Academic literature on the topic 'Production Eau Chaude'

The effects of heavy thinning (60% reduction in basal area) on fine (< 1 mm diam.) and small roots (1–5 mm diam.) were evaluated during the 2nd year following treatment by periodic soil core sampling in a 12-year-old plantation of Pinusradiata D. Don. Data from these samples enabled us to estimate monthly standing crops of live and dead fine roots and seasonal rates of fine-root decomposition. We used a compartment-flow model to estimate production and mortality of fine roots with monthly resolution from these data. The general pattern of production and mortality was modal and out of phase with soil temperature. On an area basis, thinning reduced the overall standing crop of live fine roots from 1.38 to 0.55 Mg/ha; the standing crop of dead fine roots remained unchanged at 4.37 Mg/ha. The standing crop of live small roots declined from 1.03 to 0.54 Mg/ha. Annual production of fine roots was estimated at 2.2 and 1.9 Mg•ha−1•year−1 in the control and thinned treatment, respectively, and mortality was estimated at 2.1 and 2.0 Mg•ha−1•ear−1 in the control and thinned treatment, respectively. Thinning shortened mean fine-root longevity from 6.2 to 2.5 months. With respect to total dry matter production, fine-root production remained a minor component following a heavy thinning. It accounted for only 4.6 and 6.1% of the stand total in the control and thinned treatments, respectively. These results indicate that on a fertile site with a mild climate the opportunity to shift production from fine roots to another component, such as stem wood, is likely to be small.

Dans le cadre de la Recette Thématique Utilisateur pour la valorisation des données Pléiades-THR, des images ont été acquises lors de désastres naturels ou pour des exercices dédiés à la demande des grands services de l'Etat (Ministère de l'Environnement, Ministère des Finances). En sus, ces actions ont eu pour objectif de faciliter la prise de connaissance des technologies spatiales par ces utilisateurs institutionnels français dans un contexte de gestion de crise. En mars et mai 2013, c'est en concertation avec le CNES, le SERTIT, le SCHAPI, l'IGN et le CEREMA que des données Pléiades ont été programmées et traitées en mode rapide lors de la crue de l'Agly et des inondations provoquées par l'Yonne et la Marne. En juin, deux nouvelles actions de cartographie réactive ont été menées par le CNES et le SERTIT : la première avec le Service de Prévision des Crues Rhin-Sarre (DREAL Alsace) lors de la crue de la Sarre, la seconde pour le compte de la Caisse Centrale de Réassurance lors de la crue du Gave de Pau. Enfin, en février, l'exercice « SEISME 13 » a été réalisé à la demande du centre de crise du Ministère de l'Environnement (SG/SDSIE/CMVOA). Il s'agissait d'un exercice cadre d'état-major réalisé sur 2 demi-journées dans le contexte de la simulation d'un séisme d'une magnitude exceptionnelle en Guadeloupe, sur la base d'un scénario technique proposé par le BRGM. Pour chacune de ces opérations, ce sont une à trois images ou segments d'images qui ont été acquis, analysés, dont un couple stéréoscopique, pour la réalisation de produits cartographiques à valeur ajoutée et informations vectorielles.En termes de besoins utilisateurs, les objectifs concernaient la détection des surfaces en eau, des ruptures de digue, des constructions affectées. Dans le cas des crues rapides de l'Agly et du Gave de Pau, l'analyse des données Pléiades a également porté sur la reconnaissance et l'extraction de l'empreinte des inondations, comprenant les surfaces en eau résiduelle, les dépôts de boue et les traces d'écoulement. Dans l'exemple de l'Agly, l'apport des données stéréoscopiques a été testé via la réalisation d'un MNT. Dans la démonstration « SEISME 13 », des produits cartographiques ont été élaborés en réponse aux besoins particuliers exprimés par les Ministères de l'Environnement, des Transports et de la Santé (dégâts aux infrastructures de transport, de production, bâtiments publics).L'ensemble de ces actions de cartographie rapide ont permis de sensibiliser de nouveaux utilisateurs et acteurs majeurs au principe de gestion de crise (processus d'alerte, programmation des satellites, commande des données satellitaires et mise à disposition des produits cartographiques à valeur ajoutée), et de porter à leur connaissance les capacités offertes par la constellation Pléiades-THR. Un objectif à long terme serait de doter ces utilisateurs de capacités nationales, hors du cadre proposé par la Charte Internationale « Espace et Catastrophes Majeures » et du service Emergency du programme Copernicus

Abstract. This study is the first reconstruction of the paleoenvironment and paleovegetation during the Holocene (interglacial) and glacial periods of the Yellow Sea. We report the carbon isotopic and biomarker (n-alkane and alkenone) compositions of organic matter from Yellow Sea sediments since the glacial period. Our findings show that the variability of the East Asian Monsoon (EAM) affected the sedimentary profile of total organic carbon (TOC), the stable isotopes of bulk organic carbon (δ13Corg), the atomic ratio of carbon and nitrogen (C/N ratio), and biomarker content. The sedimentary δ13Corg profile along the core exhibited more negative δ13Corg values under cold/dry climatic conditions (Younger and Oldest Dryas). The carbon preference index (CPI), the pristane to phytane ratio (Pr/Ph) and the pristane to n-C17 ratio (Pr/n-C17) were used to determine the early stages of diagenesis along the sediment core. Two climatic conditions were distinguished (warm/humid and cold/dry) based on an n-alkane proxy, and the observed changes in δ13C of individual n-alkane (δ13CALK) between the Holocene and glacial periods were attributed to changes in plant distribution/type. Clear differences were not found in the calculated alkenone sea surface temperature (SST) between those of the Holocene and glacial periods. This anomaly during the glacial period might be attributed to the seasonal water mass distribution in the Yellow Sea or a seasonal shift in the timing of maximum alkenone production as well as the Bølling/Allerød interstadial.

The deep ocean ecosystem hosts high biodiversity and plays a critical role for humans through the ecosystem services it provides, such as fisheries and climate regulation. However, high longevity, late reproduction, and low fecundity of many organisms living in the deep ocean make them particularly vulnerable to fishing and climate change. A better understanding of how exploitation and changing environmental conditions affect life-history parameters (e.g., growth) of commercially important fish species is crucial for their long-term sustainable management. To this end, we used otolith increment widths and a mixed-effects modeling approach to develop a 42-year growth chronology (1975–2016) of the commercially important deep-sea fish species blackspot seabream (Pagellus bogaraveo) among the three island groups of the Azores archipelago (Northeast Atlantic). Growth was related to intrinsic (age and age-at-capture) and extrinsic factors (capture location, temperature-at-depth, North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), Eastern Atlantic Pattern (EAP), and proxy for exploitation (landings)). Over the four decades analyzed, annual growth patterns varied among the three island groups. Overall, temperature-at-depth was the best predictor of growth, with warmer water associated with slower growth, likely reflecting physiological conditions and food availability. Average population growth response to temperature was separated into among-individual variation and within-individual variation. The significant among-individual growth response to temperature was likely related to different individual-specific past experiences. Our results suggested that rising ocean temperature may have important repercussions on growth, and consequently on blackspot seabream fishery production. Identifying drivers of blackspot seabream growth variation can improve our understanding of past and present condition of the populations toward the sustainable management of the fishery.

There is growing attention by governments and industry in regard to the role played by millets (including sorghum) to help build resilience for farmers and cope with climate change, malnutrition, diabetes, and some other major issues. To understand public knowledge and practices of consuming millets in urban areas, a survey was conducted with 15,522 individuals from seven major cities of India using a structured questionnaire, and after data cleaning 15,139 observations were subjected to analysis using descriptive and inferential statistics. It was found that the largest group among early adopters of millets were people with health problems (28%), it being the single largest reason for consuming millets, followed by those wanting to lose weight (15%) and those selecting millets for its taste (14%). There was a significant gap between people who were health conscious (91%) and those who were sure millets were healthy (40%). The major reason the respondents did not eat more millets was that it was not eaten at home (40%), followed by reactions such as not liking the taste (22%). Reaching the urban consumers through social media is recommended, given that it is their main source of information. There was no statistically significant relationship between state-wise per capita production and frequency of consumption of millets in the urban areas (p = 0.236). In conclusion, three key actions are recommended to enhance the consumption of millets: developing delicious products to satisfy the taste, providing knowledge on nutritional and health facts on millets, and improving accessibility of millets in urban markets.

IntroductionFood Studies is a relatively recent area of research enquiry in Australia and Magazine Studies is even newer (Le Masurier and Johinke), with the consequence that Australian culinary magazines are only just beginning to be investigated. Moreover, although many major libraries have not thought such popular magazines worthy of sustained collection (Fox and Sornil), considering these publications is important. As de Certeau argues, it can be of considerable consequence to identify and analyse everyday practices (such as producing and reading popular magazines) that seem so minor and insignificant as to be unworthy of notice, as these practices have the ability to affect our lives. It is important in this case as these publications were part of the post-war gastronomic environment in Australia in which national tastes in domestic cookery became radically internationalised (Santich). To further investigate Australian magazines, as well as suggesting how these cosmopolitan eating habits became more widely embraced, this article will survey the various ways in which the idea of “abroad” is expressed in one Australian culinary serial from the post-war period, Australian Wines & Food Quarterly magazine, which was published from 1956 to 1960. The methodological approach taken is an historically-informed content analysis (Krippendorff) of relevant material from these magazines combined with germane media data (Hodder). All issues in the serial’s print run have been considered.Australian Post-War Culinary PublishingTo date, studies of 1950s writing in Australia have largely focused on literary and popular fiction (Johnson-Wood; Webby) and literary criticism (Bird; Dixon; Lee). There have been far fewer studies of non-fiction writing of any kind, although some serial publications from this time have attracted some attention (Bell; Lindesay; Ross; Sheridan; Warner-Smith; White; White). In line with studies internationally, groundbreaking work in Australian food history has focused on cookbooks, and includes work by Supski, who notes that despite the fact that buying cookbooks was “regarded as a luxury in the 1950s” (87), such publications were an important information source in terms of “developing, consolidating and extending foodmaking knowledge” at that time (85).It is widely believed that changes to Australian foodways were brought about by significant post-war immigration and the recipes and dishes these immigrants shared with neighbours, friends, and work colleagues and more widely afield when they opened cafes and restaurants (Newton; Newton; Manfredi). Although these immigrants did bring new culinary flavours and habits with them, the overarching rhetoric guiding population policy at this time was assimilation, with migrants expected to abandon their culture, language, and habits in favour of the dominant British-influenced ways of living (Postiglione). While migrants often did retain their foodways (Risson), the relationship between such food habits and the increasingly cosmopolitan Australian food culture is much more complex than the dominant cultural narrative would have us believe. It has been pointed out, for example, that while the haute cuisine of countries such as France, Italy, and Germany was much admired in Australia and emulated in expensive dining (Brien and Vincent), migrants’ own preference for their own dishes instead of Anglo-Australian choices, was not understood (Postiglione). Duruz has added how individual diets are eclectic, “multi-layered and hybrid” (377), incorporating foods from both that person’s own background with others available for a range of reasons including availability, cost, taste, and fashion. In such an environment, popular culinary publishing, in terms of cookbooks, specialist magazines, and recipe and other food-related columns in general magazines and newspapers, can be posited to be another element contributing to this change.Australian Wines & Food QuarterlyAustralian Wines & Food Quarterly (AWFQ) is, as yet, a completely unexamined publication, and there appears to be only three complete sets of this magazine held in public collections. It is important to note that, at the time it was launched in the mid-1950s, food writing played a much less significant part in Australian popular publishing than it does today, with far fewer cookbooks released than today, and women’s magazines and the women’s pages of newspapers containing only small recipe sections. In this environment, a new specialist culinary magazine could be seen to be timely, an audacious gamble, or both.All issues of this magazine were produced and printed in, and distributed from, Melbourne, Australia. Although no sales or distribution figures are available, production was obviously a struggle, with only 15 issues published before the magazine folded at the end of 1960. The title of the magazine changed over this time, and issue release dates are erratic, as is the method in which volumes and issues are numbered. Although the number of pages varied from 32 up to 52, and then less once again, across the magazine’s life, the price was steadily reduced, ending up at less than half the original cover price. All issues were produced and edited by Donald Wallace, who also wrote much of the content, with contributions from family members, including his wife, Mollie Wallace, to write, illustrate, and produce photographs for the magazine.When considering the content of the magazine, most is quite familiar in culinary serials today, although AWFQ’s approach was radically innovative in Australia at this time when cookbooks, women’s magazines, and newspaper cookery sections focused on recipes, many of which were of cakes, biscuits, and other sweet baking (Bannerman). AWFQ not only featured many discursive essays and savory meals, it also featured much wine writing and review-style content as well as information about restaurant dining in each issue.Wine-Related ContentWine is certainly the most prominent of the content areas, with most issues of the magazine containing more wine-related content than any other. Moreover, in the early issues, most of the food content is about preparing dishes and/or meals that could be consumed alongside wines, although the proportion of food content increases as the magazine is published. This wine-related content takes a clearly international perspective on this topic. While many articles and advertisements, for example, narrate the long history of Australian wine growing—which goes back to early 19th century—these articles argue that Australia's vineyards and wineries measure up to international, and especially French, examples. In one such example, the author states that: “from the earliest times Australia’s wines have matched up to world standard” (“Wine” 25). This contest can be situated in Australia, where a leading restaurant (Caprice in Sydney) could be seen to not only “match up to” but also, indeed to, “challenge world standards” by serving Australian wines instead of imports (“Sydney” 33). So good, indeed, are Australian wines that when foreigners are surprised by their quality, this becomes newsworthy. This is evidenced in the following excerpt: “Nearly every English businessman who has come out to Australia in the last ten years … has diverted from his main discussion to comment on the high quality of Australian wine” (Seppelt, 3). In a similar nationalist vein, many articles feature overseas experts’ praise of Australian wines. Thus, visiting Italian violinist Giaconda de Vita shows a “keen appreciation of Australian wines” (“Violinist” 30), British actor Robert Speaight finds Grange Hermitage “an ideal wine” (“High Praise” 13), and the Swedish ambassador becomes their advocate (Ludbrook, “Advocate”).This competition could also be located overseas including when Australian wines are served at prestigious overseas events such as a dinner for members of the Overseas Press Club in New York (Australian Wines); sold from Seppelt’s new London cellars (Melbourne), or the equally new Australian Wine Centre in Soho (Australia Will); or, featured in exhibitions and promotions such as the Lausanne Trade Fair (Australia is Guest;“Wines at Lausanne), or the International Wine Fair in Yugoslavia (Australia Wins).Australia’s first Wine Festival was held in Melbourne in 1959 (Seppelt, “Wine Week”), the joint focus of which was the entertainment and instruction of the some 15,000 to 20,000 attendees who were expected. At its centre was a series of free wine tastings aiming to promote Australian wines to the “professional people of the community, as well as the general public and the housewife” (“Melbourne” 8), although admission had to be recommended by a wine retailer. These tastings were intended to build up the prestige of Australian wine when compared to international examples: “It is the high quality of our wines that we are proud of. That is the story to pass on—that Australian wine, at its best, is at least as good as any in the world and better than most” (“Melbourne” 8).There is also a focus on promoting wine drinking as a quotidian habit enjoyed abroad: “We have come a long way in less than twenty years […] An enormous number of husbands and wives look forward to a glass of sherry when the husband arrives home from work and before dinner, and a surprising number of ordinary people drink table wine quite un-selfconsciously” (Seppelt, “Advance” 3). However, despite an acknowledged increase in wine appreciation and drinking, there is also acknowledgement that this there was still some way to go in this aim as, for example, in the statement: “There is no reason why the enjoyment of table wines should not become an Australian custom” (Seppelt, “Advance” 4).The authority of European experts and European habits is drawn upon throughout the publication whether in philosophically-inflected treatises on wine drinking as a core part of civilised behaviour, or practically-focused articles about wine handling and serving (Keown; Seabrook; “Your Own”). Interestingly, a number of Australian experts are also quoted as stressing that these are guidelines, not strict rules: Crosby, for instance, states: “There is no ‘right wine.’ The wine to drink is the one you like, when and how you like it” (19), while the then-manager of Lindemans Wines is similarly reassuring in his guide to entertaining, stating that “strict adherence to the rules is not invariably wise” (Mackay 3). Tingey openly acknowledges that while the international-style of regularly drinking wine had “given more dignity and sophistication to the Australian way of life” (35), it should not be shrouded in snobbery.Food-Related ContentThe magazine’s cookery articles all feature international dishes, and certain foreign foods, recipes, and ways of eating and dining are clearly identified as “gourmet”. Cheese is certainly the most frequently mentioned “gourmet” food in the magazine, and is featured in every issue. These articles can be grouped into the following categories: understanding cheese (how it is made and the different varieties enjoyed internationally), how to consume cheese (in relation to other food and specific wines, and in which particular parts of a meal, again drawing on international practices), and cooking with cheese (mostly in what can be identified as “foreign” recipes).Some of this content is produced by Kraft Foods, a major advertiser in the magazine, and these articles and recipes generally focus on urging people to eat more, and varied international kinds of cheese, beyond the ubiquitous Australian cheddar. In terms of advertorials, both Kraft cheeses (as well as other advertisers) are mentioned by brand in recipes, while the companies are also profiled in adjacent articles. In the fourth issue, for instance, a full-page, infomercial-style advertisement, noting the different varieties of Kraft cheese and how to serve them, is published in the midst of a feature on cooking with various cheeses (“Cooking with Cheese”). This includes recipes for Swiss Cheese fondue and two pasta recipes: spaghetti and spicy tomato sauce, and a so-called Italian spaghetti with anchovies.Kraft’s company history states that in 1950, it was the first business in Australia to manufacture and market rindless cheese. Through these AWFQ advertisements and recipes, Kraft aggressively marketed this innovation, as well as its other new products as they were launched: mayonnaise, cheddar cheese portions, and Cracker Barrel Cheese in 1954; Philadelphia Cream Cheese, the first cream cheese to be produced commercially in Australia, in 1956; and, Coon Cheese in 1957. Not all Kraft products were seen, however, as “gourmet” enough for such a magazine. Kraft’s release of sliced Swiss Cheese in 1957, and processed cheese slices in 1959, for instance, both passed unremarked in either the magazine’s advertorial or recipes.An article by the Australian Dairy Produce Board urging consumers to “Be adventurous with Cheese” presented general consumer information including the “origin, characteristics and mode of serving” cheese accompanied by a recipe for a rich and exotic-sounding “Wine French Dressing with Blue Cheese” (Kennedy 18). This was followed in the next issue by an article discussing both now familiar and not-so familiar European cheese varieties: “Monterey, Tambo, Feta, Carraway, Samsoe, Taffel, Swiss, Edam, Mozzarella, Pecorino-Romano, Red Malling, Cacio Cavallo, Blue-Vein, Roman, Parmigiano, Kasseri, Ricotta and Pepato” (“Australia’s Natural” 23). Recipes for cheese fondues recur through the magazine, sometimes even multiple times in the same issue (see, for instance, “Cooking With Cheese”; “Cooking With Wine”; Pain). In comparison, butter, although used in many AWFQ’s recipes, was such a common local ingredient at this time that it was only granted one article over the entire run of the magazine, and this was largely about the much more unusual European-style unsalted butter (“An Expert”).Other international recipes that were repeated often include those for pasta (always spaghetti) as well as mayonnaise made with olive oil. Recurring sweets and desserts include sorbets and zabaglione from Italy, and flambéd crepes suzettes from France. While tabletop cooking is the epitome of sophistication and described as an international technique, baked Alaska (ice cream nestled on liquor-soaked cake, and baked in a meringue shell), hailing from America, is the most featured recipe in the magazine. Asian-inspired cuisine was rarely represented and even curry—long an Anglo-Australian staple—was mentioned only once in the magazine, in an article reprinted from the South African The National Hotelier, and which included a recipe alongside discussion of blending spices (“Curry”).Coffee was regularly featured in both articles and advertisements as a staple of the international gourmet kitchen (see, for example, Bancroft). Articles on the history, growing, marketing, blending, roasting, purchase, percolating and brewing, and serving of coffee were common during the magazine’s run, and are accompanied with advertisements for Bushell’s, Robert Timms’s and Masterfoods’s coffee ranges. AWFQ believed Australia’s growing coffee consumption was the result of increased participation in quality internationally-influenced dining experiences, whether in restaurants, the “scores of colourful coffee shops opening their doors to a new generation” (“Coffee” 39), or at home (Adams). Tea, traditionally the Australian hot drink of choice, is not mentioned once in the magazine (Brien).International Gourmet InnovationsAlso featured in the magazine are innovations in the Australian food world: new places to eat; new ways to cook, including a series of sometimes quite unusual appliances; and new ways to shop, with a profile of the first American-style supermarkets to open in Australia in this period. These are all seen as overseas innovations, but highly suited to Australia. The laws then controlling the service of alcohol are also much discussed, with many calls to relax the licensing laws which were seen as inhibiting civilised dining and drinking practices. The terms this was often couched in—most commonly in relation to the Olympic Games (held in Melbourne in 1956), but also in relation to tourism in general—are that these restrictive regulations were an embarrassment for Melbourne when considered in relation to international practices (see, for example, Ludbrook, “Present”). This was at a time when the nightly hotel closing time of 6.00 pm (and the performance of the notorious “six o’clock swill” in terms of drinking behaviour) was only repealed in Victoria in 1966 (Luckins).Embracing scientific approaches in the kitchen was largely seen to be an American habit. The promotion of the use of electricity in the kitchen, and the adoption of new electric appliances (Gas and Fuel; Gilbert “Striving”), was described not only as a “revolution that is being wrought in our homes”, but one that allowed increased levels of personal expression and fulfillment, in “increas[ing] the time and resources available to the housewife for the expression of her own personality in the management of her home” (Gilbert, “The Woman’s”). This mirrors the marketing of these modes of cooking and appliances in other media at this time, including in newspapers, radio, and other magazines. This included features on freezing food, however AWFQ introduced an international angle, by suggesting that recipe bases could be pre-prepared, frozen, and then defrosted to use in a range of international cookery (“Fresh”; “How to”; Kelvinator Australia). The then-new marvel of television—another American innovation—is also mentioned in the magazine ("Changing concepts"), although other nationalities are also invoked. The history of the French guild the Confrerie de la Chaine des Roitisseurs in 1248 is, for instance, used to promote an electric spit roaster that was part of a state-of-the-art gas stove (“Always”), and there are also advertisements for such appliances as the Gaggia expresso machine (“Lets”) which draw on both Italian historical antecedence and modern science.Supermarket and other forms of self-service shopping are identified as American-modern, with Australia’s first shopping mall lauded as the epitome of utopian progressiveness in terms of consumer practice. Judged to mark “a new era in Australian retailing” (“Regional” 12), the opening of Chadstone Regional Shopping Centre in suburban Melbourne on 4 October 1960, with its 83 tenants including “giant” supermarket Dickens, and free parking for 2,500 cars, was not only “one of the most up to date in the world” but “big even by American standards” (“Regional” 12, italics added), and was hailed as a step in Australia “catching up” with the United States in terms of mall shopping (“Regional” 12). This shopping centre featured international-styled dining options including Bistro Shiraz, an outdoor terrace restaurant that planned to operate as a bistro-snack bar by day and full-scale restaurant at night, and which was said to offer diners a “Persian flavor” (“Bistro”).ConclusionAustralian Wines & Food Quarterly was the first of a small number of culinary-focused Australian publications in the 1950s and 1960s which assisted in introducing a generation of readers to information about what were then seen as foreign foods and beverages only to be accessed and consumed abroad as well as a range of innovative international ideas regarding cookery and dining. For this reason, it can be posited that the magazine, although modest in the claims it made, marked a revolutionary moment in Australian culinary publishing. As yet, only slight traces can be found of its editor and publisher, Donald Wallace. The influence of AWFQ is, however, clearly evident in the two longer-lived magazines that were launched in the decade after AWFQ folded: Australian Gourmet Magazine and The Epicurean. Although these serials had a wider reach, an analysis of the 15 issues of AWFQ adds to an understanding of how ideas of foods, beverages, and culinary ideas and trends, imported from abroad were presented to an Australian readership in the 1950s, and contributed to how national foodways were beginning to change during that decade.ReferencesAdams, Jillian. “Australia’s American Coffee Culture.” Australian Journal of Popular Culture 2.1 (2012): 23–36.“Always to Roast on a Turning Spit.” The Magazine of Good Living: Australian Wines and Food 4.2 (1960): 17.“An Expert on Butter.” The Magazine of Good Living: The Australian Wine & Food 4.1 (1960): 11.“Australia Is Guest Nation at Lausanne.” The Magazine of Good Living: Australian Wines and Food 4.2 (1960): 18–19.“Australia’s Natural Cheeses.” The Magazine of Good Living: The Australian Wine & Food 4.1 (1960): 23.“Australia Will Be There.” The Magazine of Good Living: Australian Wines and Food 4.2 (1960): 14.“Australian Wines Served at New York Dinner.” Australian Wines & Food Quarterly 1.5 (1958): 16.“Australia Wins Six Gold Medals.” Australian Wines & Food: The Magazine of Good Living 2.11 (1959/1960): 3.Bancroft, P.A. “Let’s Make Some Coffee.” The Magazine of Good Living: The Australian Wine & Food 4.1 (1960): 10. Bannerman, Colin. Seed Cake and Honey Prawns: Fashion and Fad in Australian Food. Canberra: National Library of Australia, 2008.Bell, Johnny. “Putting Dad in the Picture: Fatherhood in the Popular Women’s Magazines of 1950s Australia.” Women's History Review 22.6 (2013): 904–929.Bird, Delys, Robert Dixon, and Christopher Lee. Eds. Authority and Influence: Australian Literary Criticism 1950-2000. Brisbane: U of Queensland P, 2001.“Bistro at Chadstone.” The Magazine of Good Living 4.3 (1960): 3.Brien, Donna Lee. “Powdered, Essence or Brewed? Making and Cooking with Coffee in Australia in the 1950s and 1960s.” M/C Journal 15.2 (2012). 20 July 2016 <http://journal.media-culture.org.au/index.php/mcjournal/article/view/475>.Brien, Donna Lee, and Alison Vincent. “Oh, for a French Wife? Australian Women and Culinary Francophilia in Post-War Australia.” Lilith: A Feminist History Journal 22 (2016): 78–90.De Certeau, Michel. The Practice of Everyday Life. Berkeley: U of California P, 1998.“Changing Concepts of Cooking.” Australian Wines & Food 2.11 (1958/1959): 18-19.“Coffee Beginnings.” Australian Wines & Food Quarterly 1.4 (1957/1958): 37–39.“Cooking with Cheese.” Australian Wines & Food Quarterly 1.4 (1957/1958): 25–28.“Cooking with Wine.” Australian Wines & Food: The Magazine of Good Living 2.11 (1959/1960): 24–30.Crosby, R.D. “Wine Etiquette.” Australian Wines & Food Quarterly 1.4 (1957/1958): 19–21.“Curry and How to Make It.” Australian Wines & Food Quarterly 1.2 (1957): 32.Duruz, Jean. “Rewriting the Village: Geographies of Food and Belonging in Clovelly, Australia.” Cultural Geographies 9 (2002): 373–388.Fox, Edward A., and Ohm Sornil. “Digital Libraries.” Encyclopedia of Computer Science. 4th ed. Eds. Anthony Ralston, Edwin D. Reilly, and David Hemmendinger. 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L’hypothèse de constance des variables météorologiques permet une formulation analytique simple des performances thermiques de systèmes, basée sur les concepts de rayonnement de seuil et d'utilisabilité. Le modèle est utilisé pour justifier théoriquement la linéarité observée expérimentalement entre les performances et les conditions extérieures. Il permet de poser les bases d'une méthode d'essais et d'extrapolation de performance afin de caractériser des chauffe-eau solaires. Le modèle analytique est ensuite mis en œuvre pour l'élaboration d'une méthode simplifiée de calcul des performances à long terme de systèmes solaires actifs de production d'eau chaude. Cela est rendu possible par la définition d'une procédure qui permet le couplage du modèle aux données météorologiques réelles, présentées sous forme de distribution statique du rayonnement solaire, et qui traite simplement la non-linéarité de l'utilisation en fonction du rayonnement seuil.

Le marché mondial des chauffe-eau solaires (CES) est en essor. En effet, les CES sont devenus des systèmes compétitifs aux appareils de chauffage par gaz naturel et énergie électrique, en raison de leurs faibles émissions de CO2 et de leur participation explicite à la réduction des factures d'électricité du consommateur marocain. Actuellement, l'Institut de Recherche en Energie Solaire et Energies Nouvelles (IRESEN-Maroc) pourvoit le soutien financier nécessaire pour promouvoir la recherche et le développement dans le domaine des CES au Maroc. Ainsi, en février 2016, le projet SOL'R SHEMSY a été défini pour concevoir et commercialiser le premier CES intégrant la technologie des capteurs à tubes sous vide (ETC) avec des caloducs, en rendant son acquisition accessible au sociale marocain. Il paraît qu'à l'heure actuelle, plusieurs technologies de capteurs solaires de marques différentes sont commercialisées au Maroc tels que les capteurs plan (FPC) et les capteurs à tube sous vide (ETC), outre le thermosiphon et les CES à circulation forcée pour convertir l'énergie solaire en une énergie thermique, afin de produire de l'eau chaude avec la température requise dans plusieurs applications individuelles, collectives, industrielles et tertiaires. Cependant, une sérieuse problématique d'ajustement, d'intégration et de transfert technologique devrait être envisagée avant d'importer les CES à capteur ETC munis de caloduc sur le marché marocain auprès de pays fournisseurs tels que la Chine, l'Espagne, l'Allemagne et la Turquie considérés comme des leaders internationaux dans le domaine des CES. Car en effet, les CES importés au Maroc ont présenté des modes de défaillances thermomécaniques après une courte période d'utilisation, comme le dépôt de calcaire à l'intérieur des ballons de stockage, la corrosion et la fissuration de leur coque interne...Prendre en considération la problématique d'ajustement, de l'intégration et du transfert technologique des CES au marché marocain est nécessaire, étant donné que les conditions d'utilisation diffèrent d'un pays à un autre en termes de conditions climatiques, qui peuvent être résumées par l’amplitude de l’irradiation solaire, la température ambiante, la vitesse du vent et le pourcentage de l’humidité dans l'air. Par ailleurs, le profil de consommation aléatoire du consommateur affecte à son tour l'efficacité thermique du champ de capteurs et la fraction solaire globale des CES.L'objectif principal de cette thèse est de mener des simulations numériques et des optimisations qui portent sur les CES, en prenant en compte le contexte technico-économique du Maroc et ses conditions climatiques intrinsèques. Deux approches de simulation ont été utilisées pour atteindre cet objectif. La première approche s’est basée sur des simulations numériques CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) instationnaires pour améliorer l'efficacité énergétique des caloducs intégrés dans les ETC et d'augmenter les indicateurs de stratification thermique des ballons horizontaux dans lesquels les caloducs sont immergés. Enfin, d’améliorer la structure du réservoir du CES en utilisant des simulations qui permettent de modéliser un couplage thermomécanique. La deuxième approche est basée sur des simulations dynamiques, qui ont été menées pour évaluer et optimiser la performance énergétique d'un système collectif destiné à produire de l'eau chaude sanitaire (ECS) sous les conditions climatiques de la ville de Fès-Maroc. En effet, plusieurs paramètres ont été considérés, en particulier l'effet du volume du réservoir de stockage, les marques des capteurs, leurs rendements et leurs technologies issues de différents fabricants, et finalement l’effet de la connexion série/parallèle et mixte entre les panneaux solaires (ETC et FPC) qui constituent le champ capteur, etc
The world market for solar water heaters (SWH) is in great expansion. In fact, SWHs have become a challenging alternative system to gas and electric heating devices, because of their low CO2 emissions and their explicit involvement in the reduction of the building’s electric bills. L’institut de recherche en énergie solaire et énergies nouvelles (IRESEN-Morocco) is actually providing the necessary funding support to promote research and development field of SWHs in Morocco. Hence, in February 2016, SOL’R SHEMSY project has been defined in order to design and commercialize the first SWH integrating Evacuated Tube Collectors (ETC) with heat pipes, under the constraints of being accessible to the Moroccan public users. For the time being, several technologies of solar collectors with different brands are commercialized in Morocco such as flat plat collectors (FPC) and Evacuated Tube Collectors (ETC), besides to thermosyphon and forced circulation SWHs to convert solar energy to thermal energy, in order to produce hot water with the temperature required in several applications (individual, collective, industrial and the tertiary applications). However, a serious challenge of adjustment, integration and technology transfer should be considered before importing SWHs with ETC into the Moroccan market from supplier countries such as China, Spain, Germany and Turkey described as the leading manufacturer of SWH in the world. Indeed, the imported SWHs in Morocco presented thermo-mechanical failure modes after a short period of use such as the limestone deposited inside the storage tanks, corrosion and cracking of their inner shell... Taking into account the challenge of adjustment, integration and technology transfer of SWHs in Morocco is necessary, because the conditions of use differ from one country to another in terms of climatic conditions, which can be summarized in solar radiations, ambient temperature, wind velocity and the percentage of humidity in the air. In addition, the consumer's random consumption profile usually affects the thermal efficiency of the collector field and the overall solar fraction of SWHs.The main aim of this thesis is to carry out numerical simulations and optimizations of SWHs taking into account the techno-economic context of Morocco and its intrinsic weather conditions. Two simulation approaches were used to achieve this purpose. The first approach was based on unsteady Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) numerical simulation in order to enhance the efficiency of the heat pipes integrated inside ETCs and to increase the thermal stratification indicators of horizontal thermal storage tanks with submerged heat pipes. Finally, improve the storage tank’s structure using thermo-mechanical coupling simulations. The second approach is based on dynamic simulations, which have been performed to assess and optimize the energy performance of a collective hot water process intended to produce domestic hot water (DHW) under the climatic conditions of Fez city located in Morocco. Indeed, several parameters have been considered, in particular the effect of the storage tank volume, the brands of collectors and their technology from different manufacturers, the connection between the solar panel and the overall surface of the ETC and FPC which constitute the collector field etc

Le travail présenté ici a pour objectifs d’étudier et d’optimiser les performances énergétiques d’un chauffe-eau thermodynamique couplé à un stockage par chaleur sensible. La ressource utilisée consiste en la récupération de chaleur sur l’air extrait d’un logement de type collectif. L’enjeu est de caractériser les conditions dans lesquelles le système est capable d’assurer les besoins avec des performances requises lorsque les conditions aux limites sont très fluctuantes. Sur le plan fonctionnel, le système doit être le plus simple possible du point de vue de sa configuration hydraulique et de sa stratégie de régulation.Pour cette étude, nous avons développé un modèle physico-corrélatif sur TRNSYS pour simuler et analyser les différents scenarios et les couplages thermohydrauliques entre les composants du système. En parallèle de cette démarche de modélisation, nous avons conçu et mis en œuvre un dispositif expérimental à l’échelle 1 à des fins de validation du modèle sur une large plage de conditions opératoires.L’analyse des résultats, notamment sur la nature des écoulements au sein du ballon de stockage, a mis en évidence l’influence majeure d’un certain nombre de paramètres sur les performances du système. En particulier, la robustesse des performances face à des fluctuations importantes des conditions aux limites peut être assurée grâce à une stratégie de régulation adaptée.Cette étude a finalement conduit à proposer un modèle réduit pour le dimensionnement du système qui prend en compte les paramètres le plus pertinents pour la stratégie de régulation
The work presented here aims to study and optimize the energy efficiency of a heat pump water heater coupled with a sensible heat storage. The resource used consists of heat recovery from exhaust air of a collective type of housing. The challenge is to characterize the conditions in which the system is capable of ensuring the needs with performance required when the boundary conditions are very volatile. Functionally, the system should be as simple as possible from the viewpoint of its hydraulic configuration and its control strategy.For this study, we developed a TRNSYS numerical model to simulate and analyze different scenarios and thermal hydraulic couplings between the system components. In parallel with this modeling approach, we designed and implemented an experimental set up with realistic scale to validate the model over a wide range of operating conditions.The analysis of the results, including the nature of flows within the storage tank, highlighted the major influence on a number of parameters on the system performance. In particular, the robust performance in the face of significant fluctuations of the boundary conditions can be ensured through appropriate control strategy.This study eventually led to propose a model for the design of the system that takes into account the most relevant parameters for the control strategy

Les nouveaux bâtiments sont sujets à un renforcement de l'isolation thermique, à une augmentation des surfaces vitrées et à un accroissement des apports internes dus à des appareils électriques de plus en plus nombreux (ordinateurs, électroménager...). Cette tendance conduit à une diminution des demandes de chauffage mais peut engendrer des demandes de rafraîchissement en mi-saison et en période estivale. Les besoins en chauffage et en rafraîchissement deviennent plus équilibrés sur une journée et sur l'année en général. De plus, l'eau chaude sanitaire (ECS) occupe une place de moins en moins négligeable dans les besoins énergétiques totaux, ce qui provoque une simultanéité partielle des besoins en chaud et en froid dès que des demandes de rafraîchissement apparaissent. Une thermofrigopompe (TFP), machine frigorifique produisant de l'énergie calorifique et frigorifique de manière simultanée, associée à un stockage tampon d'énergie devient alors une solution intéressante. La TFP de petite à moyenne puissance est un système de production d'eau chaude et d'eau froide utilisant l'air comme source gratuite, destiné au chauffage, au rafraîchissement et à la production d'ECS pour des bâtiments du secteur résidentiel et du petit tertiaire. Elle présente plusieurs spécificités techniques dans la conception du circuit frigorifique, dans la gestion des modes de fonctionnement et des séquences de dégivrage. L'ajustement des productions de chaud et de froid aux charges du bâtiment s'effectue grâce à l'utilisation d'un échangeur d'équilibrage sur air extérieur fonctionnant soit en condenseur, soit en évaporateur. En période de chauffage, cette TFP offre également la possibilité de stocker une certaine quantité d'énergie sur la boucle d'eau froide à l'aide d'un sousrefroidisseur. Cette énergie stockée est utilisée en temps différé à l'évaporateur à eau afin d'améliorer les performances par un relèvement de la température d'évaporation et éventuellement de dégivrer l'évaporateur à air sans arrêter la production de chaleur. L'énergie de dégivrage est apportée par un thermosiphon diphasique formé entre les deux évaporateurs à des températures différentes. La présence d'un sous-refroidisseur impose le contrôle de la haute pression pour assurer une condensation totale du réfrigérant dans le condenseur utile. Le système de contrôle de pression est constitué d'une bouteille contenant du réfrigérant à l'équilibre liquide / vapeur connectée en partie basse à la ligne liquide et en partie haute au refoulement du compresseur et à un point en basse pression du circuit. Une injection de gaz provenant du refoulement du compresseur entraîne une augmentation de la haute pression. Une chasse vers la basse pression provoque une diminution de la haute pression du système. Une étude expérimentale a été menée sur une machine prototype de TFP au R407C pour des conditions variables de fonctionnement en températures d'air et d'eau et pour les différents modes possibles (chauffage, rafraîchissement et production simultanée). Les performances obtenues expérimentalement sont en accord avec celles annoncées par le logiciel de sélection développé par le constructeur du compresseur. L'étude expérimentale a également permis d'observer le dégivrage par thermosiphon, de vérifier le bon fonctionnement du système de gestion de la pression de condensation et des séquences alternées en période hivernale (1 : mode chauffage avec stockage de chaleur sur la boucle d'eau froide par sous-refroidissement. 2 : mode équilibré utilisant une évaporation par l'énergie stockée sur la boucle d'eau froide, plus performant, avec dégivrage éventuel). Le fonctionnement de la TFP a été modélisé avec deux réfrigérants : le HFC R407C et le CO2. Dans le contexte actuel animé par d'éventuelles décisions politiques concernant l'impact des gaz à effet de serre sur le réchauffement climatique, le dioxyde de carbone est un fluide intéressant d'abord pour son faible impact environnemental (ODP nul et GWP100ans = 1) et pour les caractéristiques particulières du cycle thermodynamique utilisé (cycle transcritique). En effet, une grande quantité d'énergie est récupérable par sous-refroidissement du fluide frigorigène et de l'ECS à haute température peut être produite de manière performante. Dans des simulations annuelles, les TFP au R407C et au CO2 sont comparées à des pompes à chaleur réversibles sur les critères de performance, d'économie d'énergie et d'impact environnemental. Le concept de cette TFP offre clairement une amélioration des performances par rapport à une pompe à chaleur réversible classique et l'utilisation du dioxyde de carbone présente de bonnes perspectives de développement.

Cette thèse présente les résultats de recherche, de modélisation et de simulation d'un système de rafraîchissement solaire au Maroc dans le cadre du projet PRSM (Procédés de Rafraîchissement Solaire au Maroc) financé par l'IRESEN (Institut de Recherche en Energie Solaire et Energies Nouvelles). L'objectif est d'étudier les facteurs concernant l'optimisation d'une machine à absorption solaire (LiBr-H2O) sous les conditions marocaines. De plus, un certain nombre de critères de conception, qui peuvent être utilisés par les concepteurs de systèmes de climatisation et de chauffage solaires, ont été établis en tenant compte de considérations énergétiques et économiques. En conséquence, cette thèse couvre quatre aspects. Le premier aspect présente un aperçu de recherche bibliographique sur les technologies solaires, en mettant l'accent sur les systèmes du froid solaire, les processus pertinents existants, l'état du marché, les développements récents des technologies les plus prometteuses et les principaux indicateurs de performance qui figurent dans la littérature. De plus, l'aspect expérimental de l'installation de climatisation solaire adopté dans le projet PRSM a été décrit pour identifier les caractéristiques techniques importantes de l'installation et les difficultés rencontrées lors de la réalisation du prototype. La deuxième dimension concerne la faisabilité technique d'un système de climatisation solaire en se basant sur des indicateurs énergétiques et économiques et prenant en compte les effets combinés des climats, des catégories de bâtiments et des besoins en climatisation dans les conditions marocaines. Le troisième aspect présente le stockage latent de l'énergie thermique utilisant les matériaux à changement de phase (MCPs). Il porte sur l'étude des méthodes numériques utilisées dans la modélisation des phénomènes de changement de phase et se concentre également sur l'ajout des MCPs dans le système de climatisation solaire intégré à l'intérieur du ballon solaire connecté au générateur de la machine à absorption pour évaluer l'amélioration possible du rendement du système. Le quatrième volet de cette thèse présente l'analyse technico-économique et de sensibilité appliquée au développement d'un procédé solaire combiné d'eau chaude sanitaire, chauffage et climatisation au Maroc. L'analyse globale via une généralisation des résultats au niveau national a été réalisée en complément d'une analyse de sensibilité liée à l'investissement dans ces systèmes afin d'évaluer le potentiel de remplacement des technologies traditionnelles par les systèmes solaires et les gains éventuels liés à leur implantation au Maroc
This thesis reports the results of research into the modeling and simulation of a solar air-conditioning system for Morocco in the framework of the project SCPM (Solar Cooling Process in Morocco) funded by IRESEN (Research Institute for Solar Energy and New Energies). The aim is to investigate the factors concerning the optimization of a LiBr-H2O solar absorption chiller under Moroccan conditions. Further, a number of design criteria, which can be used by designers of solar cooling and heating systems, have been established using energy and economic considerations. Accordingly, this thesis covers four aspects. The first overviews the literature survey on solar technologies with a focus on solar cooling systems which reports the relevant processes, summarizes the market status, presents the recent developments of the most promising technologies and describes the main performance indicators figuring in the literature. Moreover, the experimental aspect of the solar air-conditioning installation adopted in the SCPM project was described to identify the important technical characteristics of the installation and the difficulties encountered during the realization of the prototype. The second dimension concerns the technical feasibility of solar air-conditioning system using energy and economic indicators taking into account the combined effects of climates, building categories and cooling demands under Moroccan conditions. The third aspect presents the latent thermal energy storage using Phase Change Materials (PCMs). It concerns the investigation of numerical methods used in the modeling of phase change phenomena and also focuses on PCMs addition in the solar cooling process integrated inside solar storage tank connected to the generator of the absorption chiller to evaluate the possible enhancement in the system efficiency. The fourth aspect of this thesis outlines the technico-economic and sensitivity analysis applied to the development of a combined processes of solar DHW, heating and air-conditioning in Morocco. The overall analysis via a generalization of the results to the national level was carried out in addition to a sensitivity analysis related to the investment in these systems in order to assess the potential of replacing traditional technologies with the solar systems and the possible earnings related to their implementation in Morocco

Les défis environnementaux et l'augmentation de la population viennent en preuve de l'importance de réfléchir à d'autres moyens de production tout en maintenant la sécurité et la fiabilité du système électrique. La sûreté du système électrique exige à tout moment que la production soit égale à la demande des consommateurs, pour ça, différentes solutions sont déjà mises en place, ces solutions consistent à mettre en marche des moyens de pointes couteux et polluants pendant les périodes de pointes, mais comme les moyens de production son insuffisants et vue la difficulté d'exploitation de nouveaux moyens de production, une nouvelle réflexion sur la gestion de la demande est apparue; celle-ci se base sur la possibilité à gérer la demande du consommateur final au lieu de la satisfaire.L'objectif de la thèse est d'étudier la possibilité à rendre des services au système électrique en appliquant des actions de contrôle dites de DR (Demand Response), sur différents types de charges électriques. Ces actions de DR représentent des interruptions partielles appliquées sur les charges électriques de type thermique. Notre choix s'est basé sur ces types de charges parce que celles-ci emmagasinent de la chaleur respectivement dans l'air et dans l'eau; qui peut être restituée pendant la période de contrôle ou d'interruption. Néanmoins, il existe un effet négatif qui suit le contrôle de ces charges car l'énergie effacée de ces charges est reportée à l'instant de reconnexion de celles-ci; ce report prend la forme d'un pic de consommation nommé CLPU (Cold Load Pick-Up) et qui apparait au moment de la reconnexion. Le CLPU représente un problème qui doit être géré, et sa magnitude dépend des types d'actions de contrôle qu'on veut implanter et aussi des conditions du système électrique (contingence, défaillance d'une unité de production ou besoin de réserve de puissance). Pendant la thèse, le CLPU est contrôlé et optimisé ainsi que la puissance effacée. Un cas d'étude est présenté sur la contribution des actions de gestion de la demande à l'ajustement entre la demande et la production et l'effet généré sur le réglage secondaire de fréquence.

L'hydraulique est la principale énergie renouvelable produite en France. Elle apporte une réserve d'énergie et une flexibilité intéressantes dans un contexte d'augmentation de la part des énergies intermittentes dans la production. Sa gestion soulève des problèmes difficiles dus au nombre des barrages, aux incertitudes sur les apports d'eau et sur les prix, ainsi qu'aux usages multiples de l'eau. Cette thèse CIFRE, effectuée en partenariat avec Electricité de France, aborde deux questions de gestion hydraulique formulées comme des problèmes d'optimisation dynamique stochastique. Elles sont traitées dans deux grandes parties.Dans la première partie, nous considérons la gestion de la production hydroélectrique d'un barrage soumise à une contrainte dite de cote touristique. Cette contrainte vise à assurer une hauteur de remplissage du réservoir suffisamment élevée durant l'été avec un niveau de probabilité donné. Nous proposons différentes modélisations originales de ce problème et nous développons les algorithmes de résolution correspondants. Nous présentons des résultats numériques qui éclairent différentes facettes du problème utiles pour les gestionnaires du barrage.Dans la seconde partie, nous nous penchons sur la gestion d'une cascade de barrages. Nous présentons une méthode de résolution approchée par décomposition-coordination, l'algorithme Dual Approximate Dynamic Programming (DADP). Nousmontrons comment décomposer, barrage par barrage, le problème de la cascade en sous-problèmes obtenus en dualisant la contrainte de couplage spatial ``déversé supérieur = apport inférieur''. Sur un cas à trois barrages, nous sommes en mesure de comparer les résultats de DADP à la solution exacte (obtenue par programmation dynamique), obtenant desgains à quelques pourcents de l'optimum avec des temps de calcul intéressants. Les conclusions auxquelles nous sommes parvenu offrent des perspectives encourageantes pour l'optimisation stochastique de systèmes de grande taille
Hydropower is the main renewable energy produced in France. It brings both an energy reserve and a flexibility, of great interest in a contextof penetration of intermittent sources in the production of electricity. Its management raises difficulties stemming from the number of dams, from uncertainties in water inflows and prices and from multiple uses of water. This Phd thesis has been realized in partnership with Electricité de France and addresses two hydropower management issues, modeled as stochastic dynamic optimization problems. The manuscript is divided in two parts. In the first part, we consider the management of a hydroelectric dam subject to a so-called tourist constraint. This constraint assures the respect of a given minimum dam stock level in Summer months with a prescribed probability level. We propose different original modelings and we provide corresponding numerical algorithms. We present numerical results that highlight the problem under various angles useful for dam managers. In the second part, we focus on the management of a cascade of dams. We present the approximate decomposition-coordination algorithm called Dual Approximate Dynamic Programming (DADP). We show how to decompose an original (large scale) problem into smaller subproblems by dualizing the spatial coupling constraints. On a three dams instance, we are able to compare the results of DADP with the exact solution (obtained by dynamic programming); we obtain approximate gains that are only at a few percents of the optimum, with interesting running times. The conclusions we arrived at offer encouraging perspectives for the stochastic optimization of large scale problems

En stor del av jordbrukets växthusgasutsläpp kommer från nötköttssektorn. Dess produktion påverkas i Sverige och EU av EU:s jordbrukspolitik. En större del av jordbrukssubventionerna var tidigare kopplade till produtionen vilket gav incitament att öka produktionen. 2003 infördes en reform med gårdsstöd som var frikopplat från produktionen. I uppsatsen studeras litteraturen kring hur nötköttsproduktionen påverkas av gårdsstödet, och utifrån detta görs egna beräkningar om förändringar i växthusgasutsläpp. Prognoser från ekonomiska modeller för jordbruksektorn används för att beräkna produktionen, för att uppskatta förändringar i utsläppen av växthusgaser. Då stöden har frikopplats har produktionen, och således utsläppen minskat något. Om gårdsstödet helt togs bort skulle det kunna ge stora utsläppsminskningar. Hur utsläppen totalt påverkas beror dock på världens konsumtion.

Les droits de l’homme passent parfois pour des évidences premières ou des vérités révélées, indiscutables pour ainsi dire ! Aussi, a-t-on longtemps soutenu que les droits de l’homme n’étaient qu’une simple constatation des vérités évidentes par elles-mêmes, antérieures à toute expérience sociale, imprescriptibles et inaliénables. Or, en remontant la généalogie et les différents courants de pensée qui ont contribué à leur émergence progressive, on s’aperçoit bien vite que les droits de l’homme sont essentiellement fondés sur des présupposés anthropologiques extrêmement divers qui sont avant tout des productions historiques liées à des contextes socioculturels, intellectuels et métaphysiques spécifiques. En effet, la diversité des sources de légitimation et les contradictions intrinsèques à ces constructions intellectuelles montrent à l’évidence que l’indiscutabilité supposée des droits de l’homme relève davantage d’une logique idéologique que démonstrative. Au-delà des spécificités socioculturelles, des antagonismes idéologiques récurrents et des contradictions inhérentes à la multiplicité de leurs discours, comment penser les droits de l’homme du point de vue de leur fondamentalité même, notamment dans leurs prétentions à l’universalité ? Roger K. KOUDE est Professeur (HDR) de Droit international. Il est le Titulaire de la Chaire UNESCO « Mémoire, Cultures et Interculturalité » et professeur à l’Institut des droits de l’homme de Lyon (IDHL) - Université catholique de Lyon.

This chapter covers a new stage in EU policy towards Mercosur and Latin America. This stage started with a new framework of policies within which agreements between the European Union and Latin American countries, including the Mercosur countries, were made. By explaining EU-Mercosur agreements within the general context of EU-LA relations it is possible to bring some clarity to the EU level of engagement with Mercosur in relative terms so it is neither over nor underestimated. In doing so it will show how EU-Mercosur relations were the most important ones within the EU-LA framework. As has been established before, the level of engagement will be explained by discussing two aspects of it, “ambition” and “commitment”. This chapter shows that there is a medium level of “ambition” and a high level of “commitment” which helps to explain the outcome of a medium level of engagement. In relation to this stage, in the literature it has been accepted that, in 1990, the EU’s means of dealing with Latin America changed (Aldecoa Luzarraga 1995; Bizzozero 1995; Laporte Galli 1996; Birochi 1999). Detailed explanations for this have not yet been offered. Some indicate that these changes were due to wider changes in the international arena. With the end of Cold War, the EU was given a chance to develop a global vision and a space in which to do it (Aldecoa Luzarraga 1995; Birochi 1999). The internal changes in the European Union, especially its increased integration, have also been mentioned in this regard (Aldecoa Luzarraga 1995).

Increasing focus on sustainable societies and ‘smart cities’ due to emphasis on mitigation of climate change is simultaneous with ‘smart regulation’ reaching the forefront of the political agenda. Consequently, the energy sector and its regulation are undergoing significant innovation and change. Energy innovations include transition from fossil fuels to more renewable energy sources and application of new computer technology, interactively matching production with consumer demand. Smart cities are growing and projects are being initiated for development of urban areas and energy systems. Analysis from ‘Smart Cities Accelerator’, developed under the EU Interreg funding programme that includes Climate-KIC,——provides background for the focus on a smart energy system. Analysis ensures the energy supply systems support the integration of renewables with the need for new technologies and investments. ‘Smart’ is trendy, but when becoming ‘smart’ leads to motivation that is an important step towards mitigating climate change.

This epilogue focuses on Chicago's changing racial geography, arguing that this change is creating not only gentrification in parts of the city, but also openings for Black Chicagoans to augment their geography. Since the mid-1990s abandoned lots all over Chicago have been turned into spaces of agricultural production. Not limited to middle-class white neighborhoods, urban gardens have sprung up in poor and working-class communities on the South and West Sides of the city. This is not the first time Chicagoans have performed agriculture in the city. The city has a long history of urban agriculture. This epilogue shows that green spaces can undo the consequences of carceral space by enabling Black Chicagoans to eat fresh fruits and vegetables in places with little retail access to them and creating environments of stress reduction for the entire community. It also demonstrates that the poor and the working class can be architects and planners, that they can augment their geographies in ways that produce healthy people and vital, vibrant communities—on their own terms.

The global temperature rise, of approximately 0.9 degrees Celsius since the late 19th century, due mostly to greenhouse gas emissions, and its future projections of further climate alterations, is commonly known as climate change. Preventing climate change is a key priority of the EU, as well as of other nations. Europe has set specific targets on reducing greenhouse gas emissions in most sectors, including agriculture, and is monitoring Member-States’ progress towards these targets. Precision agriculture, through improved fertilizer, soil and water management can significantly reduce climate change greenhouse gas emissions while maintaining, or even increasing, crop yields and reducing production costs, ensuring sustainability of agricultural systems.

Abstract This book chapter describes the most common control methods: the use of genetically resistant animals and the application of acaricides. Acaricides may be applied through dips, sprays or pour-on formulations as well as intra-ruminal boluses, ear tagscand footbaths. Resistance to acaricides is thecability in a strain of ticks to tolerate doses of acaricides that would prove lethal to most individuals in a normal population of the same species, and this is a major and growing problem. An anti-tick vaccine is commercially available for only a single tick species. Pasture management also has a role in integrated control. Each of these options would be about developing technologies, at best partial solutions to practical problems. As has been described above, a robust solution to the control of ticks and tickborne disease requires an understanding of tick distributions and economic impacts; the current and future effects of climate change; and the regulatory system and the production environment in which tick control is to be applied. ILRI has skills in all of these areas and a strong focus on at least one target group, the smallholder livestock farmer. Thus, ILRI has, in principle, not only the potential to develop new technologies but also the infrastructure and experience to facilitate their effective adoption.

AbstractCircular economy (CE) is a new development strategy adopted by the European Union (EU) authorities in 2014, aiming to boost global competitiveness, foster sustainable economic growth, and generate new jobs. The CE approach maintains the added value in products for as long as possible and eliminates waste; moreover, it implies totally systemic change and innovation not only in technologies, but also in organization, society, finance methods, and policies. Such an approach leads to a new model of production and consumption and a new relationship between stakeholders at the local, regional, national, and EU levels. The first consideration of CE priorities in Poland started in 2016 when the Inter-ministerial Committee for Circular Economy was established. Representatives from nine ministries became committee members, and the chief document they prepared was the Roadmap for Circular Economy Transition. The document proposed an action plan for CE implementation and focused on increasing resource efficiency and waste reduction in Poland. Prepared with the active involvement of all possible stakeholders—businesses, NGOs, the academic and research community, and local and regional authorities—the Roadmap can be seen as a quick and effective guide. In addition to national government initiatives, there were numerous attempts to implement CE principles at the local and regional levels. The main goal of the current research was to examine the effectiveness of such national, regional, local, and business CE projects for influencing Poland’s CE transition during the past three years. This study reviews the main policy documents, reports, and expertise of national, international, regional, and local organizations and NGOs involved with CE in Poland. The research is also supported by a review of the relevant academic literature. As a result, it was possible to estimate the current level of achievement, as well as future prospects for CE in Poland. Moreover, this research identifies potential opportunities for updating existing planning policies and tools related to CE-based development in Poland.

Pour optimiser la production orale il faut à la fois viser une augmentation du temps de prise de parole et créer des tâches de plus en plus exigeantes qui soient également motivantes pour engendrer un maximum de participation. Dans un premier temps je présente l’amélioration de la production orale dans le modèle de centres d’activités. La démarche est utilisée pour motiver et faire travailler de manière intensive en petits groupes, dans la salle de cours même. Il s’agit d’une gestion de petits groupes passant d’un centre à un autre tous les quarts d’heure environ dans le but de compléter les tâches proposées au centre en question. Il y a sans doute toute une complexité inhérente à ce modèle, mais une fois que la préparation adéquate est faite et que la première mise en route est complétée, les avantages de cette démarche sont nombreux. On stimule l’oral en responsabilisant les apprenants, en prévoyant des tâches exigeant la participation de tous les membres du groupe, en amenuisant le besoin de gestion de classe et en permettant le développement individuel et en interaction des habiletés langagières, avec une centration sur l’oral. L’objectif est de développer les capacités d’usagers autonomes de la langue après avoir fourni un encadrement initial avec un modèle. Puis il faut donner les directives aptes à assurer le bon fonctionnement de chaque centre sans le besoin de recours à l’enseignante. Des directives précises sont données avec des exemples à l’appui. Dans un deuxième temps je décris comment une activation physique allant de pair avec un travail de production orale est à même d’ajouter un aspect stimulant supplémentaire.

Since the beginning, at least from an idealistic perspective, journalism has been considered as a public service and should serve democracy. Despite the relationship between democracy and journalism deteriorates rapidly, this liberal understanding of journalism is still used to evaluate the journalistic work. This relationship should be protected as a value and a target in order to maintain journalism as a meaningful social institution. But how can this objective be achieved in the current difficult conditions, which are the neoliberal working conditions changing the production of news dramatically and responsible for the declining journalistic quality in the first place? Relatedly, an important consequence of the change in the knowledge production and news production process is the increasing precarization of journalistic labour. In this respect, it is important to question how journalism maintain to claim fulfilling its basic function with the precarious journalists, who are obliged to behave individualistic, disorganised, competitive and as human capitals. It can be safely said that only journalists who have secure working conditions, basic rights and freedom of speech protected under law can produce quality information serving democratic process. And these are the exact rights under attack by neoliberal turn. The study will focus on the question of how we can grasp “the relationship between journalism and democracy”, which is substantially a liberal understanding, in the neoliberal period when precarious conditions have turned into a norm. In this context, the problematic aspects of insisting on the proposals of ancient liberal solutions to that degenerating relationship, such as journalism ethics, which almost completely ignores contemporary working conditions, will also be pointed out. In addition, the role of media, technological developments and social media will be addressed from the perspective of precarization and the process of capital accumulation. Information, whether as a daily communication or intellectual production, has been possible to be dispossessed in the contemporary capital accumulation process. In neoliberal capitalism, the decline of democracy is accompanied by a decline in the quality of journalism. With the heavy attacks on journalism and academia, Turkey sets an example on this subject. In Turkey example, after the 1980 military coup neoliberal policies have gained momentum with the support of privatizations, financialization and deunionization and they have taken effect also in journalism sector. And there is a strong connection between the precarization in knowledge production processes and the current situation of journalists and journalism. Journalists' struggle for freedom of press is inseparable from the struggle to improve working conditions. Job security, social rights and other demands are the subject of a general struggle for civic rights, in which readers of the journalistic work are also involved. The precarious conditions of the journalists connect them with all other sectors subject to similar conditions and ultimately with the society, as precarization is becoming the dominant production process in general. Because the most of the audience of the journalists are also the member of the precariat or becoming one rapidly, precarity and precarious conditions connect journalists and their audience. And this concrete and obvious base of connection is also a possible junction point for lots of other people and sectors. Journalists are the direct party/part of this struggle. Starting from this, a far-reaching political struggle against the same perpetrator, who is responsible for the dispossession of not only journalists’, but also of whole society’s civic and labour rights, is urgently needed all over the world.

Loin des clichés, l’inflation de la production documentaire a fait des archivistes les animateurs d’équipes nombreuses ; et la consultation des archives est l’une des pratiques culturelles les plus populaires. Cette rencontre d’un public motivé et d’une documentation numérique considérable a suscité le développement d’entreprises de crowdsourcing permises par la pratique des documents d’archives ainsi que par les connaissances toponymiques et onomastiques des usagers : édition de textes, annotation collaborative de l’état civil ou de fonds iconographiques, établissement de dictionnaires historiques, etc. Le rôle de l’archiviste est de rendre possible ce travail sur les sources, de l’encadrer, de le faire connaître (par la médiation numérique). Il faut susciter la création d’un réseau, d’une communauté virtuelle (en s’appuyant sur des communautés réelles) et donner de la reconnaissance à son travail. Le public attend de l’archiviste, qui doit se déprendre de la posture du sachant distillant son savoir, qu’il soit néanmoins être le garant de la fiabilité de l’information produite, même s’il n’a pas les moyens concrets de la valider systématiquement a priori. Diverses questions doivent être examinées : celle de la propriété intellectuelle de l’information produite, celle des rapports entre crowdsourcing et crowdfunding, celle des raisons et des conditions du succès des entreprises de crowdsourcing dans les archives, où chaque participant contribue à l’enrichissement du patrimoine commun.

This case details the implementation of the Systems Applications & Products (SAP) Production Planning module at EA Cakes Ltd. The market forced the company to change its sales and production strategy from “make-to-order” to “make-to-stock.”

Mycotoxins are chemical compounds produced mainly by mounds of genera Aspergillus, Penicillium, and Fusarium on various grains and agricultural commodities at different stages in the field, before harvest, post-harvest, during processing, packaging, distribution, and storage. The production of mycotoxins depends on several environmental factors such as temperature and moisture. This chapter gives an overview about the major mycotoxins (e.g., aflatoxins, ochratoxin A, and Fusarium toxins), masked mycotoxins, and emerging mycotoxins. The toxicity of these mycotoxins and their negative economic impact was also discussed together with the effect of climate change on their production. A section on mycotoxins regulations by international agencies and organisms (WHO, FAO, EU, etc.) was discussed. Finally, the different strategies to reduce or eliminate the toxic effects of mycotoxins in contaminated foods and feeds by using chemical, physical, and biological/biotechnological methods or innovative approaches were explained.

Mycotoxins are chemical compounds produced mainly by mounds of genera Aspergillus, Penicillium, and Fusarium on various grains and agricultural commodities at different stages in the field, before harvest, post-harvest, during processing, packaging, distribution, and storage. The production of mycotoxins depends on several environmental factors such as temperature and moisture. This chapter gives an overview about the major mycotoxins (e.g., aflatoxins, ochratoxin A, and Fusarium toxins), masked mycotoxins, and emerging mycotoxins. The toxicity of these mycotoxins and their negative economic impact was also discussed together with the effect of climate change on their production. A section on mycotoxins regulations by international agencies and organisms (WHO, FAO, EU, etc.) was discussed. Finally, the different strategies to reduce or eliminate the toxic effects of mycotoxins in contaminated foods and feeds by using chemical, physical, and biological/biotechnological methods or innovative approaches were explained.

Romanian agrifood sector has experienced a profound paradigm change during the last period, especially after the accession to the European Union (EU). Starting from the need to be convergent to the EU agricultural model requirements and valuing the domestic agricultural potential, numerous developments and constraints have occurred. The objective of the study is to further examine the competitiveness constraints of Romanian wine sector. The study reveals that the wine production has suffered a dramatic improvement both on quantity and quality. The paradigm change imposed by replacement of the hybrid vines with noble vines has triggered both a quality and competitiveness increase. The domestic wine producers have adapted their production to the new market demands. Now they must fulfill both the national and European competitiveness constraints and they should stay as a new quality wine promoter.

The aim of the paper is to evaluate the change in the energy efficiency of crop production in the EU during the period 2002–2012. The energy efficiency is an important indicator of sustainability of agricultural processes. The energy-saving agriculture is a priority of the new Rural Development Programme in 2014–2020. Even though the analysis counts with main direct energy inputs into the crop production (fertilizers, fuels and pesticides), the methodology of the energy efficiency for commodities and farms uses all indirect non-renewable energy inputs spent on production of buildings and machinery. The analysis covered 24 EU countries. The change in the energy efficiency in time was calculated through the Malmquist index. Clustering using medoids revealed groups of countries with similar energy efficiency. The Malmquist index identified the United Kingdom, Portugal and Sweden as countries with the most dynamic positive change in energy efficiency of the crop production in time. On the contrary, Baltic States and Poland experienced the most dynamic decline of energy efficiency. However, Lithuania, Latvia and Poland significantly increased the Malmquist index in recent years, partly as a consequence of effective investments from the Rural Development Programme (RDP). The energy efficiency indicator that includes direct and indirect energy inputs is supposed as suitable indicator for RDP’s ex-post evaluation.

With the adoption of the Green Deal in the European Union (EU), the role of biodiversity, basic principles of the circular economy, climate change mitigation, forest protection and renewable energy increased. Since 2007, biogas production in Latvia has increased significantly, as it was possible to receive co-funding from the EU Funds for the construction of biogas plants. In 2021, inputs of agricultural origin are used by 40 biogas plants with an average installed capacity of 1 MW. The emergence of biogas plants on livestock farms is facilitated by the development of a circular economy producing waste from the production process – manure and feed waste. Anaerobic fermentation results in digestate – a nutrient-rich plant fertilizer that reduces the application of chemical fertilizers. Rational use of biogas can reduce the need for fossil fuels. Energy production from biogas should be encouraged, as waste is used efficiently, thereby generating energy and reducing the release of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. In Latvia, livestock production is one of the key industries of the national economy, which produces manure and feed waste. The present research calculated the amounts of cattle, pig and poultry manure and feed waste in Latvia. The research analysed livestock farms by number of cattle, pigs and poultry, the potential amounts of manure and waste produced and theoretical biogas output. Theoretically, 309 farms analysed can produce 93.5 mln. m3 of biogas from agricultural waste and construct 269 new biogas plants. A policy for supporting the construction of new biogas plants would contribute to the country’s independence from fossil energy sources, as well as increase the proportion of renewable energy sources to 50-70 % in final energy consumption by 2030. Farmers on whose farms a biogas plant could be built need to carefully consider the uses of the biogas produced. The uses could be thermal energy generation for heat supply, cogeneration (thermal and electrical energy) or biomethane production.

The purpose of this paper is to understand and research literature on the “continuous liquid interface production (CLIP)” of 3D objects to address the current challenges. This proprietary technology was originally owned by EiPi Systems but is now being developed by Carbon 3D. Unlike conventional rapid prototyping of printing layer-by-layer to print 3D objects, CLIP is achieved with an oxygen-permeable window made of proprietary glass membrane and the ultraviolet image projection plane below it, which allows the continuous liquid interface to produce 3D objects where photo-polymerization is restricted between the window and the polymerizing part. This process eliminates the time requirement in between the layers resulting in the faster production of 3D objects with a resolution less than 100 microns. It is a known factor that the “supports” play a vital role in any liquid based 3D printing techniques and this does not change in CLIP. In addition to the parameters of support structure like shape, size, strength, ease of removability, surface finish after removal of supports etc, CLIP needs to deal with different types of materials. The support structure needs to be designed according to the respective material’s properties. There are two broad categories of the materials available from Carbon 3D, prototyping resins, and engineering resins. While the prototyping resin is used for the cosmetic models and the engineering resins are used for the practical applications. There are 6 types of engineering resins developed for the end user; of these, EPU and CE are more challenging to work with. EPU parts needs more supports and careful handling till the completion of post processing as the material is soft. CE parts are fragile and needs more systematic handling to complete the successful production. Although printing parts of EPU and CE is more time consuming when compared to the normal CLIP process, they are worth for their unmatched industrial applications. None of the existing 3D printing technologies offers this quality. The support structure, orientation and pot life are the influencing parameters for all resins. In this study, it is statistically proven that by optimizing the part orientation with respect to the slicing of each layer and customized supports; parts are built way better than before. The part orientation is optimized by ensuring each layer is supporting the subsequent layer and minimizing the islands. It is noticed that the results are always better by tilting the part 5 to 10 degrees in both X and Y axis in the build setup and this applies for most of the straight geometrical parts. For parts of specific geometry which can create a vacuum while pulling up the part needs to be oriented in a different way or create a re-closable air passage that can prevent the vacuum being created.

Sugar is one of the most important elements in human nutrition. The Common Market Organisation for sugar has been a subject of considerable debate since its establishment in 1968. The European agricultural market has been criticized for its heavy regulations and subsidization. The sugar market is one of the most regulated ones; however, this will change radically in 2017 when the current system of production quotas will end. The current EU sugar market changed is structure during the last several decades. The significant number of companies left the market and EU internal sugar market became more concentrated. The aim of this paper is presentation characteristics of sugar market with respect to the supposed market failure – reduction in competition. The analysis also identifies the main drivers and determinants of the EU especially quota sugar market. In relation to paper’s aim the following results are important. The present conditions of the European sugar market have led to market failure when nearly 75 % (10 million tonnes) of the quota is controlled by five multinational companies only. These multinational alliances (especially German and French one) are also taking control over the production capacities of their subsidiaries. In most countries, this causes serious problems as the given quota is controlled by one or two producers only. This is a significant indicator of market imperfection. The quota system cannot overcome the problem of production quotas on the one hand and the demand on the other; furthermore, it also leads to economic inefficiency. The current EU sugar market is under the control of only Sudzucker, Nordzucker, Pfeifer and Langen, Tereos and ABF.

In the framework of the EU-project SOLZINC, a 300 kW solar chemical pilot plant for the production of zinc by carbothermic reduction of ZnO was experimentally demonstrated in a beam-down solar tower concentrating facility of Cassegrain optical configuration. The solar chemical reactor, featuring two cavities, of which the upper one is functioning as the solar absorber and the lower one as the reaction chamber containing a ZnO/C packed bed, was batch-operated in the 1300–1500 K range and yielded 50 kg/h of 95%-purity Zn. The measured energy conversion efficiency — ratio of the reaction enthalpy change to the solar power input — was 30%. Zinc finds application as a fuel for Zn-air batteries and fuel cells, and can also react with water to form high-purity hydrogen. In either case, the chemical product is ZnO, which in turn is solar-recycled to Zn. The SOLZINC process provides an efficient thermochemical route for the storage and transportation of solar energy in the form of solar fuels.

Climate change is a very important environmental, social and economic global problem. During the last century, the Earth’s average surface temperature rose by around 0.6°C. Evidence is getting stronger that most of the global warming that has occurred over the last 50 years is attributable to human activities. Human activities that contribute to climate change include the burning of fossil fuels because it causes emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2), which is the main gas responsible for climate change. In order to bring climate change to a halt, global greenhouse gas emissions would have to be reduced significantly. The European Union (EU) is engaged in international efforts to combat climate change. The EU is also taking serious steps to address its own greenhouse gas emissions. In March 2000 the Commission launched the European Climate Change Programme (ECCP). The ECCP led to the adoption of a range of new policies and measures, among which the EU’s emissions trading scheme, which started its operation on 1 January 2005, will play a key role. In this paper, we want to shortly explain the mechanisms of the Kyoto Protocol, paying particular attention to the Emission Trading. We want to illustrate the European directive and the consequent Italian one: we will explain the Italian implementing norms that have been emitted for the period 2005–2007 and 2008–2012. Limiting then the analysis to the sector of electricity production, we want to show some examples of Italian power plants: we will illustrate them and we will estimate their CO2 emissions (according to a typical annual operation). The emission levels will be compared with CO2 quotas assigned in the period 2008–2012: these results will be commented in terms of the unavoidable economic implications that such allocation will involve. The CO2 quotas, assigned to Italy already for the period 2005–2007, involve a large control of these emissions: such situation will be reflected unavoidably on the increase of the kWh cost (it is already particularly high in comparison with the European average because of the particular energetic mix on which our electricity production is based): these effects could be particularly heavy for the competitiveness of our production system and for the modernization and the widening of our power plant park.

According to the general theory, it is recognized that exports increase employment. Recently, in the world economy, increasing unemployment, foreign trade of the impact on employment has led to new research. Many of the aforementioned studies validating the theory, some of them have different results. In recent studies in Turkey was a different result. In this study, Turkey and the European Union countries in terms of trade effect on employment will be examined. For this purpose, employment and foreign trade data for the years 2000-2012 using a panel data analysis will be done. Exports, imports, wages, and production depending on the change in employment and the interaction will be investigated. Depending on available data at the sectoral level, there will be a distinction. Especially in the last ten years, the recession and rise in unemployment in Europe will be discussed with the relevant dynamics. In Turkey, the current account deficit, growth, unemployment issues are noteworthy. European Union accession process, Turkey and the European Union countries in the comparison will be significant in the economic indicators.

We are witnesses and participants of Copernican changes in the world which result in major crises/challenges (economic, political, social, climate, demographic, migratory, MORAL) that significantly change “normal” circumstances. The law, as a large regulatory system, must find answers to these challenges. Primarily, these circumstances relate to (i) the pandemic - Corona 19, which requires ensuring economic development with a significant encroachment on human freedoms and rights; (ii) globalization, which fundamentally changes the concept of liberal capitalism as the most efficient system of production of goods and services and democracy as a desirable form of government; (iii) automation, robotics, artificial intelligence, and big data are changing the ways we work, live, communicate, and learn in a Copernican manner. The law should serve to shape the relationship between people in order to realize a life of love and freedom. This is done to the greatest extent through the constitutional engineering of selected institutions. The legal system focuses on institutions that have a raison d'etre in their mission, which is read as “ratio legis”, as a desirable normative and real action in the range of causal and teleological aspect. Crisis situations narrow social cohesion and weaken trust in institutions. It is imperative to seek constitutional engineering that finds a way out in autopoietic institutions in allopoietic environment. We believe that the most current definition of law is that = law is the negation of the negation of morality. It follows that morality is the most important category of social development. Legitimacy, and then legality, relies on morality. In other words, the rules of conduct must be highly correlated with morality - legitimacy - legality. What is legal follows the rules, what is lawful follows the moral substance and ethical permissibility. Therefore, only a fair and intelligent mastery of a highly professional and ethical teleological interpretation of law is a conditio sine qua non for overcoming current anomalies of social development. The juridical code of legal and illegal is a transformation of moral, legitimate and legal into YES, and immoral, illegitimate and illegal into NO. The future of education aims to generate a program for global action and a discussion on learning and knowledge for the future of humanity and the planet in a world of increasing complexity, uncertainty and insecurity.

Cogeneration is defined as the simultaneous production of electricity and useful thermal energy. This production of electricity and thermal energy from the common source is more efficient than separate production of thermal energy and electrical energy. Because of the need for both thermal and electrical energy, cogeneration systems have been a part of industrial energy systems since early in this century. In fact, until the early 1950s, over half of industrial electrical energy use was produced from cogeneration systems. A favorable balance between thermal energy needs and electrical needs exists in many industries, and this balance serves as the driving force for the use of cogeneration systems. Several things led to the change of balance between the thermal and electrical requirements of industry which led to a general decline in the use of cogeneration over the next thirty years. The increase in the amount of electrical energy in the energy equation and the development of industry without associated thermal requirements were major factors in the development of a market for electricity from central generating plants. These large special-purpose generating plants could approach the efficiency and cost of cogeneration plants because of economies of scale and the variety of fuels acceptable in these plants. The availability of electricity from utilities at a reasonable price, combined with low fuel prices, allowed efficient plant operation independent of a balance between thermal and electrical energy. This reduction in the use of cogeneration systems in industrial plants continued into the early 1970s when the Arab oil embargo caused a precipitous rise in the cost of fuel and reduced growth of electrical use, new environmental restrictions and inflation began to eat into the economies of scale that had been realized with the construction of larger and more efficient electrical plants. Paper published with permission.

In May 2015, Kyrgyzstan became a member of the Eurasian Economic Union, participation in which requires regulation of the economy, taking into account the goals and objectives of the Union. Today Kyrgyzstan is interested in the future of its membership in the EAEU: can we radically change the economic situation in the country and the structure of the economy. Kyrgyzstan's economy requires coordination with external actors in terms of domestic consumption and increasing export potential. To achieve this it is necessary: first, to develop a reasonable program of development of the industry, including the formation of large enterprises and their balanced arrangement in accordance with the level of productive forces; secondly, to make adjustments to the work of the construction sector in the building of not only housing complex, but also the development of infrastructure in all regions of the country and, thirdly, to follow the path of consolidation of the agricultural enterprises based on specialization, taking into account the export interests of Kyrgyzstan.

Diet-related disease, climate change, and environmental degradation exact an enormous toll on human and planetary health. These challenges could be addressed in part by shifting what we eat and how we produce food, yet key questions remain about how to make such transitions effective, equitable, and sustainable. To help answer these questions, investments in “sustainable nutrition science”—research and education at the intersection of nutrition, food production, and climate and environment—are urgently needed. However, the Union of Concerned Scientists has found that US public funding for sustainable nutrition science is severely limited, totaling an estimated $16 million annually between 2016 and 2019, and recommends more than tripling that amount in response to our devastating public health and environmental crises.

The current Food Standards Agency consumer guidance states that consumers can freeze pre-packed food right up to the “use-by” date and, once food has been defrosted, it should be consumed within 24 hours. This strategic review has collated relevant data to determine whether there is an increased risk in relation to freezing ready-to-eat and non-ready-to-eat foods on the use-by date compared to the day before the use-by date. The review has focused on how the shelf-life of a food is determined and the effects of freezing, thawing and refrigeration on foodborne pathogens, including Bacillus spp., Campylobacter spp., Clostridium botulinum, Clostridium perfringens, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella, pathogenic Escherichia coli and Shigella spp. In the UK, food business operators are responsible for setting the safe shelf-life of a food which, in practice, should take into consideration the consumer habits, as well as the factors affecting shelf-life, such as food product characteristics, food processing techniques, transport, retail and domestic food storage temperatures, and type of packaging. Some countries, such as Ireland, New Zealand and Canada specifically recommend including safety margins within shelf lives. This is used to maintain brand integrity because it ensures that the food is consumed in its optimum condition. The FSA has collaborated with other organisations in the production of several guidance documents; however, there is no explicit requirement for the consideration of a margin of safety when setting shelf-life. There is also no legal requirement in the UK to consider a safety margin when setting shelf-life. According to regulations, pathogens should not be present in sufficient levels to cause foodborne illness on the use-by date, as food should still be safe to eat on that day. Given that these requirements are met, the risk assessed in this report arises from the processes of freezing, thawing and subsequent refrigerated storage for a further 24 hours, and the potential for these to increase pathogen levels. In this review, it was found that there is a risk of additional growth of certain pathogens during the refrigerated storage period although the impact of freezing and thawing on the extent of this growth was not readily evident. This risk would relate specifically to ready-to-eat foods as cooking of non-ready-to-eat foods after defrosting would eliminate pathogens. This report explores the potential issues related to consumer freezing on the use-by date and identifies additional information or research required to understand the risks involved. Overall, there is little evidence to suggest a significant change in risk between consumers freezing ready-to-eat food on the use-by date compared to freezing the food on the day before the use-by date. Specific areas that merit further research include the risks due to low temperature survival and growth of L. monocytogenes. There is also a lack of research on the effects of freezing, defrosting and refrigeration on the growth and toxin production of non-proteolytic C. botulinum, and the growth of Salmonella during domestic freezing and thawing. Finally, more information on how food business operators set shelf-life would enable a better understanding of the process and the extent of the safety margin when determining shelf-life of ready-to-eat and non-ready-to-eat foods.

20 years ago a concept of “Green Chemistry” was formulated by Paul Anastas and John Warner, aiming at an ambitious agenda to “green” chemical products and processes. Today the concept, laid down in a set of 12 principles, has found support in various arenas. This diffusion was supported by enhancements of the legislative framework; not only in the European Union. Nevertheless industry actors – whilst generally supporting the idea – still see “cost and perception remain barriers to green chemistry uptake”. Thus, the questions arise how additional incentives as well as measures to address the barriers and impediments can be provided. An analysis addressing these questions has to take into account the institutional context for the relevant actors involved in the issue. And it has to reflect the problem perception of the different stakeholders. The supply chain into which the chemicals are distributed are of pivotal importance since they create the demand pull for chemicals designed in accordance with the “Green Chemistry Principles”. Consequently, the scope of this study includes all stages in a chemical’s life-cycle, including the process of designing and producing the final products to which chemical substances contribute. For each stage the most relevant legislative acts, together establishing the regulatory framework of the “chemicals policy” in the EU are analysed. In a nutshell the main elements of the study can be summarized as follows: Green Chemistry (GC) is the utilisation of a set of principles that reduces or eliminates the use or generation of hazardous substances in the design, manufacture and application of chemical products. Besides, reaction efficiency, including energy efficiency, and the use of renewable resources are other motives of Green Chemistry. Putting the GC concept in a broader market context, however, it can only prevail if in the perception of the relevant actors it is linked to tangible business cases. Therefore, the study analyses the product context in which chemistry is to be applied, as well as the substance’s entire life-cycle – in other words, the six stages in product innovation processes): 1. Substance design, 2. Production process, 3. Interaction in the supply chain, 4. Product design, 5. Use phase and 6. After use phase of the product (towards a “circular economy”). The report presents an overview to what extent the existing framework, i.e. legislation and the wider institutional context along the six stages, is setting incentives for actors to adequately address problematic substances and their potential impacts, including the learning processes intended to invoke creativity of various actors to solve challenges posed by these substances. In this respect, measured against the GC and Learning Process assessment criteria, the study identified shortcomings (“delta”) at each stage of product innovation. Some criteria are covered by the regulatory framework and to a relevant extent implemented by the actors. With respect to those criteria, there is thus no priority need for further action. Other criteria are only to a certain degree covered by the regulatory framework, due to various and often interlinked reasons. For those criteria, entry points for options to strengthen or further nuance coverage of the respective principle already exist. Most relevant are the deltas with regard to those instruments that influence the design phase; both for the chemical substance as such and for the end-product containing the substance. Due to the multi-tier supply chains, provisions fostering information, communication and cooperation of the various actors are crucial to underpin the learning processes towards the GCP. The policy options aim to tackle these shortcomings in the context of the respective stage in order to support those actors who are willing to change their attitude and their business decisions towards GC. The findings are in general coherence with the strategies to foster GC identified by the Green Chemistry & Commerce Council.