Academic literature on the topic 'Production of bricks'
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Journal articles on the topic "Production of bricks"
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Youssef, Nicolas, Zoubeir Lafhaj, and Christophe Chapiseau. "Economic Analysis of Geopolymer Brick Manufacturing: A French Case Study." Sustainability 12, no. 18 (September 9, 2020): 7403. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12187403.
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This paper presents an economic analysis of manufacturing geopolymer bricks for use in the construction sector. The manufacturing processes of both geopolymer bricks and traditional fired bricks were investigated. For this study, we collected and analyzed all phases of geopolymer brick production from the extraction of raw materials to storage. Seven formulations of geopolymer bricks based on clay and waste bricks were analyzed. We considered the cost of raw materials and logistics operations in the production line of brick manufacturing. The results of this study prove that the manufacturing cost of geopolymer bricks based on clay provides an economic gain of 5% compared to fired bricks for the same compressive strength of 20 MPa. In the case of waste bricks, for the same production cost, the compressive strength of the geopolymer bricks is double that of fired bricks. Hence, this study shows the economic interest in the industrial production of geopolymer bricks. It also confirms that future research is needed that focuses on necessary changes to the current industrial production chain required for the manufacture of geopolymer bricks.
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Dhoska, Klodian, Saimir Tola, Agus Pramono, and Indrit Vozga. "Evaluation of measurement uncertainty for the determination of the mechanical resistance of the brick samples by using uniaxial compressive strength test." International Journal of Metrology and Quality Engineering 9 (2018): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/ijmqe/2018012.
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Clay bricks are the most important engineering materials that can influence the quality of the construction. The quality control of the clay bricks is of prime importance to improve the quality of engineering construction. The qualities of bricks for construction applications should be checked for various types of inspection services. In this article, our inspection service was focused on compression strength test on bricks to determine their mechanical resistance and suitability for construction work. The accurate method for clay brick's production measurements has been elaborated using uniaxial compressive strength testing machine. The method was tested for a rectangular clay brick manufactured with size approximately 250 mm × 250 mm × 200 mm. The measurement method and standard uncertainty estimation of uniaxial compressive strength are briefly described in this article.
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Mohajerani, Abbas, Aruna Ukwatta, Tristan Jeffrey-Bailey, Michael Swaney, Mohtashim Ahmed, Glen Rodwell, Simon Bartolo, Nicky Eshtiaghi, and Sujeeva Setunge. "A Proposal for Recycling the World’s Unused Stockpiles of Treated Wastewater Sludge (Biosolids) in Fired-Clay Bricks." Buildings 9, no. 1 (January 5, 2019): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings9010014.
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Millions of tonnes of leftover biosolids are increasingly stockpiled every year around the globe. Biosolids are a product of the wastewater sludge treatment process. Stockpiles necessitate the use of large areas of increasingly valuable land. Biosolids have many beneficial uses and are currently utilised in agricultural and land rehabilitation applications. However, it is estimated that 30% of biosolids are unused and stockpiled. A second and seemingly unrelated environmental issue is the massive excavation of virgin soil for brick production. The annual production of 1500 billion bricks globally requires over 3.13 billion cubic metres of clay soil—equivalent to over 1000 soccer fields dug 440 m deep or to a depth greater than three times the height of the Sydney Harbour Bridge. This paper investigates and proposes a practical solution for the utilisation of the world’s excess biosolids in fired–clay bricks. The physical, chemical and mechanical properties of fired–clay bricks incorporating 25%, 20%, 15% and 10% biosolids have been tested. Bricks were produced from three different biosolids samples collected at Melbourne’s Eastern Treatment Plant (ETP 22) and the Western Treatment Plant (WTP 10 & WTP 17–29). Compressive strength testing indicated results ranging between 35.5 MPa and 12.04 MPa for the biosolids-amended bricks. Leachate analysis was conducted on the bricks before and after firing, and the results demonstrate that between 43 and 99% of the heavy metals tested were immobilised inside the fired bricks compared to the heavy metals tested in the raw mixture. All leachate concentrations were found to be insignificant for the biosolids-incorporated bricks tested in this study. Biosolids can have significantly different chemical characteristics depending on the origin of the wastewater and the treatment procedure. Suitable leachate analysis should be undertaken on biosolids and test bricks before large-scale production is approved. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) images illustrate that biosolids-amended bricks have a higher porosity than the control bricks, which corresponds to the lower thermal conductivity values recorded for biosolids-amended bricks. In addition, brick firing energy demands are estimated to decrease by up to 48.6% for bricks incorporating 25% WTP 17–29 biosolids due to the higher organic content of the mixture containing biosolids. The emissions study and comparative Life Cycle Assessment results show that the incorporation of biosolids into bricks is a positive and sustainable alternative approach with respect to all environmental impacts arising from the stockpiling of biosolids and brick manufacturing. Based on the results found in this comprehensive study, this paper proposes the inclusion of a minimum of 15% biosolids content into 15% of brick production in order to completely recycle all the approximately 5 million tonnes of annual leftover biosolids production in Australia, New Zealand, the EU, the USA and Canada. This is a practical and sustainable proposal for recycling all the leftover biosolids worldwide. Utilisation of only 15% of biosolids in brick production would reduce the carbon footprint of brick manufacturing whilst satisfying all the environmental and engineering requirements for bricks.
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Muhammad, Abdul Kadir, Muhammad Arsyad, and A. M. Anzarih. "Peningkatan Produksi Pengrajin Batu Bata Melalui Perbaikan Proses Pencetakan." INTEK: Jurnal Penelitian 4, no. 2 (November 4, 2017): 107. http://dx.doi.org/10.31963/intek.v4i2.152.
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The purpose of this study is to improve theproduction process of brick craftsmen. Brick production processconsists of four stages: printing, drying, burning, and cooling. Ofthe four stages, which will be completed in this research is theprocess of printing bricks. The printing process still uses simpleequipment that is a rectangular wooden beam with a size of 20cm x 10 cm x 5 cm. The printing process includes: preparation ofraw materials by hoeing the soil, making the dough by tramplingto the shape of a paste, printing using a printing tool. For thismethod, for 4 people craftsmen can print bricks as much as 2,000pieces / day (8 hours work / day). The number of bricks is idealfor once combustion of 40,000 pieces. For reach that amount ittakes 20 days. The method applied in improving the productionprocess of brick craftsmen is the application of brick machine.The operation of the brick printing machine requires 4 personswith their respective functions: 1 person to insert the soil into theprinting machine, 1 person to cut the brick bar, 1 person to movethe bricks from the printing machine, 1 person to bring thebricks to the drying place. Based on the result of the test, it isconcluded that by using the brick machine, the dough making iseasier and shorter, the production capacity increased to 6,780bricks / day, the time required for the production of 40,000 piecesof bricks is 6 days.
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Muhammad Faheem, Md Tahir, Abdullah Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri, Che Mohd Ruzaidi Ghazali, Hussin Kamarudin, Ahmad Mohd Izzat, and Alida Abdullah. "New Processing Method of Kaolin-Based Geopolymer Brick by Using Geopolymer Brick Machine." Key Engineering Materials 594-595 (December 2013): 406–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.594-595.406.
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With increased activity in construction, deficiency of building materials and construction waste improvements have encouraged the development of new building materials. Conventional construction bricks are usually made from clay and sand, which are mixed and molded in various method and need to be dried and burned. Geopolymer bricks making process consume less energy and low cost in term of production compared to conventional bricks. The development of geopolymer brick is an important step towards produce bricks with better performance and environmental friendly material This research focusing on the processing process of the clay-based geopolymer brick from the mixing until the curing by using a geopolymer brick making machine.
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Trzciński, Jerzy, Małgorzata Zaremba, Sławomir Rzepka, Fabian Welc, and Tomasz Szczepański. "Preliminary Report on Engineering Properties and Environmental Resistance of Ancient Mud Bricks from Tell El-Retaba Archaeological Site in the Nile Delta." Studia Quaternaria 33, no. 1 (June 1, 2016): 47–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/squa-2016-0005.
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Abstract The archaeological site Tell el-Retaba in north-eastern Egypt, about 35 km to the west of Ismailia city, is located in the middle of Wadi Tumilat, a shallow valley running from the Nile Delta to the Bitter Lakes, along which flows the Suez Canal. In ancient times the valley was a route between Egypt and Syro-Palestine, strongly fortified in the New Kingdom times (16th–11th century BC). Mud bricks were analyzed from two parts of the Wall 1 (core of grey-brown bricks and inner extension of green bricks) in a fortress which existed during the Ramesses II times. Grain-size composition of the studied bricks was almost identical in both parts of the wall, suggesting the same source material for a production of brick. However, significant differences were observed in physical and mechanical properties (uni-axial compressive strength) in both types of bricks. Bricks from the core had lower bulk density, higher porosity and soak faster, whereas their resistance parameters were much lower than those of the bricks from the inner extension. The reason for such large differences in brick properties was a technology of their production, particularly proportion of components, water volume added during brick formation or density degree. Brick preparation and in consequence, physical-mechanical properties had direct influence on preservation of defensive structures during environmental changes related to changes of groundwater and surface water levels or of precipitation. Ancient Egyptians responsible for construction works in mud brick structures of the fortress must have had good knowledge and experience. This could be observed particularly for the heaviest and most important construction element that is the defensive wall, founded on well-densified deposits. It was also testified by higher resistance of green bricks from the inner extensions, which probably originated slightly later and were intended to reinforce a weaker core built of grey-brown bricks.
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Vijayaragavan, R., and S. Mullainathan. "Production of Brick Materials from Municipal Solid Waste Ash." Material Science Research India 8, no. 1 (June 25, 2011): 143–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/msri/080121.
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A lot of research is currently being done recycling, into how to reuse the waste we produce in our daily lives. This paper presents some of the results from a continuous study of recycling municipal solid waste ash (MSW-ash) into brick materials. In present study, the mixture of municipal solid waste ash and clay are used to make standard bricks fired at 900?C & 950?C. Physical characteristics including density, firing shrinkage, compressive strength and water absorption test of brick materials are reported and discussed. The results of test indicated that the municipal solid waste ash proportion and firing temperature were the two key factors determining the quality of bricks.
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Trakoolngam, Kritika, and Sarunya Promkotra. "Mechanical Behavior of Fired-Clay Bricks from Stream Sediments under Uniaxial Compressive Loading." Key Engineering Materials 690 (May 2016): 252–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.690.252.
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In the northeast of Thailand, raw material for fired-clay brick is obtained from fine stream sediments in the lower Nam Phong and upper Chi River sub-watersheds. Hundreds of brickyards exist along the waterway producing rice husk ash (RHA) bricks for construction. Technical study on the production of these bricks is limited, therefore, detailed studies on mechanical and chemical properties will enhance the understanding of the production process in order for further improvement. In this study, a preliminary investigation of the brickyards and production process was conducted. Brick samples as well as raw sediment materials were collected from 6 randomly selected locations for laboratory testing on physical, chemical, and mechanical properties. A total of 300 brick specimens were collected being 50 specimens from each location. The brick dimensions are roughly 5×5×15 cm with an average weight of about 680 g. X-Ray Diffractometry show that the fired brick composition is approximately 90-98% quartz, 5-7% clay minerals, and less than 1% minor minerals. Mechanical behavior of the fired-clay bricks was evaluated by compressive loading of single brick units conducted under dry and submerged (with reverse osmosis water) conditions. The compressive strength of the brick unit is found to be proportional to its density with values in the range of about 0.4-1.2 MPa. Bricks with RHA to sediment ratio of 1:3 exhibit a higher average strength that that of other ratios.
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Bozhko, J., J. Teryokhina, Kira Lapunova, and Roman Yashchenko. "The Production Technology of the Ceramic Brick Soft Molding Based on Opoka-Like Rocks." Materials Science Forum 1011 (September 2020): 79–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1011.79.
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The results of the scientific research and pilot tests on the production technology of soft molded ceramic bricks based on siliceous opoka-like rocks are presented. A description of soft-molded brick, which is distinguished by a huge variety of appearance and unusual design, which has earned recognition from architects and designers, is given. It is emphasized that the main limiting factor for the wide distribution of this type of brick is its high cost, due to the very small volumes of its production in Russia. It is indicated that the current situation poses a very difficult and urgent task for the wall ceramics industry - to establish the widespread production of soft-molded bricks, which in addition to the aesthetic properties will have the good operational properties. The opoka-like rocks’ characteristics and the results of studying their ceramic properties in relation to the technology of soft molding are given. The classification of the soft molded brick front surface types is presented for discussion. The main technological parameters of production, the relationship and the influence of various technological factors on the properties of the products obtained, as well as the mechanism for forming the structure of the calcined products are determined. A variable technological scheme for the production of soft molded ashlar brick has been developed. It is emphasized that the presented research results will be of interest to a wide circle of the molded ceramic bricks’ manufacturers and will help to establish the wide production of soft-molded bricks in Russia.
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Frar, Ikram, Houdaifa Bakkali, Mohammed Ammari, and Laïla Ben Allal. "Integration of Port Dredged Sediments Into the Production of Fired Clay Bricks." Journal of Solid Waste Technology and Management 45, no. 4 (November 1, 2019): 428–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5276/jswtm/2019.428.
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Bricks manufactured, based on dredged sediments extracted from Tangier and Larache ports in Morocco were investigated. Chemical, physical, geotechnical, mineralogical and environmental characterizations studies of ports dredged sediments were performed. Partial substitution of natural clay by dredged sediments was achieved with different substitution rates by weight (20%, 40%, 50%, 60% and 70%) to manufacture brick samples at the laboratory scale. The compressive strength was the factor determining the optimal substitution rate of the natural clay. Compressive strength values of fired bricks with different rates of sediments incorporated show that the manufactured bricks have mechanical characteristics relatively close to natural clay until 60% substitution for Larache port dredged sediment (SL) and until 50% for Tangier port dredged sediment (ST). The results in this study confirm that dredged sediments from the ports of Tangier and Larache can be used as an alternative raw materials resource for the manufacturing of fired bricks.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Production of bricks"
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Tmejová, Jana. "Glazury s obsahem cihelného recyklátu." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta chemická, 2020. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-414137.
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The diploma thesis deals with the possibilities of using recycled brick as a component in the preparation of glazes. Recycled brick is a mixture of crushed bricks, it can also contain a brick tablecloth, its composition and color makes this material practically identical to a brick shard. Due to these properties, it can be assumed that recycled brick can be used to prepare technical glazes with a specific color. The aim of the diploma thesis is to verify the possibilities of using recycled brick for the preparation of technical glazes. For prepared glazes, then evaluate their properties and estimate for which type of product these alternative glazes could be used.
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Ozer, Muhammed Said. "Production And Characterization Of Magnesium Oxychloride Cement Based Polishing Bricks For Polishing Of Ceramic Tiles." Master's thesis, METU, 2008. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12610266/index.pdf.
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Magnesium oxychloride cement (MOC) based grinding and polishing bricks developed for polishing of granite based ceramic tiles were produced and characterized. For surface grinding 46 and 180 grit size SiO2 powder embedded MOC based abrasive bricksfor polishing 600 and 1200 grit size SiC powder embedded MOC based abrasive bricks followed by neat (unreinforced) MOC pastes were applied on ceramic tiles. Three different neat MOC pastes depending on MgO/MgCl2 molar ratio in the paste e.g. 6/1, 7/1, and 8/1, were formed and evaluated. Grinding bricks were formed by adding 30 weight percentage, wt%, of both SiO2 powders. Polishing bricks were formed by adding 20, 25, and 30 wt% of both SiC powders. X-Ray diffraction analyses revealed that MOC F5 was the main crystalline phase in the neat MOC pastes. Additions of both SiO2 and SiC powders enhanced mechanical properties namely
compressive strength and abrasion resistance, chemical durability in water and polishing ability of MOC paste. More than 25 wt% addition of SiC powders had a tendency to decrease the compressive strength and water resistance of MOC paste. Polishing performance of abrasive bricks was evaluated in terms of mean surface roughness of ceramic tiles and abrasive brick consumption upon polishing. Scanning Electron Microscope examinations revealed the evidences of the reasons that 25 wt% SiC powder embedded abrasive bricks has the best qualifications in terms of abrasion resistance and polishing performance.
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Shaad, K. (Khaled). "Production of bricks with fiber-reinforced alkali-activated desulfurization slag concretes containing carbonated BOF aggregates." Master's thesis, University of Oulu, 2019. http://jultika.oulu.fi/Record/nbnfioulu-201902081171.
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Abstract. This thesis investigates the efficiency of using carbonated Basic Oxygen Furnace (BOF) aggregates in different alkali-activated binders such as ladle slag and ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS), and desulfurization (DS) slag. Sodium silicate and different molarities of sodium hydroxide were also used as alkali solution. BOF slag has high free CaO content, which leads to volume expansion problem under normal atmospheric condition. Additionally, free CaO and MgO are the reasons of volume expansion problem in desulfurization (DS) slag. To minimize and control this problem, BOF slags are exposed to CO₂ gas, which improves the volume stability.
The aim of the first chapter is to investigate using of carbonated BOF aggregates instead of normal aggregates with GGBFS and ladle slag precursors which activated by alkaline solution. The effects of using different precursor types and contents, aggregate types and contents, and different sodium hydroxide molarities (6M, 8M, and 10M) were determined by assessing the mechanical and mineralogical test.
After investigating the efficiency of carbonated BOF aggregates, the goal of the second chapter is to use carbonated BOF aggregate with different precursors types and content such as carbonated and non-carbonated desulfurization (DS) slag and different sodium hydroxide molarities (6M, 8M, 10M, and 12M). The effects of different parameters were carried out by evaluating mechanical, efflorescence, and pH experiments. Based on the results, mixture containing non-carbonated desulfurization (DS) slag with carbonated BOF aggregates and 8M NaOH provided excellent compressive strength compared to using carbonated DS. However, to minimize the efflorescence rate fiber reinforcement was introduced in the next chapter.
In the third chapter, the objective is to introduce fiber reinforcement to the selected mix composition, which containing alkali activated desulfurization slag with carbonated BOF aggregates and sodium hydroxide (8 M) to develop strength properties and limits the efflorescence rates. In the mix composition 4% fiber (in mass) was added. The selected four different fibers are basalt, PVA (8mm), Cellulose and Polypropylene (PP). Moreover, 4% and 8% combined PVA and basalt fibers are used. According to the results, it was noticed that basalt and cellulose fibers increased 15% (9 MPa) of the compressive strength compared to reference mixture and reduced the efflorescence compared to other used fibers.
In the last chapter, the main aim is to produce the bricks based on the mix compositions using carbonated BOF, desulfurization (DS) slag, and sodium hydroxide (8 M) with basalt and cellulose fibers. The effects of using selected fibers (basalt, cellulose) on the control mixture were conducted by mechanical strength, effects of carbonation, water absorption by capillarity, water absorption by immersion, efflorescence, ultrasonic pulse velocity, drying shrinkage, high temperature, and freeze-thaw test.
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Jagtap, Pranav. "A Pre-Assessment related to Refractory Waste Management in Sweden : Pre-study of the performance of MgO-C bricks made from recycled MgO-C refractory materials for use in steel production." Thesis, KTH, Materialvetenskap, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-298064.
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Steel industries consume refractory materials on a large scale. High temperature resistant refractory materials are essential for linings of the steelmaking vessels, to protect them from corrosive environments, high temperatures, molten steels and slags during transportation and steelmaking operations. Furthermore, with the increasing demand in steel production the usage of refractory materials has substantially increased, resulting in an increasing demand for refractory raw materials. However, with the hike in prices and abundancy for raw materials there is a need for recycling and reusing of spent refractory materials, which are otherwise sent to landfill. Nowadays the environmental as well as economic aspect regarding the recycling of spent refractories are of interest for the steel industries for achieving a solution towards zero waste. Several projects have been launched to investigate and generate new ideas with different ways to recycle refractory materials, but there is much more research and planning that needs to be done in order to find a large scale solution towards achieving zero waste. One of the simplest solutions to avoid landfilling of spent refractory is to introduce and manage a good sorting of the breakout scrap refractory, which can later be recycled or reused depending on their condition. The thesis work was carried out in collaboration of KTH – The Royal Institute of Technology/ Stockholm/ Sweden and Jernkontoret – The Swedish Steelmaking Association / Stockholm / Sweden. The work includes a collection of information regarding the current refractory waste management situation within some of the Swedish steel producers as Ovako AB, Uddeholm AB and SSAB. The information were collected on the basis of their refractory usage and practises. The thesis as well provides some suggestions for recycling and reusing of spent refractory waste materials collected from literature. Additionally some experimental work was carried out on whether an MgO-C refractory brick made of recycled materials can perform similarly against slag as a brick made from virgin materials. Experimental corrosion trials with one industrial slag composition were carried out using a hot-finger test apparatus for bricks with different amounts of recycling content in comparison to a brick made of virgin materials. After experiments, the samples were analysed using a Light Optical Microscope (LOM). A similar performance of all bricks against the slag composition was observed. Additional laboratory tests with different slag compositions, holding times and stirring rates are required to reach more profound conclusions. Industrial trials are essential with bricks containing recycled raw materials to reach a final performance status.Stålindustrin konsumerar eldfasta material i stor skala. Högtemperatur resistenta eldfasta material är nödvändiga för att fodra skänkugnen, för att skydda den från frätande miljöer, höga temperaturer av smält stål och slagg, samt transport och blandning av smält stål under ståltillverkning. Vidare har användningen av eldfasta material ökat avsevärt med den ökande efterfrågan inom stålproduktion, vilket har resulterat i en ökande efterfrågan på eldfasta råvaror. Men i och med prishöjningen och avhållsamheten för råvaror behövs en idé om återvinning och återanvändning av eldfasta material som annars skickas till deponi. Numera är den miljömässiga och ekonomiska aspekten av återvinning av förbrukade eldfasta ämnen av intresse för stålindustrin för att kunna nå en lösning mot zero waste. Flera projekt har påbörjats för att undersöka och generera nya idéer med olika sätt att återvinna eldfasta material, men det finns mycket mer forskning och planering som behöver göras för att hitta en storskalig lösning mot netto noll avfall. En av de enklaste lösningarna för att undvika deponering av använt eldfast material är att införa och hantera en bra sortering av använt eldfast avfall, som senare kan återvinnas eller återanvändas beroende på dess tillstånd. Avhandlingsarbetet utfördes i samarbete med KTH – Kungliga tekniska högskolan / Stockholm / Sverige och Jernkontoret – Svenska stålföreningen / Stockholm / Sverige. Informationen samlades in angående användning och praxis av eldfasta material. Avhandlingen innehåller också några förslag för återvinning och återanvändning av använt eldfast avfall som samlats in från litteraturen. Dessutom utfördes experiment för huruvida en eldfast infodring av återvunnen MgO-C kan motstå reaktioner mot slagg som en infodring tillverkad av ny utvunna råvaror. Experimentella korrosionsförsök med en industriell slaggkomposition utfördes av en ugn designad för hot finger test för eldfasta material gjorda av olika mängd återvunnet material samt inget återvunnet material alls. Efter experimenten analyserades proverna med ett ljusoptiskt mikroskop (LOM). En liknande prestanda för alla tegelstenar mot slaggkompositionen observerades. Ytterligare laboratorietester med olika slaggkompositioner, hålltider och omrörningshastigheter krävs för att nå en djupare slutsats. Industriella försök är väsentliga med eldfast tegel som innehåller återvunna råvaror för att kunna nå en slutlig prestandastatus.
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El, Fgaier Faycal. "Conception, production et qualification des briques en terre cuite et en terre crue." Thesis, Ecole centrale de Lille, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013ECLI0023/document.
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La réduction de la consommation énergétique dans le secteur de bâtiments présente aujourd’hui une priorité primordiale dans les politiques des pays industrialisés. En France, le secteur du bâtiment consomme environ 43 % de l’énergie finale et contribue pour près d’un quart aux émissions nationales de gaz à effet de serre [ADEME]. Il se positionne comme un acteur clé pour parvenir à résoudre les inquiétants défis environnementaux auxquels nous devons faire face. Face à ces véritables défis, l’augmentation des niveaux d’exigence des réglementations thermiques s’est poursuivie et intensifiée pendant les 40 dernières années, jusqu’à la naissance de la réglementation thermique 2012, qui a permis de construire des bâtiments basse consommation (BBC) qui équivaut à 50 kWh/m².an. Cette nouvelle réglementation plus exigeante constitue une incitation forte à l'innovation des matériaux, produits et systèmes d'enveloppe. Dans ces conditions, l’amélioration des performances hygrothermiques des matériaux de construction aura des retombées économiques et environnementales conséquentes. C’est dans ce contexte que ce travail a été mené. Il vise à étudier et à améliorer les performances des produits de l’entreprise Briqueteries du Nord (BdN). Il est réparti sur deux axes principaux : le premier consiste à l’étude de l’inertie thermique et du pouvoir hygroscopique des briques en terre crue. Le second axe vise à élaborer des solutions possibles concernant l’amélioration de la résistance thermique des briques en terre cuite. Ce travail de recherche a été réalisé au laboratoire de l’Ecole Centrale de Lille avec une étroite collaboration avec l’université d’Artois et l’entreprise (BdN)Nowadays, the reduction of energy consumption in buildings industry represents a major issue in industrialized countries’ policies. In France, the building sector consumes about 43% of final energy and accounts for nearly a quarter of the national emissions of greenhouse gas emissions [ADEME]. It is considered as a key factor to overcome the environmental challenges we have to face.In front of these significant challenges, the thermal regulations requirements were seriously intensified during the last 40 years until the notification of the thermal regulation 2012. This latter enable the construction of low energy buildings (BBC) whose consumption is equivalent to 50 kWh/m² per year on average. This new regulation provides a strong incentive for innovation of materials, products and envelope systems. Under these conditions, improving hygrothermal performance of building materials will allow a substantial economic and environmental benefits. This work was conducted in this context. It aims to study and improve the performance of the company Briqueteries du Nord (BdN) products. It is divided in two main axis: the first consists on studying the thermal inertia and hygroscopic capacity of unfired clay bricks. However, the second axis aims to develop possible solutions for improving the thermal resistance of fired clay bricks. This research was conducted in the laboratory of the Ecole Centrale de Lille with close collaboration with the University of Artois and the BdN company
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Oliveira, Juliana Carreiro de. "Avaliação longitudinal do processo de mudança produtiva nos BRIC’s: 1995-2009." Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, 2015. https://repositorio.ufjf.br/jspui/handle/ufjf/1293.
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Um tema discutido desde a década de 1960, e que ganhou maior folego a partir de 1990, refere-se a hipótese de desindustrialização pela qual grande parte das economias estaria passando. A chamada desindustrialização ou pós-industrialização iniciou-se nos anos 1970 nos países desenvolvidos e nos anos 1980 e 1990 nos países em desenvolvimento. A literatura comumente caracteriza a desindustrialização pela perda de participação contínua do emprego no setor industrial, assim como, pela perda de participação do emprego e do produto industrial em relação ao produto total. Este processo é considerado natural à medida que o desenvolvimento atravessa distintas fases, chegando a um nível onde a importância relativa da indústria declina em detrimento do ganho de importância do setor de serviços. Nos países em desenvolvimento, este processo é considerado prematuro por diversos autores, dado que a desindustrialização está ocorrendo em um nível de renda muito baixo, e nesse caso, a indústria ainda é fundamental para o dinamismo da economia. Nesse sentido, esse trabalho busca avaliar o setor industrial sob uma ótica distinta da que tem sido utilizada quando se trata de industrialização/desindustrialização. O objetivo é analisar o caráter sistêmico do setor industrial a partir do método de insumo-produto por meio de indicadores de intensidade direta e intensidade direta mais indireta da indústria. Esses indicadores mostram a intensidade do setor industrial na produção de diferentes setores da economia verificando de que forma o setor industrial é usado como insumo intermediário por outros setores produtivos, assim como, pela demanda final. Os setores são agrupados segundo intensidade tecnológica (menor e maior intensidade tecnológica) com o objetivo de verificar as mudanças de padrões tecnológicos que vem ocorrendo ao longo dos anos. Utilizam-se as matrizes da WIOD (World Input-Output Database) no período de 1995 a 2009 para o conjunto de países que compõem os BRIC (Brasil, Rússia, Índia e China). Nesse período, essas economias apresentaram altas taxas de crescimento, passando a serem vistas como uma importante força na economia global. O período também foi marcado por reformas liberalizantes que as tornaram mais abertas em relação ao comercio internacional. Apesar das características semelhantes, o grupo é heterogêneo, sendo a China líder em termos de crescimento e um país que mantém uma industrialização crescente, ao contrário do que se observa com o restante dos países que perdem participação da indústria no produto. Percebeu-se pelos resultados que a China e Rússia possuem um setor industrial mais integrado ao restante da economia que Brasil e Índia, que possuem queda da intensidade da indústria em diversos setores corroborando com a hipótese de desindustrialização.
A topic discussed since the 1960s, and gained more prominence from 1990 refers to the possibility of deindustrialization in which much of the economies would be passing. The so-called deindustrialization or post-industrialization began in the 1970s in developed countries and in the years 1980 and 1990 in developing countries. The literature commonly characterize the deindustrialization by loss of continuous employment participation in the industrial sector, as well as the loss of participation in employment and industrial production in relation to total output. This process is considered natural as the development goes through distinct phases, reaching a level where the industry relative importance declines over the gain importance of the service sector. In developing countries, this process is considered premature by several authors, since the deindustrialization is taking place at a very low level of income, in which case, the industry is still fundamental to the dynamism of the economy. Thus, this study sought to determine the industrial sector in a different perspective of that has been used when it comes to industrialization / deindustrialisation. The objective is to analyze the systemic character of the industrial sector from the input-output method using indicators of direct intensity and more indirect direct intensive industry. These indicators show the strength of the industrial sector in the production of different sectors of the economy by checking how the industry is used as intermediate input for other productive sectors, as well as by the final demand. The sectors are grouped according to technological intensity (lower and higher technology) in order to verify the changes of technology standards that have occurred over the years. We used the input-output matrices constructed by WIOD (Input-Output World Database) from 1995 to 2009 for the group of countries that make up the BRIC (Brazil, Russia, India and China). During this period, these economies showed high growth rates, starting to be seen as a major force in the global economy. The period was also marked by liberalizing reforms that become more open about international trade. Despite similar characteristics, the group is heterogeneous, with China leading in terms of growth and a country that maintains a growing industrialization, contrary to what is observed with the rest of the countries that lose industry participation in the product. It was noticed by the results that China and Russia have a more integrated industrial sector to the rest of the economy that Brazil and India, which have fall industry intensity in various sectors thus supporting the hypothesis of deindustrialization.
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Palovčík, Jakub. "Možnosti využití cihelného obrusu v systémech na bázi portlandského cementu." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta chemická, 2017. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-295655.
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This thesis deals with possibilities of using brick-grind-dust which is a secondary product from manufacturing of grinded bricks. A boom in this method of masonry is connected with an increase of production of these secondary materials. These secondary materials are partly returned to brick manufacturing and partly buried in a landfill site. Due to their composition and origin, these materials are potentially pozzolan active, making them interesting for applications in hydraulic binders. The aim of the work was to study the physical and chemical properties of several brick-grind-dust and brick sands. Subsequently, binders based on these materials and Portland cement were prepared. The properties of the binders were modified by means of adding a commercially available polycarboxylate superplasticizer. The development of mechanical properties of the prepared binders has been studied over time. Hydration of the selected binders was analyzed by isothermal calorimetry.
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Krause, Brian L. "Incubation of curing brines for the production of ready-to-eat uncured ham." [Ames, Iowa : Iowa State University], 2009.
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Fridrich, Jakub. "Cihelný recyklát jako surovina pro výrobu pálících pomůcek pro cihlářský průmysl." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta chemická, 2019. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-401935.
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The focus of this thesis is the study of behavior of brick waste in the mixture with high alumina cement. The result of this research should be a draft of a composition and production process for material that could partly or fully substitute forging accessories in the brick production industry. The aim of this work is to verify the use of brick waste for such purpose. Usage of brick waste for refractories can help the current long-term effort for wasteless production processes.
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Jeanes, Michael Keith. "Tax incentives for the production and use of sustainable energy - a comparison between South Africa and Brazil." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/41252.
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Sustainability has become an emphasised universal topic in recent years, especially just after the turn of the second millennium. Leaders from a wide range of disciplines and geographic locations have congregated to discuss their very real energy concerns and the potential solutions available to address them. Various notable conferences have been held from the World Summit on Sustainable Development in Johannesburg, South Africa in August 2002 to the more recent annual World Future Energy Summit held in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates in January 2013.
South Africa and Brazil form part of the BRICS group of nations which is characterised by emerging and rapidly-growing economies. South Africa and Brazil both are favoured by sustainable energy environments with an abundance of sustainable energy resources. Both countries also have various tax incentives that are aimed at encouraging the production and use of sustainable energy. Despite these facts, a large disparity still exists between South Africa and Brazil pertaining to their sustainable energy usage as a percentage of their total primary energy usage. South Africa’s sustainable energy usage is extremely small compared to that of Brazil, and therefore this study aims to determine improvements for South Africa. Brazil’s tax related policies and legislation are instructive in this regard.
The benefits of sustainable energy as opposed to energy generated from fossil fuels are evident from an analysis of their economic, environmental and social impacts. Tax incentives can take on various forms and although not the only factor, they would appear to be an important consideration in encouraging investments in sustainable energy.
Numerous barriers are identified that directly affect both the ability and desirability of the production and use of sustainable energy. Some of the more significant barriers include high initial capital costs, regulatory frameworks and intellectual rights, the long term nature and payback period of sustainable energy projects and the availability of alternative fossil fuels. Tax incentives are one of the measures that, if appropriately used, could significantly reduce many sustainable energy related barriers.
The study concludes that South Africa can learn from Brazil and implement improvements to its tax incentives and related policies and legislation. This would assist in addressing some of its key sustainable energy related barriers. Possible improvements noted include regulatory policies in which South Africa could consider implementing a sustainable energy obligation and mandate; improved certainty regarding South Africa’s research and development incentives; and improved benefits resulting from the research and development incentives.Dissertation (MCom)--University of Pretoria, 2013.
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Books on the topic "Production of bricks"
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Bywater, Sandra. The Juigalapa brick and tile production unit. [Derby]: Derbyshire College of Higher Education, 1988.
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Jefremovas, Villia Maria. Petty commodity production and capitalist enterprise: Brick and roof tile making in Rwanda. Ann Arbor: U.M.I., 1995.
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European Association of Archaeologists. Annual Meeting, ed. Fresh approaches to brick production and use in the Middle Ages: Proceedings of the session 'Utilization of brick in the Medieval period -- production, construction, destruction', held at the European Association of Archaeologists (EAA) Meeting, 29 August to 1 September 2012 in Helsinki, Finland. Oxford: Archaeopress, 2014.
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Pronk, Marco. Changing land use practices: Motives and consequence of clay mining and brick production in Trichur district, Kerala, India. [Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala: Centre for Development Studies, 1997.
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Ng, Kia, Atta Badii, and Pierfrancesco Bellini, eds. Axmedis 2006. Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Automated Production of Cross Media Content for Multi-channel Distribution. Volume for Workshops, Tutorials, Applications and Industrial (Leeds, UK, 13-15 December 2006). Florence: Firenze University Press, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/88-8453-525-5.
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The AxMEDIS 2006 International Conference seeks to promote discussion and exchange of ideas amongst researchers, practitioners, developers and users of tools, technology transfer experts, and project managers. This conference series brings together a variety of participants from the academic, business and industrial worlds, to address the emergent research and technological issues as well as the engineering and commercial challenges of large-scale collaborative production and distribution of media as experienced by the associated industrial sectors in the emergent media markets. The conference focuses on the outstanding problems to be resolved in the new age of media computing including cross-domain production, protection, representation, formatting, aggregation, workflow, distribution and business and transaction models i.e. all lifecycle aspects of the new media value chain management. Additionally it explores the integration of new forms of content, content management systems and distribution chains, with particular emphasis on cost structures re-engineering to support the reduction of costs and the integration of innovative solutions to facilitate complex creative collaboration in cross-domain media production with benefit realisation to all stakeholders through optimised rights-protective multichannel distribution.
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Cabannes, Yves, Mike Douglass, and Rita Padawangi, eds. Cities in Asia by and for the People. NL Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9789462985223.
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This book examines the active role of urban citizens in constructing alternative urban spaces as tangible resistance towards capitalist production of urban spaces that continue to encroach various neighborhoods, lanes, commons, public land and other spaces of community life and livelihoods. The collection of narratives presented here brings together research from ten different Asian cities and re-theorises the city from the perspective of ordinary people facing moments of crisis, contestations, and cooperative quests to create alternative spaces to those being produced under prevailing urban processes. The chapters accent the exercise of human agency through daily practices in the production of urban space and the intention is not one of creating a romantic or utopian vision of what a city "by and for the people" ought to be. Rather, it is to place people in the centre as mediators of city-making with discontents about current conditions and desires for a better life.
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Chiarelli, Cosimo, and Walter Pasini, eds. Paolo Mantegazza e l'Evoluzionismo in Italia. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-6453-186-1.
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An eclectic figure – a scientist, novelist, anthropologist, politician and man of his time – Paolo Mantegazza (1831-1910) played a leading role in Italian society and the cultural scene of the late nineteenth century, even if historic events then partially eclipsed his memory. The retrieval and valorisation of the legacy of Mantegazza were the focus of the meetings that were held in the main sites connected with his life (Monza, Florence, Lerici) at which academics in different disciplines exchanged notes on various aspects, some even little known, of his multifaceted activity. This book brings together a selection of the most significant works presented on these occasions. They represent pieces in a complex puzzle which brings fully to light the great variety of interests and curiosities of the man, and the profound methodological rigour that guided his entire scientific production and is today the most evident sign of his contemporary relevance.
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Pellegrini, Ernestina, Federico Fastelli, and Diego Salvadori, eds. Firenze per Claudio Magris. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-5518-338-3.
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This volume brings together a selection of essays on Claudio Magris’ work, aiming to enrich critical debate with a specific focus on interdisciplinary dimension and continuous dialogue with the main European literary traditions. The outcome is an overall study on Magris’ narrative, essayistic and theatrical production, trying to fix his plural and prismatic identity: from the narration of places to an unavoidable ideological tension; from philosophical alphabets to the weight of History; from Myth’s remediation to the abroad reception; from hypotext filigree to real case studies. According to a diachronic perspective, they focus attention on Magris’ works, such as Microcosmi, Alla cieca, Non luogo a procedere and Tempo curvo a Krems.
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Siebert, Martina, Kai Jun Chen, and Dorothy Ko, eds. Making the Palace Machine Work. NL Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9789463720359.
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Making the Palace Machine Work: Mobilizing People, Objects, and Nature in the Qing Empire brings the studies of institutions, labour, and material cultures to bear on the history of science and technology by tracing the workings of the Imperial Household Department (Neiwufu) in the Qing court and empire. An enormous apparatus that employed 22,000 men and women at its heyday, the Department operated a "machine" with myriad moving parts. The first part of the book portrays the people who kept it running, from technical experts to menial servants, and scrutinises the paper trails they left behind. Part II uncovers the working principles of the machine by following the production chains of some of its most splendid products: gilded statues, jade, porcelain, and textiles. Part III examines the complex task of managing living organisms and natural environments, including lotus plants grown in imperial ponds in Beijing, fresh medicines sourced from disparate regions, and tribute elephants from Southeast Asia.
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Censi, Martina. Rituali di segni e metamorfosi Ṭuqūs al-išārāt wa-l-taḥawwulāt. Venice: Fondazione Università Ca’ Foscari, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.30687/978-88-6969-475-2.
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Ṭuqūs al-išārāt wa-l-taḥawwulāt (Rituals of Signs and Transformations), published in 1994, is a play which can be attributed to the last phase of Saʿd Allāh Wannūs’s literary production. At this stage, the Syrian author’s political commitment is no longer expressed through the interest for the collective dimension, but it focuses on the individual, considered as a pivotal element for social change. In Ṭuqūs, Saʿd Allāh Wannūs revisits history from an individual point of view, fragmenting it into a multiplicity of micro-narratives. During the 1880s in Damascus, the muftī, the chief religious legal authority, and the leader of the ašrāf, the descendants of the Prophet, are involved in a feud that splits the city into factions and brings it on the verge of anarchy. When the chief of police arrests the leader of the ašrāf while he is engaged in lovemaking with his mistress in his semi-private garden, the muftī concocts a scheme to save his enemy’s reputation, but his real aim is to subdue him and get rid of him. This event triggers a series of transformations involving the identities of the characters. Thus, the leader of the ašrāf, a regular of prostitutes and assiduous drinker, suddenly becomes a mystic with ascetic ambitions, while the upright muftī loses his head for a high-ranking woman who leaves her respectable life to become a prostitute. The whole society is destabilized by the desires of the characters. Desire not only affects their individual identity, but it also exerts influence on their social position, undermining a system of norms based on hypocrisy and on the division between the ‘latent’ and the ‘manifest’.
Book chapters on the topic "Production of bricks"
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Behera, K., B. P. Bose, and M. K. Mondal. "Production of Construction Bricks Using Iron Ore Tailings and Clay." In Waste Management and Resource Efficiency, 583–96. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-7290-1_49.
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Abdulkareem, Ahmed H., and Saadoon O. Eyada. "Production of Building Bricks Using Cement Kiln Dust CKD Waste." In Advances and Challenges in Structural Engineering, 102–13. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-01932-7_10.
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Dias, J. O., G. C. Xavier, A. R. G. Azevedo, J. Alexandre, H. A. Colorado, and C. M. F. Vieira. "Life Cycle Assessment Applied to Red Ceramic Bricks Production Versus Red Ceramic Bricks Incorporated with Stone Wastes: A Comparative Study." In Characterization of Minerals, Metals, and Materials 2021, 277–86. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-65493-1_27.
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Kolosova, Anastasiya, Evgeniy Pikalov, and Oleg Selivanov. "Ceramic Bricks Production Basing on Low-Plasticity Clay and Galvanic Sludge Addition." In International Scientific Conference Energy Management of Municipal Facilities and Sustainable Energy Technologies EMMFT 2019, 426–31. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-57453-6_39.
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Panias, Dimitrios, Ioanna Giannopoulou, and Dimitrios Boufounos. "Valorization of Alumina Red Mud for Production of Geopolymeric Bricks and Tiles." In Light Metals 2014, 155–59. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-48144-9_27.
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Panias, Dimitrios, Ioanna Giannopoulou, and Dimitrios Boufounos. "Valorization of Alumina Red Mud for Production of Geopolymeric Bricks and Tiles." In Light Metals 2014, 155–59. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118888438.ch27.
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Gebru, B. K., V. D. Kotlyar, Yu A. Bozhko, and S. N. Kurilova. "Promising Technological Solutions for the Production of Compression-Molded Bricks in the Northern Ethiopia." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 282–88. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-72910-3_41.
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Stevens, Christopher, E. G. S. Ikomba, and Brian Jones. "10. Refractory Bricks for Lime Kilns: Small-scale production using local raw materials; Tanzania: Small industries development of lime kilns; Small-scale Lime Processing: The Balaka experience." In Lime and Other Alternative Cements, 150–71. Rugby, Warwickshire, United Kingdom: Practical Action Publishing, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.3362/9781780442631.010.
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Vasić, Milica V., Zagorka Radojević, and Lato Pezo. "Application of Organic and Inorganic Wastes in Clay Brick Production: A Chemometric Approach." In Advanced Ceramic Materials, 300–335. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119242598.ch8.
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Deraman, Rafikullah, Rabiatul Syahindah Mustaffa, Mohd Hanif Ismail, Muhammad Fikri Hasmori, and Sasitharan Nagapan. "The Effect of Metakaolin in Production of Low Thermal Conductivity Cement Sand Brick." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 265–80. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-33-4918-6_14.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Production of bricks"
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Chen, Yongliang, Yimin Zhang, Tiejun Chen, Tao Liu, Yunliang Zhao, and Xiangke Jiao. "Notice of Retraction: Utilization of Hematite Tailings in Non-Fired Bricks Production." In 2011 5th International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedical Engineering. IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icbbe.2011.5781479.
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Abdrakhimov, Vladimir Zakirovich. "USE OF WASTE OF NON-COLOR METALLURGY IN THE PRODUCTION OF CERAMIC BRICK ON THE BASIS OF FOREST-LIKE LOAM." In Russian science: actual researches and developments. Samara State University of Economics, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.46554/russian.science-2020.03-1-604/608.
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The article is devoted to environmental aspects of ceramic brick production using non-ferrous metallurgy waste. Studies show that the use of polymetallic ore dressing as a tailing agent and the tails of gravity of zircon-ilmenite ore as a plasticizing part makes it possible to obtain ceramic bricks with improved technical characteristics, eliminating the use of traditional raw materials. The study used regression analysis, with the help of which mathematical models were obtained that were not included in the series of the experiment of ceramic masses
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Min, Xie, Shen Qianwen, Liu Xiaobo, and Deng Yumei. "Experimental Study on Production of Common Sintered Bricks Containing High Volume of Waterworks Sludge." In 2011 International Conference on Computer Distributed Control and Intelligent Environmental Monitoring (CDCIEM). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cdciem.2011.225.
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Hamilton, Ian S., Donald A. Halter, Donald F. Haumann, Erich H. Fruchtnicht, and Matthew G. Arno. "Characterization of NORM Sources in Petroleum Coke Calcining Processes." In ASME 2009 12th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2009-16314.
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Petroleum coke, or “petcoke,” is a waste by-product of the oil refining industry. The majority of petcoke consumption is in energy applications; catalyst coke is used as refinery fuel, anode coke for electricity conduction, and marketable coke for heating cement kilns. Roskill has predicted that long-term growth in petroleum coke production will be maintained, and may continue to increase slightly through 2012. Petcoke must first be calcined to drive off any undesirable petroleum by-products that would shorten the coke product-life cycle. As an example, the calcining process can take place in large, rotary kilns heated to maximum temperatures as high as approximately 1400–1540°C. The kilns and combustion/settling chambers, as well as some cooler units, are insulated with refractory bricks and other, interstitial materials, e.g., castable refractory materials, to improve the efficiency of the calcining process. The bricks are typically made of 70–85-percent bauxite, and are slowly worn away by the calcining process; bricks used to line the combustion chambers wear away, as well, but at a slower rate. It has been recognized that the refractory materials contain slight amounts of naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORM) from the uranium- and thorium-decay series. Similarly, low levels of NORM could be present in the petcoke feed stock given the nature of its origin. Neither the petcoke nor the refractory bricks represent appreciable sources of radiation or radioactive waste. However, some of the demolished bricks that have been removed from service because of the aforementioned wearing process have caused portal alarms to activate at municipal disposal facilities. This has lead to the current investigation into whether there is a NORM concentrating mechanism facilitated by the presence of the slightly radioactive feed stock in the presence of the slightly radioactive refractory materials, at calcining-zone temperatures. Research conducted to date has been used to determine the speciation and concentration of nuclides in both the feed stock and the various refractory materials, as well as the slag that forms at the interface of the two materials, as a function of temperature. Further investigation into any potential for generation of a NORM hazard as a result of refractory demolition has been conducted. Aerosol generation (mass loading), particle size distribution, and pulmonary solubility class have been investigated as a function of demolition-task description. In addition, external radiation levels in the kilns, chambers and waste piles, as a function of temperature profile and brick/operating history have been investigated.
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Esteves, Diogo, Cândida Vilarinho, Manuel Eduardo Ferreira, Joana Carvalho, Jorge Araújo, and José Teixeira. "Energy and Exergy Analysis of a Biomass Based Ceramic Plant." In ASME 2018 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2018-88046.
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The manufacture of relatively low commercial value ceramic products for construction is an energy intensive industry. It is important to improve and optimize the energy equation of the plant operation while simultaneously introducing renewable primary energy sources for the heat supply. The present paper concerns the analysis of the energy usage in a brick plant. This unit operates continuously on a 3 shift schedule. The overall annual production of five types of bricks is over 62 kton and the main energy consumption unit is the furnace. For this unit, the thermal load is supplied mainly by biomass coupled with fuel oil (80%–20% split, respectively) which yield a maximum temperature of 950 °C. The process is controlled by adjusting the air mixing in the kiln. A secondary furnace provides the heat for a rotating dryer for biomass drying which is supplied to the main furnace. The fuel is a mixture of various sources and its characteristics were determined by means of an elemental analysis, ash content and the measurement of the heat value. Measurements of mass fluxes along with the operating temperature on critical elements of the plant and chemical composition of the flue gases were used to calculate the energy balances to the plant. Because of the diversity of the product mix the production was normalized using the mass/surface area ratio of the various types of bricks. From the results, the energy intensity is 44 kg of oil equivalent per ton. The exergy analysis of the plant shows that most of the energy degradation occurs in the kiln. The analysis also enabled to assess the influence of the replacing fossil fuel by biomass on the increase of exergy efficiency of the plant.
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Tsioulou, Ourania, Andreas Lampropoulos, Kyriacos Neocleous, Nicholas Kyriakides, and Thomaida Polydorou. "Development of an innovative one part green concrete." In IABSE Congress, Christchurch 2021: Resilient technologies for sustainable infrastructure. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/christchurch.2021.0874.
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<p>Concrete is one of the most commonly used construction materials. However, the main drawbacks in the use of concrete are related to the use of cement and subsequently the high percentage of carbon dioxide emissions. The use of cement substitutes is an area where there is a lot of ongoing research. Geopolymer concrete is a concrete in which cement is replaced by waste materials such as Pulverised Fuel Ash (PFA), or Ground Granulated Blast furnace Slag (GGBS). To activate the geopolymerisation, an alkali activator is used. The procedure, which is used for the production of a geopolymer concrete, is normally a two-part procedure: Preparation of the alkali activator one day before the mixing and mixing of the aluminosilicate sources (PFA, GGBS) with the activator. To make the production of geopolymers more user friendly it needs to be converted to one part procedure where water will be added in a readymade mix. In the published literature, there is research on one- part geopolymers, but there are limited studies on the use of demolition waste materials as substitution of PFA and GGBS in this type of materials. With the current study, different sources of raw materials focusing on demolition waste materials such as red bricks and reclaimed concrete, which are commonly used in construction worldwide, will be examined for the production of one- part geopolymer. The major aim of this research proposal is to develop an innovative sustainable one-part cement free geopolymer concrete. The new concrete is a “green” concrete where cement is replaced by waste materials. Construction demolition materials such as red bricks can be used as raw materials in the geopolymer matrix. This project will focus on the selection, characterisation and development of the appropriate processing of these red bricks so as they can be used as raw materials in the geopolymer matrix. Also, the development of one part mix where the new concrete will be ready for use by adding only water in it, is another aim of the proposed project.</p>
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Akasheva, A. "Land rent as a factor in the modernization of the post-reform city. On the example of Nizhny Novgorod 1860–1910s." In Historical research in the context of data science: Information resources, analytical methods and digital technologies. LLC MAKS Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.29003/m1783.978-5-317-06529-4/13-21.
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The problem of studying prices, areas, the number of tenants, and the duration of land lease for the production of building materials – red bricks and sawn wood in Nizhny Novgorod over a long period of time is posed. The original time series in current prices were deflated. A primary analysis of the dynamics was carried out. Three stages of development of land lease processes are identified. The conclusion is made about low rates of urban modernization. The study is accompanied by online spreadsheets containing the source data, calculations and graphs.
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Akasheva, A. "Land rent as a factor in the modernization of the post-reform city. On the example of Nizhny Novgorod 1860–1910s." In Historical research in the context of data science: Information resources, analytical methods and digital technologies. LLC MAKS Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.29003/m1783.978-5-317-06529-4/13-21.
Full textAbstract:
The problem of studying prices, areas, the number of tenants, and the duration of land lease for the production of building materials – red bricks and sawn wood in Nizhny Novgorod over a long period of time is posed. The original time series in current prices were deflated. A primary analysis of the dynamics was carried out. Three stages of development of land lease processes are identified. The conclusion is made about low rates of urban modernization. The study is accompanied by online spreadsheets containing the source data, calculations and graphs.
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Ferraresi, C., W. Franco, and G. Quaglia. "Human Powered Press for Raw Earth Blocks." In ASME 2011 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2011-62691.
Full textAbstract:
This paper concerns the study and design of a human powered press for raw earth compressed blocks. The first section considers a commercial model of such a press, in order to emphasize all necessary operations for the production of raw earth bricks, as well as the functional characteristics required to realize blocks of good quality. In particular, a kinematic analysis of the cam-roller mechanism used in the bi-directional compression phase is presented. In the second section a new solution of bi-directional press is proposed, aimed at simplifying the machine architecture, reducing costs and achieving an optimized functionality.
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"A Study on Sustainable Reutilization of C&D Debris in the Construction of Traffic Barrier." In Recent Advancements in Geotechnical Engineering. Materials Research Forum LLC, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21741/9781644901618-14.
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Abstract. In India, the construction industry is growing at twice the world average. This leads to a significant accumulation of C&D waste. This typically includes asphalt, steel, concrete, bricks, wood and other building materials. It is estimated on a conservative basis that over 25-30 million tons of C&D waste is generated which clogs rivers, blocks traffic and occupies land / agricultural space which in turn creates pollution, solid waste production, discharge of dust and gas and leads to additional utilization of natural resources including non-renewable resources, thereby depleting the available resources. Only little amount of construction and demolition concrete debris is recycled or reused. Construction and demolition waste generation and handling issues are being focused to achieve sustainable goals. Based on this study, experimental investigations are carried out to evaluate the material properties and to study the strength characteristics and effect of partial replacement (20 %, 30 % and 40 %) of both fine and coarse aggregate obtained from construction and demolition waste (CDW) in the construction of intermediate road traffic concrete barriers.
Reports on the topic "Production of bricks"
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Bollers, Elton, Gralyn Frazier, Victor Gauto, Laura Giles Álvarez, Jeetendra Khadan, Ariel McCaskie, Henry Mooney, and David Rosenblatt. Country Briefs on the Fiscal and Public Debt Situation in the Caribbean Region. Inter-American Development Bank, March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003090.
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This document describes the fiscal and public debt situation in the countries of the Caribbean Region: The Bahamas, Barbados, Guyana, Jamaica, Suriname, and Trinidad and Tobago. Particular attention is paid to the impacts of the outbreak of COVID-19 that began in the early months of 2020, and to the measures adopted by governments to address the pandemic and its effects on production, consumption, and public accounts. The document also discusses countries growth prospects and recommends policies for each country.
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Kolodziejczyk, Bart. Unsettled Issues Concerning the Use of Green Ammonia Fuel in Ground Vehicles. SAE International, February 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/epr2021003.
Full textAbstract:
While hydrogen is emerging as a clean alternative automotive fuel and energy storage medium, there are still numerous challenges to implementation, such as the economy of hydrogen production and deployment, expensive storage materials, energy intensive compression or liquefaction processes, and limited trial applications. Synthetic ammonia production, on the other hand, has been available on an industrial scale for nearly a century. Ammonia is one of the most-traded commodities globally and the second most-produced synthetic chemical after sulfuric acid. As an energy carrier, it enables effective hydrogen storage in chemical form by binding hydrogen atoms to atmospheric nitrogen. While ammonia as a fuel is still in its infancy, its unique properties render it as a potentially viable candidate for decarbonizing the automotive industry. Yet, lack of regulation and standards for automotive applications, technology readiness, and reliance on natural gas for both hydrogen feedstocks to generate the ammonia and facilitate hydrogen and nitrogen conversion into liquid ammonia add extra uncertainty to use scenarios. Unsettled Issues Concerning the Use of Green Ammonia Fuel in Ground Vehicles brings together collected knowledge on current and future prospects for the application of ammonia in ground vehicles, including the technological and regulatory challenges for this new type of clean fuel.