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1

V, Rosato Donald, and Rosato Matthew V, eds. Plastic product material and process selection handbook. Kidlington, Oxford, UK: Elsevier, 2004.

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2

Chhajed, Dilip. An integrated approach to product design and process selection. [Urbana, Ill.]: College of Commerce and Business Administration, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1992.

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Chhajed, Dilip. An integrated approach to product design and process selection: Revised. [Urbana, Ill.]: College of Commerce and Business Administration, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1993.

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4

Corporation, Ontario Waste Management. Site selection process: Phase 4A : selection of a preferred site(s) : site selection. Toronto: M.M. Dillon, 1986.

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Corporation, Ontario Waste Management. Site selection process: Phase 4A: selection of a preferred site(s) : transportation. [Toronto, Ont.]: Ontario Waste Management Corporation, 1985.

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Corporation, Ontario Waste Management. Site selection process: Phase 4A: selection of a preferred site : land use. [Toronto]: Ontario Waste Management Corporation, 1985.

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Corporation, Ontario Waste Management. Site selection process: Phase 4A: selection of a preferred site(s) : social analysis. [Toronto]: Ontario Waste Management Corporation, 1985.

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Corporation, Ontario Waste Management. Site selection process: Phase 4A: selection of a preferred site(s) : atmospheric considerations. [Toronto]: Ontario Waste Management Corporation, 1985.

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Corporation, Ontario Waste Management. Site selection process: Phase 4A: selection of a preferred site(s) : surface water. [Toronto]: Ontario Waste Management Corporation, 1985.

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10

Walser, George. The Supreme Court appointment process: A checklist of CRS products. [Washington, D.C.]: Congressional Research Service, Library of Congress, 1993.

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11

Corporation, Ontario Waste Management. Site selection process: Phase 4A: selection of a preferred site(s) : social analysis appendices. [Toronto]: Ontario Waste Management Corporation, 1985.

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Corporation, Ontario Waste Management. Site selection process: Phase 4A: selection of a preferred site(s) : economic base analysis. Toronto: Ontario Waste Management Corporation, 1985.

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13

Corporation, Ontario Waste Management. Site selection process: Phase 4A: selection of a preferred site(s) : generic risk assessment. [Toronto]: OWMC, 1985.

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14

Corporation, Ontario Waste Management. Site selection process: Phase 4A: technical appendix - existing biological conditions. [Toronto]: Ontario Waste Management Corporation, 1985.

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15

Corporation, Ontario Waste Management. Site selection process: Phase 4A: selection of a preferred site(s) : municipal finance and services analysis. [Toronto]: Ontario Waste Management Corporation, 1985.

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16

Selecting the right manufacturing improvement tools: What tool? when? Amsterdam: Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann, 2007.

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17

Nichols, Eve K. Expanding access to investigational therapies for HIV infection and AIDS: March 12-13, 1990, conference summary. Washington, D.C: National Academy Press, 1991.

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18

Rosato, Rosato, Donald, Dominick, Matthew Rosato. Plastic Product Material and Process Selection Handbook. Elsevier Science, 2005.

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19

Plastic Product Material and Process Selection Handbook. Elsevier, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-1-85617-431-2.x5000-2.

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20

Silva, Arlindo, Elsa Henriques, and Paulo Pecas. Technology and Manufacturing Process Selection: The Product Life Cycle Perspective. Springer, 2016.

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21

Silva, Arlindo, Elsa Henriques, and Paulo Pecas. Technology and Manufacturing Process Selection: The Product Life Cycle Perspective. Springer, 2013.

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22

Technology and Manufacturing Process Selection Springer Series in Advanced Manufacturing. Springer London Ltd, 2013.

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23

Kocienda, Ken. Creative Selection: Inside Apple's Design Process During the Golden Age of Steve Jobs. Pan, 2019.

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24

Creative Selection: Inside Apple's Design Process During the Golden Age of Steve Jobs. St. Martin's Press, 2018.

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25

Kocienda, Ken. Creative Selection: Inside Apple's Design Process During the Golden Age of Steve Jobs [Paperback] Ken Kocienda. PAN MACMILLAN U.K, 2018.

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26

Deacon, Terrence W. Towards a general theory of evolution. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199674923.003.0012.

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Towards a general theory of evolution argues that defining natural selection in terms of “blind variation and selective retention”— as in A-life and replicator selection—ignores the fact that what varies is necessarily part of a far-from-equilibrium physical system that requires physical work to be produced. But natural selection theory is agnostic about the physical-chemical mechanisms underlying the maintenance, repair, and reproduction of organism structures and functions. A more general theory of evolution is proposed that includes an account of a type of process able to reconstitute the organization of the physical system capable of producing that process if damaged.
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27

Schweitzer, Stuart O., and Z. John Lu. The Pharmaceutical Industry. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190623784.003.0002.

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Understanding the pharmaceutical industry is a complex mission, requiring a thorough understanding not only of the firms that produce drugs but also of the decision-making process involved in drug selection for patients, the role of insurance and other third-party payers, and the substantial role of government in monitoring and regulating many aspects of the marketplace for pharmaceuticals. This chapter provides an overview of the pharmaceutical industry, including the market structure, the stages of research and development (R&D) and the associated costs, the role of government regulation in R&D and approval, and the role of product liability in the research process. It notes the important distinction between basic research and applied research, and explains the roles of the private and public sectors in each. The chapter ends with a discussion of the development of pharmaceuticals for poor countries.
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28

Commercial Vehicles 2021. VDI Verlag, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.51202/9783181023808.

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Contents Ways to achieve Zero Emission ZF E-Mobility products and software for commercial vehicles ..... 1 Thermoelectric generators for heavy-duty vehicles as an economical waste heat recovery system ..... 17 Hybridization of heavy duty trucks – Market analysis and technology for high voltage as well as low voltage solutions ..... 33 Development processes and methods Lightweight construction and cost reduction – a lean, agile MSCDPS® product development process ..... 43 eDrive & Fuel Cell powertrain systems engineering for commercial vehicles ..... 55 Fatigue development of a 10x10 commercial vehicle frame using dynamic and/or strength simulation, virtual iteration and component testing together with measurement data acquisition ..... 73 Data-driven selection of vehicle variants for the E/E integration test – Increasing variants and complex technology versus test coverage ..... 81 Hydrogen propulsion High performance and efficiency hydrogen engine using westport fuel systems’ Commercially available HPDI fuel system ..... 97 E/E architecture and operating strategy for fuel-cell trucks – Challenges...
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29

McCracken, Lance M., and Whitney Scott. Motivation from the Perspective of Contextual Cognitive Behavioral Approaches and the Psychological Flexibility Model. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190627898.003.0014.

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In everyday uses, the term motivation may imply a kind of mechanistic, “inside” the person, type of process. Contextual approaches, on the other hand, adopt an evolutionary perspective on motivation that emphasizes the selection of behavior patterns through the joint actions of historical consequences and verbal or cognitive processes, themselves considered the product of the same contextual processes of selection by consequences. The contextual focus on building, maintaining, and elaborating behavior patterns from directly manipulable contextual features enables a focus on variables that are able to serve the purpose of prediction and influence over behavior. Current studies of these processes apply the psychological flexibility model, including its processes of values-based and committed action. Laboratory studies of these processes demonstrate their potential importance in healthy functioning in relation to chronic pain. Treatment studies, including studies of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT), also demonstrate that enhancing these motivation-related processes has clinical utility.
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30

Okasha, Samir. Wright’s Adaptive Landscape, Fisher’s Fundamental Theorem. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198815082.003.0004.

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Fitness maximization, or optimization, is a controversial idea in evolutionary biology. One classical formulation of this idea is that natural selection will tend to push a population up a peak in an adaptive landscape, as Sewall Wright first proposed. However, the hill-climbing property only obtains under particular conditions, and even then the ascent is not usually by the steepest route; this shows why it is misleading to assimilate the process of natural selection to a process of goal-directed choice. A different formulation of the idea of fitness-maximization is R. A. Fisher’s ‘fundamental theorem of natural selection’. However, the theorem points only to a weak sense in which selection is an optimizing process, for it requires that ‘environmental constancy’ be understood in a highly specific way. It does not vindicate the claim that natural selection has an intrinsic tendency to produce adaptation.
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31

Bradfield, Laura, Richard Morris, and Bernard W. Balleine. OCD as a Failure to Integrate Goal-Directed and Habitual Action Control. Edited by Christopher Pittenger. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190228163.003.0031.

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This chapter discusses the considerable research that has identified distinct functional circuits linking frontal cortex with the basal ganglia in the control of goal-directed and habitual actions. OCD is characterized by hyperactivity in a circuit involving some of these regions. Recent accounts of the interaction of goal-directed actions and habits suggest that these control processes interact hierarchically, so one alternative to current theories is that OCD reflects a dysfunction in this interactive process resulting in dysregulated action selection, whether that selection is driven by the outcome itself or by cues predicting the outcome. Importantly, it appears that both sources of action selection depend on the OFC—outcome based retrieval on the medial OFC and cue-related retrieval on the lateral OFC. From this perspective, therefore, hyperactivity of the OFC could produce both elevated outcome retrieval and increased responsiveness to outcomes-related cues, resulting in dysregulated action selection and compulsive action initiation as a consequence.
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32

Puranam, Phanish. Division of labor. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199672363.003.0003.

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Division of labor involves task division and task allocation. An extremely important consequence of task division and allocation is the creation of interdependence between agents. In fact, division of labor can be seen as a process that converts interdependence between tasks into interdependence between agents. While there are many ways in which the task structure can be chunked and divided among agents, two important heuristic approaches involve division of labor by activity vs. object. I show that a choice between these two forms of division of labor only arises when the task structure is non-decomposable, but the product itself is decomposable. When the choice arises, a key criterion for selection between activity vs. object-based division of labor is the gain from specialization relative to the gain from customization.
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33

Okasha, Samir. Final Thoughts. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198815082.003.0010.

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This brings us to the end of the journey. The discussion has ranged quite widely, so it is worth stepping back to re-capitulate the main points and to extract some general morals.Part I focused on a mode of thinking in evolutionary biology that we called ‘agential’. This involves using notions such as interests, goals, and strategies in evolutionary analysis. Agential thinking has a number of manifestations. One is the use of intentional idioms (‘wants, knows’), usually in an extended or metaphorical sense, to describe adaptive behaviour. Another is the analogical transfer of concepts from rational choice theory to evolutionary biology. There are two types of agential thinking, which need to be sharply distinguished. Type 1 treats an evolved entity, paradigmatically an individual organism, as akin to an agent with a goal towards which its phenotypic traits, including its behaviour, conduce. Type 2 treats ‘mother nature’, a personification of natural selection, as akin to a rational agent choosing between alternatives in accordance with a goal, such as maximal fitness. The former is a way of thinking about adaptation (the product), the latter about selection (the process)....
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34

Okasha, Samir. Grafen’s Formal Darwinism, Adaptive Dynamics. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198815082.003.0005.

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A core Darwinian idea is that evolution will lead to well-adapted organisms, with phenotypes that maximize their fitness relative to the available alternatives. Grafen’s ‘formal Darwinism project’ attempts to make this idea precise, by explicitly linking the process of natural selection and the optimality of individuals’ phenotypes. Grafen’s analysis ties in closely with the unity-of-purpose constraint on agency, but does not amount to a general vindication of adaptationist assumptions. Under frequencydependence, the theory of adaptive dynamics shows that natural selection does not necessarily lead to phenotypes which maximize fitness conditional on their being fixed in the population. These results suggest that there is no theoretical principle to the effect that natural selection will tend to produce adaptation. The justification for agential thinking in biology must thus be empirical, not theoretical.
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35

Lambert, Gregg. Meditation on the Animal and the Work of Art. Edinburgh University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474422734.003.0013.

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This chapter explores the notion of “becoming-animal” as a process of “creating a relation to territory” in reference to the artist and the writer. For Deleuze, the animal has a privileged and very specific relation to the notions of territory and world, one that is based on a relative number of affects and on a process of selection (i.e., the extraction of singularities from a milieu or an environment [Umwelt]). The animal entertains a relation to its world that is produced in terms of a relation to distinctive territory, whereas the human is found to have a relation to world, but no proper territory of its own). However, for Deleuze, the writer and the artist are often described as beings who enter into a process of becoming where the subject loses its own proper identity as an individual or a human being and enters into a process that closely approximates the animal’s “captivation” by an environment, to employ Heidegger’s term, even though the artist or the writer produces a specific world by extracting lines, fragments, colors, visions or scenes from its external environment in order to compose a territory that is expressed by the work of art.
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36

Cavanagh, Patrick, Lorella Battelli, and Alex Holcombe. Dynamic Attention. Edited by Anna C. (Kia) Nobre and Sabine Kastner. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199675111.013.016.

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The authors review how attention helps track and process dynamic events, selecting and integrating information across time and space to produce a continuing identity for a moving, changing target. Rather than a fixed ‘spotlight’ that helps identify a static target, attention needs a mobile window or ‘pointer’ to track a moving target, picking up pieces of evidence along the way to determine not just what the target is, but what it is doing. Behavioural studies show that this dynamic version of attention is model-based, using familiar trajectories to help identify a target and to guide encoding of continuing input from its path. Attention has very coarse temporal resolution for both static and moving targets. However, when the focus of selection is on the move, a given location on a moving target’s path can be selected for extremely brief instants, as little as 50 ms, compared to the typical ‘dwell time’ or minimum duration of attention selection at a fixed location, of 200 ms or more. To determine the path of a moving object, attention must accurately process and sort the onsets and offsets in order to match an offset to the subsequent onset. This aspect of dynamic attention has been called the ‘when’ pathway and patient studies show that it is a qualitatively different system from spatial attention, being completely based in the right parietal lobe for events in both hemifields. Finally, like the salience map of spatial attention, temporal attention may have its own map that guides allocation to upcoming, current, and recent moments to select information at the appropriate time, changing the experience of time as it does so.
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37

Montgomery, Erwin B. Algorithm for Selecting Electrode Configurations and Stimulation Parameters. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190259600.003.0014.

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Chapter 9, Approaches to Programming, provided a general discussion regarding the approaches to DBS programming. The focus of Chapter 9 was on the underlying electroneurophysiological principles rather an explicit algorithm that addressed every possible circumstance. Chapters 11, Chapter 12, and Chapter 13 discussed approaches in the context of specific DBS targets. These approaches emphasized interpreting the DBS responses to visualize the location of the DBS contacts in the unique regional anatomy of the individual patient. For example, the production of paresthesias at stimulation currents insufficient to produce clinical benefit with DBS in the vicinity of the STN indicates that the DBS lead position is probably too posterior. This chapter gives an algorithm that takes the programmer step by step through the process of positioning DBS leads and contacts, and determining stimulation levels for optimal results.
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38

Hogh-Olesen, Henrik. Summing Up the Aesthetic Impulse. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190927929.003.0010.

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In Chapter 9, the threads from the different investigations are gathered, and the evolutionary functions and conditions behind the aesthetic impulse are outlined in a synthesizing model. One of the main discussions in the aesthetic field concerns whether artistic behavior should be considered a biological adaptation in its own right and thus an innate behavioral repertoire with direct consequence to our survival and reproduction, which has been passed down the genetic line through evolutionary selection. Or should this behavior rather be considered a random by-product that may hold certain advantages for us, but which is a side effect of other adaptive processes? The chapter argues for the author’s stand in the adaptation/by-product opposition and shows how the viewpoints presented throughout the book best can be contained within the adaptation theory.
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39

Penner, Louis A., Sean M. Phelan, Valerie Earnshaw, Terrance L. Albrecht, and John F. Dovidio. Patient Stigma, Medical Interactions, and Health Care Disparities: A Selective Review. Edited by Brenda Major, John F. Dovidio, and Bruce G. Link. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190243470.013.12.

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Healthcare disparities represent differences in the quality of healthcare received by different racial/ethnic or social groups that are the result of inequitable economic, political, social, and psychological processes. This chapter examines enacted stigma (negative feelings, thoughts, and actions) among health care providers and felt stigma among their patients (awareness of the biases and discrimination directed toward them because of their stigmatized condition), each of which can produce disparities in healthcare for stigmatized patients. These processes are considered for individuals from four stigmatized groups: racial minority group members, people who have above average weight or are considered obese, individuals living with HIV, and people with certain cancers. Stronger enacted stigma and felt stigma make communication in interactions with healthcare providers less productive, informative, and positive for members of all four groups. Ultimately, poorer quality communication can contribute to poorer outcomes from these interactions, and thus disparities in health status.
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40

Minelli, Alessandro. Evolvability and Its Evolvability. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199377176.003.0007.

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No universally accepted notion of evolvability is available, focus being alternatively put onto either genetic or phenotypic change. The heuristic power of this concept is best found when considering the intricacies of the genotype→phenotype map, which is not necessarily predictable, expression of variation depending on the structure of gene networks and especially on the modularity and robustness of developmental systems. We can hardly ignore evolvability whenever studying the role of cryptic variation in evolution, the often pervious boundary between phenotypic plasticity and the expression of a genetic polymorphism, the major phenotypic leaps that the mechanisms of development can produce based on point mutations, or the morphological stasis that reveals how robust a developmental process can be in front of genetic change. Evolvability is subject itself to evolution, but it is still uncertain to what extent there is positive selection for enhanced evolvability, or for evolvability biased in a specific direction.
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41

Shaver, John H., Grant Purzycki, and Richard Sosis. Evolutionary Theory. Edited by Michael Stausberg and Steven Engler. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198729570.013.9.

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People in all cultures entertain beliefs in supernatural agents and engage in ritual behaviors that are related to those beliefs. This suggests that religion is a product of a shared evolutionary history. Currently researchers employ three major evolutionary frameworks to study religion—evolutionary psychology, behavioral ecology, and dual-inheritance theory—each with different assumptions, methods, and areas of focus. This chapter surveys these approaches and describes the major sources of disagreement between them. Two of the largest sources of disagreement among evolutionary scholars of religion are: (1) whether or not religion is a cognitive byproduct, or a manifestation of adaptive behavioral plasticity, and (2) whether or not individual or group-level selection processes are a more potent evolutionary force in shaping the significant features religion. The authors suggest that integrative frameworks that incorporate aspects of all these perspectives offer the best potential for real progress.
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42

Miller, Brett A., Roch J. Shipley, Ronald J. Parrington, and Daniel P. Dennies, eds. Analysis and Prevention of Component and Equipment Failures. ASM International, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.hb.v11a.9781627083294.

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Volume 11A provides information and insights on the factors that determine the useful service life of engineering components and the likely timing and mode of failure. It addresses nearly every stage of the product lifecycle from materials selection and design to manufacturing, operation, maintenance, and repair. It explains how to use life assessment methods to evaluate the effect of corrosion, fatigue, brittle fracture, elevated temperature, and other forms of damage. It also includes a section that examines the effects of casting, forming, welding, heat treating, and other manufacturing processes on component lifetime and performance. The final and by far largest section in the volume presents and analyzes the failure of metal shafts, fasteners, bearings, springs, and gears as well as pressure vessels, boilers, heat exchangers, pipelines, bridges, cranes, rail equipment, and medical devices. For information on the print version of Volume 11A, ISBN: 978-1-62708-327-0, follow this link.
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43

Marx, Karl. Capital. Edited by David McLellan. Oxford University Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/owc/9780199535705.001.0001.

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A classic of early modernism, Capital combines vivid historical detail with economic analysis to produce a bitter denunciation of mid-Victorian capitalist society. It has also proved to be the most influential work in social science in the twentieth century; Marx did for social science what Darwin had done for biology. Millions of readers this century have treated Capital as a sacred text, subjecting it to as many different interpretations as the bible itself. No mere work of dry economics, Marx’s great work depicts the unfolding of industrial capitalism as a tragic drama - with a message which has lost none of its relevance today. This is the only abridged edition to take account of the whole of Capital. It offers virtually all of Volume 1, which Marx himself published in 1867, excerpts from a new translation of ‘The Result of the Immediate Process of Production’, and a selection of key chapters from Volume 3, which Engels published in 1895.
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44

Goldsmith, Morris. Metacognitive Quality-Control Processes in Memory Retrieval and Reporting. Edited by John Dunlosky and Sarah (Uma) K. Tauber. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199336746.013.28.

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Quality control in memory retrieval and reporting is achieved both by “back-end” processes designed to identify and screen out defective (false) retrieval products and by “front-end” processes that attempt to prevent the retrieval of false information in the first place. Front-end processes utilize metacognitive knowledge in choosing an appropriate retrieval strategy and in specifying and applying effective and constraining retrieval cues. Back-end processes monitor the correctness of the retrieved information and on that basis, together with strategic considerations concerning the perceived payoffs for accuracy and informativeness, control whether or not to report the retrieved information and if so, at what level of precision to report it. This chapter presents a selective overview of research and theory on these complementary aspects of memory quality control, guided by an overarching metacognitive framework that delineates the underlying metacognitive mechanisms and their potential contributions to the quantity and accuracy of information reported from memory.
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45

Fodor, Janet Dean, Stefanie Nickels, and Esther Schott. Center-Embedded Sentences. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190464783.003.0007.

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Doubly center-embedded relative clause constructions such as “The rat that the cat that the dog chased killed ate the malt” are notoriously difficult to parse. Many explanations have been offered. This chapter proposes a novel one: an alignment problem at the syntax-prosody interface, consisting of a mismatch between the heavily nested syntactic structure and the flat structure required by prosodic phrasing. Selective shrinking and lengthening of phrases within the sentence can coax the prosodic processor into creating rhythmic packages that fit well with the nested syntactic tree structure. Long outer phrases and short inner ones help with that, while short outer phrases and long inner ones hinder it. The chapter discusses two experiments—reading aloud with facilitation; reading aloud followed by grammaticality judgment—that provide evidence that produced prosody is the causal link between phrase lengths and ease of processing, though not exhibiting a “missing-VP effect” for either sentence type.
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46

Certoma, Chiara, Susan Noori, and Martin Sondermann, eds. Urban gardening and the struggle for social and spatial justice. Manchester University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.7228/manchester/9781526126092.001.0001.

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It is increasingly clear that, alongside the spectacular forms of justice activism, the actually existing just city outcomes from different everyday practices of performative politics that produce transformative trajectories and alternative realities in response to particular injustices in situated contexts. The massive diffusion of urban gardening practices (including allotments, community gardens, guerrilla gardening and the multiple, inventive forms of gardening the city) deserve a special attention as experiential learning and in-becoming responses to spatial politics, able to articulate different forms of power and resistance to current state of unequal distribution of benefits and burdens in the urban space. While advancing their socio-environmental claims, urban gardeners makes evident that the physical disposition of living beings and non-living things can both determine and perpetuate injustices or create justice spaces. In so doing, urban gardeners question the inequality-biased structuring and functioning of social formations (most notably urban deprivation, lack of public decision and engagement, and marginalization processes); and conversely create (or allow the creation of) spaces of justice in contemporary cities. This book presents a selection of contributions investigating the possibility and capability of urban gardeners to effectively tackling with spatial injustice; and it offers the readers a sound theoretically-grounded reflections on the topic. Building upon on-the-field experiences in European cities, it presents a wide range of engaged scholarly researches that investigate whether, how and to what extend urban gardening is able to contrast inequalities and disparities in living conditions.
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47

Expanding Access to Investigational Therapies for HIV Infection and AIDS. National Academies Press, 1991.

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