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1
Сорокин, Александр Иванович. "Economic Theory on Role and Place of Entrepreneur in Social Production." ЖУРНАЛ ПРАВОВЫХ И ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКИХ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЙ, no. 1 (March 15, 2022): 219–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.26163/gief.2022.47.46.031.
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В статье рассматривается эволюция взглядов видных представителей экономической науки разных поколений на роль, место и функции предпринимателя в процессе производства. Статья охватывает значительный временной период - с конца XVIII в. до середины XX в. Отправная точка проблемы это - «экономический человек», явленный А. Смитом как воплощение неуклонной силы рыночной экономики, двигающий экономику вперед и общество к процветанию. Однако признание в экономической науке тезис А. Смита получил далеко не сразу, выдержав серьезную конкуренцию альтернативных воззрений на проблему. И только в конце XX в., благодаря вкладу виднейших представителей экономической науки, великая догадка А. Смита заняла свое достойное место в экономических трактатах. We consider the evolution of the views of prominent economics researchers of different generations on the role, place and functions of an entrepreneur in the production process. The article covers a significant time period - from the end of the XVIII century to the middle of the XX century. The starting point of the problem is the "economic man" introduced by A. Smith as the embodiment of the steady power of the market economy, driving economic and social prosperity. However, A. Smith's thesis did not get immediate recognition in economics facing serious competition from alternative views of the problem. Only at the end of the XX century, due to the contribution of the most outstanding representatives of the economic science, A. Smith's great guess took its rightful place in economic treatises.
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Chaldaeva, L. A., and A. A. Kilyachkov. "Economic security of economic entities: Theory and the current practice." Finance and Credit 26, no. 9 (September 29, 2020): 1970–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.24891/fc.26.9.1970.
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Subject. This article discusses the issues related to the safety of a business entity's activities. Objectives. The article aims to determine the position of the security service of a company in its business processes and the specifics of its implementation in the Russian business environment. Methods. For the study, we used a systems approach and comparison. Results. The article says that in the conditions of steady-increasing complexity of production processes, the security service functionality should be expanded not through an increase in the number of its employees only, but through involving specialists of the company's business units to perform certain functions that ensure the company's safety, as well. Conclusions. All employees of the company should be concerned about and deal with the issues of economic security in terms of their professional activities and the work they perform. They also should be able to act in crisis situations.
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Khrushch, L. Z. "Application of duality theory to solve two-criteria problem of linear programming for ecological-economic system." Carpathian Mathematical Publications 10, no. 2 (December 31, 2018): 324–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.15330/cmp.10.2.324-332.
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In the paper, we investigate two-criterion optimization problem: maximization of one target function and minimization of another target function. To solve the offered two-criterion problem, the method of the main criterion is applied. We consider the problem of production activity of the ecological-economic system with the maximization of the value of the final product as the first target function and the minimization of emissions of polluters into the environment as the second target function. We constructed of two production functions (economic and ecological). To construct the economic production function, we select maximal producing of the final products in a costing form as the most essential (main) criterion. Also, there is introduced the appropriate data of the criterion level total volume of emissions of polluters into the environment. After this two-criteria problem is reduced to one-criteria problem. For the construction of ecological production function, the main criterion in the problem of the minimal general volume of emissions of polluters into the environment is defined. We use a parameter of the criterion level of the second criterion and obtained one-criterion problem. Therefore, investigation of the appropriate dual problems explicitly provides economic and ecological production functions to the deduced one-criterion problems. These functions in input two-criterion problem give way to optimal manage of ecological-economic system.
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ESTOLA, MATTI. "A DYNAMIC THEORY OF A FIRM: AN APPLICATION OF 'ECONOMIC FORCES'." Advances in Complex Systems 04, no. 01 (March 2001): 163–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219525901000036.
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Static neoclassical theory of a firm and its dynamization by dynamic optimization assume profit functions inconsistent with each other. As a solution to this, we present a dynamic theory of a firm which is consistent with the static neoclassical theory. We define the 'economic forces' which act upon the production of the firm and show that the adjustment of production in a profit-seeking way may be stable or unstable. Explosive unstable production dynamics may occur due to 'economies of scale' or due to the development of wealth or technology; in stable cases the adjustment leads to the profit maximizing situation. Our model provides a micro basis for the modeling of economic growth at macro-level.
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Zhang, Wei-Bin. "A Discrete Two-Sector Economic Growth Model." Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society 2007 (2007): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2007/89464.
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This paper studies a key model in economic theory—the two-sector growth model—with an alternative utility function. We show that the system has a unique stable equilibrium when the production functions take on the Cobb-Douglas form. We also simulate the model and demonstrate effects of changes in some parameters.
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Cromley, R. G., and D. M. Hanink. "A Financial-Economic von Thünen Model." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 21, no. 7 (July 1989): 951–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a210951.
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The von Thünen model of agricultural land use is reformulated in this paper as an investment decision in which the objectives of farmers range from total risk-aversion to profit-maximization. By means of a variant of the mean-variance model of contemporary portfolio theory, it is demonstrated that individual bid-rent functions depend on the nature of a farmer's utility function. Because farmers' objectives affect their bid-rent functions, the spatial pattern of agricultural production is also affected. The conventional result of the von Thünen model is shown to be a special case of the more general portfolio model.
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Cheng, Maolin, and Zedi Jiang. "A New Class of Production Function Model and Its Application." Journal of Systems Science and Information 4, no. 2 (April 25, 2016): 177–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.21078/jssi-2016-177-09.
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AbstractUnder some circumstances, the studies on economic growth theory can be translated into the researches on production function which will beneficial for the government to analyze the pattern of economic growth and then make reasonable policies. The commonly used production functions include C-D production function, CES production function, VES production function with different elasticity of substitution. This paper will put forward to a new class of production function which elasticity of substitutionσis a non-linear function ofK/L. With this new model, a calculation formula for accurately measure the influence rates of various factors to economic growth will be derived, which is significant for in-depth studies on functions and scientific measurement. The empirical analysis on the influence rates of China’s economic growth factors and its good results will be presented in the end of this paper.
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Rideout, Douglas B., and Philip N. Omi. "Alternate Expressions for the Economic Theory of Forest Fire Management." Forest Science 36, no. 3 (September 1, 1990): 614–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/forestscience/36.3.614.
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Abstract Two traditional economic efficiency criteria, minimization of cost plus net value change versus profit maximization, are compared in terms of the insights provided into fire management decisions. The historic rationale for favoring minimization over maximization is examined and questioned. Advantages of formulating the problem in terms of profit maximization include explicit attention to production relations obscured by previous graphical representations of the minimization criterion. The maximization formulation also facilitates more explicit treatment of revenue and objective functions. For illustration, we show the correspondence between fire management decisions and the firm with two inputs (presuppression, suppression) and two outputs (reductions in fire intensity and area burned). For. Sci. 36(3):614-624.
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Ilyina, Elena A., and Leonid A. Saraev. "On the theory of profit capitalization of a multifactorial manufacturing enterprise." Vestnik of Samara University. Economics and Management 14, no. 1 (May 16, 2023): 172–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.18287/2542-0461-2023-14-1-172-191.
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The published article proposes new economic and mathematical models of the dynamics of development of multifactorial enterprises, the restoration of production resources of which is ensured by the capitalization of profits. The features of these models are that to calculate the profit of enterprises, multiplicative production functions with variable resource elasticities, functions describing proportional, progressive and digressive volumes of production costs, and functions describing proportional, progressive and digressive volumes of depreciation deductions are used. To predict the volume of production costs and the volume of depreciation deductions, systems of differential equations are established. It is shown that the effectiveness of the dynamics of the development of enterprises depends on the choice of values of capitalization coefficients. An unsuccessful choice of these coefficients does not allow the company to ensure its maximum profit. A system of equations has been obtained for calculating effective capitalization ratios, using which the enterprise is guaranteed to enter the operating mode with maximum profit. Variants of enterprise development dynamics for proportional, progressive and digressive costs and proportional, progressive and digressive depreciation charges are considered. Various modes of operation of enterprises are shown, which include stable output by enterprises, temporary suspension of work of enterprises during its technical re-equipment, and temporary partial curtailment of production.
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SMIRNOV, R. G., and K. WANG. "In search of a new economic model determined by logistic growth." European Journal of Applied Mathematics 31, no. 2 (March 27, 2019): 339–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956792519000081.
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In this paper, we extend the work by Sato devoted to the development of economic growth models within the framework of the Lie group theory. We propose a new growth model based on the assumption of logistic growth in factors and derive the corresponding production functions, as well as a compatible notion of wage share. In the process, it is shown that the new functions compare reasonably well against relevant economic data. The corresponding problem of maximisation of profit under conditions of perfect competition is solved with the aid of one of these functions. In addition, it is explained in reasonably rigorous mathematical terms why Bowley’s law no longer holds true in the post-1960 data.
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Drin, Bohdan, Iryna Drin, and Svitlana Drin. "THE NONLINEAR MODEL OF BEHAVIOR OF TWO COMPETITIVE FIRMS." BULLETIN OF CHERNIVTSI INSTITUTE OF TRADE AND ECONOMICS I, no. 81 (March 15, 2021): 115–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.34025/2310-8185-2021-1.81.08.
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The practical task of economics lies in applying the methods of substantiating its decisions. For economics, the main method is the modeling of economic phenomena and processes and, above all, mathematical modeling, which has been stipulated by the presence of stable MATHEMATICAL METHODS, MODELS AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES IN ECONOMY Issue I (81), 2021 117 quantitative patterns and the possibility of a formalized description of many economic processes. The economic-mathematical model contains a system of equations of linear and nonlinear units that promote a mathematical description of economic processes and phenomena, consists of a set of variables and parameters and serves to study these processes and control them. Dynamic models of the economy describe it in development, as well as provide a detailed description of technological methods of production. Mathematical description of dynamic models is carried out with the use of a system of differential equations (in models with continuous time), difference equations (in models with discrete time), as well as systems of algebraic equations. It is important that the investigation of various economic issues has led to the development of the mathematical apparatus. In linear algebra, productive matrices are caused by the studies of intersectoral balance, whereas mathematical programming arose in the course of researching the optimal plan for the distribution of limited resources. In a similar way, there emerged the theory of economic indices and econometrics, the theory of production functions and the theory of consumption, the theory of general economic balance and social welfare, the theory of optimal economic growth. The paper under studies deals with the dynamic economic behavior of two competing objects, whose mathematical model is a nonlinear nonlocal problem for a system of ordinary differential equations with variable coefficients and argument deviation. The dynamic mathematical model is based on the assumption that the volume of output of both firms is determined by such factors on which output depends linearly. The model under discussion includes nonlinear factors, which describe the level of distrust of the competitors and depend on the time of observations and production volumes in previous moments, because the latter significantly affect the production activities of the firm. Such mathematical models are called time-delayed models.
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Wang, Xiaoshu, and Yu Fu. "Some Characterizations of the Cobb-Douglas and CES Production Functions in Microeconomics." Abstract and Applied Analysis 2013 (2013): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/761832.
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It is well known that the study of the shape and the properties of the production possibility frontier is a subject of great interest in economic analysis. Vîlcu (Vîlcu, 2011) proved that the generalized Cobb-Douglas production function has constant return to scale if and only if the corresponding hypersurface is developable. Later on, the authors A. D. Vîlcu and G. E. Vîlcu, 2011 extended this result to the case of CES production function. Both results establish an interesting link between some fundamental notions in the theory of production functions and the differential geometry of hypersurfaces in Euclidean spaces. In this paper, we give some characterizations of minimal generalized Cobb-Douglas and CES production hypersurfaces in Euclidean spaces.
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Volkova, Nelli. "Formation of the model of the open production-and-economic system at the construction enterprise." E3S Web of Conferences 244 (2021): 10029. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202124410029.
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The research is dedicated to the multi-structural model of the complex system at the construction enterprise as well as the model of structurally functional open production-and-economic system at the construction enterprise. The models are created for the acceptance of the justified managerial decisions and carrying out the applied research aimed at the efficiency of the construction enterprises functioning in the conditions of uncertainty, instability of the internal and external environment and heterogeneity of the indicators, which characterize the enterprise’s activity. The offered models are developed on the basis of the probability theory and the information theory; they are based on the principles of self-organization, openness of the complex systems, synergy and information-and-statistical approach. The concept of the open productive-and-economic system at the construction enterprise is considered, the content of the functions of the complex system at the construction enterprise is described, their stochastic and quasi-determined communications in the uniform information-and-statistical field of functioning are presented. Bit measurement for the whole set of functions, allowing to receive an adequate assessment of the complex open system behavior, is offered for further scientific and applied research, including the development of more exact forecasts and improvement of statistical heterogeneity of indicators.
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Amiruddin, Muhammad Majdy, Muhammad Ismail, and Hasanuddin Hasim. "REVIVING ECONOMIC THOUGHT BY MANNAN PERPECTIVE." Rausyan Fikr: Jurnal Studi Ilmu Ushuluddin dan Filsafat 15, no. 2 (January 18, 2020): 353–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.24239/rsy.v15i2.489.
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The reviving of modern economic theory is usually stated starting from the publication of Adam Smith's The Wealth of Natoins, in 1776, although other thinkers who first also gave no small contribution. The main idea put forward by Adam Smith is that competition between various suppliers of goods and buyers will produce the best possibilities in the distribution of goods and services because it will encourage everyoe to do the specialization and increase in capital so that it will produce more value with a permanent workforce. From the Islamic perspective, there are several names that commonly known such, Baqir, Umar Chapra, and Mannan. The purpose of this research is to explore the revival economic though by Abdul Mannan. This research adapts content analysis method, which is a researcher conducts a discussion of the contents of written or edition information in the mass media. The data analysis techniques of this scientific work use literature study techniques, comparative, induction, and deduction. The study began by collecting literature data from Muhammad Abdul Mannan's Concept of Thinking about the Development of Modern Era Islamic economics and Modern Era Islamic Economic concepts in general, (researchers only participated in the discussion). Then proceed with the interpretation that researchers try to understand Muhammad Abdul Mannan's thoughts about the Development of Islamic Economics in the Modern Era. The result of this reseacrh indicates that the revival of Islamic thought by determining basic economic functions that simply cover three functions, namely consumption, production and distribution. Those basics are rooted by Five basic principles rooted in Shariah for basic economic functions in the form of consumption functions are the principles of righteousness, cleanliness, moderation, benefit and morality
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SALVADORI, NERI, and IAN STEEDMAN. "COST FUNCTIONS AND PRODUCED MEANS OF PRODUCTION: DUALITY AND CAPITAL THEORY*." Contributions to Political Economy 4, no. 1 (March 1985): 79–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.cpe.a035692.
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Tishkina, N. P., and G. A. Rybina. "Instruments of Cognizing the Social and Economic Field of Society: Objectives, Challenges and Prospects." Vestnik of the Plekhanov Russian University of Economics 17, no. 4 (July 23, 2020): 13–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.21686/2413-2829-2020-4-13-23.
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Today’s concepts, theories and methodology of classical political economy, economics in general, state and economic governance clearly demonstrate their unsoundness in resolving issues of rational organization of public reproduction by levels of economic management. They are characterized by the subjective-contract and dogmatic tool and the relevant theory of cognition, which are aimed at retaining the discriminative-degrading, religiouspolitical initial model of man and society vital functions in nature, i. e. ‘Tyrant – Victim’. Their alternative is the system-integrated inter-disciplinary methodology providing the development of scientific, objective economic theory, rational practice of state and economic governance of public production, which excludes political mongering, subjectivism and voluntarism. The current internal and external situation in Russia shows that neither traditional public sciences and their leading academics, nor state bodies and their advisers-scientists, nor politicians can produce a variant of further positive development of society and production for the near future. An additional set of notions, categories and tools of cognition supplementary to the traditional one was designed on the basis of approaches put forward by supporters of classical political-economic, biosphere, noosphere and fundamental sciences. It does not reject the accumulated experience, which can be adapted, concretize and correct to improve the quality of research in accordance with the extended totality of objective general, social and economic laws of man and society development in nature.
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Dzhurka, Natalya. "Research on Spatial Economic Interactions: A Cooperative Game Theory Approach." Spatial Economics 17, no. 1 (2021): 144–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.14530/se.2021.1.144-162.
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The article is dedicated to describing the capabilities of the cooperative game theory for studying spatial distribution of economic activity. The paper discusses the features of cooperative games the spatial connotation of which drives from the fact that they formalize the conflict between the forces aimed at concentration of economic activity, and the forces aimed at its dispersion (hereinafter ‘the fundamental conflict’). The author proposes a classification of spatial cooperative games based on: 1) the method of specifying the set of players, 2) the type of solution to the fundamental conflict. The players in the models under consideration are the elements of the economic space with either a simple or a complex structure. The elements with a simple structure are economic agents with their objective functions deriving from their rational choices. The elements with a complex structure are aggregates, such as regions, economic areas, or countries. If we consider it possible to describe objective functions for such players, we should use the functions incorporating a great range of decisions made by different economic agents. The article pays special attention to justification of the usage of spatial cooperative games to model interactions between the elements of the economic space with a complex structure. In spatial cooperative games, the fundamental conflict is solved either by creating a spatial projection of economic interactions, and picking the player’s locations or by studying the delocalization of economic interactions and evaluating the coalition productivity of players. The author distinguishes four types of spatial cooperative games and for each class gives an example of a specific application of the game model. Within the given classification, the author studies game models of distribution networks, interregional interactions, service facilities location, spatial growth, and production planning for spatially concentrated firms. The conclusion is that even though spatial cooperative games are used for research on various levels of generalization, they are, first of all, useful as a means of researching the phenomena of economic activity delocalization. Thus, as far as the location theory is concerned, the games act rather as a tool that complements the optimization calculations with evaluations of stability of the obtained solutions to coalitional and migration threats. From the standpoint of the concept of interregional interactions it acts as an independent tool significant for assessing system effects and their distribution between different elements of the economic space. Furthermore, the author suggests that the future of cooperative games as a tool for research on spatial distribution of economic activity is associated with the search for statements that connect the results of analysis of economic space elements with a simple and complex structure
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Hryhorkiv, Vasyl, and Mariia Hryhorkiv. "MODELS OF ECOLOGICAL AND ECONOMIC FUNCTIONS AS TOOLS OF DECISION SUPPORTING IN MARKET ECONOMY." BULLETIN OF CHERNIVTSI INSTITUTE OF TRADE AND ECONOMICS I, no. 81 (March 15, 2021): 102–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.34025/2310-8185-2021-1.81.07.
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There have been analyzed the possibilities of using different classes of models to support decision-making in terms of certainty in the management of ecological and economic systems, including optimization and functional ecological and economic models, which are closely related and in some sense are equivalent models. Such models include those describing ecological and economic interaction by means of the problems of mathematical and linear programming. The specificity of these models is that their optimal values are functions of МАТЕМАТИЧНІ МЕТОДИ, МОДЕЛ І ТА ІНФОРМАЦІЙНІ ТЕХНОЛОГІ Ї В ЕКОНОМ ІЦІ 104 Випуск І (81), 2021 model parameters that reflect both economic and environmental characteristics of the studied processes, so this type of model is an implicit reflection of the set of allowable values of their parameters in the set of optimal values of objective functions. These reflections are numerical functions of the dependence of optimal values on model parameters, which in the case of models of linear optimization can be constructed in an explicit analytical form, and their properties are close to the so-called neoclassical functions used in the theory of consumption, production and so on. The paper proposes optimization of ecological and economic models for maximization of output and profit from it. The target functions of these models are the functions of output and profit respectively, and the admissible set of used production resources are formed by the restrictions on economic and environmental resources of the manufacturer. The vectors of the maximum possible volumes of these resources are used to build, on the basis of these models, ecological and economic functions of optimal output and profit, that are the functional models of decision-making in ecological economy. These functions, like other models in this class, are an effective tool to support decision-making in practice as they are a more convenient tool for those responsible for making decisions and implementing them. The algorithm for constructing such functions and their peculiarity for practical application is substantiated, which lies in the fact that they model strict control over the manufacturer's compliance with environmental standards, motivates the manufacturer to adhere to environmental production standards and relevant environmental legislation. As decision-making models, the proposed models of ecological and economic functions are of great practical importance for the development of environmental standards and technological policy of the country or its regions.
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Peng, Kang-Lin, Xunyue Xue, Liqiong Yu, and Yixin Ren. "Inferencing Space Travel Pricing from Mathematics of General Relativity Theory, Accounting Equation, and Economic Functions." Mathematics 12, no. 5 (March 3, 2024): 757. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math12050757.
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This study derives space travel pricing by Walrasian Equilibrium, which is logical reasoning from the general relativity theory (GRT), the accounting equation, and economic supply and demand functions. The Cobb–Douglas functions embed the endogenous space factor as new capital to form the space travel firm’s production function, which is also transformed into the consumer’s utility function. Thus, the market equilibrium occurs at the equivalence of supply and demand functions, like the GRT, which presents the equivalence between the spatial geometric tensor and the energy–momentum tensor, explaining the principles of gravity and the motion of space matter in the spacetime framework. The mathematical axiomatic set theory of the accounting equation explains the equity premium effect that causes a short-term accounting equation inequality, then reaches the equivalence by suppliers’ incremental equity through the closing accounts process of the accounting cycle. On the demand side, the consumption of space travel can be assumed as a value at risk (VaR) investment to attain the specific spacetime curvature in an expected orbit. Spacetime market equilibrium is then achieved to construct the space travel pricing model. The methodology of econophysics and the analogy method was applied to infer space travel pricing with the model of profit maximization, single-mindedness, and envy-free pricing in unit-demand markets. A case study with simulation was conducted for empirical verification of the mathematical models and algorithm. The results showed that space travel pricing remains associated with the principle of market equilibrium, but needs to be extended to the spacetime tensor of GRT.
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Ivanova, Maria N. "Marx’s Theory of Money: A Reappraisal in the Light of Unconventional Monetary Policy." Review of Radical Political Economics 52, no. 1 (September 19, 2019): 137–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0486613419856727.
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This paper analyzes key aspects of Marx’s theory of money in order to reassert its continued relevance for understanding monetary developments in contemporary capitalism. Unlike theorists who become preoccupied with particular functions and forms of money, Marx develops a comprehensive concept of money integrating its various functions and emphasizing the socio-economic basis of its existence. Money performs different functions including a measure of value, a means of purchase/exchange, a means of payment, and a means of hoarding, which are independent of money’s concrete forms. The functions of money as a means of purchase and means of payment relate to each other as money (income) and credit (money), which are fundamentally different. The quantity and availability of credit (money) may be influenced by the activities of the central bank and the private banking system. Credit (money), however, can only become money (income) if and when it enters the domain of social production as an embodiment of the value of social labor and social purchasing power. This inextricable link between money and social production sets natural limits to the ability of monetary policy to influence both monetary and non-monetary developments in contemporary capitalism. An analysis grounded in Marx’s theory of money can provide insights into a range of contemporary monetary phenomena including hoarding, the rush to liquidity during financial crises, the scramble for government debt as a source of ultimate liquidity, and the limits to conventional and unconventional monetary policy. JEL Classification: E4, E5, B51, E6
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Knoche, Manfred. "Advertising – a Necessary “Elixir of Life” for Capitalism: On the Critique of the Political Economy of Advertising." tripleC: Communication, Capitalism & Critique. Open Access Journal for a Global Sustainable Information Society 21, no. 2 (November 3, 2023): 122–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.31269/triplec.v21i2.1469.
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This contribution aims to lift the ideological veil of apologetics and pseudo-criticism on advertising with the help of a reality-based systematic analysis that contributes to a materialistic theory of advertising. The content-related and methodological basis of such a theory is a Critique of the Political Economy of Advertising oriented towards the critique of capitalism and academic knowledge originally presented by Karl Marx and current societal analyses based on it. In this context, the academic objective is to consider the economic, political, and societal functions of (media) advertising. In doing so, the elementary economic and ideological functions of advertising for the existence and further development of the market economy and capitalist economic and societal systems become recognisable. Advertising then no longer appears as a necessary evil but as a necessary "elixir of life” for the media industry, the economy, and capitalism as a whole. Based on the applied critical political-economic analysis, it becomes clear that on the level of capitalism as an economic and societal system, advertising thus contributes economically and ideologically to the stabilisation of the systemic foundations of capitalist societies (the capital-labour relationship, the regime of accumulation; the economic, societal, and political [advertising] functions of the media). It is shown that a Critique of the Political Economy of Advertising – especially from the point of view of the necessarily growing importance of advertising for media production – also contributes to the development of a Critique of the Political Economy of the Media.
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Kruk, Hanna, and Bożena Kornatowska. "Sustainable forest management in Poland – theory and practice." Folia Forestalia Polonica 56, no. 1 (March 1, 2014): 45–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ffp-2014-0005.
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Abstract The conception of sustainable development has been implemented into practice in numerous economic sectors, including forestry. Forest ecosystems are extremely important in the global ecological system, therefore maintenance and appropriate management of forest resources according to sustainable development principles have engaged a great deal of attention. The concept of sustainable forest management (SFM) encompasses three dimensions: ecological, economic and social. A powerful tool to promote SFM are criteria and indicators. The aim of the article was evaluation of SFM in Poland, using one of the methods proposed by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). According to data available, Polish forestry has a number of advantages: Poland has avoided the problem of deforestation, forest area has been permanently increasing, there has been observed improvement of forest health and vitality as well as a significant share of forests has carried out protective functions with no impact on timber production. Poland’s model of SFM is an adaptive process of balancing the ever-changing set of economic, environmental and social expectations. Such a complicated undertaking requires constant assessing and adjusting forest practices, in response to new circumstances, scientific advances and societal input
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Сохань, І. В., and Li Zhuoran. "STUDY ON THE INVESTMENT APPROACHES OF RURAL REGIONAL ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN CHINA." Таврійський науковий вісник. Серія: Економіка, no. 16 (June 30, 2023): 299–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.32782/2708-0366/2023.16.39.
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In the modern conditions of globalization and economic development, the management of investments in agricultural production has become an important issue in the development of China's national economy. Understanding the relevant concepts of agricultural investment, analyzing its environment, building a scientific and sound structure, determining the proper scale and implementing an effective agrarian economic investment strategy scheme are very important to promote the modernization of agricultural production processes, increase the productivity of agriculture as a sector of social production in which people use the natural conditions of the environment, rely on the physiological functions of animals, plants and microorganisms, and strengthen and control the life of organisms through labor to obtain the material products needed society and farmers' incomes. Research and improvement of the theory of management of agricultural investments can help in making management decisions, increase the efficiency of commodity producers and strengthen the stability of rural areas. This article examines in detail the theoretical foundations and practical application of agricultural investment management, with the aim of providing useful recommendations and reference materials for decision-makers in the agricultural sector by defining basic concepts, analyzing the foundations of theory and research methods. Thus, relevant concepts and main problems of agricultural investment management and theories of economic growth of rural areas by investing in the agricultural sphere were presented. Various views of the classical theory of economic growth and development of rural areas were collected; the main obstacles to the development of agricultural investment are identified, including state macro-control at various stages of regional development.
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Peng, Meng, Li Tan, Huan Li, Jin Wu, Tao Ma, Hongzhang Xu, Jiayu Xu, Weidong Zhao, and Jiming Hao. "Energy Transitions in Yunnan Province Based on Production Function Theory." Energies 16, no. 21 (October 27, 2023): 7299. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16217299.
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Yunnan is rich in renewable energy resources. An understanding of its energy structure and developmental trajectories would assist in enabling the design of suitable decarbonizing pathways and how to fit into the national 30–60 agenda. Drawing from endogenous growth theory and time series analysis, our study employs comparative functions and scenario assessments to predict the changes in the key economic indicators, such as GDP, industrial structure shifts, population, and urbanization rates, during the low-carbon transition. We further show energy structure patterns and intensity trends using regression-modeling and data-fitting methods. Based on our analyses, we project that by 2035, Yunnan’s GDP will grow to CNY 5.4761 trillion, with secondary and tertiary industries contributing 88.8%. The population is estimated to grow to 52.08 million with an urbanization rate of 70%. Moreover, fossil fuel energy consumption is forecasted to diminish to 38.7%, and energy consumption intensity is projected to be reduced to 0.38 tons of standard coal per CNY 10,000. If these metrics follow the inherent endogenous growth trend, Yunnan’s emissions are forecasted to peak at around 220 million tons of CO2 by 2030. These findings not only provide a data foundation for Yunnan’s low-carbon development goals but also illuminate pathways for regions rich in renewable resources to transition towards sustainable growth, emphasizing the harmony between advancement and environmental stewardship.
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Aranya, Rolee. "Location Theory in Reverse? Location for Global Production in the IT Industry of Bangalore." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 40, no. 2 (February 2008): 446–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a38416.
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This paper is a detailed study of the location history of eight software and information technology (IT) enabled service firms, with varying attributes such as age of firm, type of work undertaken, and ownership sited in the southern Indian city of Bangalore. These cases are used to relate urban restructuring occurring in the city of Bangalore to the strategic shifting of location of firms within the urban fabric. While IT firms cannot be strictly classified as producer services, it is possible to contextualise their location decisions in terms of other office-based economic activities, such as producer services. Findings from the case studies are examined in relation to urban growth theories of the 1980s and 90s, which were related to an expansion of the service sector in advanced economies. The literature discussed in this paper explains the role of growth in producer services in suburbanisation of office space and the development of ‘edge cities’ and ‘suburban downtowns’ as alternatives to and in competition with traditional city centres. Studies of office location and contact patterns indicate the retention of management functions in the CBDs, with a consequent relocation of routine office operations to these suburban office spaces. The findings from the firms studied in Bangalore indicate a reverse pattern of peripheralisation of control functions and a retention of routine production functions in the core urban areas. The limited need for face-to-face contacts with actors in the local urban economy and the export-related output of this offshore industry are contributors to this apparent reversal of location dynamics. The paper briefly concludes with directions for future research on such specialised service production activity that is often being located in cities of developing countries, and its impact on the urban structure of these cities.
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Dietz, Thomas. "Prolegomenon to a Structural Human Ecology of Human Well-Being." Sociology of Development 1, no. 1 (2015): 123–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/sod.2015.1.1.123.
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There is a growing dissatisfaction with using standard measures of affluence, such as gross domestic product, as the sole conceptualization of human well-being. Experiments are underway with alternative metrics of well-being as ways of informing both research and policy. It is thus important to develop a theory of the production of human well-being to parallel theories of economic development and growth. The traditions of work in growth theory, sustainability theory, and household production functions provide the basis for an emerging structural human ecology of human well-being. Structural human ecology emphasizes the use of manufactured, natural, and human resources in producing well-being but is also attentive to the ways social structure shapes the production of well-being. While this approach is promising, several conceptual issues need to be addressed for it to realize its potential. In particular, we need greater clarity regarding measures of well-being and the ethical theory that underpins them and clearer thinking about the relationship between resources and capital.
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Belenkova, Oksana, Lubov Vanchukhina, and Tatyana Leybert. "Human capital as socio-economic phenomenon of the innovation society: prerequisites of formation, essence and structure." SHS Web of Conferences 55 (2018): 01003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20185501003.
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Prerequisites of formation of human capital as socio-economic phenomenon in the innovation society are analyzed in this article on the basis of complex methodology that integrates methods of social philosophy, economics, sociology and socio-philosophical anthropology. The authors came to the conclusion that these prerequisites are the following: technologization of achievements in the field of basic sciences and lending innovation-technological, economic-commercial, administrative, innovation-personal functions to sciences. The basic provisions of the theory of human capital are investigated, and its essence and structure is justified in the paper. The authors show that this is cognitariat or social groups ensuring the formation and constant development of the scientific-industrial-technological segment of the innovation economics on the basis of implementation of innovation that is the subject of human capital. Possibilities and perspectives of utilization of human capital for solving tasks of improving productivity and profitability of production in the digital economics are also justified.
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Kislitsyn, Evgeniy, and Victor Gorodnichev. "Simulation of development of individual heavy industry sectors." Business Informatics 15, no. 1 (March 31, 2021): 59–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.17323/2587-814x.2021.1.59.77.
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Nowadays, in the context of the coronavirus crisis, the issue of ensuring the sustainable development of heavy industries is acute. However, theoretical and analytical researches alone are not sufficient for this, and economic science needs to develop fundamentally new approaches to the study of the development of industrial sectors. This article is devoted to the creation and testing of a simulation model for the development of individual sectors of the economy. The object of research is the metallurgical industry, as well as related ore mining, mechanical engineering and production of finished metal products. The theoretical basis of the research is a systematic approach that combines the theory of industry markets, economic growth, industrial economics, system dynamics and mathematical economics. The main research methods used are system analysis, statistical analysis to identify trends in changes in the main economic indicators, econometric modeling to build production functions, as well as mathematical modeling of macroeconomic systems. As a result, a simulation model developed in system dynamics notation is proposed, which makes it possible to evaluate the development of individual industries taking into account various changes. This model is built on the basis of the three-sector model of the national economy, where separate adjacent industries connected by dynamic feedback loops are identified as structural elements. The paper details the structure of the simulation model based on first-order dynamic equations, balance equations and nonlinear production functions. The simulation model allowed us to predict a number of scenarios for the development of metallurgical industries, taking into account changes in the labor force and investment in fixed assets. The results of the work can be used for forming proposals on industrial policy, monitoring the condition and efficiency of individual industries.
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Dyomina, Olga. "Natural Resources in Economic Development: Evolution of Theoretical Approaches." Spatial Economics 19, no. 3 (2023): 136–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.14530/se.2023.3.136-159.
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This paper considers the evolution of the main theoretical approaches considering the role of natural resources in economic development in the XVIII-XXI centuries. The study revels three main functions of natural resources in the economy: a factor of production, a traded commodity and natural capital as a component of national wealth (along with real and human capital). It is shown that at the present stage globalization processes have determined the dominant function of natural resources as a tradable commodity. It is determined that if until the end of the XX century the presence of rich and diverse natural resources ensured economic growth, then in the subsequent period natural resources had a multidirectional impact on economic dynamics. The author performs a comparative analysis of three theories that take natural resources into account: neoclassical theory of economic growth, neoclassical theory of international trade and institutional theory. In the neoclassical theory of economic growth natural resources are considered as a factor of production, which act as determinants of economic growth. This theory formulates the Dasgupta – Heal – Solow – Stiglitz model, which defines the conditions for sustainable economic growth in an economy with non-renewable natural resources. In the neoclassical theory of international trade, natural resources are primarily considered as a tradable commodity, and the possibilities of development of the economy dominated by natural capital by increasing foreign trade rent are analyzed. Within the framework of this theory, three concepts explaining different channels of natural capital impact on the economy through the connection with foreign markets are formulated: the trap of raw material specialization, the Prebisch – Singer hypothesis and the Dutch disease. The macroeconomic causes of the resource curse are identified. Institutional theory studies the role of institutional conditions in the economic development of countries dominated by natural capital. Within the framework of this theory, it is shown that the quality of institutions determines the nature of the impact of natural resource surplus on the rate of economic growth; the resource curse is defined as a violation of incentives to accumulate different forms of capital; rent-seeking is one of the main channels of negative impact in conditions of weak institutions. All the theories considered allow us to conclude that the development of the economy based on the exploitation of natural resources is possible in the long term, provided that compensatory mechanisms are formed to ensure the transformation of natural capital into other forms of capital
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Derunova, Elena, Sergey Andryushchenko, and Vladimir Derunov. "Modelling Economic Growth Based on Factors of Innovation Production Potential Development." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 4.38 (December 3, 2018): 112. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.38.24334.
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The Russian economic growth is associated with the increase in the competitive advantages of the domestic industry and the material sector of economy, including agriculture. The article studies the factors that have positive impact on the economic development and growth, as well as those that restrain these processes. The problem of assessing the need in innovative activity of economic sectors is actualized taking into account the differences of Russian regions in terms of agricultural productivity. The use of the imitations and innovations’ theory and methodological instruments of production functions’ models is substantiated. Thus, the Solow model is studied, and the improvement of the model, including the funds’ introduction delay when the optimal accumulation rates are equal to the elasticity coefficients by funds, is shown. The factors that include various economic growth models: volumes of capital, physical and intellectual labor, labor productivity, the production returns rate, the scientific and technological progress rate, the population growth rate, the consumer demand, production structure, institutional factors, and saving rates, are studied. It is proved that the study of neoclassical models of the economic growth shows their incomplete adequacy taking into account all differentiating factors, competitive processes and differentiating branch structures of economy. In the work, the hypothesis of the interrelationship of the saving rate, labor productivity and the volume of investments in Russia is mathematically proven taking into account the differentiation of Russian regions and peculiarities of statistical accounting.
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Jensen, Bjarne S. "von Thünen: Capital, Production Functions, Marginal Productivity Wages, and the Natural Wage." German Economic Review 18, no. 1 (February 1, 2017): 51–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/geer.12085.
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Abstract This paper puts seminal contributions to theory of production functions and maximization of explicit quantitative objective functions by Johann Heinrich von Thünen into a systematic historical perspective. We show that his comprehensive ‘Tableau Economiques’ do imply two exact parametric production functions. Moreover, the renowned ‘geometric mean wage’ formula is restated as an exact CES marginal labor productivity wage for σ= 2. We review four alternative modes of normative (natural) wage calculations without an explicit production function, and conclude that von Thünen’s natural wage differentiation formulas are bona fide alternatives for deriving the natural wage formula.
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Li, Jinlu, and Shuanglin Lin. "EXISTENCE AND UNIQUENESS OF STEADY-STATE EQUILIBRIUM IN A GENERALIZED OVERLAPPING GENERATIONS MODEL." Macroeconomic Dynamics 16, S3 (June 9, 2011): 299–311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1365100510000878.
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Galor and Ryder [Journal of Economic Theory 49 (1989), 360–375] establish conditions for the existence of equilibrium in a Diamond-type overlapping-generations (OLG) model. Although theoretically appealing, these conditions are implicit and not convenient to apply. This paper provides explicit and easily applied conditions for the existence and uniqueness of steady-state equilibrium, with which one only needs to check the first derivatives of the production and utility functions and their interactions, with no need to solve the optimization problem. Our theorems on the existence and uniqueness of steady-state equilibrium can be applied to a larger class of OLG models that do not require second-order differentiability of the production and utility functions. We present examples to show how to check the existence and uniqueness of equilibrium.
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ROSSI, ENRICO. "The institutional structure of production revisited." Journal of Institutional Economics 11, no. 2 (January 19, 2015): 301–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1744137414000587.
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Abstract:This paper revisits Coase's original description of the Institutional Structure of Production, and disentangles its two constitutive elements: (i) the costs of organizing an activity internally and (ii) the costs deriving from the transaction of the activity on the market. In doing so, I show transaction costs (TC) to be always necessary and sufficient to explain institutions, but only in the Slutsky–Hicks and Samuelson ordinal framework where expenditure functions replace utility functions and actors merely transact services and never control, nor own goods. Yet, if actors can purchase (and therefore control) resources, utility in use cannot be univocally deduced from purchasing behaviours; here ordinal exchange theory must be replaced by Austrian subjective cardinal value theory, where value in use and value in exchange do not coincide. To explain the allocation of activities among firms in this case, actors’ subjective opportunity costs are thus always necessary (and possibly sufficient), while TC are never sufficient. This distinction has fundamental implications for at least two main developments of Coase's original insights: the relationship among competition, socialist planning and the nature of the firm, and the reinterpretation of the Austrian concept of asset specificity in contemporary institutional and organizational economics (OE).
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Podgornyi, V. V. "Formation of sustainable economy of Russia in the context of economic theory. Part 1." Economics and Management 29, no. 7 (August 17, 2023): 794–806. http://dx.doi.org/10.35854/1998-1627-2023-7-794-806.
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Aim. Formation of sustainable economy of Russia on the basis of the criterion of dynamic equilibrium between reasonable and expedient state intervention in the course of economic processes and market self-regulation.Tasks. To analyse the peculiarities of economic models of developed countries of the world; to propose a comprehensive approach to the formation of a sustainable economy in the context of economic theory; to clarify the structural organisation of the model of economic dynamics and to determine the indicators that signal the change of phases of the economic cycle; to substantiate the expediency of using the method of system identification of the objects under study to carry out systemic modelling of the structural organisation of a sustainable economy; to propose a logical scheme of the Russian economy, sustainability of economic processes in Russia.Methods. In the article on the basis of application of the method of system identification of the studied objects the methodology of structural organisation of sustainable economy is substantiated, which includes the reasoning of its structural elements — market environment, state economic policy, the main tools of which are state economic strategy, state regulation of the economy and market self-regulation. The synergy of the latter determines the possibility of maintaining market equilibrium and creates the required conditions for social production and social reproduction.Results. The necessity and possibility of transition from a market economy, unable to withstand global challenges and maintain equilibrium state, to a sustainable one has been revealed. The necessity to develop a comprehensive approach to the formation of the structural organisation of a sustainable economy in Russia, taking into account the provisions of economic theory and assuming the possibility of managing economic dynamics, implemented through state economic policy, has been established. The structural organisation of the sustainable economy of Russia, including the market environment, state economic policy, state economic strategy, state regulation of the economy, market self-regulation, social production and social reproduction, has been formed. The twofold result of the functioning of sustainable economy in the proposed form is effective use of production factors and economic growth.Conclusions. The substantiation of views, concepts and ideas outlined in the study allowed us to form a dynamic system design of the structural organisation of the sustainable economy of Russia, which is based on certain principles, functions and methods. Thus, in the structural organisation of sustainable economy the role of the principle basis is played by the state eco[1]nomic strategy, organisational and functional — by state regulation, methodological — by market self-regulation. The possibility of application of these tools of state economic policy is conditioned by the action of the driving force of sustainable economy — state economic policy, and the expediency of application — by the state of the market environment.
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Krasovskaya, I., E. Malyshev, and F. Shamray. "Development of the Russian and world industrial economies: theory, practice, specificity of venture business." Transbaikal State University Journal 27, no. 7 (2021): 112–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.21209/2227-9245-2021-27-7-112-121.
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The scientific and practical relevance, timeliness and practical and applied relevance of the selected research topics are empirically substantiated by the processes of sustainable development of world labour markets, improving the quality of human resources, increasing the importance of scientific and educational activities, acquiring unique competencies, knowledge and skills by workers of modern business entities, deepening specialization and differentiation of science-intensive enterprises, permanent scientific and technological progress and acceleration of the pace of formation of industrial-industrial clusters and venture business. The theoretical and practical goals of the publication are to study the socio-economic mechanisms for solving the theoretical and practical-applied problems of sustainable innovative development of the industrial economy and the implementation of science-intensive projects characterized by high production and economic uncertainty and significant socio-economic risk, which are not amenable to formalization. The theoretical and methodological basis of the publication was the scientific works of domestic and foreign scientists-researchers of socio-economic algorithms for the development of domestic and world economies of industry, as well as venture business. Scientific novelty lies in the critical rethinking of such a constructive and creative result of the venture business as the formation of public-private partnerships and the author’s interpretation of strategically significant science-intensive segments of the industrial economy (telecommunication technologies, medicine, microbiology, production of substitute products, innovative energy trends, the search for alternative sources of energy supply, etc. etc.). The practical significance of the results obtained lies in the comparative characteristics of the American and Eurasian strategies for the innovative development of industry, as well as the empirical argumentation of their socio-economic advantages and disadvantages. The article reveals a reduction in costs and a regression of transactions between production and economic services of American companies, savings due to the narrow focus of scientific and production processes with a simultaneous absence of material incentives for labour activity and the occurrence of costs due to the regulation of labour functions of workers. The use of a progressive system of remuneration of labour and bonuses to personnel of Eurasian companies has been established in the context of a simultaneous increase in resource and raw materials and monetary costs and the liberalization of in-house management, which are of priority importance for the formation of a strategy for the development of the Russian industrial economy
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Khirivskyi, Roman, Liudmyla Petryshyn, Tymofii Pasichnyk, Oksana Brukh, Iryna Bernatska, and Lesia Kucher. "Assessment and Forecast of the Efficiency of Use of the Financial Resources of Amalgamated Territorial Communities in the Context of European Integration." European Journal of Sustainable Development 9, no. 3 (October 1, 2020): 607. http://dx.doi.org/10.14207/ejsd.2020.v9n3p607.
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The task of forecasting in economics is fulfilled by developing a variety of econometric models. The complexity of actual relations between the economic indices requires improvement of the existing and creation of new methods of modeling. That diversity is limited by the current set of elementary mathematical functions, whereas some of them cannot be applied in economics. At the beginning of the 21st century, it was proposed to use the functions of complex variable in economics. Due to their properties, which differ from the functions of real variables, they describe relations between the economic indices in a different way. Particularly, exponential presentation of a complex variable provides easy assessment of the relations between the economic index, presenting the real part of the complex number and the index, which describes its imaginary part. The trigonometric representation of the complex variable provides a more precise assessment of the studied econometric indices. Basing on the theory of the functions of complex variable, the authors of the article make assessment of the efficiency of funds use by the communities in Lviv region. In particular, the relation of the dynamics of income per one resident and the costs for maintenance of the managerial apparatus in terms of one resident in each of the amalgamated territorial community is considered as a function of complex variable. Using the statistical data, the authors have developed modules of complex variables and their arguments, which demonstrate the dynamics of relations between those components. The work also presents developed exponential functions of complex variable with the real coefficients, which have high approximation properties and can be used to make forecast of the efficient use of funds of each ATC in the future. The methodology can be used not only for assessment of the efficiency of funds use by amalgamated territorial communities, but also for evaluation of the general activity of communities, as well as for the analysis and forecast of production processes and planning on different enterprises.
Keywords: complex numbers, economic and mathematical modeling, nonlinear models, territorial communities, Lviv region, social development, efficiency of the use of funds.
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Coenenberg, A. G., and H. M. W. Schoenfeld. "THE DEVELOPMENT OF MANAGERIAL ACCOUNTING IN GERMANY: A HISTORICAL ANALYSIS." Accounting Historians Journal 17, no. 2 (December 1, 1990): 95–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/0148-4184.17.2.95.
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During the second half of the nineteenth century, managerial accounting development in Germany was based on micro-economic theory. In the twentieth century, the emphasis shifted to techniques and later to determination of “true cost”, resulting in a highly developed system that had a major impact on other European countries. The major difference between the German developments and those in the USA is the separation of cost (consumption/utilization of physical resources) from expenses. After WWII, interest centered on cost theory based on limitational rather than substitutional production functions. Gutenberg demonstrated various cost adaptation patterns as managements responded to output changes and created a sophisticated theory using indirect rather than direct output/cost relationships. This theory is little know in the USA and might stimulate theory research, particularly in the area of activity costing.
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Moraru, Gina-Maria. "Creativity And Benchmarking Influence On Research, Production And Marketing In Romanian Organizations." Balkan Region Conference on Engineering and Business Education 1, no. 1 (August 15, 2014): 505–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/cplbu-2014-0086.
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AbstractThe paper is a small part of a research made for identify if benchmarking is or can be used in creativity management in Romanian organizations, in order to combat the effects of the economic-financial crisis and to increase organizational performance. Using questionnaires, the author collected data from the academic and industrial environment. The paper related the creativity and benchmarking influence on three of the organizational functions: research and development, production and marketing. First, it presents an original synthesis about the theory in this field. Second, it presents the results of a research performed on three categories of respondents: PhD candidates in management, university management professors and managers from industrial organizations. Finally, it suggested some modalities for an efficient use of creativity and benchmarking in Romanian organizations.
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Klein, Lawrence R. "Financial Options for Economic Development (The Quaid-i-Azam Lecture)." Pakistan Development Review 30, no. 4I (December 1, 1991): 369–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v30i4ipp.369-393.
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As a model builder, I feel comfortable in analyzing economic development through the construction and use of 2-gap mathematical-statistical models. This serves as a paradigm for the modelling of developing countries.l All systems have a core, and although analysis of developing economies must take many interrelated processes into account simultaneously, the more complex systems can usually be reduced to a simplified core of broad macroeconomic relationships. The 2-gap model is, of course, only a starting point because the analysis must deal with such sectors as demographics, family budgets, and the formation of market prices - possibly only relative or real prices. Such a system looks at the economic development issues in physical terms, with some real (relative) prices for allocation theory. A great deal of interesting material can be prepared along these lines for guidance in the development process. The building blocks are: (i) Production functions for introducing technological constraints, perhaps extended to include an input-output component; (ii) Conditions of marginal productivity, i.e., optimality in reaching production decisions both for output and input; (iii) Population dynamics and more general demographic processes extending to labour supply, immigration, emigration, and distribution of income/wealth; (iv) The conditions for consumer choice, generating ultimately large-scale demand systems, starting with family budget analysis. As in the case of production analysis, optimality decisions guide model specification; and (v) Trade systems showing how exportable surpluses are created and offset
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S. Benz, Daria. "Modelling of the еconomic growth factors: The case of the Ural regions and the Russian Federation." Journal of New Economy 21, no. 3 (October 7, 2020): 112–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.29141/2658-5081-2020-21-3-6.
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Current pandemic-induced downturn has made the problem of economic growth even more acute for the Ural regions of Russia. The national economy is stagnating and trans mits the same processes to the regional economies. The paper aims to identify the economic growth factors for eight Ural regions and for the national economy as a whole. The author mod els the functions of economic growth for regions that are part of both the Ural Federal District and the Ural macroregion, thereby consciously expanding the study for comparative analysis. Methodologically, the paper relies on the theory of economic growth and theory of produc tion (works of C. W. Cobb, P. H. Douglas, R. M. Solow). The author uses econometric tools and builds regressions for eight regions and the national economy, where the outcome variable is the growth rate of gross regional product. The independent variables include the growth rates of the following indicators: industrial production, employment, investments in fixed assets, cost of fixed assets, average per capita incomes, costs of technological innovations. The source of statistical information is Rosstat data covering the period 1995–2018. Based on the constructed functions, the researcher draws a number of conclusions. For the majority of the Ural regions, as well as for the Russian economy, the deciding and the most elastic factor is the growth rate of industrial production. Results among regions vary, but in total, the growth rate of average per capita incomes is the second most important factor. The increase in employment affects greatly the economic growth, especially in those regions that have seen a drastic decline in the labour force over the past decades. The costs of technological innovation do not demonstrate high elasticity. The author suggests that the reason is that their amount is extremely small. Even high growth rates of costs of technological innovation do not produce a visible result, since their level remains catastrophically low. The results of the study can be used in the regional and national socioeconomic development strategies, as well as serve a basis for further economic studies.
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Kao, Hu. "Demand for Labor and Market Theory of Wage Determination." Number-3, March 2019 2, no. 3 (March 31, 2019): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.35935/tax/23.111.
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This economics is not merely economics but also discusses about many spheres of the labors. Labor economics look out to recognize the dynamics and functions of the markets of labor. The labor market function is by the interaction and dealing of employers and workers. Labor economics tries to understand the result pattern of income, employment and wages by looking at the workers or employs and labor is the measurement of the work that is done by the human beings. Usually, there is dissimilarity in labor economics and other aspects of production such as capital and land. In this article we will discuss about the spheres of this field of economics.
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Koksharov, V., and I. Kirshina. "Theoretical Aspects of the Toolkit Analysis Effective Use of Energy in an Industrial Enterprise." Scientific Research and Development. Economics 8, no. 3 (June 17, 2020): 23–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/2587-9111-2020-23-28.
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At present, there are no methodological approaches that make it possible to comprehensively use a fairly extensive methodological tool for analyzing the efficient use of energy resources at an industrial enterprise, which significantly affects the effectiveness of the energy-efficient strategy of the enterprise. In this regard, the need to use such an extensive analysis toolkit has become relevant. The article used materials of foreign and domestic research. The authors' research was based on a systematic approach, methods of analysis and synthesis of indicators of the organization of energy economics by an industrial enterprise at the present stage. The authors proposed a set of tools for analyzing the efficient use of energy in an industrial enterprise, which is based on the theory of production, with the help of which the production functions of energy consumption are considered allowing to use the «field of interchangeability» of energy resources, the change in the volume of output depending on changes in the volume of use of one energy resource (function income), various functions of energy consumption in production equipment, as well as economic mathematical assessment of energy while optimizing the fuel and energy balance of the enterprise. The proposed conceptual approach to the use of the proposed tools for the analysis of the efficient use of energy resources makes it possible to formulate an energy-efficient enterprise strategy on the basis of a sustainable organization of enterprise production.
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Gauchon, Romain, and Karim Barigou. "Expected Utility Optimization with Convolutional Stochastically Ordered Returns." Risks 12, no. 6 (June 14, 2024): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/risks12060095.
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Expected utility theory is critical for modeling rational decision making under uncertainty, guiding economic agents as they seek to optimize outcomes. Traditional methods often require restrictive assumptions about underlying stochastic processes, limiting their applicability. This paper expands the theoretical framework by considering investment returns modeled by a stochastically ordered family of random variables under the convolution order, including Poisson, Gamma, and exponential distributions. Utilizing fractional calculus, we derive explicit, closed-form expressions for the derivatives of expected utility for various utility functions, significantly broadening the potential for analytical and computational applications. We apply these theoretical advancements to a case study involving the optimal production strategies of competitive firms, demonstrating the practical implications of our findings in economic decision making.
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Sadian, Samuel. "Consumer studies as critical social theory." Social Science Information 57, no. 2 (March 27, 2018): 273–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0539018418764850.
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A fundamental concern of all critical social theory has been relating economic action to socio-political action when explaining social change. Along with critical theories of socio-political praxis and critical theories of production and reproduction, critical consumer studies has at times sought to demonstrate how narrowly productivistic solutions to this problem can be updated or supplemented to fit better with observable historical events. However, consumer studies itself lacks conceptual coherency and is split between extending and rejecting major productivistic assumptions, making the wider significance of this literature difficult to identify. I argue that consumption and production are best understood conceptually as related moments in the material and symbolic circulation of value in circuits of market exchange, redistribution and reciprocity. Whether consumer action functions to reproduce anterior productive arrangements is a matter of historical contingency. The real benefit of consumer studies is the capacity to question and modify existing historical narratives, while serving also to generate its own insights. Consumer studies can help to systematically reveal the extent to which collective social action is patterned by class divisions, but it can also identify forms of collective association that do not reveal a basically class logic. Likewise, consumer action may reinforce the ‘distinction’ that Pierre Bourdieu has helped to theorize, but it can equally create the ‘mutuality of being’ of which Marshall Sahlins speaks. Moreover, consumer demand may indeed reproduce certain productive arrangements, as consumer critiques have always pointed out, but production is often a response to prior consumer demand, and rises or falls in relation to this. Instead of a priori assumptions about the manipulability of consumer demand, which make it easy to evade this enormous problem, situated analyses of specific fields of consumption are required that show how, when and where consumer action leads to reproduction or to real historical novelty.
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Kolganov, Andrey. "The economic function of state paternalism: the preoduction of patronized goods or investments in development?" Obshchestvo i ekonomika, no. 10 (2022): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s020736760021857-1.
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The economic role of the state and the functions of state paternalism have long been a subject of controversy. Therefore, two main areas of research on this issue can be distinguished: the problem of state participation in the production and distribution of certain benefits, and the problem of state participation in the regulation of economic processes. In the theory of patronized goods, it is concluded that the state does not simply replace the market in the provision of certain goods, but represents certain public interests that are not reducible to individual ones, and serves precisely to ensure them. In that way, the state ensures the development of the economy and the achievement of social goals. The next step in the study of the functions of the paternalistic state is to find a common basis, both for the processes of providing patronized goods, and for the participation of the state in the regulation of the economy. Based on the concept of the “developmental state”, we can conclude that such a common basis is the need for the participation of the state in providing the necessary conditions for the reproduction of the economy and society. Such a need arises due to the high level of socialization of production and the gradual disintegration of market relations, which, due to their automatic action, are no longer able to provide either the conditions for reproduction or even market equilibrium.
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Carter, Elizabeth. "From Myths to Markets." European Journal of Sociology 60, no. 2 (August 2019): 211–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003975619000110.
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AbstractThis article posits that institutionalized mythologies can create comparative production advantages. Myths shape collective identity, mobilize actors, and fundamentally reshape production dynamics. Myths are institutionalized in market rules, regulations and structures, leading to the reification of the myth. The myth functions as if it is true, not because it is true, but because it shapes the rules of production. Yet without the initial myth, specific production incentives—and even their institutional comparative advantages—would not exist. My theory integrates approaches from modernist historians (“imagined communities”) and economic sociologists (“imagined futures”) to explain how myths (“imagined histories”) shape contemporary market outcomes, using the example of the French wine market. This argument contributes to the historical institutionalist approach, which focuses on the historical power dynamics between competing groups and the present-day social and market consequence of their institutionalized solutions.
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Zagoruiko, Ivan, and Lesia Petkova. "Model of world technological and economic efficiency frontiers." JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL STUDIES 15, no. 2 (June 2022): 174–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.14254/2071-8330.2022/15-2/12.
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The model generalizes the classical concept of the world's technological frontier. The article is devoted to the theory of comparative analysis of the efficiency of national economies using the non-parametric method of data shell analysis (DEA). The proposed model summarizes the classical concept of the world's technological frontier. Algebraically, it is the solution to the well-known linear programming problem, which determines the countries that use the best combinations of capital and labour to produce a unit of output. Geometrically, it is the envelopment of the states of the studied countries in the plane of relative volumes of factors of production ("technological plane"). Authors add to this problem three other problems and the classical equation of nominal national income distribution between the factors of production. The first of these problems identifies countries that have the best combinations of real labour and capital prices. Analogously, the geometric solution to this problem authors defined the world economic frontier. It is the envelopment of the states of countries in the plane of real prices of production factors ("economic plane"). The other two frontiers consist of countries with the best combinations of parameters of the national function of product price distribution and product volume distributions between labour and capital. The economic frontier, built by the envelopment method of the price distribution function, can be depicted on the technological plane as an envelopment of the worst technological conditions. Similarly, the technological frontier, built by the envelopment method of product distribution functions, can be depicted on the economic plane as the shell of the worst economic conditions. Approbation of the model on data from 13 countries in 2017 revealed a geographical axis in the direction of "northwest-southeast" on the European continent.
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Jantarungsee, Kanchaya, Burin Plengdeesakul, and Teerayut Pengchai. "The Results of Evolution, Wisdom, and Identity of Indigo-Dyed Fabric in Northeastern (Isan) Thailand." International Journal of Religion 5, no. 10 (June 1, 2024): 345–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.61707/3z0zf856.
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This qualitative research aims to study the evaluation, wisdom, and identity of indigo-dyed fabric in Northeastern (Isan) Thailand. The cultural inheritance concept, the beliefs associated with textile wisdom concept, the wisdom concept, the cultural diffusion theory, the evolution theory, the structural functionalism theory, and the identity theory were used as theoretical frameworks. Data were collected from documents and fieldwork using research instruments including surveys, and interviews. Descriptive analysis was used to analyse and present this data. The study revealed the extensive history of Isan indigo-dyed fabric, tracing its evolution from 1897 to 2022, which can be divided into four distinct periods: 1) Emergence of evidence in Isan (1897–1941); 2) Decline (1942–1969); 3) Revival (1970–2016); and 4) Transition into the creative economy (2017–2022). Wisdom surrounding indigo-dyed fabric was explored across four dimensions: 1) Production process, 2) Functions, 3) Patterns, and 4) Beliefs. The identity of Isan indigo-dyed fabric was classified into three main categories: 1) Individual identity, encompassing the production process and beliefs; 2) Collective identity, which includes colours, patterns, and usages or functions; and 3) Sociocultural identity, embodied by the discourse “World of Indigo” shaped by societal and cultural acceptance. These findings underscored the pivotal role of social changes in facilitating the inheritance and preservation of wisdom. Therefore, transforming indigo-dyed fabric into a product of economic significance with widespread acceptance, ultimately solidifying its status as a cultural heritage.
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Sarai, Nataliia. "SYSTEM OF INFLUENCE FACTORS ON COMPETITIVENESS OF REGIONAL ENTERPRISES." Regional’ni aspekti rozvitku produktivnih sil Ukraїni, no. 23 (2018): 40–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.35774/rarrpsu2018.23.040.
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The basic conditions for ensuring the competitiveness of the enterprise are determined. It is proved that the main preconditions of the competitiveness of an enterprise of any form of ownership are: application of scientific approaches to strategic management; ensuring unity of the development the technology, economics, management; application of modern methods of research and development (program-targeted planning, decision-making theory, etc.); consideration of the relationship of managerial functions by any process at all stages of the life cycle of the object; formation of the system of measures to ensure the competitiveness of various objects. It is substantiated that as factors-symptoms of competitiveness are its factors - phenomena and processes of production and economic activity of the enterprise and socio-economic life of society, which cause a change in the level of competitiveness of the organization. It is proved that the management of enterprise competitiveness is to ensure optimal correlation of components (factors) of competitiveness in the process of implementation of production and economic activity. The classification signs of competitiveness factors are investigated, factors of the external and internal environment are considered, and the system of factors of competitiveness of subjects of small and medium business of Ternopil region is determined. The scientific approaches to the classification of factors of competitiveness are generalized. The list of factors of competitiveness of the enterprise is systematized in groups, in particular, the following groups of factors are distinguished: techno-technological, organizational-managerial, financial-economic, social-psychological, natural-geographical and transport, ecological, branch, market.
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Alshammari, Motaeb Eid, Makbul A. M. Ramli, and Ibrahim M. Mehedi. "A New Chaotic Artificial Bee Colony for the Risk-Constrained Economic Emission Dispatch Problem Incorporating Wind Power." Energies 14, no. 13 (July 3, 2021): 4014. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14134014.
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Due to the rapid increase in the consumption of electrical energy and the instability of fossil fuel prices, renewable energy, such as wind power (WP), has become increasingly economically competitive compared to other conventional energy production methods. However, the intermittent nature of wind energy creates certain challenges to the power network operation. The combined economic environmental dispatch (CEED) including WP is one of the most fundamental challenges in power system operation. Within this context, this paper presents a new attempt to solve the probabilistic CEED problem with WP penetration. The optimal WP to be incorporated in the grid is determined in such a way that the system security is within acceptable limits. The system security is described by various fuzzy membership functions in terms of the probability that power balance cannot be met. These membership functions are formulated based on the dispatcher’s attitude. This probabilistic and non-convex CEED problem is solved using a new technique combining chaos theory and artificial bee colony (ABC) technique. In this improved version of ABC (IABC), chaotic maps are used to generate initial solutions, and the random numbers involved in the standard ABC are substituted by chaotic sequences. The effectiveness of IABC is tested on two groups of benchmark functions and practical cases. The impacts of dispatcher’s attitude and risk level are investigated in the simulation section.