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ARAUJO, VICTOR KRAEMER WERMELINGER S. "COST EVALUATION FOR BIODIESEL PRODUCTION FROM WASTE COOKING OIL." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2008. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=11873@1.
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CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICOFUNDAÇÃO DE APOIO A PESQUISA DA BAHIA
A busca pelo desenvolvimento sustentável tem como importante fator diferencial as fontes de energia renováveis. O biodiesel desponta como uma das alternativas mais relevantes, mas suas formas de obtenção no Rio de Janeiro não foram suficientemente investigadas. Este trabalho identifica a oportunidade da produção de biodiesel a partir de óleos residuais de fritura neste cenário, enfatizando os custos de transporte do óleo desde os principais produtores comerciais até a obtenção do biocombustível. O objetivo é avaliar os custos de forma a verificar a viabilidade do emprego desta alternativa. Para tanto, foram estudadas as diversas ferramentas de resolução do Problema de Roteamento de Veículos e foi proposto um algoritmo que visa à otimização dos custos. A formulação matemática utilizada baseia-se numa extensão de algoritmos clássicos, como o apresentado por Arenales et al. (2007), e nas equações desenvolvidas em Kallehauge (2006). Os resultados do modelo de roteamento, atrelados aos custos de produção, impostos e insumos, foram comparados com informações sobre a comercialização do biodiesel, comprovando sua viabilidade econômica. A consolidação dos dados obtidos aponta a produção de biodiesel a partir de óleo residual de fritura como viável, com custos logísticos equivalentes a R/tmp/aaaUFg8ya,19 por litro e custo final de R,22 por litro.
The search for a sustainable development has in renewable energy sources an important differential factor. Biodiesel is one of the most important alternatives, but its obtainment forms in Rio de Janeiro have not been investigated enough. This work identifies the opportunity of biodiesel production from waste cooking oil in this scenery, emphasizing oil`s transport costs until factories, where it is possible to obtain biodiesel in its final form. The objective is to evaluate costs in order to verify viability of this alternative source of energy. Hence, this research analysed several tools for solving Vehicle Routing Problem and it proposes an algorithm that results in cost optimization. The adapted mathematic formulation is based in an extension of classic algorithms, like those presented by Arenales (2007), and in equations developed by Kallehauge (2006). The routing model results, linked to production, tributes and input costs, have been compared with information about biodiesel commercialization, verifying its economic viability. The data consolidation obtained indicates that the biodiesel production from waste cooking oil is viable, with logistic costs equal to R/tmp/aaaPLIh7a,19 per liter and final cost equal to R,22 per liter.
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Lieder, Michael. "Integrated evaluation of resource efficiency and cost effectiveness in production systems." Licentiate thesis, KTH, Produktionssystem, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-144289.
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Improved use of resources is of enormously high relevance and crucial for achieving as well as maintaining a sustainable condition. Especially industrial production has a superior responsibility in creating a long-term viable way of living. However, there is a lack of systematic evaluation procedures for operational resources in production systems, meaning product material, energy, equipment and humans. Especially small and medium-sized enterprises, representing the largest number of all companies in Europe, are mostly not able to deal with these kinds of issues in addition to their daily business. The purpose of this licentiate thesis is the investigation for and development of an evaluation approach for resource efficiency and effectiveness in small and medium-sized enterprises. Two literature reviews and one industrial case study have been carried out. To start with, the first literature review founds a theoretical basis for the meaning of resource efficiency and effectiveness. The second literature review investigates latest measures and approaches for production system evaluation. In the next step an evaluation approach for resource efficiency and effectiveness evaluation in small and medium-sized enterprises is developed and tested within a single case study. The result consists of a comprehensive approach for small and medium-sized enterprises with focus on economic short-term and long-term improvements.QC 20140416
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Tong, Yun. "Cost Analysis and Evaluation of Syngas Synthesis through Anaerobic Digestion." University of Dayton / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=dayton1354297810.
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Tegbrant, Kerstin. "Cost-effectiveness of ergonomic interventions - Evaluation of a calculation model." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för kemi, bioteknologi och hälsa (CBH), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-262006.
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Several studies have shown that the work environment affects company performance. The managers are seldom aware to which extent work environment problems affect productivity, quality of delivery and sick-leave in their organisation. The present literature study showed that improvements regarding physical ergonomics generally are shown to be cost-effective. The most beneficial way of working is through proactive measures interactively with employees. An efficient, systematic way of performing risk assessments and interventions reduce the need for a calculation method. This study identified propositions for properties of calculation methods. These propositions were : “Simplicity, high usability”, “Right content for the target group”, “High ability to measure risk”, “Focus on staff”, “Correct standardised values”, “Right focus” and “Optimal design”. Scania CV, a producer of trucks and buses, has developed a calculation model for cost-effectiveness of ergonomic interventions. Evaluation of this model with semi-structured interviews showed agreement regarding the need of a simplified calculation method, based on systematic risk assessments.Ett flertal studier har visat att arbetsmiljön påverkar företags effektivitet. Företagsledningen är sällan medveten om till vilken grad arbetsmiljö-problem påverkar produktivitet, kvalitet och sjukfrånvaro. Litteraturstudien i detta projekt visade att förbättringar inom ergonomi generellt sett är kostnadseffektiva. Det är mest gynnsamt att arbeta proaktivt samt participativt, det vill säga i samarbete med medarbetarna på den lokala avdelningen. Ett effektivt, systematiskt arbete med riskbedömningar och interventioner minskar behovet av att göra en beräkning av lönsamheten. Propositioner för egenskaper hos kostnadseffektiva beräkningsmetoder togs fram i denna studie. Dessa propositioner var; ” Enkelhet och god användbarhet”, ”rätt innehåll för målgruppen”, ”hög förmåga att bedöma risk”, ”personalfokus”, ”korrekta standardiserade värden”, ”rätt fokus” och ”optimal design”. Scania CV, producent av lastbilar och bussar, har tagit fram en beräkningsmodell för kostnadseffektivitet hos ergonomiska interventioner. Utvärderingen av denna modell med semistrukturerade intervjuer visar god samstämmighet i att det behövs enkla kalkylmetoder som grundar sig på systematiska riskbedömningar.
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Ludvigsson, Rebecka. "Life Cycle Costing in the evaluation process of new production lines." Thesis, Linnaeus University, School of Engineering, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-101.
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The purpose of this thesis is to develop a Life Cycle Cost model that could be used for investment, budgeting and comparing alternatives. An evaluation of existing models concluded that there was a need for a model that was easy to use and understand but in the same way economical and technical complex. Theoretical and empirical information was gathered in accordance with the purpose and made a base of the model. The model highlights operative, energy and maintenance costs. A case study to test the model has been carried out and selected company for this has been Swedwood International AB which is a part of IKEA. Swedwood currently works with pay back calculations which could lead to wrong decisions during the life length of the investment. The developed LCC model was tested on different techniques for applying an edge on a substrate. The result of the report is that the user will have a clear and structured overview of an investment during its economical life length. A final investment decision demands further tests and evaluations, for example technical test and MCDM. Further researches for the LCC model could be to investigate if the model lacks any critical aspects that should be included. A recommendation for Swedwood is to follow up the developed standards for collecting data at the factories in order to facilitate when investigating for new techniques and comparing between investment options.
Syftet med examensarbetet är att utveckla en livscykelkostnadsmodell som kan användas vid investeringar, budgeteringar och jämförelser. Efter en utvärdering av tillgängliga modeller konstaterades det att behov fanns för en modell som var ekonomisk och teknisk avancerad men ändå användarvänlig. Teori och empiri insamlades i enlighet med syftet och bildade en grund för modellen. Modellen belyser speciellt kostnadsaktiviteter så som operativa, energi och underhållskostnader. En fallstudie för att testa modellen har genomförts och fallföretaget var Swedwood International AB som är en del av IKEA. Swedwood arbetar nu med payback kalkyler vilket kan leda till fel beslut sett till hela investeringens livslängd. Den framtagna LCC modellen testades på olika tekniker för att applicera en kant på ett arbetstycke. Resultatet av rapporten är genom att använda modellen får man en klar och tydlig översikt av alla kostnader under en investerings ekonomiska livslängd. Ett investeringsbeslut kräver ytterligare tester och utvärderingar så som tekniska tester och MCDM. En fortsatt utveckling av modellen kan vara att undersöka om den saknar någon kritisk del som ska var inkluderad. En rekommendation till Swedwood är att följa upp de centralt utvecklade standarder på fabrikerna så att alla samlar in data på samma sätt, vilket skulle underlätta vid implementering av nya tekniker och vid jämförelser av investeringar.
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Wang, Liaoyi. "Production Assurance and Life Cycle Cost Evaluation of Offshore Development Projects in the Conceptual Design Phase." Thesis, Norges Teknisk-Naturvitenskaplige Universitet, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-21061.
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RAM analysis is used to assess system availability in the oil and gas industry. As the concept design for reliability is getting attention throughout various industries, RAM analysis has become a mandatory delivery in the conceptual design phase. LCC analysis aims at predicting acquisition cost and ownership cost during the project life cycle. Since the ownership cost is derived from operation and maintenance, which can be potentially much higher than the acquisition cost, so that quantifying the ownership cost is the main objective of a LCC analysis. Combing RAM and LCC analyses in the conceptual design phase helps the trade-off between maximizing regularity and minimizing expenditure before entering into the detailed engineering phase. However, the conceptual design phase is rather short, and therefore a simple model is a key to the feasibility of performing the two analyses. An ongoing project from Aker Solutions has been carried out in this thesis as a case study to perform both RAM and LCC analyses. The analytical and the simulation approaches are the two common approaches to RAM analysis. In general, the analytical approach is rigid by using predefined formulas. It may be easy to apply in the conceptual design phase, but rather weak at handling large and complex systems. In contrary, the simulation approach is more flexible and capable. By simulating, more detailed and accurate results can be generated. Several software tools have been developed for both approaches. They are briefly discussed with pros and cons. Rather than saying one tool is superior to the other, it is more important to know which tool to use in the specific application. Since Aker Solutions has close cooperation with Statoil, Miriam Regina is used in Aker Solutions to perform the simulation approach. A number of LCC-related standards have been developed. Although many theoretical issues have been discussed, a complete LCC analysis is hardly found in the literatures. This may be due to confidential issues, lack of practical guidance and knowledge limitation in the project's early phase. Considering the variance of different projects, it is somehow unrealistic to develop a universal method for LCC analysis. In this thesis, a six steps procedure is illustrated with explanation of each step. Based on the NORSOK standards, an Excel spreadsheet is established, and demonstrated in the case study. Sensitivity analysis offers the possibility of comparing alternative solutions. By incorporating sensitivity analysis into RAM and LCC analyses, the alternative solutions are examined related to both regularity and cost dimensions. Usually, in the conceptual design phase, the sensitivity analysis is used to reveal the impact of changes in the component configuration or process design, which in turn guide system optimization. Uncertainties are found in three areas, parameter, model and completeness. It is however impossible to quantify uncertainties. In order to reduce uncertainties, it is important to obtain reliable data, use appropriate model, and document assumptions. In the case study, by using Miriam Regina, RAM analysis provides the production availability and ranks the subsystems/components according their criticality. LCC analysis is applied with the Excel spreadsheet, which calculates the acquisition cost and the ownership cost for the proposed options. Through the case study, the feasibility of performing RAM and LCC analyses in the conceptual design phase has been proved.
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Madiya, Arlette Tupela. "Evaluation of the cost-effectiveness of dried bakery products as feed for small-scale broiler production." Diss., Electronic thesis, 2003. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-03232005-130034/.
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Turner, Lyle Robert. "Production structure models and applications within a Statistical Activity Cost Theory (SACT) Framework." Queensland University of Technology, 2007. http://eprints.qut.edu.au/16310/.
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Statistical Activity Cost Theory (SACT) is an axiomatic and statistical theory of basic accounting measurement practice. The aim of the SACT analysis, among others, is to determine the statistical nature of both the physical production system of an accounting entity and its related costs, which can then be examined and applied to various decision-making problems. A central proposition of SACT is that the physical system of the entity, and the costs related to this system, are separate structures which can be modelled as such. To date, however, mini- mal progress has been made in describing production process structures within the SACT framework, and nor have there been any advances made in applying common statistical techniques to such an analysis. This thesis, therefore, moves to extend the basic theory that has already been developed, presenting a novel method for representing and examining the physical processes that make up an entity's production system. It also examines the costing of these physical models, such that transactional data can be examined and related back to the underlying production processes. The thesis concludes by giving an example of such an application in a case study. The analysis developed in this thesis has been applied in a larger project which aims to produce generic modelling and decision tools, based upon SACT, to support return and risk management.
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刑衛國 and Weiguo Xing. "Evaluation and scheduling of private power production." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2001. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31242522.
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Bin, Marshad Saud Mohammed H. "Economic evaluation of seawater desalination : a case study analysis of cost of water production from seawater desalination in Saudi Arabia." Thesis, Heriot-Watt University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10399/2996.
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As a result of the increasing scarcity of freshwater resources worldwide, many countries have resorted to the use of unconventional sources, of which seawater desalination is the most significant, for meeting the supply-demand gap. However, despite the recorded advances in desalination technologies of recent decades, desalination remains a very expensive operation and operators will be greatly assisted if reliable means of predicting the costs are available to aid effective decision making during planning of new plants or the operation of existing plants. To achieve this, it is important to fully understand the factors that contribute to desalination costs, which could then be used to develop appropriate models for predicting costs that can support budgeting and/or cost reductions decision making. Consequently, this project has investigated the development of such models for predicting monthly production costs using data from 16 operational plants in Saudi Arabia. Monthly and annual data spanning 2001 – 2010 were collected on total water production, type of desalination technique, sea water salinity, product water salinity, energy consumption, and total (capital and operational) unit cost of water production. Because of the way in which the data were archived, some of the variables only had the annual totals for some of the years, which made them unsuitable for the monthly scale adopted for the analyses. Consequently, disaggregation schemes based on several variants of the method of fragments widely used in hydrological studies were used to obtain monthly data from the annual data. Exploratory analysis showed that the monthly costs correlated most with the total water production, which then formed the lone independent variable for various tested regression model formulations. In general, an inverse regression model performed best during both calibration and validation. To enhance the usefulness of the predictive model for decision making, uncertainty limits of the predictions were constructed using a Monte Carlo simulation approach involving the seasonal, lag-1 autoregressive generation of equally likely realisations of the available historic records that have been transformed to remove the skewness. Extensive testing of the data generation technique showed that the assumed lag-1 auto-regressive dependence structure was adequate. This study thus provides for the first time a predictive model for costs of desalination in Saudi Arabia and its uncertainty range for effective budgeting and operational management. Although the models were developed using Saudi Arabia data, the fact that only one independent variable was used means that the replication of the methodology in other desalination-intensive countries can be readily carried out.
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Rupp, Magnus. "Direct payment subsidies and the impact on farm land prices: a cross-country comparative evaluation." Thesis, Kansas State University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/17321.
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Master of AgribusinessDepartment of Agricultural Economics
Mykel Taylor
Agriculture subsidization policies have a long history and have been criticized, reformed and heavily discussed multiple times over the last centuries. However, most countries in the world use farm subsidies as a policy instrument and spend billions every year. Especially highly developed and wealthy countries seem to have a tendency to subsidize production agriculture and the agricultural industry. The objective of this thesis is to improve understanding of the impact direct payments or subsidies may have on farm land values via farmers paying higher dollars for ground they rent and capitalization of those higher rents. Analysis is done by comparing the allocation of subsidy dollars from the Common Agricultural Policy on two wheat farms in Germany and Czech Republic, which are member countries of the European Union, to wheat farms in the United States and Australia, countries with relatively lower subsidy levels. Data for the farms include their cost structures, total revenues, and total direct payments. Comparisons of their relative land values and rental rates paid will provide evidence to test the hypothesis that direct subsidies are likely to increase land values. Based on the economic costs of production for the farms in Germany and Czech Republic, the value of land is not necessarily the residual claimant for the direct payments paid out through Europe’s Common Agricultural Policy. Possible explanations for this include restrictions on farmland use and farmland ownership structures held over in former communist countries where farms were owned by the state. These factors are likely to affect potential farmland owners’ perceptions of property rights and their willingness to pay a full market value for land.
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Dai, Bin. "The evaluation of a production scheduling heuristic for production lines with changeover costs and dependent parallel processors." Ohio : Ohio University, 1990. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?ohiou1183488445.
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Ernst, Patrick C. (Patrick Charles). "The U.S. wind production tax credit - evaluating its impact on wind deployment and assessing the cost of its renewal." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/81120.
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Thesis (S.M. in Technology and Policy)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Engineering Systems Division, 2013.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 117-120).
The desirability, viability, and cost effectiveness of policies designed to incentivize growth of the wind energy industry are subject to widespread debate within the U.S. government, wind industry groups, and the general public. Specifically, extension of the wind production tax credit (PTC) is routinely contested whenever a scheduled expiration approaches. While proponents of the policy argue that the policy is necessary for the wind energy industry to continue to expand, opponents contend that the wind energy industry no longer needs the PTC in order to remain viable. This thesis evaluates alternative wind energy incentive policies, the short- and long-term effect of the PTC on wind capacity and generation, and the ten-year projected costs and cost effectiveness associated with three PTC renewal options based on future wind capacity and generation projections. The primary lesson is that unless the wind energy industry grows at an exceptionally rapid pace over the next ten years, PTC renewal involves a tradeoff between total cost and cost effectiveness. If overall wind capacity continues to grow at an even faster pace than over the preceding ten years, allowing the PTC to expire at the end of 2013 is the cheapest and most cost effective option in terms of dollars per gigawatt of wind capacity installed or per kilowatt-hour of power generated from wind energy. If the wind industry performs at or below most current projections, renewing the PTC over the long-term is the most expensive, but most cost effective option. However, a more sustainable option could be achieved if the PTC and its frequent expirations and extensions are replaced with a long-term, predictable, and simple tax policy that is not a recurring source of uncertainty for the entire industry.
by Patrick C. Ernst.
S.M.in Technology and Policy
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Wilkens, Justin L. "Evaluation of Hatchery and Growout Factors for the Successful Production and Stocking of Juvenile Gulf Coast Walleye." MSSTATE, 2005. http://sun.library.msstate.edu/ETD-db/theses/available/etd-11032005-111619/.
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Temperature-dependent weight gain of Gulf coast and northern strain walleye Sander vitreus fingerlings was determined by rearing fish in flow-through aquaria at different water temperatures (range 15-32°C). Maximum growth of Gulf coast and northern strain walleye occurred between 20 and 26°C, and weight gain of northern walleye exceeded that of the Gulf coast strain by 1.5 times. An acclimated chronic exposure method to assess upper thermal limits determined that walleye survived 35, 9, and 1 days at 33, 34, and 35°C, respectively. A post pond-rearing feed-training practice (21 d) at a mean density of 6,290 ± 1,247 fish/m3 using formulated feeds was successful (32-85% survival), and walleye continued to consume a formulated diet feed after stocked at densities of 12,250 and 24,700/ha into 0.04 ha earthen ponds. After 125 days, survival in ponds was poor (< 30%) and production varied substantially.
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Moran, Terrence J. "A Simulation and Evaluation Study of the Economic Production Quantity Lot Size and Kanban for a Single Line, Multi-Product Production System Under Various Setup Times." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1213302997.
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Jalkenäs, Frida. "Evaluation tool for large scale onshore wind power projects." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-264261.
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Sweden has a goal of having 100% renewable electricity production by 2040. To reach this goal, wind power is one of the most important energy sources that needs to be heavily expanded. However, finding a good project site and realizing a project is a process that takes several years and can be difficult to achieve. Between 2015 and 2018, no less than 76% of Swedish wind power projects applying for permits were rejected. As an industry player with the aim of becoming fossil free, Pöyry has the interest to pursue Sweden reaching its goal. Pöyry has long experience of wind energy development and has now requested a method that can evaluate and compare Swedish wind power projects in all stages with the aim of identifying the best available project to proceed with. The objective of this thesis is thus to investigate factors that are critical for developing profitable projects, identify the largest expenses and create a tool that evaluates projects based on several parameters. A literature review is performed to obtain knowledge about wind power project development and data is collected from various projects in Sweden from 2016 and onwards to get an updated view with information and valuable numbers from realized projects. An analysis is then carried out with the aim of finding the most important factors that can affect the development of wind power projects, positively or negatively. This is followed by an identification of the most significant expenses in a project, whereupon a simplified but realistic way of calculating these are created. Lastly an evaluation tool is developed using Excel, with the purpose of evaluating projects, finding risks and estimating costs as well as electric energy production. Finally, candidate projects can be compared, helping developers finding the most beneficial and environmentally friendly projects.Sverige har som mål att ha 100% förnyelsebar elproduktion till 2040. För att nå detta mål är vindkraft en av de viktigaste källorna till energiproduktion och måste därmed expandera de kommande åren. Att hitta ett bra projektområde och fullfölja ett projekt är en process som tar flera år och kan i många fall vara svårt att uppnå. Av alla svenska projekt som ansökte om tillstånd mellan 2015 och 2018, fick 76% avslag. Med inriktningen att bidra till ett fossilfritt Sverige är Pöyry en aktör inom industrin som vill hjälpa Sverige att nå detta mål. Företaget har lång erfarenhet av vindkraftsutveckling och har nu efterfrågat en metod som kan utvärdera och jämföra svenska vindkraftsprojekt i alla dess olika stadier med syfte att identifiera de bästa projekten att jobba vidare med. Syftet med detta examensarbete är därmed att undersöka faktorer som är kritiska för projektutvecklingen, identifiera de största kostnaderna samt skapa ett verktyg som utvärderar projekt utifrån flertalet faktorer. För ett erhålla kunskap om utveckling av vindkraftsprojekt utförs en litteraturstudie, varpå projektdata från 2016 och framåt samlas in för att få en uppdaterad bild med värdefull information och siffror från realiserade projekt. Därefter utförs en analys med syfte att hitta de faktorer som har störst påverkan, negativ som positiv, på utveckling och uppbyggnad av vindkraftsprojekt. Därpå identifieras de största utgifterna i ett projekt och en förenklad men realistisk beräkningsmodell skapas för att uppskatta dessa. Slutligen utvecklas ett verktyg i Excel som utvärderar projekt, hittar risker samt uppskattar kostnader och energiproduktion, vars syfte är att hjälpa projektörer att jämföra projekt och därmed hitta det mest kostnadseffektiva och hållbara alternativet.
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Mancuso, Martin. "Grid-connected micro-grid operational strategy evaluation : Investigation of how microgrid load configurations, battery energy storage system type and control can support system specification." Thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för ekonomi, samhälle och teknik, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-40019.
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Operational performance of grid-connected microgrid with integrated solar photovoltaic (PV) electricity production and battery energy storage (BES) is investigated. These distributed energy resources (DERs) have the potential to reduce conventionally produced electrical power and contribute to reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. This investigation is based upon the DER’s techno-economic specifications and theoretical performance, consumer load data and electrical utility retail and distribution data. Available literature provides the basis for DER specification and performance. Actual consumer load profile data is available for residential and commercial consumer sector customers. The electrical utility data is obtained from Mälarenergi, AB. The aim is to investigate how to use simulations to specify a grid connected microgrid with DERs (PV production and a BES system) for two consumer sectors considering a range of objectives. An open-source, MATLAB-based simulation tool called Opti-CE has successfully been utilized. This package employs a genetic algorithm for multi-objective optimization. To support attainment of one of the objectives, peak shaving of the consumer load, a battery operational strategy algorithm has been developed for the simulation. With respect to balancing peak shaving and self-consumption one of the simulations supports specification of a commercial sector application with 117 kWp PV power rating paired with a lithium ion battery with 41.1 kWh capacity. The simulation of this system predicts the possibility to shave the customer load profile peaks for the month of April by 20%. The corresponding self-consumption ratio is 88%. Differences in the relationship between the load profiles and the system performance have been qualitatively noted. Furthermore, simulation results for lead-acid, lithium-ion and vanadium-redox flow battery systems are compared to reveal that lithium ion delivers the best balance between total annualized cost and peak shaving performance for both residential and commercial applications.
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Goeer, Peter. "Evaluation of key figures for the prediction of project-related costs : a study of production equipment in the automotive supply industry." Thesis, University of Surrey, 2011. http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/807323/.
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Elsheikhi, Salah A. "A holistic approach to injection moulding optimisation for product quality and cost through the characterisation of reprocessed polymeric materials and process monitoring : experimental evaluations and statistical analysis of multiple reprocessing of unfilled and short glass fibre filled polypropylene materials : an optimised methodology to realise minimum product cost at an acceptable product quality." Thesis, University of Bradford, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/5405.
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The plastics industry is one of the fastest growing major industries in the world. There is an increase in the amount of plastic used for all types of products due to its light weight and ability to reprocess. For this reason, the reprocessing of thermoplastics and the usability of reprocessed materials are gaining significance, and it is important to produce and consume plastic materials in an environmentally friendly way. In addition, rising raw material cost linked to the increased oil prices encouraged for reusing of the plastic materials. The aim of this research was to study and optimize the injection moulding process parameters to achieve a trade-off between the product cost and product quality, measured through mechanical properties and geometry, based on using regrind ratios. The work was underpinned by a comprehensive study of multiple reprocessing effects in order to evaluate the effect of process parameters, material behaviour, reprocessing effects and possible links between the processing parameters and key properties. Experimental investigations were carried out, in particular, focused on the melt preparation phase to identify key process parameters and settings. Multiple reprocessing stages were carried out; using two types of PP material: unfilled and short glass filled. A series of tests were used to examine product quality (mass, colour and shrinkage) and physical properties (density, crystallinity, thermal stability, fibre length, molecular weight, in-line and off-line viscosity, tensile strength, modulus of elasticity, elongation (%) and flexural strength). This investigation showed that the mouldability of the filled and unfilled PP materials, through the successive reprocessing stages (using 100 % regrind), was observed to be relatively consistent. Given the link between the processing parameters and key product and material properties, it is possible to manufacture products with minimal loss to part quality and mechanical properties. The final phase of the work focused on process optimisation study for short glass fibre filled PP material and the identified key process parameters (melt temperature, screw rotational speed, holding pressure, holding time and injection rate). A response surface experiment was planned and carried out for three reprocessing stages (0 %, 25 % and 50 % regrind). The fitted response surface models were utilised to carry out the trade-off analysis between the operating cost (material cost, energy cost and labour cost) and product quality (dimensions and tensile strength) Based on the optimal moulding conditions, the operating cost was reduced (from stage I as a reference), by 24% and 30 % for stage II and stage III respectively. A small, perhaps undetectable, change in product dimensions was noted. In addition, a small reduction in tensile strength was noted (from stage I as a reference), by 0.4% and 0.1 % for stage II and stage III respectively. The same data was applied in other countries (Australia, USA, Brazil, Libya and China) to manufacture the same product; and it was observed that the cost was reduced with increasing of regrind ratio. But the significant reduction of the cost, essentially, depended on those countries which have low wage rates (e.g. Brazil, Libya and China). For example, the cost of moulded product manufactured in China is £ 0.025 (using 50% of regrind), while the cost of the same product produced in Australia is £ 0.12, hence giving a total saving of 79 % and making it a valuable issue to be considered in industry.
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SOUZA, Lubnnia Morais Florêncio de. "Avaliação de performabilidade do processo de manufatura do café." Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 2015. https://repositorio.ufpe.br/handle/123456789/17290.
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A globalização e os avanços tecnológicos têm forçado as empresas a aumentar a produtividade e reduzir custos. Ao mesmo tempo, os clientes estão cada vez mais exigindo melhores produtos considerando atributos tangíveis (ex.: aroma, cor, sabor, textura, entre outros) e intangíveis (ex.: marca, comércio justo e responsabilidade ambiental). O café é um dos produtos agrícolas mais importantes do mercado mundial, considerado a força propulsora do desenvolvimento sócio-econômico para muitas regiões, além de ser produzido em todos os continentes. Vale ser ressaltado que o café é uma das bebidas mais consumidas no mundo, sendo a segunda maior commodity 1 negociada depois do petróleo. Para a economia brasileira, o café é uma atividade tradicional e de grande inserção no mercado internacional. É responsável pela geração de um grande número de empregos em todos os setores da economia, indo desde os setores de máquinas, equipamentos e insumos, passando pela produção no campo e pela indústria, até o setor de serviços, como logística e comércio. Atualmente o Brasil consolida a posição de maior produtor e exportador mundial de café, sendo responsável por 30% do mercado internacional de café. Logo é necessário analisar cada vez mais o processo de produção do café, a fim de aumentar a capacidade de produção do sistema, bem como reduzir simultâneamente os custos, sejam devidos à operação, manutenção, pontualidade na execução das tarefas ou ociosidade do equipamento. Tal análise quando corretamente aplicada, é capaz de evidenciar os principais pontos de gargalo, sobre os quais os gerentes de produção devem manter o foco e otimizá-los a fim de aumentar a vantagem competitiva de empresa. A avaliação do desempenho do processo de manufatura é de grande importância para detectar problemas no processo de produção (ex.: gargalos), bem como elementos para reduzir os custos, uma vez que as falhas geram custos durante o desenvolvimento, durante a produção e em serviço (B., 2008). A análise de desempenho puro de processos de fabricação assume que os processos não falham. Esta hipótese não é verdadeira, pois a maioria dos processos de fabricação podem continuar as suas operações, mesmo na presença de falhas. Logo, a realização da análise combinada de desempenho e disponibilidade, chamada performabilidade, é essencial. Este trabalho apresenta um modelo estocástico para avaliação de performabilidade e planejamento de processo do fabricação de café com o objetivo de reduzir o custo e o tempo do ciclo de produção. Um estudo de caso industrial mostra a utilidade prática dos modelos e metodologia proposta. Além disso, as estimativas obtidas a partir do modelo mostram que a abordagem proposta é de fato uma boa aproximação para as respectivas medidas obtidas a partir do processo real de fabricação do café.
Globalization and advanced manufacturing technologies have forced manufacturing firms to increase productivity while reducing costs. At the same time, customers are increasingly demanding better products considering tangible (e.g., smell, color, taste, texture, etc.) and intangible (e.g., mark, fair treading environmental responsability) attributes. Coffee is one of the most important agricultural products in the world market, considered the driving force of socio-economic development for many regions, besides being produced on every continent. Is worth be emphasized that coffee is one of the most consumed beverages in the world and is the second largest commodity traded after oil. For the Brazilian economy, the coffee is a traditional activity and of large insertion in the international market. It is responsible for generating a large number of jobs in all sectors of the economy, ranging from the sectors of machinery, equipment and supplies, through production in the field and industry to the service sector, such as logistics and trade. Currently, Brazil consolidates a position as the largest producer and exporter of coffee, accounting for 30% of the international coffee market. Therefore we analyze the coffee production process in order to increase the system’s production capacity and reduce costs simultaneously, are due to the operation, maintenance, on-time execution of tasks or idle equipment. Such analysis when properly applied, is able to show the main points of bottleneck, on which production managers must stay focused and optimize them in order to increase the competitive advantage of the company. The evaluation of the performance of the manufacturing process is very important to detect problems in the production process (ex .: bottlenecks), as well as elements to reduce costs, since faults generate costs in development, production and during service (B., 2008). The pure performance analysis of manufacturing processes assumes that the processes do not fail. This hypothesis is not true, since most manufacturing processes can continue to operate even in the presence of faults. Therefore, the performance of the combined analysis of performance and availability, call performability, is essential. This work presents a stochastic model for performability evaluation and planning of coffee manufacturing process aiming to reduce the cost and time of the production cycle. An industrial case study shows the practical usability of the proposed models and techniques. Besides, the estimates obtained from the model show that the proposed approach is indeed a good approximation to the respective measures obtained from the real coffee manufacturing process.
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Susko, Petr. "Výrobní logistika výroby desek plošných spojů." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta elektrotechniky a komunikačních technologií, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-220242.
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This thesis describes the design of a new plant for the production of printed circuit boards with a capacity of 40,000 square meters per year. Describes the basic principles of a new production, production logistics principles and technological design, procedure for application of the method SLP, placement of production areas and capacity calculation of employees and machines. It also describes the technological process of production of printed circuit boards with subtractive method and discusses the different steps of production with regard to the proposed production. The practical part deals with the actual realization of the project, a selection of production technology, machinery, design the layout of the building, capacity calculations, deployment tools, practical application of the method SLP, visualization of production in the Plavis VisTable software, waste management and economic evaluation of project costs.
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Sessim, Amir Gil. "Análise econômica de sistemas de produção de bovinos de corte na região do Pampa do Rio Grande do Sul." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/140818.
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O presente trabalho contextualiza a importância da determinação da viabilidade técnico-financeira em sistemas de produção de bovinos de corte, através da aplicação de uma análise técnica e econômica. O objetivo do presente estudo foi realizar uma análise produtiva e econômica de sistemas de produção de bovinos de corte na região do Pampa do Rio Grande do Sul. Foram analisadas quatro propriedades rurais pertencentes a uma empresa agropecuária, localizadas no município de Dom Pedrito, e denominadas como Sistema de Cria em Campo Nativo (SCN), Sistema de Cria com Agricultura (SCA), Sistema de Recria-Terminação (SRT) e o Sistema de Terminação (ST). Para avaliar o efeito da escala de produção sobre a eficiência da atividade, foi simulado um quinto sistema, denominado SIA (Sistema de Integração de Atividades), integrando todas as propriedades da empresa, por meio do somatório dos parâmetros físicos e econômicos dos quatro sistemas independentes. Posteriormente, foram gerados índices técnicos e financeiros para realizar a análise do SIA. A maior produtividade foi alcançada pela unidade SRT, seguida da unidade ST, com 296 e 98 kg.ha-1, respectivamente. Os sistemas SIA, SCN e SCA foram os menos produtivos dos cinco avaliados, com 88, 86 e 83 kg.ha-1, respectivamente. Entretanto, o SCN foi mais eficiente em termos econômicos que os demais sistemas. O custo de oportunidade e a mão de obra foram os itens que mais oneraram os sistemas de SCN, SCA e SIA, com 38,8 e 23,6%, 42,9 e 27,3% e 40,7 e 26,6%, respectivamente, enquanto que nos SRT e ST foi a aquisição de animais com 61,7 e 71,5%, respectivamente. Os resultados positivos de margem líquida dos sistemas SCN (0,96 R$.kg-1) e SRT (0,93 R$.kg-1) foram responsáveis pela viabilidade econômica do sistema simulado, que apresentou margem líquida de 0,04 R$.kg-1. O efeito na escala de produção demonstrou ser positivo entre os sistemas, pois houve diluição nos custos fixos de produção no sistema simulado.This study contextualizes the importance of determining the technical and financial viability of beef cattle production systems through the application of technical and economic analysis. The aim of study was to evaluate the productive and economic analysis of a beef cattle production in the Pampa region of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Data were collected from four properties from the same farming company, located in Dom Pedrito, RS. Production systems were defined as Cow-Calf System in Nature Pasture (CCNP), Cow- Calf in System and Agriculture (CCA), Rearing-Fattening System (RFS) and Fattening System (FS). We also simulated an additional system to evaluate the effect of production scale in the activity efficiency defined as Integration Activities System (IAS) that integrates all company farms. The IAS comprises the physical and economic parameters from four independent properties. The RFS farm had the highest productivity, with 296 kg.ha-1, followed by FS, IAS, CCNP and CCA. The RFS farm had the highest productivity, with 296 kg.ha-1, followed by FS, IAS, CCNP and CSA, with 98, 88, 86 e 83 kg.ha-1, respectively. The RFS showed highest productive and the CCNP demonstrated the highest economic results. The costs of opportunity and labour were higher for CCNP, CSA and IAS compared to RFS and FS, which have the animal’s acquisition as their main costs of production. The positives economic results of CCNP (0.96 R$.kg) and RFS (0.93 R$.kg-1) farms showed where responsible to economic viability of simulated system, that presented positive net margin (0.04 R$.kg-1). The effect on production scale was positive between systems by the attenuated on production fixed costs in the simulated system.
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Schäfer, Fábio. "Desenvolvimento de uma sistemática de melhoria do desempenho econômico de indústrias extrativas : o caso de uma mineração a céu aberto." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/61383.
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Em função da globalização, os ambientes empresariais estão se tornando mais competitivos; assim, aumenta a preocupação e a necessidade de se prover um sistema de informações gerenciais que seja eficaz, confiável e relevante para auxiliar os gestores a tomarem decisões inteligentes. Com a utilização de princípios e métodos de custeio vinculados aos serviços inerentes aos métodos e operações de lavra, este trabalho tem como primeiro objetivo identificar e compreender as deficiências dos atuais sistemas de custeio e de produção e estruturar uma sistemática que apoie a avaliação do desempenho econômico-financeiro nas minerações a céu aberto. O segundo objetivo deste trabalho é utilizar o método do custo-padrão vinculado à produção e às regras de negócio e validá-lo mediante a comparação do realizado versus previsto nas minerações a céu aberto, através da utilização de conceitos de desperdícios, do princípio do custeio por absorção parcial, do controle e gestão de custos e de produção para avaliação de resultados. A unidade de extração mineral estudada utiliza o método de lavra por bancadas em cava e terceiriza as operações de descobertura, perfuração, detonação, escavação, carregamento e transporte. A empresa contratada utiliza o princípio de custeio por absorção total e o método de custeio de centros de custos. Assim, a sistemática que apoia a avaliação do desempenho econômico-financeiro juntamente com o método do custo-padrão foi validada e desenvolvida em três serviços terceirizados com o objetivo de verificar a sua funcionalidade e a sua praticidade. Portanto, as novas informações gerenciais auxiliam o gestor identificar a produtividade e a lucratividade do empreendimento e os resultados dos serviços e de suas operações, além de todos os custos gerenciais já existentes.In the light of globalization, the enterprise environments are becoming more competitive; thus, increases the concern and the need to provide a management information system that is effective, reliable and relevant to assist managers to make intelligent decisions. With the use of principles and costing methods linked to services inherent in mining operations and methods, this work is intended mainly identify and understand the weaknesses of the current costing and production system and structure a systematic that supports performance evaluation productive-economic-financial in surface mining. The second objective of this work is to use standard cost method linked to production and business rules and validate it by comparing the accomplished against foreseen in surface mining, through the use of concepts of wastes, the principle costing of partial absorption, cost control and management for production to evaluation of results. The mineral extraction unit studied uses the open pit mining method and outsources the mining operations of pre stripping, drilling, blasting, rock excavation, loading and transportation. The outsourced company uses the costing principle of total absorption and the costing method is the cost centers. Thus, the systematic that support the evaluation of productive-economic-financial performance and the standard cost method were developed and validated in three outsourced services with the goal of verifying its functionality and practicality. Therefore, the new management information assists the manager to identify the productivity and profitability of the enterprise and the results of its operations and services, in addition to all of the existing management costs.
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Babčanová, Monika. "Analýza metod ocenění výrobního areálu." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Ústav soudního inženýrství, 2019. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-399629.
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This diploma thesis is focused on assessment of methods in valuation of production area. The area will be valued according to valid price regulations and the usual price. Land will be valued separately. The individual valuation methods will be analyzed and an expert estimate of the price of the whole area will be determined after their evaluation. Using the direct comparison method, a market value estimate will be determined. The real estate market in this area will be analyzed with similar real estate and the main factors affecting price levels will be analyzed. The first part of the thesis will be devoted to theoretical knowledge, then there will be formulated individual problems and used methods, which were used for valuation. In the next part the results of individual methods will be stated and in the final part these results will be analyzed and compared with the recommended sessions for individual methods.
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Ekman, Mattias. "Studies in health economics : modelling and data analysis of costs and survival." Doctoral thesis, Stockholm : Economic Research Institute, Stockholm School of Economics [Ekonomiska forskningsinstitutet vid Handelshögsk.] (EFI), 2002. http://www.hhs.se/efi/summary/598.htm.
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Laucius, Vidmantas. ""Felix Lietuva" įmonės pomidorų padažų gamybos linijos perkėlimo į Latviją ekonominis vertinimas." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2008. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2007~D_20080207_134826-62129.
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Magistro baigiamajame darbe nagrinėjamas UAB „Felix Lietuva“ įmonės dalies produkcijos – pomidorų padažų grupės – gamybos linijos perkėlimo į Latviją ekonominis įvertinimas. Esminė tokio ��monės gamybos pertvarkymo priežastis yra atsiradusios galimybės optimizuoti pomidorų padažų gamybą, bendradarbiaujant su verslo partneriais Latvijoje, „SIA Spilva“ įmone. Tam tikslui, tyrime nagrinėjami pomidorų padažams pagaminti reikalingų išlaidų pokytis ir jo įtaka šios produkcijos bendrai savikainai. Šios tyrimo dalies atlikti skaičiavimai padės įmonės marketingo departamento vadovams nustatyti konkurencingesnes pomidorų padažų produkcijos kainas skirtingų šalių rinkoms.
Be to, atsiradus šios įmonės produkcijos eksporto į Latviją, Estiją bei Suomiją galimybėms, įmonei tikslinga didinti pomidorų padažų gamybos apimtis. Šiame tyrime atliktas pomidorų padažų prognozuojamos gamybos apimties apskaičiavimas bei sąnaudų pokyčio įtaka šios produkcijos apimčiai įvertinimas.
Taip pat, magistro baigiamajame darbe nagrinėjamas pomidorų padažų gamybos linijos perkėlimo į Latviją, kaip investicinio projekto įvertinimas. Išnagrinėjus ir susumavus šio investicinio projekto prognozuojamas pajamas ir išlaidas, apskaičiuoti investicinio projekto efektyvumo rodikliai – diskontuotas atsipirkimo periodas, grynoji dabartinė vertė bei rentabilumas. Šio investicinio projekto įvertinimo rezultatai numatomi pateikti įmonės savininkams – investitoriams, kurie, savo ruožtu, įvertins projekto pagrįstumą ir... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]In the finishing work of Master economical evaluation of moving the part of the production manufacturing line of ketchup of the company „Felix Lietuva“ to Latvia is analyzed. Essential reason of the manufacture is that new opportunities, to optimize the manufacture of ketchups have appeared, while cooperating with business partners in Latvia „SIA Spilva“ company. For the reason, the change of expenses that are necessary to produce the ketchup and its influence for the general costs of the production are analyzed. The calculations done in this part of the research will help the managers of the management department to settle more competitive prices of ketchup production in the markets of various countries. Besides, after the opportunities of export of this production to Latvia, Estonia and Finland appeared, it is purposefully to increase the extents of ketchup manufacture. The calculation of manufacturing extent that is prognosed and the influence of change of the expenses on the extent of the production are analyzed in this research. Also, in this finishing work of Master, movement the production manufacturing line to Latvia as the evaluation of the project of investments is analyzed. After having analyzed and summed the income and the expenses, the rates of efficiency of the project are calculated – negotiated period of the redemption, net present value and profitability. The results of this evaluation of the investments project will be provided for the owners of the... [to full text]
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Oliveira, Orlando Resende. "Low cost satellite production." Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/23799.
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mstrado em Engenharia Eletrónica e TelecomunicaçõesA necessidade por uma conectividade contínua, seja por motivos pessoais ou profissionais, está a levar ao congestionamento global das redes terrestres. O espaço e os seus respetivos satélites, são agora, mais do que nunca, uma solução à qual recorrer e as grandes empresas já começaram a re-fazer esse link, chamando-lhe Internet do Espaço. Esta dissertação surge com o propósito de desenvolver um micro satélite de muito baixo custo para uma aplicação de Internet das Coisas, utilizando tecnologia LoRa. O objetivo principal deste trabalho é provar o conceito de que uma nova era de "toaster-size satellites" é agora possível. Esta temática requer conhecimento teórico de conceitos como antenas, tecnologia LoRa e LoRaWAN, assim como eletrónica. Um pequeno protótipo deste micro satélite foi construído com base em tecnologia LoRaWAN, com a implementação de uma gateway LoRaWAN e o desenho de um não com muito baixo consumo. De todos os aspetos relacionados com a Internet do Espaço, este trabalho visa o seu foco em antenas e na performance do sistema total.
The need for continuous connectivity, either for personal or professional purposes, is building a path to a global congestion of terrestrial networks. The space and its satellites are now, more than ever, a solution to go to and big companies have already started to reshape this link, calling it Internet of Space. This dissertation arises with the purpose of developing a super low-cost micro satellite for an Internet of Things network, using LoRa technology. The main goal of this work is to prove the concept that a new era of "toaster-size satellites" is now possible. This thematic requires theoretical knowledge of concepts like antennas, LoRa and LoRaWAN technologies, as well as electronics. A small prototype of this micro satellite network was built based on LoRaWAN technology, with the implementation of a LoRaWAN gateway, and the design of a super low-power end device. Besides all the possible aspects related to IoS, this work aims to focus on the antennas, and on the performance of the assembled system.
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Svanberg, Frisinger Maja-Stina. "Technoeconomical evaluation of small-scale CO2 liquefaction using Aspen Plus." Thesis, KTH, Kemiteknik, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-299662.
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Syftet med den här studien är att göra en teknoekonomisk utvärdering av processer för förvätskning av CO2 med hjälp av Aspen Plus. Ett flertal förvätskningsprocesser från tidigare studier jämfördes och från dessa valdes två förvätskningsprocesser ut för fortsatta studier och simuleringar. Dessa två förvätskningsprocesser var ett internt kylt förvätskningssystem och ett externt kylt förvätskningssystem av Øi et al., Energy Procedia 86 (2016) 500-510, som kallats system A, samt av Seo et al., International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control 35 (2015) 1-12 kallat system B. Dessa två olika processer simulerades för teknisk analys med hjälp av Aspen Plus. Aspen Economical Analyzer (AEA) användes för att göra den ekonomiska analysen. I dessa simuleringar användes ett massflöde på 45 ton/h inkluderat vatteninnehåll, i jämförelse med tidigare studier med högre massflöden runt 100 ton/h. Elektricitet-och kylbehovet undersöktes i ett flertal olika fall med varierande kyltemperatur mellan kompressorerna. Två fall med integrering av fjärrvärme samt två fall med en värmepump undersöktes också med varierande återgående temperatur på fjärrvärmevattnet. Detta gjordes för att undersöka hur mycket värme som kan tillvaratas från förvätskningsprocessen. Vidare bestämdes även investeringskostnader samt driftskostnader med hjälp av AEA. Från detta bestämdes även den årliga kostnaden av kapitalet, CAPEX, och kostnaden att förvätska CO2 räknades ut i form av €/ton. Resultaten visade att integrering av fjärrvärme samt värmepumpar är användbart för att tillvarata på så mycket värme som möjligt från förvätskningssystemen. I de fall med en värmepump samt en återgående temperatur på 47°C i fjärrvärmenätet hade ett COP på 3.07 samt 3.15 för system A samt system B vardera. Kostanden att förvätska CO2 var 17.42 €/ton för system A samt 17.75 €/ton för system B utan använding av en värmepump samt en återgående temperatur på 47°C i fjärrvärmenätet. Vid integrering av en värmepump gick kostnaden av förvätskning upp till 20.85 €/ton för system A samt 21.69 €/ton för system B. Kostnaden av förvätskning dominerades av driftskostnader med kostnaden av kapitalet har en mindre påverkan. Utnyttjandegraden har även en stor påverkan på kostanden av förvätskning, då lägre kapaciteter visade sig leda till markant högre förvätskningskostnader. När intäkterna från fjärrvärmeproduktionen adderades till kostnadskalkylen, minskade kostnaden av förvätskning, speciellt för de system med en värmepump, där priset minskade till 10.26 €/ton för system A eller 10.98 €/ton för system B. I linje med tidigare studier pekar även dessa resultat på att det ekonomiska optimumet sammanfaller med energioptimum. Resultaten visade även att system A, det internt kylda systemet, hade den lägsta förvätskningskostanden och minsta elektricitetsförbrukningen med och utan värmepump, och därför är system A optimalt för småskalig CO2 förvätskning.The aim of this study is to do a technoeconomical analysis on CO2 liquefaction systems using Aspen Plus. Several liquefaction systems from previous studies were compared, and from these, two liquefaction systems were chosen for further studies and simulations. These liquefaction systems were namely an internal liquefaction system and an external liquefaction system by Øi et al., Energy Procedia 86 (2016) 500-510, called system A and Seo et al., International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control 35 (2015) 1-12, called system B. These systems were simulated for technical analysis using Aspen Plus, and Aspen Economical Analyzer (AEA) was used for economical studies. A small-scale liquefaction system was studied with a mass flow rate of 45 tonne/h including the water content, as compared to other studies with higher mass flow rates of around 100 tonne/h. The electricity demand and cooling demand were studied in several cases of interstage cooling between compressors. Furthermore, two cases of district heating as well as two cases of heat pumps were studied with varying return temperatures of the district heating water. This was done to study how much heat could be recovered from the liquefaction process. Furthermore, the capital expenses as well as the operating expenses were also determined using AEA. From this, the annual CAPEX and the cost of CO2 was calculated in terms of €/tonne CO2. The results showed that district heating and heat pumps can be useful to recover heat from the liquefaction processes. The simulations that included a heat pump and assumed a return temperature of 47°C had a COP of 3.07 and 3.15 for system A and B respectively. The determined cost of production was 17.42 €/tonne for system A and 17.75 €/tonne for system B when not using a heat pump and a return temperature of 47°C in the district heating grid. However, when adding a heat pump the total production cost (TPC) increased to 20.85 €/tonne for system A, and 21.69 €/tonne for system B. It was also shown that the TPC is highly dominated by the operating expenses while the total capital investment has a smaller impact on the TPC. The capacity is also important for the TPC as lower capacities was shown to lead to significantly increased production costs. When taking the revenue streams from district heating into account the TPC was decreased, in particular for the systems including the heat pumps, where the TPC for system A was 10.26 €/tonne while for system B it was 10.98 €/tonne. In accordance with previous studies it was shown that the economical optimum is closely related to the energy optimum. It was concluded that as system A, the internal liquefaction system, had the lowest TPC and electricity input with and without the heat pump and thus it is the optimal configuration for small-scale CO2 liquefaction.
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Poggiali, Barbara. "Production cost modeling : a spreadsheet methodology." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/15326.
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Thesis (M.S.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering, 1985.MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND SCIENCE.
Vita.
Bibliography: leaves 123-129.
by Barbara Poggiali.
M.S.
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Dixon, Christopher Ross. "Routes towards low-cost renewable hydrogen production." Thesis, University of Dundee, 2015. https://discovery.dundee.ac.uk/en/studentTheses/2e1d9208-0537-4a8b-b4a9-f1e0d8382b35.
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The transition from declining conventional fossil fuel energy to renewables is one of the most significant challenges facing humanity. Hydrogen is anticipated as the key future energy vector. This is sought to bring more value and utility to renewable energy resources, and eventually providing an energy storage medium to replace fossil fuels such as for automotive applications. This thesis contains an investigation of hydrogen production through renewable low-cost and low-carbon processes. Literature reviews of conventional and renewable H2 production methods and storage (compression, liquefaction, adsorption materials and hydrides) are presented in detail (in appendices). Particular attention has been given to energy efficiency, cost and practicality of processes. Electrolysis of water is investigated in detail. Wind turbines and solar photovoltaics are reviewed and physically investigated as key renewable electrical energy sources for renewable H2 production via electrolysis. Conventional and novel electrical power control is investigated and tested to support low-cost wind/solar-powered electrolysis. Biological H2 production from mixed-acid fermentation of Escherichia coli is practically investigated from the energy-physics perspective and considered as one possible route to permit renewable H2 production in the long-term. Photocatalytic materials are also investigated as additional future routes for renewable H2 production; in this work they are investigated using nanoscale materials processing and surface analysis techniques. This thesis has an energy-focussed, applied and practical theme, achieving a broad investigation of the topics herein. Experimental investigations were chosen based upon relevance, practicality, concurrent research, availability of resources, and for application of novel nanoscale materials processing. Power control elements for wind-powered H2 production have for example been optimised by complete investigation of supply/load characteristics rather than adopting the more conventional power electrical/electronic approach. Ultimately the work here aims to demonstrate (at small-scale) that renewable H2 production can be achieved at relatively low cost, e.g. by wind-powered electrolysis, inferring that pathways can be established within existing means to produce much larger quantities of renewable H2 economically.
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Choi, Ming-hang Edmund, and 蔡銘鏗. "Evaluation of the cost estimating systems." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2001. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31251651.
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Choi, Ming-hang Edmund. "Evaluation of the cost estimating systems /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 2001. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B25949780.
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Adair, Robert Fletcher. "Estimating production and cost for clamshell mechanical dredges." Thesis, Texas A&M University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/1536.
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Clamshell dredges are used around the United States for both navigational and environmental dredging projects. Clamshell dredges are extremely mobile and can excavate sediment over a wide range of depths. The object of this thesis is to develop a methodology for production and cost estimation for clamshell dredge projects. There are current methods of predicting clamshell dredge production which rely on production curves and constant cycle times. This thesis calculates production estimation by predicting cycle time which is the time required to complete one dredge cycle. By varying the cycle time according to site characteristics production can be predicted. A second important component to predicting clamshell dredge production is bucket fill factor. This is the percent of the bucket that will fill with sediment depending on the type of soil being excavated. Using cycle time as the basis for production calculation a spreadsheet has been created to simplify the calculation of production and project cost. The production calculation also factors in soil type and region of the United States. The spreadsheet is capable of operating with basic site characteristics, or with details about the dredge, bucket size, and region. Once the production is calculated the project cost can be determined. First the project length is found by dividing the total amount of sediment that is to be excavated by the production rate. Once the project length is calculated the remainder of the project cost can be found. The methods discussed in this thesis were used to calculate project cost for 5 different projects. The results were then compared to estimates by the government and the actual cost of the project. The government estimates were an average of 39% higher than the actual project cost. The method discussed in this thesis was only 6% higher than the actual cost.
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Wise, Michael Anthony. "A variance reduction technique for production cost simulation." Ohio : Ohio University, 1989. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?ohiou1182181023.
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Rezazadeh, Mehdi, and Reza Delavar. "Production cost reduction through optimization of machine component." Thesis, KTH, Industriell produktion, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-152364.
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This thesis aiming to reduce the cost of production through analyzing and optimizing a set of weaving machine components including five legs; three main legs and two support legs. This set of legs has a reciprocating revolutionary movement around a central axis which is driven by a crank shaft. Finite element static Structural analysis, explicit and fatigue analyses been applied using Ansys workbench. The results show that some areas of legs are under small stresses far from material yield strength. This fact provides the potential for mass reduction of legs without significant effect on mechanical safety factors. Ansys Workbench parameter optimization and shape optimization been applied in this study in order to reduce mass while maintaining almost the same safety factors. Besides performing optimization on original legs, new optimized design alternatives presented for both main legs and support legs. Mass reduction of maximum 18% is obtained in new designs.
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Dhayanithi, Amarnath, and Deepak Sureshkumar. "COST OPTIMIZATION IN PRODUCTION SYSTEMS : USING LEAN MANUFACTURING." Thesis, Tekniska Högskolan, Högskolan i Jönköping, JTH, Produktionsutveckling, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-47382.
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In the era of globalization, every company is trying its best to sustain its company’s name and their product in its respective market. The overreach goal of the thesis to optimize the cost in the production system using lean manufacturing. To attain the primary goal of the thesis, three layered approach has been carried out. Firstly, the non-value-added activities in the shop floor has been identified. The tools like VSM and spaghetti diagram is used to identify the non-value-added activities Secondly, the lead time of a particular product has been calculated for a particular product. The lean tools like JIT,5s, TQM, TPM has been used to reduce the lead time. TQM is used to identify the quality issues, TPM is used to identify the maintenance problems and JIT &5s is used to identify the problems in tool arrangement and delivery of the raw materials. The last part of the thesis is to measure the cost-effectiveness by implementing lean manufacturing to produce a particular product family. Tools like Activity based costing is used to allocate the cost involved in the various activities that can be measured by the cost drivers and cost pool. To measure the performance of the production system OEE is used in this thesis
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Olivi, Matteo. "Evaluation of confidence-driven cost aggregation strategies." Bachelor's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2016. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/11621/.
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In this thesis I describe eight new stereo matching algorithms that perform the cost-aggregation step using a guided filter with a confidence map as guidance image, and share the structure of a linear stereo matching algorithm. The results of the execution of the proposed algorithms on four pictures from the Middlebury dataset are shown as well. Finally, based on these results, a ranking of the proposed algorithms is presented.
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Mainoo, Nana-Osei Kweku. "Feasibility of low cost vermicompost production in Accra, Ghana." Thesis, McGill University, 2007. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=18465.
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Vermicomposting, the non-thermophilic decomposition of organic wastes by earthworms, is a popular waste management option in the Americas, Europe and the Indian sub-continent. Although the technology is inexpensive and produces an organic fertilizer as well as earthworm biomass, there are few examples of vermicomposting in sub-Saharan Africa. The objective of this thesis was to investigate the potential for vermicomposting in Accra, the capital city of Ghana, by conducting 1) an earthworm survey, 2) vermicomposting trials and 3) assessing farmers' perceptions of vermicompost as an organic fertilizer and other related issues. The earthworm Eudrilus eugeniae (Kinberg), was found in the soil-litter layer at seven locations across Accra. In a 20 d period, the E. eugeniae decomposed 99% of pineapple fibers and 87% of pineapple peels supplied, indicating that this earthworm is capable of vermicomposting. The nutrient value of the vermicompost was low, relative to other organic wastes in West Africa, probably due to the low nutrient content of pineapple wastes. Farmers were aware of the benefits to soil fertility from earthworm activity and associated the presence of earthworm castings with healthy soils. However, those involved in irrigated vegetable farming had insufficient space and time for on-farm vermicomposting and would prefer to purchase this fertilizer. Conversely, subsistence farmers lacked a reliable access to water necessary for on-farm vermicomposting. In summary, farmers were interested in the technology and were willing to adopt it, provided the vermicompost improved crop performance and was affordable and available.Le vermicompostage est un procédé effectué par les vers de terre qui décomposent la matière organique sous des conditions non thermophile. Cette technique est populaire dans les Amériques, en Europe et aux Indes. Quoique la technique soit économique et produise un engrais organique ainsi que de la biomasse de vers, elle est rarement utilisée dans les régions au Sud du désert Sahara, en Afrique. L'objectif de cette thèse était d'étudier la possibilité d'effectuer du vermicompostage à Accra, la capitale du Ghana. Par ce projet, on a : 1) effectué un relevé des types de vers de terre retrouvés ; 2) réalisé des essais de vermicompostage, et ; 3) consulté les agriculteurs locaux pour savoir s'ils seraient intéressés à faire du vermicompostage et produire un engrais organique. Le vers de terre Eudrilus eugeniae (Kinberg), fut le plus commun, retrouvé à sept endroits dans la région d'Accra, dans la partie arable des sols. Lorsqu'offert des résidus fibreux et des pelures d'ananas, le vers E. eugeniae fut capable de les décomposer à 99% et 87%, respectivement, ce qui démontre que le vermicompostage est réalisable en Afrique. La valeur fertilisante du vermicompost était relativement faible comparativement aux autres résidus organiques disponibles en Afrique de l'Ouest, à cause de la faible teneur minéral des fibres et des pelures d'ananas. Les agriculteurs consultés étaient bien au courant des bénéfices qu'apportent les vers de terre et que leur présence signifie un sol fertile. Les agriculteurs qui cultivaient des légumes et pratiquaient l'irrigation, ne possédaient ni l'espace ni le temps nécessaire au vermicompostage ; ils préféraient acheter leurs engrais. Aussi, les agriculteurs de subsistance et les plus pauvres n'avaient pas suffisamment d'eau pour effectuer le vermicompostage sur leur ferme. Par contre, les agriculteurs étaient intéressés à la technologie du vermicompostage et son utilisation, à conditions d'ob
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Carnevale, Luke Anthony. "Animating a cost effective character for an educational production." Thesis, Texas A&M University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/1123.
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Animation is a powerful teaching tool. Ideas can be expressed through animation using only a fraction of the time needed with conventional teaching methods [John Halas 1987]. In short, a picture is worth a thousand words. However, educational budgets rarely allow for the expensive time-consuming task that animation entails. This thesis tackles the challenge of creating substantial quality educational animation using limited time, labor and money resources. A National Science Foundation sponsored planetarium show on lightning will be used as a demonstration project to document the techniques employed and results achieved. Anyone interested in reducing costs can reference this thesis for insight on what or what not to implement in their own production process.
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Martínez, Díaz David José. "Production cost models with regard to liberalised electricity markets." Karlsruhe Univ.-Verl. Karlsruhe, 2008. http://d-nb.info/992181305/04.
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Li, Xia. "Merger incentives of cost asymmetric firms under production differentiation." Kansas State University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/13627.
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Master of ArtsDepartment of Economics
Yang-Ming Chang
This report examines merger incentives of cost asymmetric firms under product differentiation and their welfare implications. Considering a simple contract under which merger profit is distributed according to the proportions of differential marginal costs between duopolistic firms, we show in a stylized model that for almost all parameter ranges (in terms of market competition intensity and marginal cost differential), a low-cost firm may have no incentive to merge with a high-cost firm whereas the high-cost firm always finds merger to be profitable. Only when marginal cost differential is sufficiently low and the degree of product similarity is sufficiently high will both the low-cost firm and the high-cost firm share the common interest in merger. On the other hand, the merger equilibrium is not welfare-improving, regardless of whether the firms initially compete in quantities or prices. Viewed from the perspective of production efficiency, mergers with differentiated products thus create a fundamental conflict between the maximization of consumer and social welfare and the maximization of firm profits. We also examine the scenario that merger takes place when merger profit exceeds the sum of firm profits under duopoly, without considering how merger profit is distributed between the firms. We discuss the conditions under which mergers may or may not be welfare-improving.
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Wang, Yong. "Diversification, information asymmetry, cost of capital, and production efficiency." Diss., Temple University Libraries, 2008. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/13948.
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Business AdministrationPh.D.
This study examines how diversification changes firms' key characteristics, which consequently alter firms' value. The reason why I focus on this topic is because of the mixed findings in literature about the valuation effect of diversification. This study offers deeper insights to the influence of diversification on important valuation factors that are already identified in finance literature. Specifically, it examines if diversification affects firms' information asymmetry problem, firms' cost of capital and cash flow, and firms' production efficiency. The study looks at both the financial industry and non-financial industry and the chapters are arranged in the following order. Firstly, empirical studies show that investors do not value BHCs' pursuit of non-interest income generating activities and yet these activities have demonstrated a dramatic pace of growth in the recent decades. An interesting question is what factors drive the discontent of the investors with the diversification endeavors of the BHCs in non-interest income activities. The first chapter examines the subject from the view point of information opaqueness, which is unique in the banking industry in terms of its intensity. We propose that increased diversification into non-interest income activities deepens information asymmetry, making BHCs more opaque and curtailing their value, as a result. Two important results are obtained in support of this proposition. First, analysts' forecasts are less accurate and more dispersed for the BHCs with greater diversity of non-interest income activities, indicating that information asymmetry problem is more severe for these BHCs. Second, stock market reactions to earning announcements by these BHCs signaling new information to the market are larger, indicating that more information is revealed to the market by each announcement. These findings indicate that increased diversity of non-interest income activities is associated with more severe information asymmetry between insiders and outsiders and, hence, a lower valuation by shareholder. Secondly, since Lang and Stulz (1994) and Berger and Ofek (1995), corporate literature has taken the position that industrial diversification is associated with a firm value discount. However, the validity and the sources of the diversification discount are still highly debated. In particular, extant studies limit themselves to cash flow effects, totally overlooking the cost of capital as a factor determining firm value. Inspired by Lamont and Polk (2001), the second chapter examines how industrial and international diversification change the conglomerates' cost of capital (equity and debt), and thereby the firm value. Our empirical results, based on a sample of Russell 3000 firms over the 1998-2004 period, show that industrial (international) diversification is associated with a lower (higher) firm cost of capital. These findings also hold for firms fully financed with equity. In addition, international diversification is found to be associated with a lower operating cash flow while industrial diversification doesn't alter it. These results indicate that industrial (international) diversification is associated with firm value enhancement (destruction). Given the fact that the majority of the firms involved in industrial diversification also diversify internationally, failing to separate these two dimensions of diversification may result in mistakenly attributing the diversification discount to industrial diversification. Thirdly, financial conglomerates have been increasingly diversifying their business into banking, securities, and insurance activities, especially after the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act (GLBA, 1999). The third chapter examines whether bank holding company (BHC) diversification is associated with improvement in production efficiency. By applying the data envelopment analysis (DEA), the Malmquist Index of productivity, and total factor productivity change as a decomposed factor of the index, are calculated for a sample of BHCs over the period 1997-2007. The following results are obtained. First, technical efficiency is negatively associated with activity diversification and the effect is primarily driven by BHCs that did not diversify through Section 20 subsidiaries before GLBA. Second, the degree of change in diversification over time does not affect the total factor productivity change but is negatively associated with technical efficiency change over time. This latter effect is also primarily shown on BHCs that did not have Section 20 subsidiaries before GLBA. Therefore, it can be concluded that diversification is on average associated with lower production efficiency of BHCs, especially those BHCs without first-mover advantage obtained through Section 20 subsidiaries. These chapters explores the possible channels through which diversification could alter firms' valuation. They contribute to the literature by offering further knowledge about the effect of diversification.
Temple University--Theses
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Iyogun, Paul Omolewa. "Lower bounds for production/inventory problems by cost allocation." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/27323.
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This thesis presents a cost allocation method for deriving lower bounds on costs of feasible policies for a class of production/inventory problems. Consider the joint replenishment problem where a group of items is replenished together or individually. A sequence of reorders for any particular item will incur holding, backorder and set-up costs specific to the item, in addition whenever any item is replenished a joint cost is incurred. What is required of the total problem is the minimization of a cost function of the replenishment sequence or policy.
The cost allocation method consists of decomposing the total problem into sub-problems, one for each item, by allocating the joint cost amongst the items in such a way that every item in the group receives a positive allocation or none. The result is that, for an arbitrary feasible cost allocation, the sum of the minimum costs for the subproblems is a lower bound on the cost of any feasible policy to the total problem. The results for the joint replenishment problem follows:
For the constant and continuous demand case we reproduce the lower bound of Jackson, Maxwell and Muckstadt more easily than they did. For the multi-item dynamic
lot-size problem, we generalize Silver-Meal and part-period balancing heuristics, and derive a cost allocation bound with little extra work. For the 'can-order' system, we use periodic policies derived from the cost allocation method and show that they are superior to the more complex (s,c,S) policies. The cost allocation method is easily
generalized to pure distribution problems where joint replenishment decisions are taken at several facilities. For example, for the one-warehouse multi-retailer problem, we reproduce Roundy's bound more easily than he did. For the multi-facility joint replenishment problem (a pure distribution system with an arbitrary number of warehouses),
we give a lower bound algorithm whose complexity is dr log r where d is the maximum number of facilities which replenish a particular item and r is the number of items.Business, Sauder School of
Graduate
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Funke, Thomas Bernhard. "Biofuel production in South Africa: the games, the cost of production and policy options." Thesis, University of Pretoria, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/24639.
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The production of biofuels in South Africa has evolved very slowly and at present there are only a handful of plants producing some derivative of biofuel. The lack of commitment from government and the utter information distortion under which the current policy framework was developed have largely contributed to the current state of affairs. The manner in which the current policy framework was formulated based on the available information has impacted negatively on the development of the industry and it is hypothesised that had a better and more comprehensive analysis process been followed, the framework would be of such a nature that the industry could be sustainable in the long run. The study examines the policies and policy development process that have taken place in other biofuel producing countries and investigates the various policy instruments that are in use in these industries. The study further explores the interactions of industry role players at both government and producer level while attempting to explain the factors that could have caused their deviation from the rational and expected path of strategies and actions. In both games, each at a different level, the resultant Nash Equilibrium changes and prevailing strategies indicate that it is not in the role player's interest to commit to the industry. The government departments involved in formulating the biofuel policy seem to be uninformed and hence choose a low support route while oil companies consistently choose not to invest in capacity and biofuel refiners find their Nash Equilibrium at high levels of investment. A decision tree is formulated to conduct an in-depth review of the current level of profitability of proposed and current projects with specific reference to current legislation. The decision tree unpacks the current economic environment in the industry and identifies various factors that are crucial to the long-term development and growth of the industry. Based on this comprehensive survey of the industry and a detailed comparison of various production costs, together with the design of the game theoretic framework, a conceptual policy framework is designed and it is proposed that this replaces the current biofuel strategy. The new policy framework establishes its sustainable structure based on facts, detailed figures and existing project information. The framework is based on a more sustainable policy structure that combines elements of rural development with the economics that are required in order for the industry to be sustainable in the long run. Unlike the official government biofuels policy, the Industrial Biofuels Strategy, this proposed policy framework takes the industry's and role players' requirements into account and is designed in such a way that government targets and goals are accomplished. It is hypothesised that the implementation of this comprehensive policy framework will assist in the establishment of a successful and sustainable biofuels industry. CopyrightThesis (DCom)--University of Pretoria, 2011.
Agricultural Economics, Extension and Rural Development
unrestricted
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Strazdienė, Daiva. "Medžiagų ir produkcijos apskaita ir auditas." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2005. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2005~D_20050526_145003-12868.
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Research object: stocks. Research subject: accounting and audit. Research aim: to investigate the main problems of stocks accounting and audit and to give suggestions that can help to improve stocks accounting and audit. Objectives: 1)To analyze the peculiarities of stocks and production accounting and audit; 2)To carry out an empirical research of stocks and production accounting and audit; 3)To define and analyze the main problems of stocks and production accounting and audit; 4)To formulate conclusions and suggestions in order to develop the field of stocks accounting and audit; Research methods: logical analysis, synthesis, comparison, questionnaire survey and description. In the process of investigation there were analyzed theory and practice of stocks accounting and audit, investigated the main problems of stocks accounting and audit and also given suggestions that can help to solve investigated problems.
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Wang, Peng. "Reliability cost/worth considerations in distribution system evaluation." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape8/PQDD_0016/NQ37921.pdf.
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Pandit, Ravi. "Disposable versus reusable ware : cost evaluation model development /." Online version of thesis, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/1850/10790.
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Jiang, Meng. "Evaluation of Low-Cost Water Quality Measurement System." Thesis, Mittuniversitetet, Avdelningen för elektronikkonstruktion, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-27179.
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Water is a very important element in our daily life, being able to check the water quality by ourselves would be a useful project to improve our life quality. My idea is to create something cheap and easy to examine the water quality and test it to see if it is capable for outdoor using as well. In this project I chose a DS18B20 as a temperature sensor. To get a system which can work as a water pump I chose an L298P as a motor driver board to support the electric motor, a Hall flow meter to get the flow and quantity, and a Water sensor to get the conductivity. With the Arduino and the Visual Studio user interface program, the system can extract the data that we want. The result of the measurement shows it is possible to analyse the water quality by comparing the conductivity of the known liquid to a test sample in a controlled environment. The system shows great promise of being a cheaper and easier system but still needs to improve accuracy, by reducing outside influence (like temperature), thereby enabling the system to work in more harsh environments.
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Malcolm, David S. "Parametric cost estimation utilizing development-to-production cost relationship applied to the advanced amphibious assault vehicle." Thesis, Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/28438.
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Marengo, M., G. Lucconi, G. Cicoria, A. Infantino, F. Zagni, and S. Fanti. "Improvements in the production of a low cost targetry for direct cyclotron production of 99mTc." Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden - Rossendorf, 2015. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:d120-qucosa-166024.
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Introduction
The established methods for the production of 99Mo, based on fission in nuclear reactors, continue to present problems as a result of the plant’s aging and the significant investments needed for maintenance or for their renewal. Much research work is thus in progress on the study of alternative methods for the production of 99mTc in quantities and with the degree of purity required for the clinical use. Between them, the cyclotron production of 99mTc via the 100Mo(p,2n)99mTc reaction has turned out as the most attractive alternative. One critical aspect regarding the production of 99mTc with cyclotron is the need for a robust and reliable target production process. Several techniques have been indicated as extremely promising such has plasma spray and laser cladding; however these methods require specialized instrumentation and complex operations to be performed handling activated materials in order to recover irradiated Mo.
In this work we report the development of the work done at the University of Bologna, as a part of a wider INFN project, as regards the methods of preparation of solid targets suitable for the production of 99mTc irradiating a target of 100Mo, employing a cyclotron for biomedical use, normally operated for the production of PET radionuclides.
Material and Methods
Irradiations were performed with a 16.5 MeV GE PETtrace cyclotron equipped with a solid target station previously developed by our group (1). In initial tests, a stack of 1–3 metallic foils, 100 μm thick, of natMo were irradiated with protons in the 15.9→9.8 MeV energy range. Foils were then dissolved in a HNO3-HCl solution and samples were analyzed with high resolution gamma-ray spectrometry (Canberra, including a HPGe detector with a 30% relative efficiency and a resolution of 1.8 keV at 1332 keV) using Genie2000 software; the measurement campaign lasted several weeks to take into account the different half-lives of the produced radionuclides. Results were extrapolated to a highly enriched 100Mo target and compared to Monte Carlo simulations previously performed with FLUKA and TALYS codes (2).
In order to investigate a method of preparation of the target that would make easier the recovery of the enriched material and recycling for the preparation of a new target, it was subsequently studied the preparation of pellets of Molybdenum trioxide. MoO3 powder (Sigma Aldrich, 99.9% trace metals basis, particle size < 150 μm) was used to prepare pellets using a 10 ton press. Pellets obtained in this way were then sintered on a Platinum support using a CARBOLITE furnace under a controlled atmosphere; the temperature was ramped according to a controlled and reproducible temperature cycle.
Sintered pellets were subjected to visual inspection, mechanical tests of resistance to loading and downloading in the cyclotron target station, thermal tests and then irradiated at increasing current. The irradiated targets were again visually inspected then weighed, dissolved and subjected to gamma-ray spectrometry analysis.
Results and Conclusion
The experimental saturation yield for 99mTc calculated on the basis of the gamma-ray analysis of irradiated metal foils, gave an extrapolated yield of 1.115 ± 0.015 GBq/μA for a 100 μm thick 100Mo enriched target, in accordance with the value of 1.107 ± 0.002 GBq/μA obtained in Monte Carlo simulations. On these bases, an irradiation of 3 h at 50 μA is expected to produce 16.3 ± 0.2 GBq of 99mTc; considering the use of an efficient purification system, a radionuclidic purity > 99.9 % 2 h after the EndOfBombardment and a specific activity comparable with the actual standards are expected as achievable.
Experiments on sintering pellets are still on going at the time of writing this report; initial results showed that addition of proper aggregating materials allows for suitable pellets preparation. The sintering process allows to obtain pellets having sufficient mechanical strength to withstand loading and downloading operations.
Initial irradiation tests with beam current up to 25 μA were performed successfully with no changes in mass and mechanical properties of the pellet.
These encouraging results suggest that sintered pellets may be a relatively inexpensive and easy solution to prepare 100Mo targets for the cyclotron production of 99mTc.
Further experimental tests at higher beam current will be performed in order to assess the maximum current achievable with no damage of the target.
At the same time, a prototype automated module based on standard industrial components is in testing phase as regards performance in the separation and purification processes.