Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Production d’hydrogène'
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Ambroise, Emmanuelle. "Production embarquée d’hydrogène par reformage catalytique des hydrocarbures." Strasbourg, 2010. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/public/theses_doctorat/2010/AMBROISE_Emmanuelle_2010.pdf.
Full textIsooctane reforming under conditions which are set by exhaust gas can be performed on to generate hydrogen onboard. Isooctane reforming thermodynamic simulations have proven the possibility to produce a 10-15 % H2 effluent, according to internal combustion engine conditions. Based upon these conditions, reactivity tests on reforming of isooctane have been performed with bimetallic catalysts Co-noble metal/ceria-zirconia. Variable activity of noble metals doped catalysts, depending on the nature of the noble metal (Rh, Ru, Pd, Pt), its loading, and affected by the activation process, is discussed, as the ceria/zirconia ratio and praseodymium doping on catalytic activity and stability. Cobalt speciation has been studied by various characterization techniques, allowing to define an optimal content of inserted cobalt in the mixed oxide structure, enhancing redox properties of the catalyst. The most efficient catalyst for hydrogen production was evaluated in various reactions occurring during isooctane reforming (dry reforming, partial oxidation, steam reforming), allowing to propose a reaction mechanism. The support (a ceria-zirconia based mixed oxide) with acidic and redox properties acts to break isooctane molecule into isobutene through dehydrogenating cracking (acid site) and activate water (vacancy, redox site). The noble metal performs isobutene reforming. The strong metal-support interaction provides a good lifetime to the catalytic system
Guigoz, Vincent. "Photocatalyseurs hétérostructurés LaFeO₃/g-C₃N₄ pour la production d’hydrogène." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2020. https://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/ulprive/DDOC_T_2020_0148_GUIGOZ.pdf.
Full textHydrogen is a promising energy carrier for replacing fossil fuels, under the conduction of having a mainly low carbon production. One of the most promising solution to generate clean and durable hydrogen is water splitting from solar energy. This manuscript focuses on the development and optimization of an abundant and stable photocatalyst. LaFeO₃ is a perovskite semi-conductor material showing and excellent chemical stability and that absorbs a large part in the visible spectra, although a low electron transfer limits its photocatalytic properties. To improve its activity, a heterostructure associating LaFeO₃ with g-C₃N₄ was realised. g-C₃N₄ is an organic semi-conductor with outstanding optical, structural, and electronic properties. Their association led to a significant increase in the photocatalytic activity by an increase in the separation and transfer of charge carriers. Two methods for H₂ production were studied: photocalysis (PC) and photoelectrocatalysis (PEC). Photoelectrodes of PEC dispositive were elaborated by magnetron sputtering and nanoparticles dispersed in solution of PC dispositive were synthesised using sol-gel. The insertion of a layer of g-C₃N₄, deposited by spin coating, below the LaFeO₃ films allowed for the first time to prepare this heterojunction using thin films, while the sonication of particles of LaFeO₃ and g-C₃N₄ allowed creating a heterojunction of dispersed photocatalysts. The impact of the composition of photoelectrodes was also studied for non-stoichiometric films and by inserting additional metallic elements
Garcia, Stéphane. "Production d’hydrogène solide sous forme de films de taille micronique." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015GREAY050/document.
Full textThe development of very high power lasers in the latest decade opened up new horizons in a various field, such as the production of accelerated ion beams. When a laser beam interacts with a target, the generated beam can contain energetic ions or electrons with a large energy spectrum (1–200 MeV). This energy distribution depends on the laser power and the nature of the target.Physicists studying the interaction between laser and materials are really interested in having very thin (10 µm) ribbons of solid hydrogen that could be used as a target. Indeed, during the interaction between a laser and such a target, a pure proton beam can be created. Protontherapy is one of the main potential applications which uses the special properties of accelerated protons to destroy cancerous tumor. This technique, lighter and cheaper, could replace in the next years huge particle accelerators situated underground the equipped hospitals. This PhD thesis was about developing a way to get and characterize such ribbons, using a new extrusion process.Extrusion of solid hydrogen requires a high pressure (10 MPa to 40 MPa) and a low temperature (below 13K). This is achieved by using the thermodynamic properties of the fluid. First, the cell is filled in with solid H2, then closed. Afterward, the upper part is heated to liquefy the solid. The expansion, resulting from the phase change creates a pressure on the solid hydrogen, located below the liquid. The extrusion is realized through a micron-sized hole at the bottom of the cell. The main difference with a classic extrusion process is the absence of moving parts.First solid hydrogen ribbons (1mm large and 100 microns of thickness) have been obtained in March 2014, leading to an article in a peer review (laser and particle beams (2014) 32,569-575, Continuous production of a thin ribbon of solid hydrogen). The use of a 50 micron nozzle was satisfying but it showed the limitation in the design of the cell, leading to an upgraded one, which will enable to extrude thinner ribbons.A cylindrical nozzle (140 microns diameter) has also been used to obtain long cylinders of solid hydrogen and to be able to understand the solid hydrogen flow in simple geometries. In parallel, several numerical simulations have been carried out to establish the flow behavior of solid hydrogen during the extrusion process. An “home made” model has been developed for which experimental results and numerical calculations fit quite well for different nozzles' geometries.Using small ribbon defaults as velocity tracers, cross-correlation algorithm has also been developed to measure the velocity during the extrusion process. The ribbon thickness is also extracted from image analysis. These results are also correlated by flowmeter measurements and appeared to be accurate.Several laser teams have shown a great interest for these results and a collaboration contract has been signed with the laser PALS team (Prague) to install an updated version of this cryostat, able to be plugged in their vacuum chamber. The team wants to shoot the solid hydrogen target to understand the laser/matter interaction and accelerate proton through the TNSA (Target Normal Sheath Acceleration) principle. It will be the first time such target will be shot. The installation of the cryostat is scheduled by the end of august and the first experiments are planned during november 2015. LULI's laser team at Palaiseau in France is also interested in using these targets and is planning to shoot them in January 2016. In parallel, CNRS physicists of the ILM (Institut Lumière Matière de Lyon) would like to use these targets to generate X-UV radiation
Sun, Qing. "Reformage et synthèse des diméthoxyméthane et diméthyléther pour la production d’hydrogène." Lyon 1, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/16/97/71/PDF/Thesis_Qing_Sun_print_2007-07-20.pdf.
Full textThis work is related to the subject "Clean Energy". Dimethoxymethane (DMM) is a suitable H2 storage material for mobile application due to its high H2 content and non-toxicity. It was found that DMM can be 100% reformed to produce H2 on a complex catalyst composed of an acid component such as Nb2O5 or niobium phosphate (NbP) combined with CuZnO/Al2O3 catalyst. Moreover, V2O5/NbP and V2O5-TiO2-SO42- catalysts were prepared and evaluated in the reaction of selective oxidation of methanol to DMM. The surface acidic and redox properties of V2O5-TiO2-SO42-were correlated to the reactive performance of the catalysts. The adsorption properties of Nb2O5 and NbP used in methanol dehydration reaction were also studied
Hajjaji, Noureddine. "Analyse de cycle de vie exergétique de systèmes de production d’hydrogène." Thesis, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011INPL002N/document.
Full textConsidered as the future energy carrier, hydrogen appears to be the miracle solution to overcome the current energy crisis and environmental problems. This can be possible only by solving all the problems associated with its life cycle (production, distribution, storage and final use).Due to the large number of environmental impacts generated during hydrogen production, the complexity of their evaluation and the possible interactions among them the use of environmental assessment methods is necessary. The Exergetic Life Cycle Assessment (ELCA) approach was chosen as the most useful tool for hydrogen production scenarios investigation. It compares hydrogen production systems in order to identify which one is more eco-efficient and recognizes their opportunities for environmental improvement. Eight scenarios for hydrogen production were studied by the ELCA approach. These scenarios are essentially based on reforming techniques of fossil methane, biomethane and bioethanol. The results show that the hydrogen produced by fossil methane scenarios, a mature and widely used technique, are the largest consumers of abiotic resources and emitters of greenhouse gases (GHG). The use of biomethane as hydrogen source presents an interesting solution. The environmental profile of a hydrogen ex-bio-methane can be made even more attractive solution by improving anaerobic digestion system with on-site reforming process. The use of bio-ethanol produced from wheat as a hydrogen source has large environmental impacts. In fact, these processes are characterized by large eutrophication and acidification potentials in addition to their emissions of large amount of greenhouse gases (GHG). However, bio-ethanol can be a sustainable and renewable source for hydrogen production on condition that it is produced by environmentally friendly manners
Fang, Wenhao. "Production d’hydrogène par transformation du bioéthanol sur catalyseurs à base de nickel." Thesis, Lille 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LIL10026/document.
Full textThe potential benefits of hydrogen economy based on renewable energy sources (biomass) have drawn much attention. Hence studies on H2 production from catalytic transformation of bio-ethanol are very interesting and promising. Two types of Ni-based catalysts, CeNiXOY and NiXMg2AlOY, are studied for H2 production from ethanol through two routes, steam reforming and oxidative steam reforming (H2O/EtOH = 3). Numerous physico-chemical characterizations of the catalysts allow proposing active sites and possible mechanism. The CeNiXOY and NiXMg2AlOY nano-compounds are able to store different hydrogen species in particular hydride species. Once in situ treated in H2 at proper temperature, these mixed oxides become nano-oxyhydrides with the presence of anionic vacancies, O2- species and cations in close interactions which are highly active and efficient catalysts for ethanol steam reforming. The Ni12Mg2AlOY catalyst allows obtaining a low-temperature high-yield H2 production of 3 mol molEtOH-1 at 300 °C without the formation of CO. The Ni3Mg2AlOY and CeNi1OY catalysts are able to produce a very high H2 production of about 5 mol molEtOH-1 at 650 °C. In the presence of O2, CeNiXHZOY and NiXMg2AlHZOY oxyhydrides (30 mg) enable to completely convert ethanol with about 45 mol% H2 production with the oven temperature at only 60 °C, showing remarkable stability for 75 h on stream. This self-sustainable reaction is driven by the energy released from the strong exothermic reaction between the hydride species stored in the catalysts with O2, at the same time hydride species are continuously formed from ethanol to make the reaction sustainable
Rozain, Caroline. "Développement de nouveaux matériaux d’électrodes pour la production d’hydrogène par électrolyse de l’eau." Thesis, Paris 11, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA112177/document.
Full textIt is expected that PEM water electrolysis will play a significant role in the hydrogen society as a key process for producing hydrogen from renewable energy sources but before this, substantial cost reductions are still required. Because of the high acidity of membrane materials used in PEM water electrolysers, expensive noble-metals or their oxides are required as electrocatalysts (platinum for hydrogen evolution and iridium for oxygen evolution). As the oxygen evolution reaction takes place with a large overpotential (anodic potential > 1.6 V) only few materials can be used to avoid corrosion. In state-of-the-art, noble metal oxides are generally used alone in the active layer with typical loadings of 2-3 mg/cm² and act as both catalyst and electronic conductor.In order to reduce the noble metal loadings and keep a good electronic conductivity of the catalytic layer, iridium can be supported onto a conductive and electrochemical stable material support. To gain more insights, several MEAs with anodes made of pure iridium oxide or 50 wt % IrO2/Ti anodes have been prepared and characterized using cyclic voltammetry and impedance spectroscopy, and by measuring polarization curves at different operating temperatures. Without the catalyst support, anodic loadings can be reduced down to 0,5 mg/cm² without any degradation in the electrochemical performances. By using anodes made of iridium oxide and titanium particles, further reductions of anodic loading can be made down to 0.1 mg/cm² with performances similar to those obtained with conventional loadings of several mg cm-2
Kezibri, Nouaamane. "Etude dynamique du procédé de production de méthane à partir d’hydrogène électrolytique basse température." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PSLEM056/document.
Full textThe present work deals with the conceptual study and process design of a storage and recovery unit for renewable energy. The suggested concept is able to absorb the intermittency of the electrical production as a result of the flexibility of the chosen processes. During the storage phase, the unit uses a Proton Exchange Membrane electrolysis system to produce 200 MW of hydrogen, which will then be combined to carbon dioxide in a series of methanation reactors to generate up to 155 MW of Substitute Natural Gas. The recovery phase is carried out in a 480 MW oxy-combustion cycle which is not only able to restore the electrical energy but also provides the required carbon dioxide for the methanation process. The conducted steady state evaluation as well as the sensitivity analysis for the studied plant showed that the overall efficiency on HHV basis can reach up to 69.3% for the electrolysis process, 82.2% for the methanation process and 51.8% for the oxy-combustion cycle. The follow-up unsteady state analysis of the Power-to-Gas process aimed to identify the necessary control strategies adapted to operating conditions variation over time. Such strategies should enable the system to cover a wider load range and subsequently absorb more electrical power. It was found that, by making the right adjustments, the production of synthetic methane can be fulfilled at ranges between 48% and 100% of the nominal power without any external energy requirement. A case study was carried out where the unit was coupled with a 300 MW wind to assess the performance of the Power-to-Gas process under fluctuating electrical source conditions
Alasmar, Eliane. "Systèmes ternaires à base de magnésium : synthèse, structure, propriétés physiques, stockage et/ou production d’hydrogène." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018BORD0023/document.
Full textThe use of fossil fuels (non-renewable energy) is responsible for the increase of the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Among the considered alternatives, hydrogen is seen as the most attractive energy vector. Production and storage of hydrogen is one of the key challenges in developing the hydrogen economy.The first objective of this thesis deal with the synthesis and characterization of magnesium-based ternary compounds in the RE-TM-Mg ternary system (with RE = Rare Earth and TM = transition metals) which could be good candidates for hydrogen storage. These compounds could also have other applications than the hydrogen storage in the future such as light structured material. The NdNiMg15 compound has been the subject of a completed study. This phase crystallizes with a tetragonal symmetry (a= 10.0602(1) and c= 7.7612(2) Å and a space group P4/nmm). It showed an antiferromagnetic ordering at 9 K and a reversible hydrogen storage capacity of 4 %mass. This phase exhibited a hardening effect respect to magnesium compound.The second objective of this thesis concerns the hydrogen production by hydrolysis of i) RE-TM-Mg ternary compounds, which could be considered as an economic and energetic possibility to valorize the waste of these compounds and ii) RE-TM-Mg ternary mixtures prepared by ball milling. The grinding creates defects thus promoting the corrosion of the metals. In addition, the hydrogen production by hydrolysis of the Mg-NdNiMg15 composites (70, 80 and 90 %mass. Mg) was carried out and compared with that of the NdNiMg15 compound (64 %mass. Mg). The main corrosion mechanism determined from the electrochemical measurements of the composites is the galvanic corrosion
Charvin, Patrice. "Production d’hydrogène par cycles thermochimiques de dissociation de l’eau couplés à une source d’énergie solaire." Perpignan, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PERP0820.
Full textThis doctorate deals with a method for large scale production of hydrogen considered as the future energy vector replacing oil and gas in the transportation sector. Thermochemical cycles represent a promising pathway for the water-splitting into hydrogen and oxygen at medium temperature (500-2000°C). The use of solar concentrated energy as heat supply allows the development of a sustainable and environmentally friendly process. After a first selection based on criteria, a list of 30 promising cycles was established. These cycles were analysed on an exergy point of view. Sulphates cycles and most of chlorine cycles were eliminated after thermodynamic study of reactions. The experimental study focused mainly on metal oxide cycles. The high temperature reduction (solar furnaces) and hydrolysis reactions were studied for “non volatile” and “volatile” oxide cycles. Reduced iron oxides (Fe3O4 and FeO) produced significant quantities of hydrogen in two or three steps. SnO2 and ZnO reduction was done and optimised to reduce the recombination of products, which was not the case for indium and gallium. Hydrogen production was better for SnO than for Sn, and it was rapid with indium. A process analysis was developed accounting for experimental results, which led to cycle energy efficiencies ranging from 26% to 42% after optimisation. A production of 250 kg. H-1 of H2 could be achieved with a solar tower like PS10 (55 MWth). The hydrogen production cost was estimated between 7. 25 dollards/kg and 16 dollards/kg depending on the cycle and on the economic assumptions considered
Renaudie, Marie. "Intensification du procédé de production d’hydrogène par fermentation obscure en bioréacteur membranaire : valorisation énergétique de biomasses." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019STRAF033.
Full textThis work focuses on the intensification of hydrogen production by dark fermentation in a liquid/gas hollow fiber membrane bioreactor (MBR L/G) and the valorization of coproducts from the agriculture and the food industry. Using a model substrate, without bacterial reseeding, stable hydrogen productions (2.6±0,2 LH2/Lreactor/d et 1.0±0.1 molH2/molglucose) were achieved during more than a year, selecting repeatedly hydrogen producing bacteria (Clostridium, Enterobacter), which have colonized the membrane module. The efficient extraction of hydrogen via the hollow fiber lumen was performed and an optimum of the concentration of sugars in the MBR was achieved (14 g/L). In a semibatch bioreactor, hydrogen production from various biomasses (0.7 and 55 LH2/kgbiomass) was possible and was characterized by a metabolic and microbiologic identity and, for some of the tests, the inhibition of hydrogen producing bacteria. Finally, the endogenous dark fermentation in the MBR L/G, using biomasses, was implemented, with high hydrogen production (4,1 LH2/L/d, 86,8 mLH2/gDCO)
Gross, Pierre-Alexandre. "Modification de nanotubes de TiO2 pour la production d’hydrogène par photodissociation de l’eau sous lumière solaire." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014STRAF053.
Full textThis work is about the production of hydrogen by photoelectrocatalysis using a vertically aligned TiO2 nanotubes based photoanode. Utilization of TiO2 for solar applications is limited due to its large band gap, it has to be modified. Two approaches are proposed for the modification of the TiO2 nanotubes to make them absorb visible light. The first one is the chemical modification of the TiO2 by (Ta-N) or (Nb-N) cationic-anionic co-doping. Cations are inserted during the growth of the nanotubes by a novel approach, and nitrogen is inserted during heat treatment. This leads to the formation of hybrid orbitals resulting in a band gap reduction and of activity under visible light. The second approach consists of the deposition of Ag nanoparticles on the surface of the TiO2 nanotubes. Thanks to the control of the morphology of the Ag nanoparticles, their plasmonic resonance can enhance the absorption of TiO2 and thus increase its activity both under UV and visible light
Le, Gal Alex. "Développement d’oxydes mixtes supportés pour la production solaire d’hydrogène par cycles thermochimiques de dissociation de l’eau." Perpignan, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PERP1072.
Full textThis PhD-thesis deals with the development of mixed oxides, especially ferrite and doped ceria, for solar hydrogen production. The thermochemical process consists in realizing the water-splitting reaction in two steps. First the metal oxide is thermally reduced using heat generated by concentrated solar energy and then, during the second step, water vapor reacts with the reduced species to re-oxidize it and produce hydrogen. By using ferrites or ceria, the first step is realized in a solid state at a temperature of 1400°C. These cycles are based on Fe3+/Fe2+ and Ce4+/Ce3+ redox pairs. New compositions have been studied to improve the hydrogen production. The influence of different parameters such as temperature, stoichiometry, or powder morphology was investigated. Nickel ferrites allow a high production of hydrogen but a reactivity decrease is observed during cycling caused by thermal treatments. Zirconia-doped ceria permits lower hydrogen production compared to Ni-ferrites but the thermal stability of these materials and the hydrogen production during cycling are better (350 µmol/g of H2 after cycling). Investigations were done on materials shaping by coating ceramic foams and several limitations were observed such as the reactivity of the support with water or the difficulties to coat important quantity of reactive material. A solar reactor was built with the final aim of thermochemical systems integration in a solar process and evaluation of the hydrogen production in real conditions
Kinfack, leoga Arnaud. "Développement par PECVD de membranes conductrices protoniques de type phosphonique pour la production d’hydrogène par (photo-)électrolyse de l’eau." Thesis, Montpellier, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018MONTS130/document.
Full textThe purpose of this work was to develop phosphonic-type proton conductive membranes by radio-frequency PECVD in a continuous or pulsed discharge from the single precursor dimethyl allylphosphonate. Such membranes could advantageously replace the Nafion® membrane or conventional sulfonic-type or phosphonic acid-type membranes, more classically used in PEM fuel cells and electrolysis devices. A parametric study was carried out in order to establish correlations between the properties of the films and the deposition parameters. It appears that the use of a pulsed discharge promotes better films properties, namely higher growth rate and lower density, than the continuous discharge, thus promoting proton conduction. It was also noticed that the deposits prepared in a pulsed discharge have the highest sorption and water retention capacities, which is particularly beneficial for the intended application i.e. the (photo-) electrolysis of water. Furthermore, all the plasma phosphonic membranes prepared are stable in terms of water retention and covalent network up to at least 250 °C, which ensures their use in systems able to operate up to 120 °C. Subsequently the plasma phosphonic membranes, deposited on the Nafion® as mechanical support, were integrated as electrolyte membrane into a water electrolysis cell. It turns out that plasma phosphonic membranes are competitive enough to be envisaged in the future as integral solid electrolytes in solid membrane-electrodes assemblies
Rodat, Sylvain. "Production d’hydrogène et de noirs de carbone par décomposition thermique de gaz naturel dans des réacteurs solaires." Perpignan, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PERP0997.
Full textThis doctorate deals with an attractive way for a transition toward an hydrogen-based economy via solar natural gas dissociation. In the frame of the European SOLHYCARB project, it was proposed to investigate this process extensively. At CNRS-PROMES, two indirect heating solar reactors (20 and 50 kWth) were designed, built and tested at the 1 MW solar furnace focus. They consist of graphite cavity-type receivers approaching the blackbody behavior. The reaction is carried out in tubular sections inserted in the absorber. The 20 kW solar reactor was especially suitable to study the chemical reaction and methane conversion performances depending on the experimental conditions. A temperature increase enhances the methane conversion while a residence time increase improves the dissociation of C2H2, the main by-product. The Dsmoke kinetic code was validated for the simulation of methane dissociation. The 50 kW solar reactor was operated to produce significant amounts of carbon black for determining its quality. The software Fluent® is used for the reactor energetic optimization. A 10 MWth scale industrial plant is studied through a flowsheet (Prosim®) and an economic analysis. The solar process can be competitive with conventional methods for hydrogen production: a hydrogen production cost of 1 dollards/kg is reached for a CB selling price of 1. 05 dollards/kg
Clion, Valentin. "Production d’hydrogène par fermentation obscure : intensification du procédé par extraction des gaz et développement d’un bioréacteur à membrane." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016STRAF024.
Full textIn the context of the development of hydrogen-energy, new renewable production ways are studied, among which dark fermentation is a biological process converting the biomass. In this study, this process was optimized for a semibatch reactor by the selection of mixed cultures (waste water treatment plant sludges) and the optimization of associated parameters of fermentation (temperature, add of substrate, pH regulation). The presence in majority of bacteria from the genus Clostridium was observed in the fermentation broth. Different extraction modes of the produced gas were evaluated, allowing to intensify the process by the use of a sparging gas (N2 or CO2). The successful implementation in continuous mode of a membrane bioreactor in a configuration of gas/liquid extraction allowed an increase in H2 yield (> + 90%) and productivity (> + 300%) compared to the continuous stirred tank reactor. Finally, the use of a real substrate (winery waste) allowed to prove the feasibility of this process in the prospect of industrialization
Le, Thi Chi. "Production d’hydrogène par un système de reformage de bioéthanol en vue de l’alimentation d’une pile à combustible PEM." Paris, ENMP, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008ENMP1559.
Full textIn the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions context, the use of hydrogen is a promising solution since it is a clean source of energy. Therefore, PEM fuel cells that convert hydrogen into electricity by an electrochemical way, appear to be a future alternative for automotive, portable or stationary applications. Because the storage and distribution of hydrogen actually still show difficulties, the on-board hydrogen production from bio-ethanol reforming – an environmentally friendly fuel – is an alternative solution. Therefore, a new kind of power plant has been designed in this work. It is mainly made up of a bio-ethanol steam reforming unit, a reformate purification system based on a hydrogen permeating membrane, a PEM fuel cell and a burner fed by the non-permeated gases. The benefit of using a membrane instead of a classical chemical purification way is that it considerably reduces the volume of the system. In this work, theoretical simulations of different architectures of power plants have shown the interest of using a membrane power plant instead of a chemical purification power plant in terms of global energetic yield and dimensions. Furthermore, an experimental setup made of reforming and membrane purification units has been designed and built, and experiments have been carried out to develop a kinetic model of the bio-ethanol steam reforming and a permeance model, in order to design these units. Based on these models, two membrane power plants are proposed: the first one is optimized for automotive application; the second one is optimized for stationary or small portable power use, with the best compromise between performance and dimensions
K/bidi, Fabrice. "Développements et tests de stratégies de gestion de l’énergie à l’échelle de micro réseaux avec stockage et production d’hydrogène." Thesis, La Réunion, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LARE0031.
Full textWith the development of fuel cell (FC) and water electrolysis technologies, electrolytic hydrogen is becoming a pillar of the energy transition, a substitute for fossil resources and a tool for integrating intermittent renewable energy sources (RES). On the scale of isolated or islandable microgrids, this transition is based on the development of hybrid systems, coupling photovoltaic (PV) panels and electrolyzers for hydrogen production, storage systems - hydrogen (H2) tanks and batteries (Bat) - and FC for electricity production. This study presents control strategies for a PV-H2-Bat-FC system to optimize intermittent PV energy management while respecting the operating conditions of electrolyzers and FC. First, a MPPT (Maximum Power Point Tracking) control system is developed to ensure the operation of PV at maximum power, and a control strategy based on Model Predictive Control is implemented to define a current reference for the FC, the electrolyzer and the batteries. Secondly, IP controllers are used to regulate these currents. Thirdly, an optimization problem makes it possible to define a commitment plan to use the FC and the electrolyser taking into account energy supply, demand and stocks
Tran, Trung Duc. "Modélisation hydro-mécanique avec prise en compte de la production d’hydrogène dans les ouvrages de stockage des déchets radioactifs." Thesis, Lille 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LIL10168.
Full textThe first part of this work is about the evaluation of a pressure of gaseous hydrogen produced by HA cells passing through the interfaces to the drift. Indeed, the calculations without consideration of interfaces show that the transfer of hydrogen takes place primarily by diffusion of hydrogen into the water through the foundation. However, in storage, the presence of many interfaces by construction (between bentonite core - Argillite etc.) or by fracturing of materials under the effect of hydrogen pressure, are the preferential pathways for transfer of gaseous hydrogen. The GTI (Gas Transfer in Interface) model was chosen to simulate the transfer of hydrogen produced by the HA cells to the backfilled drift. The maximum hydrogen pressure in the backfill is obtained in the case where the interface is always open. At 4500 years it goes from 5.2 MPa (always open interface) to 3.8 MPa by the valve effect due to the increase of hydrogen pressure. The comparisons between numerical simulations with and without taking into account the hydrogen pressures show that hydrogen pressures no or very little impact the pore pressure, the effective radial and orthoradial stresses. As a result, the simulations may be performed by considering a hydrogen pressure at atmospheric pressure, which is to work in a biphasic medium. The second part concerns the fractured zones induced by the excavation of volume. And the observations in the laboratory Meuse Haute Marne show the anisotropic fractured areas around drifts and HA cells consist of vertical and horizontal discontinuities. The weak anisotropies of stresses and Young modulus for the drifts oriented along σH (σv approximativement égal à σh) is not possible to reproduce the strong anisotropy of fractured areas in the plane σv - σh by a hypo-elasticity model with anisotropic initial diagenesis. For modelling these discontinuities, a rheological model was developed by EGC named SC2D combining two types of elastic-plastic behavior: one is associated with an anisotropic damage resulting behavior of the argillite enhanced by calcite and the other characterizing the phase of clay that means the argillite without reinforcement by calcite and plastic deformation when the stress state reaches the surface of diagenesis. Damage coefficients are evaluated from an extension relation of Weibull in considering the expansion deformations in the directions of diagenesis X(σH), Y(σh), Z(σv). The drifts around the fractured zones are characterized by areas where damage coefficients are unitary. Furthermore, the discontinuities are activated when damage reachesoefficient unit and these discontinuities are perpendicular to the directions of diagenesis and vertical or horizontal with them
Settar, Abdelhakim. "Etude des transferts thermique et massique au sein d'un échangeur multifonctionnel en présence d'une réaction catalytique." Thesis, Belfort-Montbéliard, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BELF0291.
Full textHydrogen is not a primary energy; we must produce it, transport it and store it before use. It cans be produced by chemical, biological or electrolytic processes from renewable resources or not. Fossil fuels represent the first hydrogen resource, with 96% of total world production, which 48% is made from natural gas containing methane. In this thesis, we focus on the generation of hydrogen by the steam-methane reforming process, which is the most used conversion method. The aims consist first to explore, through numerical studies, the thermal and mass performances of a wall coated steam-methane reformer, wherein a discrete distribution of the catalyst is adopted, combined or not, with an insertion of a highly porous metal foam, and secondly to analyze, by an experimental approach completed by a numerical inverse procedure to estimate the unknown heat flux received by the gas mixture. The geometric configurations adopted in the numerical studies are modeled by the conservation equations and the boundary conditions. The kinetic reaction is governed by a model based on power laws, and the system of equations is solved by the finite volume method. For the estimation of heat flux, an experimental device approachingthe reactor heating system is designed to measure the temperature distribution, and an inverse code based on the function specification method. The results show that the steam methane reforming process performances can be improved by adopting a good distribution of the catalyst on the walls of the reactor fitted on its catalytic region with metal foam. The improvements obtained in terms of methane conversion, compared to a conventional configuration, are of the order of 44.6%. In addition, the combination of experimental and numerical approaches was used to determine the net quantity of heat transferred from the heating system to the steam reformer
Phan, Thanh Son. "Élaboration, caractérisation et mise en œuvre d’un catalyseur dans le reformage du biogaz en vue de la production d’hydrogène vert." Thesis, Ecole nationale des Mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020EMAC0007.
Full textBiogas production worldwide is increasing steadily. The combustion to generate heat and electricity, and the biomethane production for injection into the city gas grid are currently the two major industrial applications of biogas. Current research on biogas valorization targets the production of high-value products such as hydrogen for transportation. This is the main objective of the VABHYOGAZ3 project funded by ADEME, which aims at deploying the production of H2 from biogas in the Tarn department, France. Biogas steam reforming, adopted by the industrial partners of the VABHYOGAZ3 project, is a commonly used process in the industry to reform natural gas, but it is a highly energy-consuming process. This PhD thesis aims to develop efficient catalysts for the Dry Reforming of Methane (DRM: conversion of CH4 and CO2 into syngas - mixture of CO and H2) and for the Tri-Reforming of Biogas (Tri-RB: conversion of CH4, CO2, H2O and O2 into syngas). The ultimate goal was to optimize the energy efficiency of the overall process of H2 production through the reforming of biogas, which is essential to make the process economically viable. In fact, DRM and Tri-RB catalysts usually have the problem of catalytic deactivation due to coke deposition and thermal sintering at high temperature (> 700 °C). Obtaining an efficient catalyst under severe conditions of DRM and Tri-RM is crucial for the deployment of these processes at large industrial scale. First, a study on the thermodynamics of the overall processes for H2 production via the reforming of biogas was carried out. Mass and energy balances of these processes were also obtained by ASPEN simulation. Then, various nickel-based catalysts supported on hydroxyapatite (HAP) and on hydroxyapatite substituted with Mg (Mg_HAP) were prepared and characterized. HAP-based supports are considered to be new catalytic materials which have suitable properties for heterogeneous catalysis, in particular for high temperature processes such as DRM and Tri-RM. In this study, HAP supports having the Ca/P molar ratio of 1.55, 1.67 and 1.75, and Mg_HAP (substitution of 2.2, 5.8 and 8.5 % of Ca with Mg) have been synthesized. These supports were doped with 5 wt.% of Ni by incipient wetness impregnation method. These catalysts were evaluated for both DRB and Tri-RB reactions in a fixed bed reactor. A parametric study on the influence of operating conditions including temperature, total pressure, biogas feeding rate, and molar ratio of steam to methane (S/C) and oxygen to methane (O/C), has been performed. The objective was to compare and identify the best catalysts and the best operating conditions. Mass balances have been established experimentally. Catalytic deactivation has been discussed and evidenced. Finally, the stability of the best catalysts was studied for a long reaction time of 150-300 h, and catalyst regeneration was also performed. This work shows that Ni-based catalysts supported on HAP or on Mg_HAP are competitive to the best catalysts identified in the literature. This work also confirms the interest of the use of new HAP-based supports in heterogeneous catalysis and particularly in high temperature processes
Pirez, Cyril. "Production d’hydrogène par transformation catalytique du bioéthanol à basse température sur des catalyseurs oxyhydrures à base de cérium et nickel." Thesis, Lille 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010LIL10118/document.
Full textThe potential benefits of a hydrogen economy coming from renewable energy sources are creating a large consensus. In this context, hydrogen production is studied by catalytic transformation of bioethanol with the objective to produce hydrogen at low temperature. The CeNixOy et CeNixZr0,5Oz catalysts are mixed oxides that are able to store different hydrogen species and in particular hydride species, evidenced by inelastic neutron scattering (INS). Four processes of transformation of ethanol are studied: steam reforming, oxidative steam reforming, decomposition and partial oxidation. Different physico-chemical characterizations of the catalysts in the oxidized state and in the partially reduced state allow to propose active sites and to discuss the reaction mechanism. The active sites present at low temperature after activation in H2, allow converting 50% of ethanol at 250°C in steam reforming conditions. The presence of water in bioethanol leads to a beneficial effect becauseconversion is increased at 250°C. Adding O2 to the reaction mixture generates an increase of temperature due to the exothermicity of the reaction but also to the high reactivity between O2 and hydride species deposited by ethanol over the surface of the solid. This reaction, called “selfsustained”, is very reactive and allows obtaining very good catalytic results. Starting the reaction at 200°C, 95% of ethanol conversion, is obtained at 280°C (oven temperature at 60°C) with 45% of H2 inthe gas phase over 30 mg of catalyst in a EtOH/H2O/O2/N2=1/3/1.6/1.3 reaction mixture. This reaction presents a very good stability during 70h
Pierra, Mélanie. "Couplage de la fermentation sombre et de l’électrolyse microbienne pour la production d’hydrogène : formation et maintenance du biofilm électro-actif." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013MON20150/document.
Full textNowadays, alternative and sustainable solutions are proposed to avoid the use of fossil fuel. Hydrogen, which constitutes a promising energy vector, is essentially produced by fossil fuel reforming (95%). Environmentally friendly production systems have to be studied. Two main families of technologies are explored to produce hydrogen: 1) by thermochemical and electrochemical decomposition of water and 2) from different biomass sources. Among those last ones, microbial electrolysis cells (MEC) allow to produce hydrogen by electrolysis of organic matter. A MEC consists in a classical cathode, which provides hydrogen production by electrochemical reduction of water, associated to a bio-anode that oxidizes organic substrates into carbon dioxide. This process is only possible because of the anodic development of an electroactive microbial biofilm which constitutes an electrocatalyst. In comparison to classical water electrolysis process, a MEC requires 5 to 10 times less electrical energy and therefore reduces the energetic cost of produced hydrogen. Furthermore, classical process of dark fermentation in mixed cultures converts sugars (saccharose, glucose) to hydrogen with a limited yield of 2-3 moles of hydrogen per mole of hexose because of the coproduction of organic acids (mainly acetic and butyric acids). Fed with acetate, a MEC can produce up-to 3 moles of hydrogen per mole of acetate. Therefore, the association of these two processes could permit to produce 8 to 9 moles of hydrogen per mole of hexose, which represents a major step toward the theoretical limit of 12 moles of hydrogen per mole of hexose.Therefore, this work aims at analyzing the relationship between microbial community structures and compositions and the associated macroscopic functions (biofilm electroactive properties, hydrogen production potential) in electroactive biofilms and in dark fermentation in conditions allowing the coupling of the two processes. The originality of this study is to work in saline conditions (30-35 gNaCl/L), which favors the charges transfer in the MEC electrolyte.First of all, feasibility of dark fermentation in saline conditions (3-75 gNaCl/L) has been shown. This was linked to an inhibition of produced hydrogen consumption and the predominance of a new Vibrionaceae species at salt concentrations higher than 58 gNaCl/L. Secondly, electroactive biofilm growth in conditions compatibles to dark fermentation (pH 5.5-7 and fed with different organic acids) allowed to select dominant microbial species in anodic biofilms that present promising electroactive properties (Geoalkalibacter subterraneus and Desulfuromonas acetoxidans) with maximum current densities up to 8.5 A/m². In parallel, the microbial selection occurring during iron-reducing enrichment method used to select species from a natural inoculum source and based on their capacity to transfer electrons to iron oxydes (Fe(III)) has been studied. A decrease of electroactive performances of the biofilm linked to the divergence of microbial selection led to a limitation of the number of iron-enrichment steps. However, enrichment on Fe(III) presents an efficient alternative to pre-select electroactive species with an increase of coulombic efficiency from 30±4% to 99±8% in comparison with a biofilm obtained with a non-acclimated inoculum. Finally, the addition of exogenous bacteria from a dark fermenter on the electroactive biofilm revealed a decrease of electroactivity with a decrease of maximum current density produced. This diminution could be explained by a lower substrate transfer due to an apparent thickening of the biofilm. Nevertheless, the stability of microbial composition and of bacterial quantity on the anode suggests that a production of exopolymers (EPS) occurred
Guillet, François. "Développement et optimisation d’un système de stockage d’énergie et de production d’hydrogène basé sur l’électrochimie et la chimie du zinc." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019GREAI029.
Full textHydrogen is an energy carrier and a potential asset for helping to lower carbon levels of energetic uses. Water electrolysis is a way of production and a good compromise to generate a large quantity of cheap and low-environmental-impact hydrogen. Compression is used to store hydrogen but electrolysers are technologically limited to reach high pressures. One solution to overcome this problem is decoupling electrolysis. It aims at separating the hydrogen and oxygen production in two steps through mediation oxydizer/reducer. Ergosup company has developed ZHYNCELEC process, using different technologies such as zinc as mediator. The first step is zinc electrodeposition which increases the acidity of solution and lead to an oxygen formation. This step is inspired by industrial zinc electro winning. The second step is the reaction between the metallic deposition and electrolyte producing hydrogen and making the dissolution of zinc. The purpose of this study is the optimisation of ZHYNCELEC process.This work can be divided in three axes of study. First, the selection of the different electrode materials. They are chosen by electrochemical performances and durability. Secondly, electrolyte composition optimization. The key factors are zinc concentration, acid concentration and the possibility of additives presences. The final axe concerns the processing aspect and the operative conditions like temperature, current density, maximal hydrogen pressure and reactor geometry. These three axes cannot be studied separately because of the interaction between the different parameters, which forces at compromising following the aim of the application of the process
Brousse-Pereira, Elodie. "Elaboration par projection thermique d’éléments finement structurés d’un électrolyseur à haute température pour la production d’hydrogène : procédés, structures et caractéristiques." Limoges, 2010. https://aurore.unilim.fr/theses/nxfile/default/06f0d707-179e-42b8-b6c1-412cb6f9b937/blobholder:0/2010LIMO4070.pdf.
Full textNowadays manufacturing fuel for solid oxide fuel cells by mean of steam water electrolysis is a real challenge. Nanomaterials should find their place in this way. And then plasma spraying, a process with high ratio, allows manufacturing such nanoscaled materials with varying thicknesses. In this study two of the three HTE layers were manufactured by suspension plasma spraying in the case of the electrolyte and by atmospheric plasma spraying of agglomerated nanoparticules in the case of the anode. Finally the use of the TriplexPro 200 torch, which fluctuations are lower than 20% and which allows decoupling velocity from surface temperature of the in-flight particles, gives the opportunity of manufacturing a gastight electrolyte layer and a second phase less anode layer
Marchal, Clément. "Synthèse et réactivité de nanocomposites Au / g-C3N4 / TiO2 pour la production d’hydrogène par procédé photocatalytique sous illumination solaire et visible." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017STRAF011/document.
Full textNowadays, energy demand is constantly increasing while fossil ressources are dwindling and has become imperative to find new alternative energy sources. Photocatalysis is a promising and innovative way to produce hydrogen (H2) from renewable energies. The ai mis to develop stable and efficient materials in order to bring the process towards sufficient efficiency for possible mid-term developments. This thesis focuses on the development and optimization of new nanostructured composite systems, Au / gC3N4 / TiO2, for hydrogen produciton by water-splitting. The innovative aspect is to optimize every components in order to take advantages of each and then to intimately associate them in hierarchical structure for obtaining competitive rates of hydrogen production at room temperature under solar and visible illumination. A comparative study was also undertaken on commercial photocatalyst TiO2 P25 « Evonik ® » to highlight the efficiency of these new materials. Finally, photocatalytic activities of these composites were correlated with their physico-chemical properties
Dumont, Yohann. "Thermodynamique des cycles associés et application au couplage entre le cycle thermochimique iode-soufre et un réacteur nucléaire pour la production d’hydrogène." Aix-Marseille 3, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008AIX30069.
Full textThis thesis is devoted to the design of an assembly of a hydrogen production process by the thermochemical iodine-sulphur cycle and a nuclear reactor. The suggested coupling network uses a power cycle which produces a work which is directly used for the heat pump running. The purpose of this thermodynamic cycle association is to recover the rejected energy at low temperature of a process to provide the energy needs of this same process at high temperature. This association is applied to the studied coupling. The construction of the energy distribution network is designed by the pinch analysis. In the case of a conventional coupling, the efficiency of hydrogen production is 22. 0%. By integrating the associated cycles into the coupling, the efficiency of production is 42. 6%. The exergetic efficiency, representative of the energy using quality, increases from 58. 7% to 85. 4%
Settar, Abdelhakim. "Etude des transferts thermique et massique au sein d'un échangeur multifonctionnel en présence d'une réaction catalytique." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Belfort-Montbéliard, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BELF0291.
Full textHydrogen is not a primary energy; we must produce it, transport it and store it before use. It cans be produced by chemical, biological or electrolytic processes from renewable resources or not. Fossil fuels represent the first hydrogen resource, with 96% of total world production, which 48% is made from natural gas containing methane. In this thesis, we focus on the generation of hydrogen by the steam-methane reforming process, which is the most used conversion method. The aims consist first to explore, through numerical studies, the thermal and mass performances of a wall coated steam-methane reformer, wherein a discrete distribution of the catalyst is adopted, combined or not, with an insertion of a highly porous metal foam, and secondly to analyze, by an experimental approach completed by a numerical inverse procedure to estimate the unknown heat flux received by the gas mixture. The geometric configurations adopted in the numerical studies are modeled by the conservation equations and the boundary conditions. The kinetic reaction is governed by a model based on power laws, and the system of equations is solved by the finite volume method. For the estimation of heat flux, an experimental device approachingthe reactor heating system is designed to measure the temperature distribution, and an inverse code based on the function specification method. The results show that the steam methane reforming process performances can be improved by adopting a good distribution of the catalyst on the walls of the reactor fitted on its catalytic region with metal foam. The improvements obtained in terms of methane conversion, compared to a conventional configuration, are of the order of 44.6%. In addition, the combination of experimental and numerical approaches was used to determine the net quantity of heat transferred from the heating system to the steam reformer
Loricourt, Johan. "Réalisation de liaisons céramique-métal par brasage dans une cellule prototype d’électrolyse de la vapeur d’eau à haute température pour la production d’hydrogène." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011MON20037.
Full textSteam electrolysis at high temperature and under pressure with protonic conduction electrolyte is a way to produce hydrogen massively at low cost. To operate, an electrolysis cell must be hermetic especially between the anodic compartment (O2 and H2O) and the cathodic one (H2). Thus, ceramic to metal assemblies are needed, either to insert the electrolyte (perovskite-metal junction) or to realize power supply (alumina-metal junction).Considering the operating conditions (873°K, 725 PSI, steam), only a brazing process is possible to realize strong and hermetic junctions.The evaluation of corrosion process under steam pressure has enabled to select a metallic component and a brazing alloy for this application, and has shown that specific alloys are needed.The studies of ceramics metallization by PVD to assure the brazing alloy wetting throughout the brazing process have shown that a barrier diffusion was necessary to avoid the dissolution of coatings when the brazing alloy become liquid.After wetting experimentations of the chosen brazing alloy over the metalized ceramics and the metallic substrate, ceramic to metal assemblies have been optimized in applying the experimental design methodology on standard samples (ASTM).The whole results have enabled to develop hermetic ceramic to metal assemblies having good mechanical properties (Rm = 8700 PSI at 300°K)
Awad, Abdel salam. "Nouveaux composés ternaires à base de magnésium : structure, propriétés de sorption d'hydrogène et propriétés physiques." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015BORD0215/document.
Full textA drastic reduction of emissions requires a partial or a full phase-out of fossil fuels and switch to renewable based energy production. Hydrogen appears to be a potential candidate to replace hydrocarbon fuels for producing clean energy. In this context, production and storage of hydrogen is one of the key challenges in developing the hydrogen economy.The objective of this thesis is to produce hydrogen from Mg-based materials using (i) hydrolysis and (ii) microwaves methods.The first aim of this thesis is to elaborate Mg-based materials with good hydrolysis kinetics and high yield of hydrogen generation (i.e. reducing the formation of the passivation layer on magnesium). For this study, we focalize essentially on the effect of various additives (Transition metals, Carbon or Oxides) on the hydrolysis reaction of Mg-based materials. The mixtures were prepared by ball milling. Chloride solution (3.5 wt. % NaCl, i.e. sea water) was used as reaction medium to beneficiate of chloride ions effect. Our strategy, to solve the problems related to the low absorption/desorption kinetics (even at high temperature (i.e. 350°C) of Mg-based materials, is based on microwaves energy application. Our second goal for this thesis is to investigate the dehydriding reaction of magnesium hydride catalyzed by carbon (i.e.MgH2 – C) under microwave irradiations. We have studied the effects of microwaves on the kinetics of hydrogen desorption, the morphology and sorption properties of Mg powder after microwave treatment. On the other hand, we have presented another microwaves application which appears very promising: production of fine titanium powder from titanium hydride
Hernandez, Pardo Mario Andres. "Hydrogen production from anaerobic co-digestion of coffee mucilage and swine manure." Phd thesis, Ecole des Mines de Nantes, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00778944.
Full textReyes, Plascencia Carmina. "Reformage à la vapeur de Diesel sur un catalyseur de nickel-nanofilaments de carbone." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/5849.
Full textMorisset, Eleonore. "Le silicium pour la production catalytique d'hydrogène et la synthèse d'amides." Thesis, Normandie, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019NORMC233.
Full textThis thesis is based on the use of silicon and its derivatives as species that can meet some current technical challenges. The silylation of alcohols by phenylsilane is an attractive method for the gentle production of hydrogen. This project has demonstrated efficient catalysis with simple and available nitrogen bases. The study of the reaction mechanism suggests that alcohol deprotonation is decisive for this reaction. Phenylsilane has proved its utility in the context of amide synthesis, but also for peptide synthesis in the absence of epimerization. Subsequently, this methodology was extended to synthesis of several Weinreb amides. In order to better understand the reaction mechanism, the synthesis of some substituted phenylsilanes with electron-withdrawing groups and electron-donor groups was undertaken. Finally, the acetylation of amines using silicon acetate was examined. A large panel of primary, secondary amines and anilines were easily acetylated, revealing the synthetic interest of silicon acetate in organic chemistry
Ogier, Tiphaine. "Nouveaux matériaux d’anode et cellules architecturées pour électrolyseur à haute température." Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012BOR14657/document.
Full textIn order to improve the electrochemical performances of cells for high temperature steam electrolysis (HTSE), innovative oxygen electrode materials have been studied. The compounds Ln2NiO4+δ (Ln = La, Pr or Nd), Pr4Ni3O10±δ and La0.6Sr0.4Fe0.8Co0.2O3-δ have been selected for their mixed electronic and ionic conductivity. First, their physical and chemical properties have been investigated. Then, the electrodes were shaped on symmetrical half cells,adding a thin ceria-based interlayer between the electrode and the yttria doped zirconia-based electrolyte. These architectured cells lead to low polarization resistances (RP< 0.1 Ω.cm2 at 800°C) as well as reduced anodic over potentials . An electrochemical model has been developed in order to describe and analyze the experimental polarization curves.The electrode with the lower overpotential, i.e. Pr2NiO4+δ, has been selected and characterized into complete cermet-supported cells. Under HTSE operation, at 800°C, a high current density was measured, close to i = -0.9 A.cm-2 for a cell voltage equals to 1.3 V, the conversion rate being about 60%
Bassil, Siréna. "Procédé propre de production de chaleur et d'électricité à partir d'un biogaz produit à l'échelle domestique : exemples de matériaux catalytiques de reformage du méthane." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LYO10055.
Full textThe catalytic reforming of methane into hydrogen, for direct operation of Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs) on methane, was studied on anode materials such as NiO/CeO2, NiO-Y2O3-ZrO2 and La0.8Sr0.2TiO3+δ. The first group of catalysts was synthesized by two methods: the impregnation technique both in aqueous and organic media (commercial and laboratory made CeO2 and Y2O3-ZrO2), and also using sol-gel process. Lanthanumtitanium oxide host structure doped with strontium was prepared both by co-precipitation and sol-gel process. The method of preparation has an important effect on the physico-chemical properties of the synthesized catalysts and affects consequently both their catalytic performances in methane reforming and their resistance to poisoning by carbon deposition. In order to limit carbon formation on the catalytic surface and to increase the lifetime of catalysts during the catalytic reforming of methane, ceria supported nickel based-catalysts were doped with magnesium oxide (forming MgO-NiO solid solution) as well as with lanthanum oxide (La2O3-NiO). The obtained results show that the effect of promotion of NiO active phase by MgO and La2O3 decreases carbon deposition but also the catalytic performances. Physico-chemical properties and catalytic performances of NiO-Y2O3-ZrO2 (Ni-YSZ) prepared by the sol-gel process were compared with those of commercial (Aldrich and Jülich) materials having the same composition. The experimental results showed that materials synthesized by the sol gel method are more active in methane steam reforming than commercial catalysts while sol gel and commercial samples show similar performances in methane dry reforming. Amounts of graphitic carbon, although being higher for sol gel samples compared to commercial ones, remain low (< 2%). This carbon deposit provokes only a slight decrease of catalytic performances of sol gel prepared materials in methane dry reforming, probably by decreasing the number of active sites
Favet, Thomas. "Conversion de l'énergie solaire en carburant H2 par photoélectrolyse de l'eau sur des matériaux nanohybrides à base de TiO2/nanoparticules." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019STRAF068.
Full textHydrogen is an attractive non-carbonaceous storable fuel. A promising approach for clean and sustainable hydrogen production is solar driven photoelectrochemical water-splitting. This project aims to modify the properties of TiO2 used as a photoanode, in order to enhance the photoelectrochemical hydrogen production. Designing TiO2 at the nanometric scale with nanotubes is an interesting way to enhance both its reactivity and spatial separation of photogenerated carriers. A co-alloying strategy was investigated. The large introduction of anions (N3-) and cations (Nb5+,Ta5+) in the lattice was found to be an efficient way to reduce the band gap energy of TiO2, allowing absorption of photons in the visible range. A parametric study on the pulsed laser deposition of co-catalysts (cobalt, nickel) on TiO2 NTs was performed. The chemical composition of the co-catalysts can be controlled with the background atmosphere used during the deposition. Under the optimal conditions determined after this study, a significant improvement of photoelectrochemical hydrogen production under both solar and visible light was reached. Combining the co-alloying approach and the co-catalysts deposition leads to tripling the hydrogen production under solar light. In order to have a better understanding of the mechanisms involved, more specific studies have been performed
Bessi, Matteo. "Development of new highly conjugated molecules and their application in the field of renewable energy and biomaterials." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018STRAF056/document.
Full textIn recent years hybrid functional materials began to be employed in a series of technologically advanced applications spanning from bio/medical sensors, to renewable energy generation. For this reason, they became the focus of several studies in the field of materials science. At the same time, conjugated molecules have also been intensively investigated, due to the properties arising by the presence of long π-conjugated systems, from the possibility to conduct electricity to the ability to absorb light in a wide range of wavelengths. This PhD work focused on the introduction of such systems in two different kinds of hybrid materials, namely photovoltaic devices for the production of electricity (in particular Dye Sensitzed Solar Cells) and alternative fuels (hydrogen), and biocompatible stimuli-responsive hydrogels (capable to conduct electricity and to react upon irradiation), and on the study of their influence on the characteristics of the final material
Hedayati, Ali. "Production in situ d'hydrogène pur par reformage d'éthanol dans un réacteur catalytique à membrane." Thesis, Nantes, Ecole des Mines, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016EMNA0246/document.
Full textIn this work, in-situ production of fuel cell grade hydrogen (pure hydrogen) via catalytic ethanol steam reforming (ESR) in a membrane reactor (MR) was investigated. A mixture of pure ethanol and distilled was used as the fuel. ESR experiments were carried out over a Pd-Rh/CeO2 catalyst in a Pd-Ag membrane reactor – named as the fuel reformer – at variety of operating conditions regarding the operating temperature, pressure, fuel flow rate, and the molar ratio of water-ethanol (S/C ratio). The performance of the catalytic membrane reactor (CMR) was studied in terms of pure hydrogen production, hydrogen yield, andhydrogen recovery.Thermodynamic evaluation of the CMR was presented as a supplement to the comprehensive investigation of the overall performance of the mentioned pure hydrogen generating system. Exergy analysis was performed based on the experimental results aiming not only to understand the thermodynamic performance of the fuel reformer, but also to introduce the application of the exergy analysis in CMRs studies. Exergy analysis provided important information on the effect of operating conditions and thermodynamic losses, resulting in understanding of the best operating conditions.In addition to the experimental and thermodynamic evaluation of the reforming system, the simulation of the dynamics of hydrogen production (permeation) was performed as the last step to study the applicability of such a system in connection with a real end user, which can be a fuel cell. The simulation presented in this work is similar to the hydrogen flow rate adjustments needed to set the electrical load of a fuel cell, if fed on line by the studied pure hydrogen generating system
Chauveau, Florent. "Synthèse et caractérisations électrochimiques de nouveaux matériaux pour anodes d'électrolyseurs à haute température." Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009BOR13944/document.
Full textHigh temperature steam electrolysis (HTSE) is a way to produce hydrogen with a high purity, with noteworthy efficiency and without CO2 emission. Nowadays, a blocking point concerning this technology is the high overvoltage related to the oxidation of the O2- ions occurring at the oxygen electrode (anode). The aim of this work was to design new anode materials with mixed conducting properties (i.e. electronic and ionic), in order to obtain larger reaction areas and to lessen this overvoltage. In this aim, eight compounds (ferrites and rare earth nickelates) were investigated. After synthesis and shaping, these compounds were characterized using physical, chemical and electrochemical analyses in symmetrical half cells, under single atmosphere, in order to determine which ones have the best properties under zero current and under anodic polarization. Four compounds of structure derived from K2NiF4-type were then selected to be more accurately characterized in complete electrolyte supported cells, under HTSE conditions (750 - 850°C). It was then possible to obtain, for a 1.3 V cell voltage, a current density of 0.9 A/cm² at 850°C, which is nearly two times larger than the one obtained with a same cell including a commercial composite material based on strontium substituted LaMnO3 as anode
Marboutin, Yves. "Contribution à l'étude et à l'optimisation d'une torche à plasma à arc non transféré." Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012CLF22256/document.
Full textThe context of this thesis is the production of hydrogen as an energy vector by steam thermolysis consisting in the dissociation of H2O molecule into oxygen (O) and hydrogen (H). The process used is a plasma torch device developed by the LAEPT. After presenting the theory of plasma physics and atomic emission spectroscopy which will help to make the most of the measured realized, this thesis will show the evolution of the plasma torch device and the experimental environment required to work with explosive and unstable gases. Some measurements like electrical, hydraulic and spectroscopy magnitudes made it possible to determine the chemical and physical characteristics of a water vapor – argon plasma. A comparison between experiments and theoretical knowledge will enable to determine the temperature of a flow of plasma, electrical conductivity, enthalpy and the electronic density
Gueret, Robin. "Systèmes moléculaires pour la production d'hydrogène photo-induite dans l'eau associant des catalyseurs de cobalt à un photosensibilisateur de ruthénium ou un colorant organique." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017GREAV074/document.
Full textThe work of this manuscript is focused on the design of molecular systems in homogeneous solution for photocatalytic production of molecular hydrogen in water using cobalt catalysts with pentadentate tetrapyridinic and tetra- and pentaza macrocyclic ligands. In association with [Ru(bpy)3]2+ as photosensitizer and sodium ascorbate as sacrificial electron donor, the macrocycle based catalysts display high performances for H2 production, far exceeding those of the polypyridine based catalysts, both in terms of activity and stability, because of the stability of their reduced state «Co(I)». Finally, [Ru(bpy)3]2+ was successfully substituted with a robust organic dye belonging to the triazatriangulenium family, leading to an even more efficient photocatalytic system. These results demonstrate well that organic dyes are a truly efficient alternative to noble metal based photosensitizers, even in acidic aqueous medium
Uddin, Md Tamez. "Metal oxide heterostructures for efficient photocatalysts." Phd thesis, Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux I, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00879226.
Full textBessi, Matteo. "DEVELOPMENT OF NEW HIGHLY CONJUGATED MOLECULES AND THEIR APPLICATION IN THE FIELD OF RENEWABLE ENERGY AND BIOMATERIALS." Doctoral thesis, Università di Siena, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11365/1066871.
Full textIn recent years hybrid functional materials began to be employed in a series of technologically advanced applications spanning from bio/medical sensors, to renewable energy generation. For this reason, they became the focus of several studies in the field of materials science. At the same time, conjugated molecules have also been intensively investigated, due to the properties arising by the presence of long π-conjugated systems, from the possibility to conduct electricity to the ability to absorb light in a wide range of wavelengths. This PhD work focused on the introduction of such systems in two different kinds of hybrid materials, namely photovoltaic devices for the production of electricity (in particular Dye Sensitzed Solar Cells) and alternative fuels hydrogen), and biocompatible stimuli-responsive hydrogels (capable to conduct electricity and to react upon irradiation), and on the study of their influence on the characteristics of the final material.
Ces dernières années, les matériaux fonctionnels hybrides ont commencé à être employés pour des applications de la haute technologie, allant des senseurs bio/médicaux, à la production d’énergie renouvelable. Pour cette raison, ils sont devenus le centre de plusieurs études dans le domaine des sciences des matériaux. Simultanément, des molécules conjuguées ont été examinée intensément à cause de leurs propriétés venant de leurs longs systèmes π, allant de la possibilité de conduire l’électricité, à leur capacité d’absorber la lumière dans une grande fenêtre spectrale. Le travail de cette thèse se concentre sur l’introduction de tels systèmes dans deux sortes de matériaux hybrides, les dispositifs photovoltaïques pour la production d’électricité (en particuliers les cellules solaires à pigment photosensible) et de carburants alternatifs (hydrogène), et pour les hydrogels biocompatibles sensibles aux stimuli (capables de conduire l’électricité et de réagir sous irradiation), et sur l’étude de leur influence sur les caractéristiques du matériau final.
Rojas, Devia Carolina. "Biogaz en vue de son utilisation en production d'énergie : séparation des siloxanes et du sulfure d'hydrogène." Phd thesis, Ecole des Mines de Nantes, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00824324.
Full textAl, Bacha Serge. "Générateur d’Hydrogène « vert » pour mobilité légère ou de courte distance Hydrogen generation via hydrolysis of ball milled WE43 magnesium waste Hydrogen generation from ball milled Mg alloy waste by hydrolysis reaction Effect of ball milling strategy (milling device for scaling-up) on the hydrolysis performance of Mg alloy waste Effect of ball milling in presence of additives (Graphite, AlCl3, MgCl2 and NaCl) on the hydrolysis performances of Mg17Al12 Corrosion of pure and milled Mg17Al12 in “model” seawater solution Mechanism of hydrogen formation during the corrosion of Mg17Al12 Hydrolysis properties, corrosion behavior and microhardness of AZ91 "model" alloys SECM investigation of galvanic coupling between Mg and Mg17Al12 in AZ alloys Valorization of AZ91 by the hydrolysis reaction for hydrogen production (Electrochemical approach) Clean hydrogen production by the hydrolysis of Magnesium-based material: effect of the hydrolysis solution." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020BORD0312.
Full textThe hydrolysis of magnesium alloys wastes in seawater (i.e. 3.5 wt.% of NaCl aqueous solution) is a new approach which allows both in-situ hydrogen production and the valorization of a priori non-recyclable wastes. The objective of this research work is to optimize the reactivity of magnesium-based wastes by ball milling with additives. Therefore, we investigated the effects of the main milling parameters (e.g. milling atmosphere, milling rotation speed, order of the addition of additives) on the reactivity of WE43 alloys and Mg – Al alloys wastes. A « scale-up » of the materials treatment process was conducted to explore the possibility of industrializing the process. In addition, we have shown that milling under argon is more advantageous than under hydrogen.Mg – Al alloys (more precisely AZ91) are the most widely used. In these alloys, Al forms with Mg the intermetallic Mg17Al12. To better understand the mechanism of hydrogen production from these binary Mg – Al alloys (Mg + Mg17Al12), evaluating the behavior of each of their constituents and their interactions is essential. In this regard, the chemical (i.e. hydrolysis) and electrochemical (i.e. corrosion) aspects of the reaction of Mg17Al12 with the model seawater solution and the effect of milling in the presence of additives (e.g. graphite, NaCl, MgCl2 and AlCl3) were studied. The evolution of the surface chemistry during polarization tests has proven experimentally (by Raman spectroscopy), for the first time, the formation of reaction intermediate and has allowed us to propose a mechanism of H2 formation.The interaction between Mg and Mg17Al12 was explored by comparing the properties of model materials of « AZ91 » (Mg + Mg17Al12). Using scanning electrochemical microscopy, the effect of galvanic coupling was studied at the interface of the two components of the material. In view of these studies, the contribution of Mg17Al12 in the corrosion of AZ91 alloys was clarified. The intermetallic is corrosion resistant and accelerates the corrosion of Mg due to galvanic coupling. The various milling strategies adopted in this work were compared by applying them to a commercial AZ91 alloy. Mechanical treated materials with graphite and AlCl3 showed the highest hydrolysis performances.Finally, we semi-quantitatively evaluated the purity of H2 (the composition of the gas mixture and its humidity) produced. The impact of few experimental conditions (e.g. composition of the solution, temperature, ratio of the mass of powder to the volume of solution) is reported. Thus, it has been shown that an Mg hydrolysis reactor operating at room temperature with seawater produces « clean » hydrogen in-situ and can be considered as a « green » hydrogen on demand generator
Sabourin, Guillaume P. "Augmentation de la production d'hydrogène par l'expression hétérologue d'hydrogénase et la production d’hydrogène à partir de résidus organiques." Thèse, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/2714.
Full textThe search for alternative energy sources with low environmental impact is in great expansion. Hydrogen, an elegant and simple energy transporter, could serve as means of transporting energy in the future. An ideal solution to the increasing energy needs would imply a renewable production of hydrogen. Out of all the existing possibilities for such a process, the biological production of hydrogen, also called biohydrogen, is an excellent alternative. Hydrogen is the end result or co-product of many pathways in bacterial metabolism. However, such pathways usually show low yields of substrate to hydrogen conversion, which prevents the development of efficient production processes. For example, when hydrogen is produced via nitrogenase under photofermentation conditions, each hydrogen molecule produced requires 4 molecules of ATP, rendering the process very energetically inefficient. Purple non-sulfur bacteria are highly adaptive organisms that can grow under various conditions. According to recent genomic analyses, Rhodospirillum rubrum and Rhodopseudomonas palustris possess, within their genome, an FeFe hydrogenase that would allow them to produce hydrogen via dark fermentation quite efficiently. Unfortunately, very little information is known on the regulation of the synthesis of this enzyme or the various pathways that require it. An overexpression of this hydrogenase could potentially increase the yields of substrate to hydrogen conversion. This study aims to increase our knowledge about this FeFe hydrogenase by overexpressing it in conditions that facilitate the production of hydrogen. The use of organic waste as substrate for hydrogen production will also be studied.
Boukharouba, Narimane. "Rôle de l'AmtB dans la régulation de la nitrogénase et la production d'hydrogène chez la bactérie Rhodobacter capsulatus." Thèse, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/10978.
Full textNitrogen is the most abundant element in the Earth's atmosphere with a percentage of 78 %. This element is essential for the biosynthesis of cellular organic material and is unusable in its stable diatomic form (N2) by most organisms. Only bacteria called diazotrophs such as Rhodobacter capsulatus are able to fix molecular nitrogen N2 through the synthesis of the nitrogenase enzyme. The latter catalyzes the reduction of N2 to NH4 which can then be absorbed by other organisms. The synthesis and activity of nitrogenase consumes a lot of energy and therefore implies a strict regulation and its inhibition when a sufficient amount of ammonium is available. Among the proteins involved in this regulation, is the membrane transporter AmtB which is responsible for the sensing and transportation of ammonia. In R. capsulatus, it was shown that following the addition of ammonium, AmtB reversibly inhibits (switch off / switch on) nitrogenase activity by sequestering the PII protein GlnK accompanied by the addition of an ADP ribose group onto the Fe subunit of the enzyme by DraT. In addition, the formation of this complex alone would not be sufficient for this inactivation, suggesting the sequestration of a third protein, DraG is required to inhibit its action of removing the ADP ribose from the nitrogenase and therefore its reactivation. To better understand the role of the AmtB in the fixation of nitrogen, regulation and transport of ammonium at the molecular level, the first part of this study was to introduce a point mutation by directed mutagenesis in the conserved residue W237 of AmtB . Hydrogen production is another property of R. capsulatus that has been studied for a long time. This bacterium is capable of producing hydrogen from organic compounds following photofermentation and the exclusive enzymatic intervention of nitrogenase. Several studies have been undertaken to improve the production of hydrogen. Some of them were involved in determining the optimum conditions that give maximum gas production while others were interested in improving the growth of the bacterium itself. Thus, since the bio-production of H2 by fermentation is catalyzed by the nitrogenase, it is important to study the regulation of the activity of this enzyme by different mechanisms such as the switch off by ADP ribosylation. Therefore, a mutant of R. capsulatus (DG9) lacking AmtB was studied in the second part of this thesis for its nitrogenase activity, its modification by GlnK-DraG, and to see the effects of different amino acids used in the growth medium on the regulation and therefore the future use of this strain for the production of H2. The results showed a continuous and uninterrupted activity of the nitrogenase when AmtB was absent with a maximum activity when proline was used as a nitrogen source for bacterial growth. In addition, Western blots were used to demonstrate the effect of ADP ribosylation on regulation and that the expression of GlnK and DraG were unchanged between the wild –type and mutant R. capsulatus. In conclusion, nitrogenase is not modified or inhibited when mutated amtB what makes the R. capsulatus strain DG9 an ideal candidate for biohydrogen production especially when glucose and proline are respectively used as source carbon and nitrogen for growth.