to food product label and advertisement to safeguard people''s rights of health.
As food safety is closely related to the public''s health, there are laws and regulations of food product label and advertisement in Taiwan’s legal system. In recent years, the government authority examines strictly on illegal food industry. Food entrepreneurs and advertising agency should be familiar with laws and regulations of food product label and advertisement to avoid violating laws. On the other hand, the general public would be protected under laws.
This research study will first introduce the concepts of food product label and advertisement. Second, it refers to the current issues and tries to figure them out through the relevant regulations, such as Food Sanitation Governing Act, Consumer Protection Act, Fair Trade Act, practical opinions, and so on. The third one, this research study focuses on constitutional issues. Mandatory labeling and restrictions on advertising may involve constitutional issues, such as freedom of commercial speech, freedom of business, but the purpose of these restrictions is to keep healthy nationality. The right to health does not expressly provide in our Constitution. This research study attempts to identify the conflicts between these constitutional issues and reconcile them.
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Chang, Hui-Chun, and 張慧君. "Factors affecting farmers’ adopting behavior on Organic Taiwan and Traceability Agricultural Product Label." Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/f732c7.
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碩士<br>國立嘉義大學<br>生物事業管理研究所<br>97<br>Recently, consumers are more concerned about food safety and hygiene, so that a growing trend of organic agricultural products. Agricultural products and organic agricultural products in general are not easily distinguishable in appearance, organic agricultural products label is an important distinction mark. Many factors affect the farmers decided to adopt something. In this paper,use internal psychological variables to explore farmers to adopting organic agricultural products label behavior. After reviewing the literatures, the author develops the concept and rival model. Five constructs, i.e. attitude toward behavior, subjective norm, innovativeness, intention to adopt, adopting behavior are included. And then a random sample use telephone interviews to study. Of the 350 questionnaires sent to organic framers in the Taiwan area from organic agriculture information web, 219 valid questionnaires were returned, with a valid return rate of 62.6%. The structural equation model (SEM) was applied for this investigation analysis. The findings of study are as follows,
Innovativeness is an important factor to impact farmers for organic agricultural products intention to adopt. Innovativeness is significant directly and indirectly affect the intention to adopt. The attitude of individual was found to be mediators. Organic farmers face organic agricultural products label will have a personal acceptance of the innovation to produce different responses and attitude due to individual innovativeness. Farmers have more innovativeness more willing to take the initiative in a positive message and the courage to try on. Organic agricultural products label systems rely on these people to accept the promotion, in order to continue to develop. Attitude toward behavior and subjective norm on intention to adopt have a positive effect, intention on adopting behavior also have a positive effect. In order to have the security of Taiwan's organic agriculture promote successfully, the view of farmers is the key.
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Sung, Ling-chih, and 宋羚芝. "The Effect of Consumer Behavior and Product Characteristics on Hypermarket''s Private Label." Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/3u3qjv.
Full textAbstract:
碩士<br>國立中山大學<br>企業管理學系研究所<br>97<br>In recent years, there are more and more private label products in Taiwan’s retailing channel. It is easy for consumer to purchase those products though supermarkets, hypermarkets, or convenience stores. Retailers have developed and sold private label products widely in the United State and Europe for past three decades, and high proportions of the consumers had such good impression for those products. Private label can create big profit for retailing channel especially in hypermarket in Taiwan, but the actual profit remains small for years. That’s why we want to know what causes the result. In this article we hope to find some important facts and to provide suggestions for the future strategies.
Private label products can have different performance through different categories, and many articles find that private label in some specific categories bring more profits than others. In this article, we choose ten different products to understand how product characteristics affect consumer behavior. We use convenience sampling in Taipei and Kaohsiung. By means of the questionnaire survey, we try to learn more about the effect of consumer behavior and product characteristics on hypermarket''s private label’s attitude and purchasing behavior.
Both quality and price are key factors which can affect purchasing. The quality difference between national brands and private labels cause the lower purchasing intentions in private label. We also find that private label performs better in daily use products and stationery. It is shown that through different categories, the acceptance and attitude toward private label will be different. We suggest adding more factors of consumer behavior and product characteristics to understand the purchasing behavior and the attitude toward private label products in the future study.
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Liao, Mei-Chi, and 廖美琪. "The Relationship among Consumer Perception of The Effectiveness, Subjective Knowledge of Carbon Label and Buying Willingness – A Case Study of "Taiwan Product Carbon Label on Packaged Tea Beverage Products." Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/36886362214724121113.
Full textAbstract:
碩士<br>國立中興大學<br>生物產業管理研究所<br>104<br>In view of global warming issues, national implementation of environment-related policies and measures are formulated in order to sustainable development, governments also more committed to promoting "carbon label" recent years. Previous studies rarely focus on the carbon labeling from the view of the relationship among consumer perception of the effectiveness, subjective knowledge of carbon label and willingness to buy by level grouping of the three. Therefore, this study mainly explored the relationship among consumer perception of the effectiveness, subjective knowledge of carbon label and willingness to buy, with a case study of "Taiwan product carbon label on packaged tea beverage products". The subjects were Taiwanese adults over 18 years old, who has experience of buying packaged tea. Questionnaires were adopted in this study, taking a nonprobability sample of convenience sampling at retail channels of packaged tea beverage products i.e.7-11 and Family Mart, which are the mainly convenience store in Taiwan. The results showed (1) A significant relationship between high subjective knowledge of carbon label and a high carbon label packaged tea beverage purchase willingness. (2) A significant relationship between high perception consumer effectiveness (PCE) and high subjective knowledge of carbon label (3) A significant relationship between high perception consumer effectiveness (PCE) and willingness to buy a packaged tea beverage products with carbon label. (4) Female’s perception consumer effectiveness (PCE) has a positive moderate effect which strengthened the relationship between subjective knowledge of carbon label and willingness to buy a packaged tea beverage products with carbon label. The results of this study could be used as a contribution in relevant academic research on carbon labeling, also provide reference for marketing strategies of carbon-labelling products making by corporate and promoting carbon-labeling policies by government, hoping to promote low-carbon consumption and moving towards the goals on sustainable development.
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BenTsai and 蔡滋彬. "A Study of Relationship among Product Positioning, Anti-Counterfeiting Label, and Purchase Intention - A Case Study of Disney Products." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/qgwes8.
Full textAbstract:
碩士<br>國立成功大學<br>高階管理碩士在職專班(EMBA)<br>102<br>The purpose of this research was based on anti-counterfeiting label to construct
an integrated model, and applied literature reviews to examine the relationship of
product positioning, anti-counterfeiting and purchase intention. Therefore, in this
paper we took product positioning and anti-counterfeiting as independent variable,
purchase intention as dependent variable. Finally, we checked whether
anti-counterfeiting was intervening variables or not.
Questionnaire survey was used as a major method to study, 359 of 490 responses
were received, the return rate was 73.27%, but 10 copies of them were incomplete. So
we got 349 effective responses. This paper applied descriptive statistics, factor
analysis, validity analysis, reliability analysis, and regression analysis to examine the
influence of independent variables. The difference of variables for demographic
variables was studied by t test, ANOVA. The data analysis results could be
summarized below:
1. Product positioning had positive significantly influence on purchase intention.
2. Product positioning had positive significantly influence on anti-counterfeiting label.
3. Anti-counterfeiting label had positive significantly influence on purchase intention.
4. Anti-counterfeiting label had the intervening effect between product positioning
and purchase intention.
5. Product positioning, anti-counterfeiting label and purchase intention for the
demographic variables had partial significant differences.
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PICKOVÁ, Tereza. "Využití ekoznačky a značky pro lokální produkt v rámci rozvoje regionu." Master's thesis, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-153339.
Full textAbstract:
This diploma thesis is aimed to compare the eco-label and the regional product in the South Bohemian region. This thesis is focusing on consumer behavior, supplier behavior and their interest in ecology and their awareness of labels participated in our analysis. Data analysis is performed using a questionnaire survey. Based on the results of the survey are proposed recommendations for improving the situation.
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Copeland, Katherine Fiorito Susan S. "An investigation of the life cycle stage of private label apparel brands and the use of automatic replenishment programs." Diss., 2005. http://etd.lib.fsu.edu/theses/available/etd-11102005-220358.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (M.S.)--Florida State University, 2005.<br>Advisor: Susan S. Fiorito, Florida State University, College of Human Sciences, Dept. of Textiles and Consumer Sciences. Title and description from dissertation home page (viewed Jan. 27, 2006). Document formatted into pages; contains viii, 73 pages. Includes bibliographical references.
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Chen, Mei-fang, and 陳美芳. "A Study on the Legal Liabilities for the False Food Product Label and Advertisement." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/13239030169865859066.
Full textAbstract:
碩士<br>東吳大學<br>法律學系<br>98<br>The false food product label and advertisement influence not only the consumer’s rights to know and choose but also his/her health due to the food safety. A scatter of the food related legal provisions and infringement effects on Commodity Labelling Law, Fair Trade Act, Act Governing Food Sanitation, Health Food Control Act, Consumer Protection Law, and Civil Code has made the consumers wonder how to protect their rights. In addition, the false commodity label and advertisement also infringe upon the fair trading and competition order, which results in serious economic impacts on the whole society. This study starts from analyzing and comparing the related false commodity label and advertisement legal provisions and infringement effects but focuses on the health foods as the research target. In view of the importance of the foods to the public’s health and life safety, this study suggests that except for the legal liabilities of the related administrative laws and civil laws, the food traders should bear the criminal legal liabilities due to their deception label and advertisement. Wish this study could provide the food traders a good protection of freedom of speech under the Constitution Law to provide the consumers more objective product information so as to protect their rights and interests.
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Li, Mei-Rong, and 黎梅蓉. "The Relationship of Private Label Product Marketing and Foundries to Brand Equity and Repurchase Intention." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/14891663007758537644.
Full textAbstract:
碩士<br>中原大學<br>企業管理研究所<br>101<br>Due to the keen competition in globalized market, domestic bulk-sale stores have begun locating their own brand position in order to make a distinction among others. The scale of these bulk-sale stores is becoming larger, and the style of management towards chain-orientation and internationalization. Brand image, product price, product quality, and consumer rights have been emphasizing gradually. Therefore, to seize the market share over manufacturing companies, bulk-sale stores throw out low-price strategy to compete. Hence, how to maintain the quality and also control the cost becomes a crucial issue amongst domestic bulk-sale stores.
Generally, low-price strategy make consumers associate with “low price, low quality.” In this case, bulk-sale stores try to work as OBM (own branding and manufacturing) system, elevating their core competence by carefully selecting original equipment manufacturer, focusing on marketing strategy and promoting customer service quality.
This research will focus on RT-MART bulk-sale store as research subject, bringing into its OBM food product as research scope. We will discuss whether or not there is a significant impact on brand equity and repurchasing intention over its OBM marketing strategy and equipment manufacturer’s reputation. The research method is constructed by questionnaire on convenience sampling. The data of surveying sample will be consumers who have actual purchase experience in RT-MART as representative sample.
The case study shows that there is a significant correlation between the bulk-sake store’s promotional activity, brand image, retail price, and brand equity. There is also a significant impact on repurchasing intention upon the bulk-sake store’s promoting campaign, brand image, price; a significant impact on repurchasing intention upon the bulk-sake store’s brand equity. Furthermore, there is a positive significant correlation between bulk-sake store’s equipment manufacturer’s reputation and brand equity; a positive significant correlation between the bulk-sake store’s equipment manufacturer’s reputation and repurchasing intention. Moreover, except what we have discussed the three dimensions of bulk-sale store’s brand marketing: brand image, promotional activity and retail price in the literature review, this research also discovers that there is another important aspect; we call it “product quality.”
The research aims to provide RT-MART a substantial reference material in terms of its marketing strategy application hereafter, also expecting OBM bulk-sale stores will be more varied so that it can offer more alternatives for consumers.
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Teng, Hsuan-Chih, and 鄧軒誌. "The Effects between Share of Wallet and Private Label Product Category, Location, and Store Services." Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/46418670733202558818.
Full textAbstract:
碩士<br>國立交通大學<br>管理學院經營管理學程<br>103<br>Since the physical stores have been threatened by online stores in this new O2O (Online to Offline) era, how to get the pattern of how your customers purchase and their potential needs become very important. Although there are many ways to analyze the loyalty of customers, this study examine the POS data from the specific chain stores in Taiwan；Our conclusion indicates the relations among the effects of the share of wallet, private label product category, location, and store service.
First, the stores with rest area and restroom do effect on the customers' share of wallet and the private label share of the store. Second, the food category has higher effect on share of wallet, while the household category has higher effect on private label share. Third, the city consumers prefer to purchase in the stores without rest area and restroom while the suburban consumers prefer to purchase in the stores with rest area and restroom.
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Huang, Yu-Te, and 黃育德. "The Impacts of Saving-Energy Policy on the Financial Performance for Energy Label Product Manufacturers." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/09663252992034834164.
Full textAbstract:
碩士<br>南台科技大學<br>國際企業系<br>98<br>To help the development of domestic industries and encourage the green consumption of carbon reduction, the Executive Yuan on September 11, 2008 had approved “The Economic Stimulus Act of 2008 in Response to the Economy " and announced the implementation of this policy from October 1, 2008 to March 31, 2009 to subsidize the public in purchasing products with Energy Label. Whether the implementation of this Act is able to enhance the financial performance of manufacturers which produce energy-saving products? To answer this question, this study explored the following three subjects: First, the correlation between the policy of “The Economic Stimulus Act of 2008 in Response to the Economy " and the stock prices of subsidized enterprises; second, the revenue capacity of subsidized enterprises under the policy; and third, the correlation between subsidized enterprises’ performance and its market value.
With respect to short term (5 days), the approval of “The Economic Stimulus Act of 2008 in Response to the Economy" did not generate positive abnormal return; However, if compared with the industry, its standardized average abnormal returns became less negative, indicating a better performance than the industry. After the implementation of this policy on October 1, 2008, both the industry or energy product manufacturers have shown positive standardized average abnormal returns. Therefore, this policy did have a positive effect on financial performances of energy-saving products firms during the subsidy period.
In addition, during the subsidy implementation period (2008-12-31 ~ 2009-3-31), the corporate revenues of enterprises were neither better than those of industry, nor better than the revenues of the same period of last year.
Finally, this study applied panel models to examine the business performance, and the analyzing results showed that the company business scale, operational efficiency were related with business performance; debt ratio was negatively correlated with operational performance; the period of subsidize was negatively correlated with operational performance. However, whether subsidized companies were better than the industry was not be able to infer in this study.
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Su, Yu-Hung, and 蘇育弘. "The Mediating Role of Trust between Product Knowledge, Food Certification Label and Consumer’s Purchases Intention." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/68059237506859696668.
Full textAbstract:
碩士<br>國立高雄餐旅大學<br>餐旅管理研究所在職專班<br>102<br>Abstract
In recent years, Taiwan''s food market is flooded with sinister goods and unscrupulous manufacturers with high-profit but low-quality business practices; therefore, Taiwanese consumers are encountering increasingly serious food security problem. People’s awareness of their own consumption of food sources and the extent of knowledge about the food making process is more important than before. In order to protect consumer rights, the government has set a food mark system as a reference for the consumers when purchasing goods, thus making them have healthy “eating” and pay more attention on food marks. The study is trying to survey the consumers’ knowledge about food products and understanding of food marks, and whether the knowledge and understanding are connected with food trust and purchase intention. The findings can not only improve mark authentication mechanisms between industry, government, and academia but increase “food” safety and enhance purchase protection for consumers. In this study, general population survey was conducted by random sampling, with a total of 600 points distributed questionnaires, and 380 valid questionnaires were returned to 63%. The study found the degree of consumer awareness of food mark positively affects the trust of product purchasing; however, consumers’ related knowledge about purchased products failed to make difference. Moreover, when giving trust to the products, consumers increase the willingness to purchase, and the level of trust towards the product will not be affected by the knowledge of the product. Therefore, consumers have trust in food marks and also increase the willingness to purchase a certain product due to the food mark certification. Thus, Taiwanese purchase intention is greatly influenced by the food mark certification.
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Duarte, Vítor Manuel Henriques dos Santos. "The positive impact of product range optimization in the private label of a multinational retail company." Master's thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10071/15772.
Full textAbstract:
The purpose of this project is to demonstrate the positive impact of Product Range
Optimization (PRO) tool in the leverage of SONAE MC private label brands (PLBs). Having
in mind the core construct of relationship marketing, the project also investigates the
secondary constructs of advocacy, attachment, credibility, image and familiarity within each
SONAE MC PLB so as to identify improvement points. The ultimate path to PLBs success is
drawn through the application of various marketing mix measures.
A questionnaire was conducted to a quota sample of SONAE MC shoppers to ascertain
consumer perception over Continente, Continente Equilíbrio, Continente Seleção and É
Continente brands. The questionnaire was delivered through Google Forms from August to
September of 2017 and responses were gathered mainly resorting to digital communication
platforms. From the initial sample of 557 respondents, 534 were considered valid and later
inserted into SPSS 24 for data analysis purposes.
Quality, value for money and price are the most privileged factors in a PLB. Continente PLBs
offer appear as the best for consumers in the Portuguese retail market. Although the best
SONAE PLBs score occurs for brand advocacy, consumers find it more difficult to believe in
online advocacy initiatives’, such as blog suggestions. The development of national and
regional products is said to generate brand attachment towards a PLB. Credibility and image
seem to be more important to enhance advocacy through PLBs.
This project delivers a vital contribution not only for SONAE MC - through the identification
of several performance improvement points for its PLBs - but also to the overall supermarket
retail service - by providing in-depth analysis on PLBs relevance for the current marketplace
and introducing the ultimate tool to create a strong brand portfolio.<br>Este projeto tem como objetivo demonstrar o impacto positivo da ferramenta Product Range
Optimization (PRO) na alavancagem das marcas próprias da SONAE MC. Através do
conceito central marketing relacional, o projeto investiga também os conceitos secundários
advocacia, ligação, credibilidade, imagem e familiaridade em cada uma das marcas próprias
da SONAE MC de modo a identificar eventuais pontos de melhoria. O caminho para o
sucesso das marcas próprias é traçado através da aplicação de várias medidas no âmbito do
marketing mix.
Foi realizado um questionário aos clientes da SONAE MC para averiguar a percepção do
consumidor relativamente às marcas próprias Continente, Continente Equilíbrio, Continente
Seleção e É Continente. O questionário foi divulgado através da ferramenta Google Forms em
plataformas de comunicação digital nos meses de agosto e setembro de 2017. Da amostra
inicial composta por 557 entrevistados, 534 foram considerados válidos e posteriormente
inseridos no sistema SPSS 24 para análise dos dados.
Qualidade, value for money e preço são os fatores mais privilegiados numa marca própria. A
gama de produtos marca própria da SONAE MC é eleita pelos consumidores como a melhor
no mercado de retalho Português. Apesar de as marcas próprias da SONAE obterem a sua
melhor pontuação no conceito advocacia, as iniciativas online neste âmbito (como sugestões
em blogs) não aparecem como credíveis. O desenvolvimento de produtos nacionais e
regionais aumenta a ligação com a marca própria em questão. A credibilidade e imagem da
marca influenciam positivamente e em grande escala a advocacia das marcas próprias.
Este projeto oferece uma contribuição vital não só para a SONAE MC - através da
identificação de vários pontos de melhoria ao nível do desempenho das suas marcas próprias
- mas também para o mercado de retalho em geral - realizando uma análise aprofundada
sobre a relevância das marcas próprias na conjuntura atual e apresentando uma ferramenta
essencial para a criação de um portfolio de marcas próprias exemplar.
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Hlongwane, Gloria Ntombenhle. "Fabrication of a label-free DNA/graphene based electrochemical SNA hybridisation sensor for product authentication and tracing." Thesis, 2017. https://hdl.handle.net/10539/24969.
Full textAbstract:
A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment,
University of the Witwatersrand. Johannesburg, in fulfilment of the requirements for the
Degree of Doctor of Philosophy, August 2017<br>Poor understanding of the interactions at graphene/DNA interfaces has brought
tremendous limitations to the development of label-free DNA-graphene based
electrochemical/electrical biosensors. The aim of this study was to develop a label-free
DNA/graphene-based electrochemical DNA hybridisation sensor, evaluate and benchmark
its output electronic signal as a function of the effect of DNA on graphene’s electronic
properties. In addition, the study sought to understand the effect of graphene on the nature
of DNA. Herein, results of the investigation of the effects of DNA self-immobilisation and
subsequent DNA hybridisation on the electronic structure of CVD-grown graphene using a
combination of Raman spectroscopy and conductance measurements are presented. A
novel UV-Vis spectroscopy dependent measurement technique for the label-free study of
the interaction between DNA-graphene interfaces during DNA hybridisation on graphene
is reported. Also presented in this work, is a new method of representing electronic events
and DNA conformational changes during DNA detection on graphene from current
voltage measurements. Non-covalent assembly was used to immobilise single-stranded
(ssDNA) probes on CVD-grown graphene. On CVD-grown graphene, Raman peak
frequency shifts, intensities and widths of the G and 2D bands after adsorption of the
ssDNA probe and its hybridisation with complementary and mismatched ssDNA strands
were analysed. The effect of graphene on the structural and conformational changes of
DNA upon hybridisation of the ssDNA on the graphene surface both before and after
hybridisation with complementary and triple-base mismatch DNA targets were
investigated by monitoring UV-Vis absorption peaks at the 200 nm to 300 nm range. The
findings were further confirmed through XRD analysis. Using Riemann approximation
method, the rate at which the energy is transformed (power) was computed from the area
under current-voltage curves.<br>XL2018