Dissertations / Theses: 'Production of sugar cane'

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Opara, Charles C. "Continuous ethanol production from Nigerian cane-sugar molasses." Thesis, Loughborough University, 1987. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/13788.

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The fermentation of carbohydrate sources into ethanol has become increasingly important to both industrialized and developing countries, because of its numerous uses and the need to produce it from renewable resources. In a developing tropical country such as Nigeria, proliferation of microbial life due to the hot climate, and lack of the technical know-how to maintain commercially available plants have created the need to look inwards in order to design and realize simple processes and units from local inputs. The inputs are the microorganism, sugar source, and fermentation system. In this project, high ethanol yielding microorganisms (yeast and bacteria) were isolated from local alcoholic beverages, characterized and used to ferment suitably clarified molasses. Cell immobilized, fixed-bed fermentation system was found most suitable for the tropics.

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Onpraphai, Thaworn, and n/a. "Information systems for regional sugar cane production forecasting and localised yield estimation: a Thailand perspective." University of Canberra. Resource, Environmental & Heritage Sciences, 2004. http://erl.canberra.edu.au./public/adt-AUC20060517.142422.

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Sugar is an important global agricultural commodity and a significant input to the advanced industrialised world. Annual average global sugar production is around 120 million tonnes, with consumption around 118 million tonnes. Sugar is produced under a broad range of climatic conditions in some 120 countries and is one of the most heavily traded agricultural commodities (FAO, 2001). Plants produce sugar as a storehouse of energy that is used as required. Approximately 70% of sugar is produced from sugar cane while the remaining 30% is produced from sugar beet (Sugar Knowledge International, 2001). Thailand's cane and sugar industry is now one of the major sources of foreign income for the country. The value of sugar exports (around 35 billion baht or AUD $1.5 billion per annum) ranks among the top ten exported commodities of the Thai economy. Approximately 9.2% of annual global sugar production is exported from Thailand (WTO, 2001). The sugar industry is extremely complex and comprises individual links and components in the supply and demand chain that are more delicately in balance than with most other commodity based industries. Thailand's sugar production has been characterized by greater extremes of variability than in most other sugar producing countries. A unique combination of pests, disease, climate, soils, problems with plant available moisture and the low technology basis of crop management has increased production risk and uncertainty for the crop. Total tonnage of cane and sugar is notoriously difficult to predict during the growing season and for a mature crop before the harvest. Accordingly, the focus of this research is on the development and testing of methods, algorithms, procedures and output products for Sugar Cane Crop Forecasting and Yield Mapping. The resulting spatial and temporal information tools have the potential to provide the basis of a commercially deployable decision support system for Thailand's sugar industry. The scope of this thesis encompasses several levels within a geographical hierarchy of scales; from regional, district, farm, and plot within a study area in northeastern Thailand. Crop forecasting at regional level will reduce production risk uncertainty while yield mapping and yield estimation at local, farm and plot scales will enable productivity to be improved by identifying, diagnosing the cause of and reducing yield variability. The research has three main objectives. These are to: Develop statistical analysis procedures and empirical algorithms expressing the relationship between yield potential and spectral response of sugar cane yield as a basis for mapping, monitoring, modeling, forecasting and management of sugar production in Thailand. Evaluate the validity of a technology based versus conventional approach to crop forecasting and yield mapping, commencing with a series of testable null-hypotheses and culminating in procedures to calibrate and validate empirical models against verifiable production records. Outcomes are used to review and evaluate existing and potential future approaches to regional crop forecasting, localised yield mapping and yield estimation tools for operational use within Thailand's sugar industry. Identify, evaluate and establish performance benchmarks in relation to the practicality, accuracy, timeliness, cost effectiveness and value proposition of a satellite based versus conventional approach to crop forecasting and yield mapping. The methodology involved time series analysis of recorded sugar cane yields and production outcomes paired with spectral response statistics of crops derived from satellite imagery and seasonal rainfall records over a three year period within four provinces, forty five component districts and 120 representative farms. Spectral statistics were derived fiom raw multi-spectral satellite imagery (multitemporal SPOT- VI at regional scale and Landsat 7 ETM+ imagery at local scale) acquired during the 1999 to 2001 sugar cane seasons. Crop area and production statistics at regional scale were compiled and furnished by the provincial sugar mill and verified through government agencies within Thailand. Selective cutting at sample sites within nominated fields owned by collaborating growers was undertaken to validate localised differences in productivity and to facilitate yield variance mapping. Acquisition, processing, analysis and statistical modeling of remotely sensed satellite spectral data, rainfall records and production outcomes were accomplished using an empirical approach. Resulting crop production forecasting algorithms were systematically evaluated for reliability by assessing accuracy, spatial and temporal variability. Long term rainfall and district sugar cane yield and production records were used to account for district and season specific differences between estimated and recorded yields, to generate error probability functions and to improve the accuracy and applicability of empirical models under more extreme conditions. Limitations on finding and length of records constrained the number of seasons and the area for which satellite imagery with contrasting levels of spatial and spectral resolution could be acquired. The absence of verifiable long term production records combined with limitations on the duration and area able to be covered by field trips meant that time series analysis of paired data was necessarily constrained to a three year period of record coinciding with the author's period of candidature. Accordingly, although a comprehensive set of well correlated district and month specific yield forecasting algorithms was able to be developed, temporal restrictions on data availability constrained the extent to which they could be subjected to thorough accuracy and reliability analysis and extended with confidence down to farm and field scale. A variety of approaches, using different parameter combinations and threshold values, was used to combine individual districts and component farms into coherent groups to overcome temporal data constraints and to generate more robust production forecasting algorithms, albeit with slightly lower levels of apparent accuracy and reliability. The procedures adopted to optimise these district groupings are systematically explained. Component differences in terrain, biophysical conditions and management approaches between district groupings are used to explain differences in production outcomes and to account for apparent differences between forecast versus actual yields between districts both within and between different groups. The outcomes of this research - particularly the data acquisition and analysis procedures, empirical modeling, error assessment and adjustment techniques, and the optimisation procedures used to facilitate grouping of districts - provide a practical basis for the deployment of an operational sugar cane production forecasting and yield mapping information system to facilitate planning and logistical management of production, harvesting, transportation, processing, domestic marketing and export of sugar from northeastern Thailand. At the local and farm level, yield maps and plot based yield estimates will assist users to improve productivity by recognising, identiwing and responding to potential causes of within and between field spatial variability. However, before such an information system can be confidently deployed, additional resources will be required to obtain paired production records, spectral data fiom satellite imagery and biophysical input data over a longer period to ensure that the empirical models are operationally robust and to validate their accuracy under a wider range of conditions by comparing forecasts with actual outcomes over larger areas during the next few seasons.

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Cox, Graeme J. "A yield mapping system for sugar cane chopper harvesters." University of Southern Queensland, Faculty of Engineering and Surveying, 2002. http://eprints.usq.edu.au/archive/00004617/.

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[Abstract]: Yield maps provide essential information for the spatial analysis and evaluation of crop production management at a within field level. Technology has been developed to conduct yield mapping in various crops including grain, potatoes and forage, but as yet no technology exists for yield mapping sugar cane. The chopper harvester is the most common form ofmechanical harvester for sugar cane. Therefore, the goal of this research is to develop a yield mapping system for the chopper type sugar cane harvester.After a review, it is proposed that a suitable accuracy goal for the sugar cane mass flow sensor would be ‘less than 5% cumulative measurement error, 95% of the time (2 standard deviations), measured over a 100m2 harvest area’.Existing mass flow sensors for other crops are reviewed.Based on this review four potential techniques are proposed to measure the mass flow rate of sugar cane. These were defined as the chopper power, elevator power and feed roller separation and weigh pad. These weretested simultaneously by placing various sensors on a single harvester and comparing the sensor outputs with the mass flow rate as measured by a weigh truck. In this trial, all techniques offered potential but none produced results close to the accuracy goal. A weighing technique, known as the ‘weigh pad’, offered the most potential for improvement and potential to accurately measure the mass flow rate with a single calibration under all conditions. The weigh pad technique suffered from very small load cell sensitivity to flow rate, drift in baseline readings and susceptibility to mechanical noise/acceleration dynamics.An opportunity arose to install a complete yield mapping system on a harvester within a commercial operation. This opportunity was accepted to assess the potential for applying yield maps to the agronomic management of sugar cane. Because the weigh pad sensor required further development at this stage, chopper and elevator power were used as a measure of mass flow rate. A full yield mapping system was developed. Yield mapping, directed soil sampling and variable rate gypsum application was conducted on a case study field. Economic analysis shows a clear economic benefit when compared with standardmanagement.Analysis is conducted on the weigh pad sensor examining its susceptibility to mechanical noise/acceleration dynamics. Theory is developed to mathematically model the effects of acceleration dynamics on the accuracy of weigh pad sensor. Laboratory bench testing supported the mathematical model. From the theoretical and experimental analysis a number of conclusions are drawn:· The weigh pad should be made as light as possible to minimise the error due todynamic conditions.· Electronic analogue filters should be used to reduce the noise due to externalacceleration.· The weigh pad should be as rigid as possible to maximise its natural frequency.A new weigh pad sensor was designed based on these conclusions. Field trials indicated the effects of external accelerations dynamics were significantly reduced. Baseline drift was then found as the next major factor limiting accuracy. The baseline drift was principally caused by the secondary extractor fan of the harvester inducing a negative pressure on the weighpad. A rubber curtain placed between the weigh pad and the secondary extractor fan reduced the negative force on the weigh pad due to the secondary extractor fan by 74% (from 17 N to 4.4 N). Therefore it is recommended the curtain be used to minimise the impact of the secondary extractor fan on the baseline drift of the weigh pad.A yield mapping system has been developed for the sugar cane chopper harvester incorporating the weigh pad sensor, a ground speed sensor, a DGPS receiver, a yielddisplay/monitor and data logger. Three identical systems have been constructed and installed on three harvesters for the 1998 cane harvest season. The results show sugar cane could be yield mapped using standard yield mapping principles.The level of accuracy being achieved by the yield mapping system is less than 16% error, with 95% confidence, over a measurement area of approximately 1400 m2. Although theaccuracy achieved is not to the desired research goal, yield maps were produced with satisfactory detail to make agronomic management decisions. The reliability of the sugar cane yield mapping system under field condition in a commercial operation was satisfactory. However, two techniques are proposed (“auto-zeroing” and “batch weighing” techniques) to improve the accuracy and reliability of the weigh pad readings during wet or adverseharvesting conditions.After note: At the time of writing the NCEA along with Case Austoft (CNH) were continuing to conduct research and development on the system and are intending to make theyield mapping system available as a standard item on new harvesters and a retrofit unit on existing harvesters in the near future (C. Barret, per. comm. 2001). The proposed “autozeroing” and “batch weighing” techniques are being tested.

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Pinto, Fátima Cristina Romão Vieira. "Advances on the production of polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) by mixed microbial cultures from sugar cane molasses." Master's thesis, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/7868.

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Yabe, Marcio. "Mais rápido, mais alto, mais forte a superexploração e a saúde dos “atletas olímpicos” dos canaviais alagoanos." Universidade Federal de Alagoas, 2013. http://www.repositorio.ufal.br/handle/riufal/3530.

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Faster, Higher, Stronger, translation of the Latin ―Citius, Altius, Fortius‖, motto of the modern Olympic Games, is used in this dissertation to make an analogy to the superexploitation of the sugar cane cutters of Alagoas (Brazil), as they increasingly need to perform faster, accumulate higher quantities of sugar cane and strike more strongly with their machetes, to guarantee the surplus value for the sugar factory owners of Alagoas.Our intention is to demonstrate how this professional category underwent an excessive exploitation, that could only result in damage to health and indelible marks in its corporeity, since the category was exposed throughout life to long working days, to the intensification of their work, and to the expropriation of the work necessary for their personal and familiar reproduction.This damage is proven through research carried out with workers between the ages of 41 and 67 years, who experienced working conditions before and after the deregulation of the sugar cane market in Brazil.Our theoretical basis rests on the Marxist theory of the exploitation of work, from which social scientists Ruy Mauro Marini and Raul Rojas Soriano derived the premises of super-exploitationandof Marxist medical sociology respectively.
Mais Rápido, Mais Alto, Mais Forte, tradução do latim ―Citius, Altius, Fortius‖, lema dos Jogos Olímpicos da modernidade, é usado nesta dissertação para fazer uma analogia com a forma como acontece a superexploração dos cortadores de cana-de-açúcar dos canaviais alagoanos, que precisam de uma atuação cada vez mais rápida, acumular montes de cana cada vez mais altos e desferir golpes de facão cada vez mais fortes, para garantir a mais-valia dos usineiros de Alagoas. Nossa intenção é demonstrar o quanto que esta categoria profissional, que foi exposta ao longo da vida a extensas jornadas laborais, à intensificação do seu trabalho e à expropriação de parte do trabalho necessário para a sua reprodução pessoal e familiar, sofreu uma exploração desmedida, que só podia resultar em danos à sua saúde e marcas indeléveis na sua corporeidade. Danos estes que demonstramos através de pesquisa realizada com trabalhadores entre 41 e 67 anos de idade, que vivenciaram tanto o período anterior quanto o posterior à desregulamentação do mercado canavieiro brasileiro, em função da idade. Nossa fundamentação teórica se apoiou na teoria marxista da exploração do trabalho, sob o olhar de dois cientistas sociais que souberam extrair desta teoria as premissas da superexploração, Ruy Mauro Marini, e da sociologia médica marxista, Raul Rojas Soriano.

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Vrběcká, Lucie. "Světový trh cukru a postavení ČR na tomto trhu." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-162208.

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In my diploma thesis I am analysing world sugar market and the role of the Czech Republic on this market. In the first chapter I am describing sugar as a general commodity, its usage, consumption and production, also the production in important areas. In the second part of the thesis I am writing about the restrictions of the sugar market from European Union, I am describing all reforms and quotas and its influence on all countries. In the third part, the most important one, I am writing about sugar trade on Exchange which instruments are mainly being used, news forms of trading such as Fair Trade. I am also describing factors that influence development of prices. In the last part, also very important one, I am writing about the role of the Czech Republic on the world market and its development throughout the years and about attenuation of the sugar production in our country.

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Dookun, Asha Devi. "The production, characterization and use of monoclonal antibodies for race differentiation of Xanthomonas campestris pv. vasculorum, causal agent of gumming disease of sugar cane." Thesis, University of Reading, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.386980.

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Junior, Roberto Pedroso. "Arranjos institucionais na agricultura brasileira: um estudo sobre o uso de contratos no sistema agroindustrial sucroalcooleiro da região centro-sul." Universidade de São Paulo, 2008. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/12/12139/tde-24102008-120836/.

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Este trabalho analisa os arranjos institucionais de produção adotados nas transações realizadas entre fornecedores e empresas de processamento (usinas e destilarias) no sistema agroindustrial sucroalcooleiro da região Centro-Sul do Brasil, comparando os arranjos institucionais de produção adotados em regiões tradicionais e não tradicionais no cultivo de cana-de-açúcar. Considerando o objetivo do estudo, a base teórica que sustenta a investigação está embasada em autores da Nova Economia Institucional, tendo particular atenção sobre a linha da Economia dos Custos de Transação. A base metodológica utilizada no estudo se alicerça sobre a Abordagem Holística sugerida por Bogetoft e Olesen, para tanto foram realizadas entrevistas semi-estruturadas com produtores e representantes de instituições do sistema sucroalcooleiro, além da elaboração de dois estudos de casos com empresas processadoras. As empresas processadoras escolhidas para os estudos de casos encontram-se em regiões distintas em relação ao histórico de produção de cana-de-açúcar, assim como as sete associações de fornecedores de cana entrevistadas. Ao final da coleta de dados e análise das informações foi possível constatar indícios da existência de distinção entre os arranjos institucionais de produção de fornecimento entre regiões tradicionais e não tradicionais de cultivo de cana-de-açúcar, o que diferencia os tipos de contratos entre empresas processadoras em diferentes regiões. No caso da empresa processadora localizada em região não tradicional, verificaram-se dificuldades para esta conseguir produtores agrícolas dispostos a realizarem contratos de fornecimento. No outro estudo com empresa processadora localizada em região tradicional no cultivo de cana foram encontrados casos de fornecedores que mantêm uma relação estável de longa duração através de acordos orais baseados na reputação criada ao longo de décadas de transações. As conclusões expostas ao final do estudo demonstram a importância do aprofundamento dos estudos envolvendo os arranjos institucionais de produção adotados por empresas em diferentes ambientes institucionais.
This work analyzes the institutional framework that mediates market transactions between suppliers (plants) and processing firms (distilleries) within South Central Brazils sugar and alcohol agroindustry. To that end, a comparison is made between institutional production arrangements in traditional and non-traditional sugar cane farming regions. The theoretical background of this investigation is based on the New Institutional Economics, particularly focused on Transaction Cost Economics. The methodology adopted is a departure from the Holistic Approach proposed by Bogetoft and Olesen. In-depth, semi-structured interviews were conducted with producers representing institutions in the sugar and alcohol sector, as well as two case studies on processing firms. Due to the historical development of sugar agriculture, the processing firms and the seven suppliers organizations interviewed are located in different regions. Data collection and information analysis pointed to the existence of different contracts deriving from different institutional arrangements between them. Whereas agricultural producers supplying processing firms in non-traditional regions were observed to be unwilling to sign contracts, those located in traditional ones were found to have stable, long-term relationships governed by verbal contracts based on reputation built along decades of transactions. Conclusions demonstrate the importance of deepening the studies involving institutional arrangements adopted by companies located in different institutional settings.

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Yamada, Mamoru Carlos. "Especificação de experimentos, modelos e interfaces padrões para o apoio ao planejamento da produção no setor sucroalcooleiro, via simulação." Universidade de São Paulo, 2004. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18135/tde-10022017-160258/.

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Este trabalho propõe a especificação e a criação de experimentos, modelos e interfaces padrões para o apoio ao processo de planejamento da produção de um sistema produtivo sucroalcooleiro, via simulação. Os modelos abrangem os setores agrícola e industrial das usinas sucroalcooleiras, da colheita da matéria-prima até a fabricação do açúcar e do álcool. A modelagem do sistema, utilizando softwares comerciais de simulação com flexibilidade de recursos para customização, visa a geração de um ambiente de simulação para análises de desempenho e sensibilidade. Os modelos padrões que compõem este ambiente de simulação permitem que sejam realizadas simulações em 3 diferentes escopos, desde a usina, passando pelos setores agrícola e industrial, e chegando ao nível dos processos de corte/carregamento, recepção de matéria-prima, extração, tratamento de caldo, fabricação de açúcar, fabricação de álcool e geração de vapor. A interação do usuário com o ambiente, por meio de interfaces amigáveis, tem como função fornecer ao planejador uma opção de ferramenta de trabalho simples e de fácil aplicação, que possibilita a obtenção de informações úteis sobre o comportamento e das inter-relações entre as principais variáveis que influenciam o desempenho do sistema, permitindo a escolha das opções mais adequadas na busca de melhorias.
This work proposes the specification and generation of standard experiments, models and interfaces for supporting to the process of production planning in the sugar cane industry, through simulation. Models embrace the agricultural and industrial sections of sugar cane plants, since the cane harvesting until the sugar and alcohol production. The system modelling, using commercial simulation softwares with flexibility of customization resources, seeks the generation of a simulation environment for performance and sensibility analyses. Standard models that compose this simulation environment allow simulations to be accomplished in 3 different scopes, from the plant, passing by the agricultural and industrial sections, and arriving at the level of the processes: cutting/loading, raw material reception, extraction, juice treatment, sugar production, alcohol production and stream generation. The user\'s interaction with the simulation environment through friendly interfaces, has the function of supplying the planner with an ease-to-use tool option, that makes possible the obtaining of useful information about the behavior and the interrelations among the principal variables that influence the system performance, allowing the choice of the most appropriate options in the search of improvements.

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Carmo, Inês Miguel Troles Duarte do. "Food waste valorization through the production of polyhydroxyalkanoates by mixed microbial cultures." Master's thesis, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/10454.

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Dissertação para obtenção do Grau de Mestre em Engenharia Química e Bioquímica
Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) are polyesters of hydroxyl fatty acids, which are accumulated in microbial cells as carbon/energy reserves. PHAs are bio-based and biodegradable and display a wide range of thermoplastic properties, being a promising alternative to conventional plastics. Presently, industrial PHA production was primarily based on pure microbial cultures. Although this process has high PHA production efficiency, it presents high costs associated with the use of chemically-defined feedstocks, and to the need for sterility. An attractive feature of mixed microbial cultures (MMCs) PHAs production is the ability to use waste/surplus feedstocks. Many industrial wastes are seasonally produced making it necessary find the best method of utilization of this feedstock on PHA production process. Two different approaches might be taken account: (1) stock of industrial wastes during their production for their use throughout the year. However, the high fermentability of these agro-industrial wastes makes them susceptible to degradation during storage period; (2) the use of different feedstocks over the year according its availability. It is thus important to study MMC’s response to different feedstocks. The aim of this work is study how MMC PHA production process is affected by a feedstock shift, using cheese whey (CW) and sugar cane molasses (SCM) as model feedstocks. The use of waste based feedstock by MMCs requires a previous conversion of sugars to organic acids (OAs), which is achieved through anaerobic fermentation. In this study, a three-stage MMC PHA process was used, comprising: (1) anaerobic fermentation of surplus feedstocks to produce OAs in a membrane bioreactor (AnMBR); (2) PHA accumulating culture selection in a sequencing batch reactor (SBR) under feast and famine conditions using fermented feedstocks; and (3) PHA production using the selected cultures and the OAs produced in the earlier stages. Initially the effect of both feedstocks (CW and, SCM) in the acidogenic fermentation (stage 1) was assessed. Firstly, the AnMBR was operated under steady state with CW. When the feedstock was changed to SCM an adaption period of about 10 to 15 days was observed. When SCM was replaced by CW a faster adaptation response, approximately 7 days, was observed. The AnMBR reached similar OAs profiles in both phases when CW was fed (% g-COD HAA/g-COD OAs): 65% acetate, 10% propionate, 22% butyrate, 2% valerate, and 1% lactate. These results demonstrate that the system’s performance is reproducible. On the other hand, the anaerobic fermentation of a different feedstock, SCM, resulted in a different OAs profile (%g-COD HAA/g-COD OAs): 24% acetate, 38% propionate, 19% butyrate, and 19% valerate. In a second phase, different fermented feedstocks were used in the selection of PHA-storing organisms under a feast and famine regime in a SBR (stage 2). Initially the SBR was fed with a synthetic OAs solution; then fermented SCM (fSCM) and fermented CW (fCW) were subsequently fed as they were produced in the AnMBR. The adaption of the MMC to fSCM was faster than the adaptation to fCW. Whenever steady state was reached, PHA accumulation tests were performed using the enriched MMC fed with the corresponding feedstock (stage 3), namely synthetic OAs solution, fSCM, and fCW. Storage yields of 0.74, 0.49, and 0.73 C-mol PHA/ C-mol OAs were obtained with synthetic OAs solution, fermented molasses, and fermented CW, respectively. The culture reached a maximum PHA content of 60%, 56% and 65%, when feedstock fed were synthetic OAs solution, fSCM and fCW, respectively. A direct relation between the used feedstock and the polymers composition was observed, which was related with the different OAs profile. Even though, the shift of complex feedstock in three-stage MMC PHA process is still at a very early stage of development, this work illustrates the advantage of favoring the selection of cultures with the capacity to adapt its metabolism to different feedstocks. This will offer the possibility of using numerous substrates and improving strategies to optimize acidogenic fermentation, culture selection and polymer production.

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Chamma, Renato Moraes. "Uma análise da evolução da produção, área, produtividade e emprego nas tradicionais atividades agrícolas no estado de São Paulo." Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/96/96132/tde-12052009-144242/.

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Este trabalho apresenta um mapeamento sobre a evolução da exploração das tradicionais atividades agrícolas no estado de São Paulo, representadas pela cana-de-açúcar, café e citros, a partir das variáveis produção, área, produtividade e número de empregos formais nestas atividades entre 1997 e 2006. Assim, a questão principal foi identificar o padrão da evolução destas variáveis nos municípios. Através de dados secundários, obtidos de órgãos governamentais foram gerados grupos de municípios por meio da análise de cluster, de acordo com as similaridades na produção, área, produtividade e emprego formal. Como subsídio a este trabalho foi discutido o cenário sobre a situação do Agronegócio brasileiro, com destaque o cenário paulista, envolvendo a cana-de-açúcar, café e citros. Os resultados obtidos permitiram identificar grupos de municípios com os maiores crescimentos em determinadas variáveis, sobretudo a grande expansão da produção de cana-de-açúcar, alavancada pelo aumento da área e produtividade, o aumento da produção de café, via elevação de produtividade e o grande aumento do emprego formal na citricultura.
This work show a mapping about the evolution of the exploration of traditional activities in Sao Paulo state, represented by sugar-cane, coffee and citrus fruits, using the variables production, area, productivity and the number of formal employees in these activities between 1997 and 2006. So, the main issue was to identify the pattern of evolution of these variables in the municipalities. Through secondary data, obtained from government institutions groups of counties were generated through the analysis of clusters according to similarities in production, area, productivity and the number of employees. Subsidiary was debated the scenery of the situation of Brazilian Agribusiness, with focus in the State of Sao Paulo and mainly involving sugar cane, coffee and citrus fruit. The results have identified groups of counties with the largest increases in certain variables, especially the great expansion of production of sugar cane, leveraged by the increase in area and productivity, increase the production of coffee, by increased productivity and large increase in formal employment in citrus cultivation.

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Costa, Gustavo Henrique Gravatim [UNESP]. "Emprego do extrato de moringa (Moringa oleífera Lamarck) na clarificação do caldo de cana para produção de açúcar." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/99636.

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Devido a crescente demanda mundial e rigorosas especificações exigidas pelo mercado para o açúcar, as unidades produtoras investem em inovações e tecnologias de produção, afim de reduzir custos e aprimorar a qualidade deste produto. Entre as possíveis inovações industriais, destaca-se o tratamento do caldo. Tal processo visa remover ao máximo os compostos considerados impurezas para a fabricação de açúcar, como compostos fenólicos, proteínas, sais inorgânicos, aminoácidos, ácidos, entre outros; permanecendo no caldo clarificado apenas sacarose. A remoção de tais elementos é realizada através de reações químicas de produtos adicionados com fosfatos presentes no caldo, os quais formam flocos e precipitam. A fim de aumentar a velocidade de sedimentação, são utilizados polieletrólitos sintéticos, que unem tais compostos, agregando peso e tamanho. Neste contexto, a utilização de produtos originados de plantas para substituição deste insumo, pode trazer benefícios econômicos e ambientais para a unidade de produção, consolidando a marca de sustentabilidade que o setor exige atualmente. Entre tais biomoléculas, destacam-se os extratos de moringa (Moringa oleífera Lam.), a qual é amplamente utilizada para sedimentação de impurezas em água para consumo doméstico. Desta maneira, o objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar os reflexos do emprego de extratos de folhas e sementes de moringa, como auxiliares de sedimentação na clarificação do caldo de cana, na qualidade do caldo clarificado, açúcar VHP produzido e mel resultante. Primeiramente realizou-se o preparo e caracterização dos diferentes extratos, seguido...
Due to growing global demand and stringent specifications required by the market for sugar, the mills invest in innovation and production technologies in order to reduce costs and improve the quality of this product. Possible industrial innovations, highlight the juice treatment. This process aims to remove most of the compounds considered impurities for the manufacture of sugar, such as phenolic compounds, proteins, inorganic salts, amino acids, etc.; remaining in the clarified juice only sucrose. The removal of such components is accomplished via chemical reaction between added products and phosphates present in the juice. This reaction results in flocs that precipitates. In order to increase the speed of sedimentation, synthetic polyelectrolytes are used, such compounds that bind, adding weight and size. In this context, the use of products derived from plants to replace this input, can bring economic and environmental benefits to the production unit, consolidating the brand sustainability of the industry now demands. Among these biomolecules stand out extracts of moringa (Moringa oleifera Lam), which is widely used for sedimentation of impurities in water for domestic consumption. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the consequences of the use of extracts of leaves and seeds of Moringa as aids in sedimentation clarification of sugarcane juice, the quality of the clarified juice, sugar and honey produced resulting VHP. First held preparation and characterization of the different extracts, followed by concentration tests to be applied in... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

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Costa, Gustavo Henrique Gravatim. "Emprego do extrato de moringa (Moringa oleífera Lamarck) na clarificação do caldo de cana para produção de açúcar /." Jaboticabal, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/99636.

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Orientador: Márcia Justino Rossini Mutton
Banca: José Paulo Stupiello
Banca: Maria Teresa Mendes Ribeiro Borges
Resumo: Devido a crescente demanda mundial e rigorosas especificações exigidas pelo mercado para o açúcar, as unidades produtoras investem em inovações e tecnologias de produção, afim de reduzir custos e aprimorar a qualidade deste produto. Entre as possíveis inovações industriais, destaca-se o tratamento do caldo. Tal processo visa remover ao máximo os compostos considerados impurezas para a fabricação de açúcar, como compostos fenólicos, proteínas, sais inorgânicos, aminoácidos, ácidos, entre outros; permanecendo no caldo clarificado apenas sacarose. A remoção de tais elementos é realizada através de reações químicas de produtos adicionados com fosfatos presentes no caldo, os quais formam flocos e precipitam. A fim de aumentar a velocidade de sedimentação, são utilizados polieletrólitos sintéticos, que unem tais compostos, agregando peso e tamanho. Neste contexto, a utilização de produtos originados de plantas para substituição deste insumo, pode trazer benefícios econômicos e ambientais para a unidade de produção, consolidando a marca de sustentabilidade que o setor exige atualmente. Entre tais biomoléculas, destacam-se os extratos de moringa (Moringa oleífera Lam.), a qual é amplamente utilizada para sedimentação de impurezas em água para consumo doméstico. Desta maneira, o objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar os reflexos do emprego de extratos de folhas e sementes de moringa, como auxiliares de sedimentação na clarificação do caldo de cana, na qualidade do caldo clarificado, açúcar VHP produzido e mel resultante. Primeiramente realizou-se o preparo e caracterização dos diferentes extratos, seguido... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: Due to growing global demand and stringent specifications required by the market for sugar, the mills invest in innovation and production technologies in order to reduce costs and improve the quality of this product. Possible industrial innovations, highlight the juice treatment. This process aims to remove most of the compounds considered impurities for the manufacture of sugar, such as phenolic compounds, proteins, inorganic salts, amino acids, etc.; remaining in the clarified juice only sucrose. The removal of such components is accomplished via chemical reaction between added products and phosphates present in the juice. This reaction results in flocs that precipitates. In order to increase the speed of sedimentation, synthetic polyelectrolytes are used, such compounds that bind, adding weight and size. In this context, the use of products derived from plants to replace this input, can bring economic and environmental benefits to the production unit, consolidating the brand sustainability of the industry now demands. Among these biomolecules stand out extracts of moringa (Moringa oleifera Lam), which is widely used for sedimentation of impurities in water for domestic consumption. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the consequences of the use of extracts of leaves and seeds of Moringa as aids in sedimentation clarification of sugarcane juice, the quality of the clarified juice, sugar and honey produced resulting VHP. First held preparation and characterization of the different extracts, followed by concentration tests to be applied in... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
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Medeiros, Andréia Medolago de. "Técnicas de produção de açúcar no Brasil colonial: as edições do livro Cultura e opulência do Brazil." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2012. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/13271.

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Sugar production in Brazil begins with occupation of the colony and during the 18th Century is one of the most important activities developed in Brazil. The lack of investment and high charges levied by Portugal, in addition to the restrictions on the press have hampered innovations. The only published work in Brazil dedicated to main items produced in Brazil sugar, tobacco and gold is made by Antonil, titled Culture and Opulence of Brazil: for its drugs and mines, being collected and burned shortly after its publication. With the creation of the Literary Home of Arco do Cego, Frei Veloso dedicates a series of works devoted to agricultural improvement, many of which related to the sugar production. It is in this context that, in 1800, Veloso republished partially the work of Antonil, adding to it an appendix with the indication of a new milling. In this work we will expose the techniques used in the sugar production, throughout the 18th century in Brazil, seeking, on the one hand, studying the methods of sugar production and, on the other hand, to analyze the possible changes in techniques, arising from the need to improve the yield of the sugar from the mills of Pernambuco, in the early 19th century
A produção de açúcar no Brasil se inicia com a ocupação da colônia e ainda durante o século XVIII é uma das mais importantes atividades desenvolvidas no Brasil. A falta de investimentos e os altos encargos cobrados por Portugal, além da restrição à imprensa dificultam as inovações. A única obra publicada no Brasil dedicada aos principais itens produzidos no Brasil açúcar, tabaco e ouro - é feita por Antonil, com o título de Cultura e Opulência do Brasil: Por Suas Drogas e Minas, sendo recolhida e queimada logo após sua publicação. Com a criação da Casa Literária do Arco do Cego, Frei Veloso dedica uma série de obras voltadas ao melhoramento agrícola, muitas delas direcionadas à produção de Açúcar. É nesse contexto que, em 1800 Veloso republica parcialmente a obra de Antonil, adicionando a ela um apêndice com a indicação de uma nova moenda. Neste trabalho vamos expor as técnicas utilizadas na produção do açúcar, ao longo do século XVIII no Brasil, buscando, por um lado, estudar os métodos de produção do açúcar e, por outro, analisar as possíveis modificações nas técnicas, decorrentes da necessidade de melhorar o rendimento do açúcar obtido nos engenhos de Pernambuco, no início do século XIX

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Pauli, Daniel Gustavo de. "Planejamento da qualidade do plantio mecanizado de cana de açúcar." Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11148/tde-09112009-154915/.

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Garantir a qualidade durante as operações de plantio é o primeiro passo para se alcançar o bom desenvolvimento e lucratividade da cultura. O plantio é uma das etapas de produção da cana de açúcar que mais demanda conhecimento técnico e planejamento adequado, pois as decisões tomadas nesse momento repercutirão por todo o ciclo produtivo. A recente disponibilidade do sistema mecanizado de plantio gera dificuldades aos que decidem implantá-lo, principalmente para definir e controlar, em meio às diversas variáveis, as prioridades do sistema. Diante dessa realidade, o objetivo desse trabalho foi identificar as prioridades técnicas e estabelecer metas de desempenho para o planejamento da qualidade do plantio mecanizado de cana de açúcar utilizando o método do Desdobramento da Função Qualidade (QFD). O trabalho foi desenvolvido por meio de reuniões com uma equipe técnica formada dentro de uma empresa de bioenergia (açúcar, álcool e energia elétrica). Em relação às exigências da qualidade do plantio mecanizado, foi extraído um total de 54 itens. Desses itens, os aspectos gerenciais do plantio apresentaram maior importância, envolvendo: baixo custo e bom desempenho operacional da colheita de mudas; falhas no fornecimento de mudas à plantadora; distância do viveiro à área de plantio. Obteve-se um total de 58 características da qualidade (requisitos técnicos) que abrangem as operações realizadas em pré plantio, plantio e pós plantio. Desse total extraíram-se 17 características, as quais foram consideradas prioridades e estabelecidas como metas de desempenho para o plantio mecanizado da empresa. As características da qualidade com maiores pesos relativos foram a densidade de gemas viáveis, o consumo de mudas e a distância da área de plantio até viveiro de mudas. Os resultados obtidos permitiram compreender como e com que intensidade as variáveis do processo de plantio mecanizado se relacionam.
To reach a good growing and profitability of sugar cane crops, the first step is to guarantee the quality during the planting operations. The planting is one of the steps in the production that demands more technical knowledgement and a proper planning. The decisions made at that moment will influence throughout the productive cycle. The planting mechanization is a technique recently available and it has generated some difficulties to the ones who decided to install it, mainly to define and control the system priorities, despite the several variables. Before this scenery, the aim of this study was to plan the sugar cane mechanized planting, to identify the technical priorities and to establish goals of performance. The methodology used was based on quality function deployment (QFD). The work was developed and organized after some meetings with a staff consisted of a bio-energy enterprise (sugar, ethanol and electrical energy). There were a total of 54 items under the mechanized planting of quality demands. The items related to management aspects of planting presented the higher importance because they involve low cost and a good operational performance of the seedlings harvesting, failures on the seedlings supplying to the planter and the distance from the nursery to the planting area. A total of 58 technical requirements that involve the operations realized in pre-planting, planting and postplanting were obtained. Out of these total, 17 characteristics were considered the priorities and established as the performance goals for the enterprise mechanized planting. The characteristics that presented higher relative weighs were the density of viable buds, the seedlings consume and the distance from the planting area to the nursery. The results made possible to understand the manner and the intensity that the variables of mechanized planting process relate to each other.

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Olojugba, O. O. "The production, marketing and consumption of sugar containing foods and drinks in Ondo State, Nigeria, and its implication for dental health." Thesis, University of Manchester, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.383215.

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Tronto, Reinaldo. "Cultura e espaço : identidade e território na formação de um arranjo produtivo local potencial em Sertãozinho - SP /." Rio Claro : [s.n.], 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/95713.

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Orientador: Bernadete Aparecida Caprioglio de Castro Oliveira
Banca: Elson Luciano Pires
Banca: Fábio Kazuo Ocada
Resumo: O desenvolvimento endógeno tem sido estudado de forma crescente na atualidade, não por ineditismo, mas pela importância crescente que tem recebido pelos agentes hegemônicos ou não que comandam e/ou participam do estágio atual do processo de globalização. Os territórios se articulam em processos de cooperação e concorrência para emitir ou receber e comandar ou obedecer aos vetores da globalização. Criam internamente e em redes de territórios, as condições favoráveis à produção e reprodução da globalização hegemônica. Criam, portanto as condições territoriais exigidas para a reprodução do grande capital e do capital local. Internamente, os territórios se organizam espacial, social, cultural, política e economicamente para garantir ao capital local e externo estabilidade e segurança para a sua reprodução: a organização espacial que garante a produção, distribuição, circulação e consumo; a organização social que permite a dominação de uma classe hegemônica sobre as demais; a organização cultural ideológica que garante ocultar a exploração de uma classe sobre as demais, ou que mascara as relações entre classes; a organização política que garante a estabilidade formal (legal) e informal para a produção e reprodução segundo os interesses da classe dominante; a organização econômica garante a reprodução do capital que favorece as grandes empresas localmente instaladas ou que mantém relações com esse território. O município de Sertãozinho, enquanto território, apresenta uma organização interna muito em controlada pela elite local, condição que permite uma quase inexistência de conflitos nas relações entre classes sociais, entre grandes empresas e micros e pequenas empresas, entre grupos políticos de naturezas antagônicas. A elite local tem se apropriado de uma cultura histórica e hegemonicamente produzida... (Resumo comp-leto, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: The endogenous development has been studied of increasing form in the present time, not for ineditismo, but for the increasing importance that has received for the hegemonic agents or not that they command and/or they participate of the current period of training of the globalization process. The territories if articulate in processes of cooperation and competition to emit or to receive and to command or to obey the vectors of the globalization. They create internally and in nets of territories, the conditions favorable to the production and reproduction of the hegemonic globalization. They create, therefore the demanded territorial conditions for the reproduction of the great capital and the local capital. Internally, the territories if organize space, social, cultural, politics and economically to guarantee to the local capital and external stability and security for its reproduction: the space organization that guarantees the production, distribution, circulation and consumption; the social organization that allows the domination of a hegemonic classroom on excessively; ideological the cultural organization that guarantees to occult the exploration of a classroom on excessively, or that it masks the relations between classrooms; the organization politics that according to guarantees the formal stability (legal) and informal for the production and reproduction interests of the ruling class; the economic organization guarantees the reproduction of the capital that favors the great companies local installed or that it keeps relations with this territory. The city of Sertãozinho, while territory, very presents an internal organization in controlled for the local elite, condition that almost allows an inexistence of conflicts in the relations between social classrooms, great companies and microns and small companies, between groups politicians of antagonistic natures... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
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Rego, Gabriel Catucci. "Produção de hidrogênio em reatores anaeróbios de leito fluidificado mesofílico a partir de diferentes substratos orgânicos da indústria sucroalcooleira." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18138/tde-21032017-151748/.

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O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a produção de H2 a partir de diferentes substratos orgânicos da indústria sucroalcooleira, como caldo, melaço e vinhaça da cana-de-açúcar, incluindo a sacarose como uma fonte de carbono sintética. Foram utilizados quatro reatores anaeróbios de leito fluidificado, sendo reator mesofílico caldo (RMC), reator mesofílico melaço (RMM), reator mesofílico sacarose (RMS) e reator mesofílico vinhaça (RMV) mantidos em condição mesofílica (30 ºC) e em concentrações iniciais no substrato de alimentação de 5 gDQO. L-1. O pH do reatores foi mantido entre 4 e 5, os tempos de detenção hidráulica (TDH) empregados foram de 8, 6, 4, 2 e 1 h e a inoculação foi através de um lodo proveniente de um abatedouro de aves, que sofreu tratamento térmico. Em RMC o rendimento de H2 (HY) máximo obtido foi de 1,2 mol H2. mol sacarose-1, ocorrido no TDH de 8 h. O reator (RMM) apresentou um melhor consumo de substrato atingindo um HY de 1,4 mol H2. mol sacarose-1, observado no TDH de 4 h. RMS apresentou o melhor HY em relação aos demais reatores atingindo 3,3 mol H2. mol sacarose-1 no TDH de 6 h. A melhor produção volumétrica de H2 (PVH) obtida foi observada no RMS, onde no TDH de 2 h o reator atingiu 11 L H2. L-1. D-1. RMV, que utilizou vinhaça que passou por tratamento físico-químico através da adição de óxido de cálcio, não apresentou produção de H2. Dentre os principais produtos metabólitos solúveis observados nos reatores durante a operação houve predominância nas concentrações de ácido acético, butírico, isobutírico, propiônico, e succínico, em RMM. No RMC observaram-se maiores concentrações de ácido acético, butírico, lático e propiônico. RMV apresentou predominância de ácido acético, succínico, propiônico e butírico. Em RMS as maiores concentrações foram de ácido propiônico, acético, isobutírico, butírico e etanol.
This study aimed to evaluate the production of H2 from different organic substrates sugar industry, like juice, molasses and vinasse from cane sugar, including sucrose as a source of synthetic carbon. four anaerobic fluidized bed were used, mesophilic broth reactor (RMC), mesophilic molasses reactor (RMM), reactor mesophilic sucrose RMS) and reactor mesophilic vinasse (RMV) maintained at mesophilic condition (30ºC) and at initial concentrations feed substrate 5 gCOD. L-1. The pH of the reactor was kept between 4 and 5, the hydraulic detention time (HDT) used were 8, 6, 4, 2 and 1 h and the inoculation through a sludge from a poultry slaughterhouse, which underwent heat treatment. In MRC H2 yield (HY) maximum obtained was 1.2 mol H2. mol sucrose-1, occurred in HRT of 8 h. The reactor (RMM) showed a better substrate consumption reaching a HY 1.4 mol H2. mol-1 sucrose, HDT observed in 4 h. RMS presented the best HY compared to other reactors reaching 3.3 mol H2. mol-1 sucrose in HRT of 6 h. The best volumetric H2 production (PVH) obtained was observed in the RMS where the TDH 2 h the reactor reached 11 L H2. L-1. D-1. RMV that used vinasse which has undergone physical-chemical treatment by adding calcium oxide, showed no H2 production. Among the main products soluble metabolites observed in the reactors during operation predominated in acetic acid concentrations, butyric, isobutyric, propionic, and succinic in RMM. In MRC were observed higher concentrations of acetic, butyric, lactic and propionic acid. RMV showed predominantly acetic, succinic, propionic and butyric acid. RMS higher concentrations were propionic acid, acetic, isobutyric, butyric acid and ethanol.

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Júnior, Antônio Djalma Nunes Ferraz. "Digestão anaeróbia da vinhaça da cana de açúcar em reator acidogênico de leito fixo seguido de reator metanogênico de manta de lodo." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18138/tde-27082014-092345/.

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A aplicação da digestão anaeróbia aparece como opção para processamento da vinhaça, visto que por meio deste processo é possível aliar a recuperação de energia (hidrogênio e metano) ao enquadramento ambiental deste resíduo sem interferir em suas qualidades como biofertilizante. Nesse sentido, este trabalho avaliou a aplicação da digestão anaeróbia da vinhaça em sistema combinado acidogênico e metanogênico. Inicialmente, avaliou-se a influência de materiais suportes (argila expandida, carvão vegetal, cerâmica porosa e polietileno de baixa densidade) na produção de hidrogênio, em reatores de leito empacotado (APBR) operados em condição mesofílica (25°C) (Etapa 1). De uma forma geral, apenas traços de hidrogênio foram observados nos reatores preenchidos com partículas de carvão vegetal e cerâmica porosa (2 - 7,9 mL-H2.d-1.L-1 reator). Por outro lado, os valores para a produção volumétrica de hidrogênio (PVH) nos reatores com argila expandida e polietileno de baixa densidade foram dez vezes superior (74,3 - 84,2 mL-H2.d-1.L-1 reator), todavia, estatisticamente iguais. O critério de seleção do material suporte ocorreu com base em relatos na literatura que indicaram rebaixamento do leito e entupimento da saída de reatores APBR preenchidos com argila expandida. Portanto, o polietileno de baixa densidade foi escolhido como melhor opção dentre os suportes avaliados. Não obstante, a baixa relação C/N da vinhaça associada à microaeração do sistema (presença de microrganismos anóxicos) afetou severamente os reatores APBR com diferentes materiais suportes, levando-os à falência. Na segunda etapa, adotou-se a operação dos APBR preenchidos com polietileno de baixa densidade, em condição termofílica (55°C) a fim de diminuir o rendimento da biomassa acidogênica e a solubilidade do oxigênio. Adicionalmente, foi avaliada influência da Carga Orgânica Volumétrica aplicada (COVa - 36,4 - 108,6 kg- DQO.m-3.d-1), por meio da variação do Tempo de Detenção Hidráulica (TDH - 8 - 24 h). Produção contínua de hidrogênio foi observada em todos os reatores operados em condição termofílica (Etapa 2). Nessa etapa, estabeleceu-se a condição ótima de operação com COVa de 84,2 kg-DQO.m-3.d-1 e TDH de 10 h, resultando em PVH de valor 575,3 mL-H2.d-1.L-1 reator e rendimento de hidrogênio (Y1H2) de 1,4 mol-H2.mol-1 carboidratos totais. Na Etapa III, essas condições foram impostas na operação do APBR, resultando em aumento de 18,2% e 14,2% nos valores de PVH e Y1H2, respectivamente, em relação aos dados obtidos na Etapa II. Em paralelo, foram operados dois reatores metanogênicos do tipo manta de lodo (UASB), compondo um sistema único (UASB) e um sistema combinado (APBR/UASB). A produção de energia no sistema combinado foi 25,7% superior ao observado no sistema único. A eficiência de remoção da matéria orgânica total e solúvel aumentou de 60,7 ± 0,3% e 72,6% ± 1,2% no sistema único e 74,6 ± 0,3% e 96,1 ± 1,7% no sistema combinado, respectivamente, sob COVa de 25 kg-DQO.m-3.d-1 (calculada para os sistemas metanogênicos).
Anaerobic digestion application appears as an option for sugar cane vinasse processing, since via this process it is possible to combine the energy recovery (hydrogen and methane) to the environmental framework of this residue without interfering in their qualities as biofertilizer. In this sense, this study evaluated the application of anaerobic digestion of vinasse in two-stage system (acidogenic and methanogenic). Initially, it was evaluated the influence of support material (expanded clay, charcoal, porous ceramics, and low-density polyethylene) on hydrogen production in acidogenic packed bed reactors (APBR) operated under mesophilic condition (25°C) (Phase 1). In general, only traces of hydrogen were observed in APBR filled with charcoal and porous ceramics particles (2 - 7.9 mL-H2.d-1.L-1 reactor). On the other hand, in APBR with expanded clay and low-density polyethylene as support, the values for volumetric hydrogen production (VHP) were ten times higher (74.3 - 84.2 mL-H2.d-1.L-1 reactor), however, statistically equal. The selection criteria of support material was based on reports in the literature that indicated bed lowering and clogging in APBR outlet with expanded clay as support. Therefore, the low-density polyethylene was chosen as the best support among those evaluated. Nevertheless, the low C/N ratio of vinasse associated to microaeration condition in the systems (presence of microorganisms anoxic) severely affected the APBR with different support materials, leading them to bankruptcy. In the second phase, it was adopted the operation of APBR filled with low density polyethylene in thermophilic conditions (55°C) in order to reduce the acidogenic biomass yield and oxygen solubility. Moreover, it was evaluated the influence of organic loading rate (OLR - 36.4 to 108.6 kg-COD.m-3.d-1) by hydraulic retention time varying (HRT - 8 - 24 h). Continuous hydrogen production was observed in all reactors operated at 55°C (Phase 2). In this phase, it was established the optimum condition of operation, OLR of 84.2 kg-COD.m-3.d-1 and HRT of 10 h, resulting in values for PVH and hydrogen yield (Y1H2) of 575.3 mL-H2.d-1.L-1 reactor and 1.4 mol-H2.mol-1 total carbohydrates, respectively. In Phase III, these conditions were imposed on the operation of the APBR, resulting in an increase of 18.2% and 14.2% in the values of PVH and Y1H2, respectively, compared to the data obtained in Phase II. In parallel, two methanogenic reactors were operated (Up-flow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket UASB type), which composed a single stage system (UASB) and a two-stage system (APBR/UASB). The energy production in the two-stage system was 25.7% higher compared to the single stage system. The values for total and soluble organic matter removal were 60.7 ± 0.3% and 72.6 ± 1.2% to single stage system and 74.6 ± 0.3% and 96.1 ± 1.7% to two-stage system, respectively, at OLR of 25 kg-COD.m-3.d-1 (calculated for the methanogenic reactors).

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Tronto, Reinaldo [UNESP]. "Cultura e espaço: identidade e território na formação de um arranjo produtivo local potencial em Sertãozinho - SP." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/95713.

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O desenvolvimento endógeno tem sido estudado de forma crescente na atualidade, não por ineditismo, mas pela importância crescente que tem recebido pelos agentes hegemônicos ou não que comandam e/ou participam do estágio atual do processo de globalização. Os territórios se articulam em processos de cooperação e concorrência para emitir ou receber e comandar ou obedecer aos vetores da globalização. Criam internamente e em redes de territórios, as condições favoráveis à produção e reprodução da globalização hegemônica. Criam, portanto as condições territoriais exigidas para a reprodução do grande capital e do capital local. Internamente, os territórios se organizam espacial, social, cultural, política e economicamente para garantir ao capital local e externo estabilidade e segurança para a sua reprodução: a organização espacial que garante a produção, distribuição, circulação e consumo; a organização social que permite a dominação de uma classe hegemônica sobre as demais; a organização cultural ideológica que garante ocultar a exploração de uma classe sobre as demais, ou que mascara as relações entre classes; a organização política que garante a estabilidade formal (legal) e informal para a produção e reprodução segundo os interesses da classe dominante; a organização econômica garante a reprodução do capital que favorece as grandes empresas localmente instaladas ou que mantém relações com esse território. O município de Sertãozinho, enquanto território, apresenta uma organização interna muito em controlada pela elite local, condição que permite uma quase inexistência de conflitos nas relações entre classes sociais, entre grandes empresas e micros e pequenas empresas, entre grupos políticos de naturezas antagônicas. A elite local tem se apropriado de uma cultura histórica e hegemonicamente produzida...
The endogenous development has been studied of increasing form in the present time, not for ineditismo, but for the increasing importance that has received for the hegemonic agents or not that they command and/or they participate of the current period of training of the globalization process. The territories if articulate in processes of cooperation and competition to emit or to receive and to command or to obey the vectors of the globalization. They create internally and in nets of territories, the conditions favorable to the production and reproduction of the hegemonic globalization. They create, therefore the demanded territorial conditions for the reproduction of the great capital and the local capital. Internally, the territories if organize space, social, cultural, politics and economically to guarantee to the local capital and external stability and security for its reproduction: the space organization that guarantees the production, distribution, circulation and consumption; the social organization that allows the domination of a hegemonic classroom on excessively; ideological the cultural organization that guarantees to occult the exploration of a classroom on excessively, or that it masks the relations between classrooms; the organization politics that according to guarantees the formal stability (legal) and informal for the production and reproduction interests of the ruling class; the economic organization guarantees the reproduction of the capital that favors the great companies local installed or that it keeps relations with this territory. The city of Sertãozinho, while territory, very presents an internal organization in controlled for the local elite, condition that almost allows an inexistence of conflicts in the relations between social classrooms, great companies and microns and small companies, between groups politicians of antagonistic natures... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

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Lopes, Matheus Uzelotto. "Modelo de viabilidade para tomada de decisão sobre arrendamento de terras: estudo de caso em usina de cana-de-açúcar no triângulo mineiro." reponame:Repositório Institucional do FGV, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10438/24552.

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O arrendamento de terras para o cultivo de cana-de-açúcar possui maior rentabilidade do que a produção para o fornecimento às usinas, do ponto de vista do proprietário das terras, conforme dados do ano de 2013. A rentabilidade média, considerando o arrendamento, ficou em 7,62% no ano de 2017, frente a 1,27% para a produção e fornecimento. A cana-de-açúcar é considerada a cultura de maior relevância para a produção de biocombustível em regiões tropicais e subtropicais e tal fator acontece devido à elevada eficiência de conversão de energia solar em biomassa. Atualmente, é também a principal fonte (80%) de açúcar nacional, sendo ainda utilizada em setores de alimentação animal. O presente trabalho possui como objetivo estabelecer uma relação de análise de viabilidade entre a produção de cana-de-açúcar em terras de arrendatários e a compra de cana-de-açúcar de fornecedores. Para tanto, o presente trabalho adotou como método uma pesquisa quantitativa, por meio de um estudo de caso, no qual foram apresentadas as condições economicamente adequadas para uma usina de cana-de-açúcar situada no Triângulo Mineiro. A partir de análises bibliográficas sobre o assunto e levando em consideração os fatores de custo de produção, colheita, transporte e capacidade produtiva de diferentes tipos de solo foi elaborado um modelo no qual gerou-se cenários dentro do custo de condição da lavoura, para a verificação da viabilidade de arrendamento de terras para usinas sucroenergéticas. Considera-se que são muitas as variáveis que impactam diretamente nos resultados operacionais, e a partir dos modelos executados na presente pesquisa, conclui-se que a usina deve focar maiores valores de arrendamentos para ambientes de produção que tem resultados de TCH e ATR maiores.
Leasing crop land for sugarcane production is more profitable than the production for the supply to the mills, from the landlord side, according to 2013 data. The average yield, considering the lease, was 7.62% in 2017, compared to 1.27% for production and supply. Sugarcane is considered to be the most important crop for biofuel production in tropical and subtropical regions, and this is due to the high conversion efficiency of solar energy into biomass. Currently, it is also the main source (80%) of national sugar, besides to be an important for animal feed. The present work aims to establish a feasibility analysis relationship to compare the production of sugarcane in tenant lands and the purchase of sugarcane from suppliers. For this, the present study adopted as a method a quantitative research, through a case study, where by means of variables was presented the economically adequate conditions for a sugarcane mill located in the Minas Gerais triangle. Based on bibliographic analyzes on the subject and taking into account the production costs, harvest, transport and productive capacity of different types of soil, a model was elaborated in which scenarios were generated within the cost of the condition of the crop, for the verification of the feasibility of renting land for sugar-energy plants. It is considered that many variables have a direct impact on the operational results, and from the models executed in the present research, it is concluded that the plant should focus higher lease values for production environments that have higher TCH (t of cane per hectare) and ATR (Total Recoverable Sugar) results.

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DUARTE, Cícero Mauriberto de Meneses Freire. "Gestão estratégica como ferramenta de competitividade nos engenhos de cana de açúcar do brejo paraibano." Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, 2013. http://www.tede2.ufrpe.br:8080/tede2/handle/tede2/4471.

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The research was developed with the objective of describing the tools of strategic administration as effective competitive differential to the administration of the sugar cane mills at Paraiba’s Brejo microregion and your adaptation to the market demands. The qualitative approach was used as analysis method, where opted for a study of multiple cases. The collection of data if gave through an interview route applied to 04 mills, being 03 in operation and 01 disabled. The companies of the area concentrate your activities on the production of liquor. Before the results, it is possible to observe that the mills still bet in marketing strategies in way little elaborated, but for them efficient, because they get to assist your customers and still to extend your products to the market regional and even international. They bet in personnel's training, because they know that is necessary for the business success, in innovation, through acquisition of machines for improvement of the quality of your products. The companies adopt small changes that turn them, second perception, more competitive and like this, they reach a better acting, verified more significantly at the local market. To implement tools of strategic administration is an urgent need to be adopted by the mills in operation, because the purpose of all is it of expanding your activities, besides for other other areas, as it is the case of the rural tourism adopted by two, of the four researched companies.
A pesquisa foi desenvolvida com o objetivo de descrever as ferramentas de gestão estratégica como efetivo diferencial competitivo à gestão dos engenhos de cana de açúcar da microrregião do Brejo Paraibano e sua adaptação às demandas mercadológicas. Utilizou-se a abordagem qualitativa como método de análise, onde se optou por um estudo de casos múltiplos. A coleta de dados se deu através de um roteiro de entrevista aplicado a 04 engenhos, sendo 03 em funcionamento e 01 desativado. As empresas da região concentram suas atividades na produção de aguardente. Diante dos resultados, é possível observar que os engenhos apostam em estratégias de marketing ainda de maneira pouco elaboradas, mas para eles eficientes, pois conseguem atender a seus clientes e ainda estender seus produtos para o mercado regional e até internacional. Apostam em capacitação de pessoal, pois sabem que isso é necessário para o sucesso do negócio, em inovação, através de aquisição de máquinas para melhoria da qualidade de seus produtos. As empresas adotam pequenas mudanças que as tornam, segundo percepção, mais competitivas e assim, atingem um melhor desempenho, verificado mais significativamente no mercado local. Implementar ferramentas de gestão estratégica é uma necessidade urgente a ser adotada pelos engenhos em funcionamento, pois o propósito de todos é o de expandir suas atividades, inclusive para outros outras áreas, como é o caso do turismo rural adotado por duas, das quatro empresas pesquisadas.

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Chuppa-Tostain, Graziella. "Traitement biologique de vinasses de distillerie en vue de la production de molécules d’intérêt et énergétiques." Thesis, La Réunion, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LARE0042.

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Issues de la fermentation et de la distillation des mélasses de canne à sucre, les vinasses constituent, avec près de 150 000 tonnes annuellement produites, le second déchet de l’industrie agroalimentaire de l’île de La Réunion. De par leurs fortes teneurs en éléments organiques et minéraux, leur potentiel polluant est considérable et leur traitement un enjeu environnemental majeur. Le recours aux micro-organismes tels que les champignons filamenteux et les levures constitue une alternative de dépollution pertinente et économiquement viable. Le traitement aérobie des vinasses conduit notamment à une baisse significative de leurs propriétés physico-chimiques. Les souches appartenant au genre Aspergillus se sont avérées être particulièrement efficaces pour le traitement des vinasses avec des rendements de DCO et de décoloration pouvant atteindre respectivement 77% et 40% de réduction. Par ailleurs ces traitements aérobies s’accompagnent de fortes productions de biomasse pouvant atteindre jusque 30 g.L-1 de biomasse sèche en fonction de l’origine des vinasses. Ces résultats suggèrent que certains micro-organismes, à l’instar de Aspergillus,possèdent les outils enzymatiques nécessaires pour dégrader les molécules réfractaires présentes dans la vinasse et les convertir en molécules fermentescibles. Aspergillus niger est un des ascomycètes les plus étudiés. Son génome a fait l’objet d’un séquençage et la plupart des gènes identifiés. Une analyse transcriptomique a permis d’appréhender les mécanismes mis en jeu lors de la croissance d’A. niger en milieu vinasse et mis en évidence la sécrétion d’enzymes hydrolytiques. Par ailleurs, nous avons cherché à valoriser cette biomasse sous forme énergétique. Ainsi le potentiel méthanogène de vinasses pré-traitées par voie aérobie a été évalué. Sous certaines conditions, ce potentiel a pu être amélioré jusqu’à 40% comparativement à celui de vinasses non traitées
By-product of sugarcane molasses fermentation and distillation, vinasses are the second agro industrial effluent produced in Reunion Island (about 150,000 tons each year). Because of their high content in organic and mineral elements, their pollution potential is considerable and their treatment a major environmental issue. The use of microorganisms such as filamentous fungi and yeasts is a relevant and economically viable remediation alternative. Indeed, their aerobic fermentation leads to a significant reduction in physicochemical parameters of vinasse. With reduction in chemical oxygen demand of up to 77% and decolourisation (optical densitymeasured at 475 nm) of about 40%, strains belonging Aspergillus offer the best results. Moreover, these reductions are accompanied by a biomass production up to 30 g.L-1. This suggests that the microorganisms possess enzymatic tools to degrade refractory moleculespresent in the medium and convert them into assimilable molecules. A. niger is one of the most studied ascomycetes. Its genome has been sequenced and most of the genes identified. A transcriptomic analysis was performed in order to understand the mechanisms involved in A. niger growth on sugarcane vinasse and highlighted hydrolytic enzymes secretion. This work aims to reduce pollutant load of vinasse and also potentially produce molecules of interest. So the methane potential of pre-treated aerobically vinasse was evaluated. Under certain conditions, this potential can be improved by about 40% compared to raw vinasse

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NUNES, José Carlos. "Suplementação volumosa de bovinos Holandês/Zebu em pastagem de Brachiaria decumbens Stapf." Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, 2009. http://www.tede2.ufrpe.br:8080/tede2/handle/tede2/6825.

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Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq
Two experiments were carried out at the Estação Experimental de Itambé of Instituto Agronômico de Pernambuco – IPA, in the municipality of Itambé. The first trial, conducted from July 2006 to February 2007, aimed to evaluate the structural sward characteristics, to estimate the forage intake and to evaluate the effect of roughage supplementation of four Pennisetum sp. clones (IRI-381, Venezuela, Elefante B and Hexaplóide), harvested, chopped and supplied in the troughs, on the daily weight gain of crossbred Holstein-Zebu heifers, under continuous stocking, grazing an area of 7.5 ha of Brachiaria decumbens Stapf pasture. Fifteen heifers averaging initial weight of 155 + 27 kg and from 12 and 14 months old were assigned to a complete randomized design. The indigestible acid detergent fiber (iFDA) and the chromium oxide were used as markers to estimate the intake. Average dry matter intake ranged from 2.1 to 2.7% LW. No effect of Pennisetum sp. clones on weight gain was observed. The second experiment, conducted from March to June 2007, aimed to compare the effects of different roughage supplementations on the dry matter intake, on the milk production and quality of crossbred heifers and also on calf weight gain grazing B. decumbens Stapf pasture. Six crossbred heifers averaging initial weight of 430 + 20 kg at 80 + 20 days of lactation were assigned to a 6 x 6 Latin square. The treatments consisted of different roughage supplementation: hay of three elephant grass clones, B. decumbens hay and sugar cane with urea and ammonium sulfate. No treatment effect on the milk production and quality and calf weight gain was observed. Average milk production was 11.0 kg/cow/day and calf weight gain was 628 g LW/day. The different supplementations did not affect dry matter intake. The structural characteristics and yield of B. decumbens pasture were affected by the year seasons and B. decumbens presented greater participation in the evaluated area.
Foram conduzidos dois experimentos na Estação Experimental, pertencente ao Instituto Agronômico de Pernambuco – IPA, localizada no município de Itambé. O primeiro experimento foi realizado no período de julho de 2006 a fevereiro de 2007 com os objetivos de caracterizar o pasto, estimar o consumo de forragem e avaliar o efeito da suplementação volumosa de quatro clones de Pennisetum sp. (IRI-381, Venezuela,Elefante B e Hexaploide), colhidos, triturados e fornecidos no cocho, sobre o ganho de peso diário de garrotas mestiças Holandês-Zebu, em uma área de 7,5 ha de pastagem de Brachiaria decumbens Stapf sob lotação contínua. Foram utilizadas 15 garrotas com peso vivo inicial de 155 + 27 kg, com idade aproximada entre 12 e 14 meses, distribuídas em delineamento inteiramente casualizado. O consumo foi estimado utilizando-se a fibra em detergente ácido indigestível (FDAi) e óxido crômico como indicadores. O consumo médio variou de 2,1 a 2,7% de PV. Os clones de Pennisetum sp. não influenciaram (P>0,05) o ganho de peso dos animais.Objetivou-se com o segundo experimento, conduzido de março a junho/2007, comparar os efeitos de diferentes suplementações volumosas sobre o consumo de MS, a produção e a qualidade do leite de vacas mestiças Holandês-Zebu, bem como o ganho de peso dos bezerros, em pastagem de B. decumbens Stapf. Foram utilizadas seis vacas mestiças, com peso médio inicial de 430 + 20 kg, aos 80 + 20 dias de lactação, distribuídas em quadrado latino 6x6. Os tratamentos experimentais foram diferentes suplementações volumosas: fenosde três clones de capim-elefante, feno de B. decumbens e cana-de-açúcar com ureia e sulfato de amônio. Não foi observado efeito dos tipos de suplementação volumosa sobre a produção e qualidade do leite, bem como sobre o ganho de peso dos bezerros. A produção média de leite foi de 11,0 kg/vaca/dia e o ganho médio de peso dos bezerros, de 628 g PV/dia. O consumo de matéria seca dos animais não foi influenciado pelos tipos de suplementações. As características estruturais e a produtividade do pasto de B. decumbens foram influenciadas pelos períodos do ano, tendo a B. decumbens apresentado maior participação na área estudada.

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Gonçalves, Daniel Bertoli. "Mar de cana, deserto verde? Dilemas do desenvolvimento sustentável na produção canavieira paulista." Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2005. https://repositorio.ufscar.br/handle/ufscar/3470.

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Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais
The role of the sugar-cane production in the regional sustainable development has been lifting a lot of controversy on those last years. While the Brazilian sugar-cane sector is prominence in the international market, offering products of great value in terms of environmental sustainability, the workers and the local communities that live together with the sugar-cane production system alleges another reality, marked by the unemployment, bad field work conditions, environmental pollution, and bad distribution of income. This work makes an analysis about the social and environmental situation of the sugar-cane production in the sugar-cane area of the Hydrographic Basin of the river Mogi-Guaçú, main sugar-cane area of the State of Sao Paulo, identifying the main obstacles that this activity presents for the sustainable development, and the proposals and alternatives that exist for the improvement of the environmental and social conditions of this activity in the area. The analysis shows that the situation of environmental and social unsustainability in that meets the regional sugar-cane production system it will only be able to be solved through the consolidation of a regulatory endowment built by the group of the local society.
O papel da produção canavieira no desenvolvimento sustentável regional tem levantado muita polêmica nesses últimos anos. Enquanto a agroindústria canavieira brasileira é destaque no mercado internacional, oferecendo produtos de grande valor em termos de sustentabilidade ambiental, os trabalhadores e as comunidades locais que convivem com o sistema de produção da cana-de-açúcar alegam uma outra realidade, marcada pelo desemprego, pela precarização das condições de trabalho no campo, pela poluição ambiental e pela má distribuição de renda. Este trabalho faz uma análise sobre a situação social e ambiental da atividade canavieira na região da Bacia Hidrográfica do rio Mogi-Guaçú, principal região canavieira do Estado de São Paulo, identificando quais são os principais obstáculos que esta atividade apresenta para o desenvolvimento sustentável, e quais são as propostas e alternativas que existem para a melhoria das condições ambientais e sociais desta atividade na região. A análise mostra que a situação de insustentabilidade ambiental e social em que se encontra a atividade canavieira regional só poderá ser resolvida através da consolidação de um ambiente regulatório construído pelo conjunto da sociedade local.

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Ang, Dexter W. "Designing the Sugar Cane Charcoal Extruder." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/32885.

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Thesis (S.B.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, 2005.
"June 2005."
Includes bibliographical references (leaf 32).
The Sugar Cane Charcoal Extruder compresses carbonized sugar cane into charcoal briquettes. that are environmentally-friendly and comparable to wood charcoal in burn performance, cost, and durability. Originally developed in the fall semester of 2004 in the MIT course 2.009, Product Engineering Processes, the extruder is designed for use in Haiti where wood charcoal constitutes up to a seventh of a family's expenditures. For a nation without a widespread electric grid such as Haiti, a locally manufacturable, affordable, and family-operated charcoal extruder is an effective method to introduce alternative energy into the economy. This thesis documents the past developments of the extruder and presents an improved design that is more portable, more robust, and less expensive to build than the original versions. The new design loads the bagasse and binder directly into the feedscrew and compresses the mixture using threads of decreasing pitch. Evaluations of design successes and failures are provided as well as recommendations for future development.
by Dexter W. Ang.
S.B.

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Govinden, Noël. "Intercropping of sugar cane with maize." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/4994.

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Stolz, Hendrik Nicolaas Petrus. "Invert sugar from sugar cane molasses : a pilot plant study." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/1986.

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An investigation was done into the recovery of invert sugar from sugar cane molasses. A pilot plant was designed and constructed to evaluate the clarification and separation of molasses to produce invert sugar syrup. The aim of the pilot plant was to prove the process and deliver data so as to facilitate the design and prove the financial viability of a commercial plant. The pilot plant had to process 300 kg/day of molasses. The clarification of molasses by centrifugal separation, a known desludging process, did not produce a product of acceptable quality which could be used in a chromatographic separator. The results were disappointing. The product obtained was also not suitable for dead end pressure filtration. The turbidity remaining after the centrifugal separation also did not respond to a second flocculation process. Conventional settling clarification was investigated. Seven factors that could influence the consolidation and settling of suspended solids in molasses were identified, namely: the age of the diluted molasses, the temperature of the flocculated mixture, the variations across various batches of flocculant, the effect of reaction time of the phosphoric acid, the optimum flocculant dosing concentration, the optimum concentration of the molasses solution and the effect of increasing the acid dosage. The optimum conditions to clarify molasses through settling were found to be: fresh molasses, at 28 Brix and 60°C, allowing 10 min intervals between acidification with 3,75 g (as 100%) phosphoric acid/ kg dry material (assumed equal to Brix) and neutralisation with 5 g (as 100%) caustic/kg dry material (assumed equal to Brix), flocculation with any batch of flocculant 6195, dosed as a 1000 ppm solution. Commercial equipment was evaluated. The pilot plant E-cat clarifier was operated at 300 l/h and a thick sludge formed. The overflow was clear and it could be filtered. The molasses obtained was suitable for chromatographic separation. The recovery of sugars from molasses sludge has economic merit. From the evaluation of centrifugal separation and gravity separation it is clear that gravity separation again is the best method. The sweet-water obtained is consistent within the clarity requirement of 10 NTU/Brix and can be used to dilute raw molasses in the upstream processing step. The clarification process that was developed is patented. [Bekker, Stolz et.al. (2001)] A sugar recovery of 93.9 mass % at a purity of 99.7 mass % from molasses, was achieved using a simulated moving bed, ion exclusion, pilot plant. The operating conditions for this performance were: feed flow at 14 l/h and at a temperature above 60 °C; water flow at 63 l/h and at a temperature above 65 °C; extract flow at 21 l/h; raffinate flow at 56 l/h; loop flow at 78 l/h and step time at 1326 seconds. This relates to the following bed volumes of the various separation zones: Bed Volume Zone 1 = 0.694; Bed Volume Zone 2 = 0.591; Bed Volume Zone 3 = 0.661; Bed Volume Zone 4 = 0.383. There is a trade-off between purity and recovery and a reduction in water usage. A preliminary environmental impact assessment and conceptual mass balance were done. The proposed plant integrates well into the existing Komati Mill of TSB and does not pose any significant environmental threat. The plant requires certain services from the mill. The mass balance investigated the water and steam consumption of the plant. Process integration was done so as to obtain the optimum utility consumption. The utility consumption of the plant does not exceed the capacity available at the mill. A small boiler is however required to produce steam during the annual mill maintenance period. Various techniques were used in a cost estimation for the invert sugar plant. The internal rate of return (IRR) is 42% for a fixed capital investment of R94,270,000.00. The net return rate (NRR) for the project is 4%/year, the net present value (NPV) - discounted at a 30% cost-of-capital is R41,782,000.00. The net payout time (NPT) is 5.207 years. The project fulfils the financial requirements set by TSB. It is now possible and viable to desugarize cane molasses.

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Weschenfelder, Susane Cristina. "APLICAÇÃO DO CUSTEIO BASEADO EM ATIVIDADES NA DETERMINAÇÃO DO CUSTO DE PRODUÇÃO DE ETANOL A PARTIR DO SORGO SACARINO EM PEQUENA UNIDADE DE PRODUÇÃO." Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2011. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/8229.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
O modelo atualmente utilizado no Brasil para a produção de etanol combustível está centrado em grandes unidades de produção, não contemplando a produção integrada de alimentos. É importante o estudo e desenvolvimento de modelos onde a produção de etanol combustível esteja associada à produção de alimentos. Um ponto importante para validar estes modelos é conhecer com detalhes os custos e receitas associados com a produção de etanol combustível e alimento, com a finalidade de minimizar custos operacionais, para que estes modelos possam ser viáveis economicamente e em sua operacionalização. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho consistiu na apuração dos custos envolvidos na produção do etanol a partir do sorgo sacarino (sorghum bicolor l. moenca) e da cana-de-açúcar em uma pequena unidade de produção utilizando a Metodologia de Custeio Baseada em Atividades (ABC). O trabalho foi realizado em uma pequena unidade de produção de etanol, com capacidade de 1000 litros/dia, localizada no município de São Vicente, região central do Rio Grande do Sul. A abordagem proposta foi constituída de três grandes fases: Pré-Análise, Análise e Pós-Análise. A análise foi composta dos seguintes passos: definição dos objetivos e abrangência do estudo; mapeamento do processo produtivo; etapas do processo onde os custos serão avaliados; balanço de Massa; definição dos direcionadores de custos; determinação do custo total por atividade; determinação do custo de produção do produto e avaliação ambiental. A aplicação da sistemática proposta da metodologia de Custeio Baseada em Atividades aperfeiçoou o processo de alocação de custos e refletiu a real proporção destes custos consumidos pelas atividades produtivas. O custo total para produção de 1 litro de etanol hidratado a partir do sorgo sacarino ficou em R$ 0,92, sendo R$ 0,50 contribuição do processamento e R$ 0,42 contribuição da matéria-prima, que corresponde a 54,0% e 46,0%, respectivamente. Quando da utilização de cana-de-açúcar como matéria prima o custo total ficou em R$ 0,83, sendo R$ 0,44 contribuição do processamento e R$ 0,40 contribuição da matériaprima, que corresponde a 52,4% e 47,6%, respectivamente. A ordem de contribuição das atividades no custo final de processamento ficou na seguinte ordem: ensilagem (32,64%), destilação (19,31%), geração de vapor (13,87%), moagem (12,00%), corte (6,64%), transporte (5,37%), descarga (4,8%) e descarte da vinhaça (1,98%). Constata-se que o investimento necessário para remediar os impactos ambientais, em uma pequena unidade de produção, monta R$ 96.500,00, o que representa 16,4 % do investimento total.

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Freitas, Denise Ribeiro de. "Levedura seca na alimentação de vacas lactantes." Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 2011. http://locus.ufv.br/handle/123456789/5775.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
The study evaluated the production and composition of milk, intake and apparent digestibility of dry matters and nutrients, efficiency on the use of nitrogenous compounds, yield and efficiency of microbial protein synthesis in dairy cows fed with different substitution of soybean meal proportions for integral yeast of sugar cane ethanol. It was used 16 Holstein cows, in which 8 were primiparous and 8 multiparous, distributed in four 4x4 Latin squares, organized according to days and order of lactation. The treatments consisted in a basal diet, in which the soybean meal was the main protein source, and three diets with 33,3; 66,6 and 100% levels of soybean meal substitution for the yeast, based on DM. The experiment lasted 68 days, subdivided in four experimental periods of 17 days. The levels of yeast inclusion did not influence the intake of DM, OM, EE, NDFi and TDN (P>0,05), however, the CP and NDFcp (P>0,05) intake decreased lineally and the NFC (P>0,05) intake raised lineally with the growing levels of yeast in animal diets. There was no treatment effect on the digestibility coefficient of DM, OM, CP, NDFcp and NCF (P>0,05), nevertheless, the EE digestibility coefficient lineally decreased with the yeast inclusion in the experimental diets (P<0,05). The milk yield, 4% fat-correct milk yield, fat content, crude protein, lactose, total solids and SCC did not differ between treatments (P>0,05). It was not verified the effects on the sum of allantoin excretions in the urine and milk, uric acid, total purine, microbial protein and microbial efficiency (P>0,05). It was observed a decreased lineal effect for the urea nitrogen concentrations in plasma and milk (P<0,05), however, it was not verified the difference for daily excretion of total and urea nitrogen in milk, total and urea nitrogen in urine, and nitrogen balance (P>0,05). It was concluded that the integral yeast can totally replace the soybean meal in the diet for dairy cows with a daily average milk yield of 25kg.
Objetivou-se avaliar a produção e composição do leite, consumo e digestibilidade aparente da matéria seca e dos nutrientes, eficiência de utilização dos compostos nitrogenados, produção e eficiência da síntese de proteína microbiana de vacas leiteiras alimentadas com diferentes proporções de substituição do farelo de soja pela levedura seca de cana-de-açúcar. Foram utilizadas 16 vacas holandesas, destas 8 eram primíparas e 8 multíparas, distribuídas em quatro quadrados latinos 4x4, organizados de acordo com os dias e ordem de lactação. Os tratamentos consistiram de uma dieta basal, onde o farelo de soja foi a principal fonte de proteína, e três dietas com os níveis de 33,3; 66,6 e 100% de substituição do farelo de soja pela levedura, com base na MS. O experimento teve duração total de 68 dias, subdividido em quatro períodos experimentais de 17 dias. Os níveis de substituição do farelo de soja pela levedura não influenciaram os consumos de MS, MO, EE, FDNi e NDT (P>0,05), porém os consumos de PB e FDNcp decresceram e o consumo de CNF (P<0,05) aumentou linearmente. Não houve efeito de tratamento sobre os coeficientes de digestibilidade da MS, MO, PB, CNF e no teor de NDT (P>0,05), porém o coeficiente de digestibilidade do EE decresceu linearmente com a inclusão de levedura nas dietas experimentais (P<0,05). A produção leite, produção de leite corrigida para 3,5% de gordura, teor de gordura, proteína bruta, lactose, sólidos totais e CCS não diferiram entre os tratamentos (P>0,05). Não foi verificado efeito dos tratamentos sobre a soma das excreções de alantoína na urina e no leite, ácido úrico, purinas totais, proteína microbiana e eficiência microbiana (P>0,05). Observou-se efeito linear decrescente para as concentrações de nitrogênio uréico no plasma e no leite e excreção diária de nitrogênio uréico no leite (P<0,05), porém não foi verificado diferença para excreção diária de compostos nitrogenados no leite, nitrogênio total e uréico na urina e balanço de nitrogênio (P>0,05). Conclui-se que a levedura seca de cana-de-açúcar pode substituir totalmente o farelo de soja na dieta de vacas leiteiras com média diária de produção de 25 kg de leite.

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Avolio, Ettore Geraldo. "Da (i)licitude das queimadas da palha da cana-de-açúcar." Universidade de São Paulo, 2003. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18139/tde-28092016-155203/.

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A queimada da palha da cana-de-açúcar como método preparatório à colheita é prática bastante polêmica e combatida, que está amparada por vários atos legislativos e conta com o apoio de setores dos três poderes constituídos. Contudo, esta proteção legislativa específica não outorga a ela a licitude, que é a harmonia com os princípios legais e sociais e com a aprovação da sociedade, que devem nortear qualquer lei e é necessária à sua subsistência. Neste trabalho é examinada a licitude das queimadas da palha da cana-de-açúcar, considerando diversos impactos que elas provocam no meio ambiente (flora, fauna, saúde humana, ar, água, solo, clima e meio de trabalho) e na economia. São analisados os argumentos favoráveis e contrários às queimadas, expostos por juízes, promotores de justiça, doutrinadores, entidades ambientais, pesquisadores, usineiros, cortadores de cana e profissionais de diversas áreas de interesse à matéria. Com a análise é possível concluir que a queimada da palha da cana-de-açúcar, apesar de sua econômica e social, é prática nociva ao meio ambiente e contrária a princípios sociais e legais relevantes e, por isso, deve ser reputada ilícita e não pode continuar a ser praticada.
Burned sugar cane husk as a harvest preparatory method is a very polemic and combated practice, although it is being sustained by many law acts and is supported by departments of the three Powers. However, this specific legislative protection doesn\'t award to this action the necessary lawful, which means having the harmony of the legal and social principals and the society approval, guiders of any law and its necessary support. At the present work the lawful for burned sugar cane husk is discussed considering its impacts over the environment (animals, plants, human health, air, water, soil, climate and working space) and on the economy. The arguments forward and against the burned sugar cane husk are examined through judicial decisions, public prosecutors actions, environmental entities, doctrines, scientists, the sugar cane workers and others involved with the subject. The conclusion is that burned sugar cane husk as a harvest preparatory method, even considering its economic and social importance, is a harmful practice to the environment and opposing to relevant social and legal principals and, therefore, has to be considered unlawful and also to be extinguished as a practice.

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32

Buchanan, Vernon Everett. "Surface Engineering of Sugar Cane Mill Rollers." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.489965.

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There has been renewed interest in recent years to address the coating of sugarcane mill rollers, due to the advancement in the development of welding electrodes and wires for surfacing and the need to improve the productivity and extraction of 'Ul!!urcane juice. The aim ofthis study is to evaluate and compare the performance of .hlclded metal arc welding (SMAW) overlays with an experimental arc sprayed. ''(luting in order to identify an alternative process that performs equally or better than SMAW in terms of abrasive wear performance under specific environment. The ~,udy focussed on three main areas: solidification and microstructure, abrasive wear, hud corrosion. The SMAW and arc sprayed coatings were deposited using Fe-Cr-C electrodes amt ,m experimental Fe-Cr-B wire, respectively. Friction and abrasive wear tests Wlrt conducted using a modified block-on-ring tester that simulated the wear eoodltlons experienced in a sugarcane mill, while corrosion tests were performed lIltnJ Jmmcrsion and electrochemical methods. Microstructures of the as-deposited coatings were characterised using optical mt''''L'OPY, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive x-ray (EDX) IIld N=ret)' diffraction (XRD). The wear mechanisms were also investigated by lllminln~ the worn surfaces and subsurfaces using SEM. ('tmlpluison of the resulting SMAW coatings revealed that variations in the Ã‚Â• .....hhm of the welding electrodes as well as welding procedure produced significant differences in the microstructure in terms of morphology of the carbides, distribution and proportion of the carbide phases, and microhardness. The arc- 'prayed coating exhibited better abrasive wear and corrosion resistance compared to the SMAW coatings. The amount and distribution of free chromium in the specimens were the primary factors that controlled the corrosion behaviour. The dominant wear m~~hnnisms controlling abrasion were found to be microploughing and microcutting In the hypoeutectic coating, and microcracking in the hypereutectic and are sprayed coatings.

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33

Furtado, de Souza Jose Ribamar. "Farmer participation in Brazilian sugar cane research." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 1991. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/2815/.

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This research is concerned with the contribution which farmer participation, as a complementary approach to agricultural research in Brazil, can make to the Improvement of disadvantaged farmers socioeconomic conditions through the solution of their technological problems. This notion is embodied in the concepts of Farming Systems Research and Farmer Participatory Research, which provide the broad theoretical framework within which this investigation was developed. The context in which the research was carried out was Brazilian sugar cane growing regions, with a specific focus on the practice of farmer participation within the Three Year' Plan for Diffusion of Technology for Sugar Cane Agro-industry's Resource-poor Farmers (Plano Trienal). Material for this investigation derives from two sources: direct involvement since the pilot project original phase of the Plano Trienal over a period of six years and a period of fieldwork undertaken in 1988. During the latter, data were collected by means of questionnaires, interviews, participant observation and Informal discussions in the States of Sao Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Minas Gerais, Espirito Santo, Pernambuco, Paraiba and Rio Grande do Norte. The dynamics of sugar cane agriculture is analysed within the overall sugar cane agro-industry as a particular sector of Brazilian agriculture. The concepts of Farming Systems Research and Farming Participatory Research are then set within this general frame of reference. Subsequently, the policies advocated by research and extension services is situated within the wider context of the Brazilian sugar cane agro-industry. Specific attention is then given to the failure of 'conservative modernisation' policies adopted by those services. Within this broad framework the formation and development of the Plano Trienal is described and analysed. The performance of the Plan's selected projects is then investigated through a comparative study, with particular attention given to the types of approaches employed, both, participatory and persuasive. In this perspective, combined statistical and qualitative methods are employed, based on variables (such as technology, approach, farm, farmer and technician) with specific reference to four economic indicators: productivity, assets, adoption and technological problems. Finally, the role of Farmer Participation is critically analysed referring to Farmer Participatory Research as a crucial component of the agricultural research process. The research findings point to the central importance of farmer's indigenous knowledge and scientific knowledge based upon 'mutual respect', and grounded in experience, for the processes of participatory research. In these processes, the relationship established between farmer and technician was found to be a fundamental aspect of research practice in which great weight is placed upon the farmer's role not as an object but as the 'subject' of agricultural research. This research demonstrates that the projects which embraced this approach achieved a higher level of technology adoption, a greater number of technological solutions and a greater increase in productivity and farmers' assets. The main policy implication of the thesis is that farmer participation, as a complementary approach to agricultural research methods, can contribute significantly to modifying the socio-economic situation of disadvantaged farmers.

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Cruz, Daily Barbara Vega. "La production du rhum et du sucre à Cuba. Valorisation du patrimoine industriel de la ville de Cárdenas." Master's thesis, Universidade de Évora, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10174/27743.

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Many communities in Cuba were born to support sugar cane plantations. The deactivation of most of the industries that gave birth to these communities has also gradually led to the loss of its traditions and lifestyles and identities. Today, the consequences are catastrophic for the economy, society, urbanism and culture of those territories and their inhabitants. To preserve the collective memory of these cities is now, an imperative situation. This work focusses to promote the industrial heritage of the city of Cárdenas. To achieve this objective, an exhaustive study have carried out. This study includes the analysis of a theoretical framework of European cases in the conservation and rehabilitation of industrial landscapes and heritage. Moreover, the recognition of Cuban historiography on the sugar cane industry that represented a crucial element for the success of this research. These topics have gave the basic of heritage interpretation. These analyses has given the foundations to identify key elements that allowed the creation of a program to design a cultural itinerary about rum and sugar cane productions in the city of Cárdenas. The implementation of this project should allow the community to recover its industrial culture and the creation of new social dynamics based on their history. The implementation of this project can serve also as a reference for similar cases in Cuba; Résumé: Nombreuses communautés à Cuba, sont nées pour soutenir les plantations de la canne du sucre. La désactivation de la plus part des industries qui ont donné la vie à ces communautés, ont causé aussi graduellement la perte de ses traditions et modes de vie, de ses identités culturelles ; raison pour laquelle l'intérêt de reconnaître son caractère patrimonial a également disparu. Aujourd’hui, les conséquences sont catastrophiques pas seulement aux niveaux économiques, mais aussi aux sociaux, urbains et culturels. Préserver la mémoire collective de cette ville est une situation impérative. Ce travail a pour objectif principal la valorisation du patrimoine industriel de la ville de Cárdenas. L'étude du cadre théorique, des cas européens sur la valorisation du patrimoine et la récupération des paysages industriels et l'historiographie cubaine sur l'industrie de la canne à sucre ont été réalisés. À partir de ces sujets, les bases de l'interprétation du patrimoine ont été obtenues. À la suite des recherches, la conception d’un itinéraire culturel sur la production de rhum et de sucre de canne dans la région a été proposée. La mise en œuvre de ce projet devrait permettre à la communauté de retrouver une partie de son identité, de nouvelles formes de développement durable et de servir de référence pour des cas similaires à Cuba.

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Baca, Angel Filiberto Mansilla. "Análise da dinâmica espaço-temporal de culturas agrícolas no Brasil: uma abordagem metodológica." Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, 2011. http://www.bdtd.uerj.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=4479.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
Atualmente, o Brasil se apresenta como um grande produtor agrícola mundial com finalidade alimentícia e bioenergética. Ano a ano recordes de produção são batidos pelo setor agropecuário. Por outro lado, tem-se uma perspectiva de problemas alimentícios e energéticos no mundo, em especial no continente africano onde muitos vivem na miséria e na fome. Neste contexto, esta dissertação de mestrado apresenta uma proposta para a análise da dinâmica espaço-temporal de culturas agrícolas empregando os conceitos e instrumentos da Geomática em busca do desenvolvimento sustentável. Desenvolveu-se uma metodologia para a geração de indicadores da produção agrícola em diferentes níveis da estrutura territorial brasileira que permite a apresentação sintética, por meio de cartogramas e animações digitais, das dinâmicas espacial e espaço-temporal das principais culturas. Para isto foi criada uma base de dados da produção das principais culturas, desenvolvidos indicadores que representem a dinâmica espacial da produção agrícola e desenvolvidas ferramentas de apresentação destes indicadores através da dinâmica espaço-temporal. Finalmente, foram relacionadas as áreas voltadas à produção de alimentos e de expansão agrícola para a bioenergia (etanol e óleo de palma). Pretende-se, através deste trabalho, contribuir na tomada de decisão com ferramentas de visualização da realidade agropecuária brasileira. O trabalho estabelece ligações com os zoneamentos agroecológicos, os instrumentos de segurança alimentar e a pegada ecológica, com a apresentação da produção agrícola das culturas como cana-de-açúcar, milho, soja, palma de óleo e algodão.
At present, Brazil presents itself as a major agricultural producer for food and bio-energy purposes in the entire world. Year-to-year, production records are hit by the agricultural sector. On the other hand, there is a perspective for severe problems in food and energy supply in the world, especially in Africa, where many people live in poverty and hunger. In this context, this masters dissertation presents a proposal for the analysis of the spatio-temporal dynamics of the agricultural production using the concepts and tools of Geomatics in pursuit of sustainable development. It was developed a methodology for the generation of agricultural production indicators at different levels of Brazilian territorial structure which allows the synthetic presentation, through cartograms and digital animations, of the spatial and spatio-temporal dynamics of the main crops. For this, a database of the production of main crops was created, indicators that represent the spatial dynamics of agricultural production and presentation tools for these indicators through the space-temporal dynamics were developed. Finally, the areas with focus in the food production and agricultural expansion for bio-energy (ethanol and palm oil) production were related. It is intended, through this work, to contribute to the decision making with visualization tools of the reality of Brazilian agriculture. Links were developed with agro-ecological zoning, with the instruments of food security and with the ecological footprint, with the presentation of the agricultural production of crops such as sugar cane, corn, soybeans, palm oil and cotton.

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Silva, André Eduardo Ribeiro da. "A territorialização da agroindústria sucroalcooleira: o processo de reestruturação produtiva no campo e os trabalhadores canavieiros da fazenda Amália/SP." Universidade de São Paulo, 2007. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8136/tde-16102007-114458/.

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Estas reflexões terão como base o processo de territorialização e reestruturação da produção e do trabalho na agroindústria canavieira, especificamente na cultura da cana-de-açúcar processada pelas Usinas Ibirá e Santa Rita, em terras que, no ano de 1993 faziam parte da Fazenda Amália, sediada no município de Santa Rosa de Viterbo, nordeste do estado de São Paulo. Reestruturação da produção e do trabalho que impinge marcas, novas relações no território então dominado pelos canaviais. Marcas, relações que se fazem, dissipam-se e reconstroem-se historicamente. Para tanto nos apoiamos no conceito de território, interpretado como o espaço do político, portanto dotado de possibilidades de transformações e mudanças, cuja efetivação dependerá das forças dos sujeitos sociais empenhados nesta ação. Com isto, o território é marcado por lutas e contradições que se processam no interior da sociedade. Dessa forma, pretendemos compreender, a partir dessa concepção de território, o processo de territorialização da agroindústria canavieira e as significativas reestruturações que perpassaram as esferas de produção tendo como base a Fazenda Amália. Boa parte desta pujança da agroindústria canavieira se deve à grande disponibilidade de força de trabalho com baixos rendimentos, o que favorecia o processo de reprodução ampliada desse capital, assim como a consolidação do processo de territorialização do monopólio das agroindústrias canavieiras. Assim, a analise tem como norte as implicações sociais do processo de reestruturação da produção e do trabalho nos canaviais para a vida dos sujeitos sociais, a qual não se encontra separada do trabalho, embora cada vez mais condenada a uma existência subalterna ou a uma condição humana negada, em que o trabalho é percebido como algo separado, estranho, sem sentido.
These reflections will be based the in territorialization and re-structure process of production and cane agrarian industry labor, specifically inside the sugar-cane culture processed by \"Usina Ibirá\"and \"Usina Santa Rita\" plants, on lands which, in the year of 1993, belonged to Amália Farm, headquarted at Santa Rosa de Viterbo city, northeast of São Paulo state. Reorganization of production and labor, which imposes marks, new territorial relations, vanquished by sugar cane plantations. Boundaries, constructed relations, vanishes and reconstructs historically. To perform it we centered our studies on the concept of territory, read by the space of politics, endowed of possibilities of transformations and changes whose attainments will depend on the forces of social subjects exerted in this action. By that, territory is branded by struggles and contradictions processed inside society. That way, we intend to comprehend, from this concept of territory, the process of territorialization of sugar cane agrarian industry, and the so significant reorganizations which crosses the entire production spheres based on Amália Farm. A good part of the puissance of sugar cane industry owes its availability of labor forces with low incomes, which favors the extended capital reproduction process, as so the consolidation of territorialization process of monopoly of sugar cane industries. Therefore, the analysis is compassed by the social implications of the reorganization process of labor and field work at the cane harvest to the lives of social subjects, which isn\'t apart from labor, however, immersed and doomed to a subaltern existence or a denied human condition, in which labor is felted as something aside, strange, senselessness.

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Penedo, Antonio Sérgio Torres. "Limites e possibilidades do balanço social." Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2011. https://repositorio.ufscar.br/handle/ufscar/3369.

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In the process of dissemination of social and environmental practices, companies have realized that sugarcane social responsibility initiatives can be used to reduce costs, increase competitive advantage, manage risk and reputation and turned the green initiatives on business strategies. Thus, sugarcane industry use monitoring mechanisms and accountability sought at the promotion and progress transparency to social and environmental practices developed. The objective of this thesis is to analyze the limits and possibilities of social statement in the process of dissemination of social and environmental practices in sugar and alcohol. The question this thesis answers is to what extent social reports published by the companies are valid instruments for the analysis of social and environmental practices of the units of ethanol production. On completion of the thesis were worked data and information collected through field research conducted with the plants, and secondary information from the social reports published by the sugar and alcohol in the period 2001 to 2008. The thesis conducts analysis of social and environmental practices at the industry, through the social reports published by them, with the views of supporters of the institutes of social reports (Brazilian Institute of Social and Economic Analysis, Ethos Institute for Business and Social Responsibility and Global Reporting Initiative) attend in the following issues: social, environmental responsibility, sustainable development and sustainability.
No processo de tornar público as iniciativas socioambientais, as empresas sucroalcooleiras perceberam que práticas de responsabilidade socioambiental podem ser usadas para aumentar as vantagens competitivas, minimizar os riscos, administrar a reputação e transformaram as iniciativas socioambientais em estratégias empresariais. Assim, as usinas sucroalcooleiras passaram a utilizar mecanismos de acompanhamento e de prestação de contas que visam promover a transparência das práticas socioambientais desenvolvidas. O objetivo da presente tese é analisar os limites e possibilidades dos balanços sociais no processo de divulgação das práticas socioambientais nas usinas de açúcar e álcool. A pergunta que essa tese pretende responder é até que ponto os balanços sociais divulgados pelas empresas são instrumentos válidos para análise das práticas socioambientais das unidades de produção sucroalcooleira. Na realização da tese foram trabalhados dados e informações coletados através de pesquisa de campo realizada junto às usinas, e informações secundárias provenientes dos balanços sociais publicados pelas usinas de açúcar e álcool no período de 2001 a 2008. A tese realiza análise das práticas socioambientais das usinas, através dos balanços sociais divulgadas pelas mesmas, com as opiniões dos institutos incentivadores de balanços sociais (Instituto Brasileiro de Análises Sociais e Econômicas, Instituto ETHOS de Empresas e Responsabilidade Social e Global Reporting Initiative) atendo-se nas seguintes questões: balanço social, responsabilidade socioambiental, desenvolvimento sustentável e sustentabilidade.

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Ensinas, Adriano Viana. "Integração termica e otimização termoeconomica aplicadas ao processo industrial de produção de açucar e etanol a partir da cana-de-açucar." [s.n.], 2008. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/264944.

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Orientadores: Silvia Azucena Nebra de Perez, Luis Maria Serra de Renobales
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecanica
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Resumo: A produção de açúcar e etanol a partir da cana-de-açúcar no Brasil compõe um dos setores mais importantes da economia nacional e tem se caracterizado, ao longo de sua história, pelo alto consumo de energia no processo industrial. O uso do bagaço de cana como combustível para o sistema de cogeração permite que as usinas sejam auto-suficientes em energia térmica e elétrica, ainda que utilizem sistemas de baixa eficiência. Uma nova realidade, que prevê a venda de eletricidade excedente nas usinas e o uso do bagaço como matéria prima para outros processos, tem levado o setor a investir em redução do consumo de energia no processo. Este estudo propõe um método de integração térmica para o produção de açúcar e etanol, visando obter uma redução da demanda de utilidades quentes e frias. Um procedimento de otimização termoeconômica foi também aplicado para avaliar a redução de custo no projeto de integração da planta, que inclui uma rede de trocadores de calor e um sistema de evaporação. As análises mostraram que a integração pode proporcionar aumentos significativos na produção de excedentes de eletricidade e/ou bagaço de cana, além de reduzir a demanda de água da usina. Uma análise exergética foi realizada, avaliando as melhorias obtidas com a integração, mostrando que a geração de irreversibilidade pode ser minimizada com a redução do consumo de energia no processo e aumento da eficiência do sistema de cogeração
Abstract: The sugar and ethanol production from sugarcane in Brazil constitutes one of the most import sectors of the national economy and has been characterized, during its history, by high energy consumption in the industrial process. The use of the bagasse as fuel for the cogeneration system permits mills to be self-sufficient in thermal and electric energy requirements, even using low efficient systems. A new reality, which foreseen sell of surplus electricity by the mills or the use of bagasse as raw material for other processes, has encouraged this sector to invest in process energy consumption reduction. This study proposes a method for thermal integration of sugar and ethanol process, aiming at the reduction of hot and cold utilities requirements. An thermoeconomic optimization procedure was also applied for the evaluation of cost reduction in the plant integration design, which includes the heat exchangers network and the evaporation system. The analysis showed that the process integration may promote a significant increase in the production of surplus of electricity and/or bagasse, reducing also the water demand of the mills. An exergetic analysis was performed, evaluating the improvements obtained with the thermal integration, showing that the irreversibility generation can be minimized with reduction of process energy consumption and increase of the cogeneration systems efficiency
Doutorado
Termica e Fluidos
Doutor em Engenharia Mecânica

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Meller, Lauro. "Sugar cane fields forever: carnavalização, Sgt. Pepper's, tropicália /." Florianópolis, SC, 1998. http://repositorio.ufsc.br/xmlui/handle/123456789/77974.

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Dissertação (Mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Comunicação e Expressão.
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Dessotti, Cássio. "Modelos lineares mistos para explicar a variabilidade espacial na análise conjunta de experimentos agronômicos." Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11134/tde-10112014-095654/.

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O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a incorporação de funções geoestatísticas na matriz de variâncias e covariâncias residual no estudo de modelos lineares mistos a partir de um grupo de quatro experimentos de cana-de-açúcar, conduzidos na Guatemala nos seguintes locais: fazenda Limones - usina açucareira Pantaleón (LP), fazenda Bálsamo - usina açucareira Pantaleón (BP), área 1 da fazenda Limones - usina Madre Tierra (MT1) e área 2 da fazenda Limones - usina Madre Tierra (MT2). A variável resposta de interesse foi a produção de cana-de-açúcar por hectare, o delineamento utilizado nos quatro locais foi o casualizado em blocos, com cinco repetições e os mesmos seis tratamentos referentes a diferentes dosagens de um biorregulador (estimulante de crescimento). Em princípio, foram ajustados e comparados diversos modelos alternando-se o efeito de blocos, ora considerado fixo, ora aleatório, e a estrutura da matriz de variâncias e covariâncias (R), segundo os modelos exponencial, gaussiano e esférico. Estes modelos foram comparados, e os que admitem estruturas de dependência espacial se destacaram estatisticamente como os melhores, a partir do critério de Akaike (AIC), sendo então selecionados os modelos BFExp (blocos de efeito fixo e função exponencial na matriz R) e BAExpH (blocos de efeito aleatório, função exponencial para R e variâncias diferentes entre os locais). A seguir, foi realizada a estimação dos efeitos fixos e a predição dos efeitos aleatórios por meio do método da máxima verossimilhança restrita (REML) pois esta metodologia proporciona um menor viés para suas estimativas. As análises conjuntas nos dois modelos selecionados não apresentaram interação tratamentos versus locais, nem mesmo efeito de tratamentos significativos, não sendo aconselhado o desdobramento desta interação. O efeito de locais por sua vez, foi significativo apenas no modelo BAExpH, e detectou-se neste caso a superioridade do local BP em relação aos demais. Adicionalmente, os locais foram analisados individualmente, focando a comparação dos modelos e as análises de variâncias, contudo, assim como na análise conjunta, nos modelos escolhidos para cada local, os efeitos de tratamentos também não foram significativos. Gráficos de resíduos foram construídos e representaram bons ajustes para os modelos BFExp e BAExpH para descrever os dados deste grupo de experimentos. Por fim, foi realizado um estudo de simulação cujos resultados deram mais credibilidade e suporte para a importância e relevância de se verificar, por meio de comparações, a necessidade de uso de um modelo mais elaborado, que considere a possível existência de dependência espacial entre as observações.
The aim of this research was to evaluate the incorporation of geostatistical functions in the residual variances and covariances matrix in linear mixed models in a group of four experiments cane sugar conducted in four sites of Guatemala: farm Limones - Pantaleon sugar mill (LP), farm Bálsamo - Pantaleon sugar mill (BP), area 1 of the farm Limones - sugar mill Madre Tierra (MT1) and area 2 of the farm Limones - sugar mill Madre Tierra (MT2). Production of sugar cane was the interest variable analyzed at all locations, using the randomized block design with five replications and the same six treatments related to different doses of a plant growth regulator. Initially the models were adjusted and compared with alternating the blocks effect, sometimes considered fixed, sometimes random, and the structure of the variance and covariance matrix (R) according to the exponential, gaussian and spherical models. The models were compared, and, among them, those with spatial dependence structures stood out as the best statistically from the Akaike information criterion (AIC), and the selected modelos were the BFExp model (block as fixed effect and exponential function to R) and the BAExpH model (block as random effect, exponential function to R and different variances among the sites). After that, the estimation of fixed effects and prediction of random effects using the restricted maximum likelihood method (REML) were done, since this methodology provides a lower bias to their estimates. The joint analysis of both selected models showed no interaction between treatments and locals, even significant effect of treatments, not being advised the unfolding of this interaction. The effect of local was significant only in the BAExpH model, and detected in this case the superiority of the local BP in relation to the others. Additionally, individual sites were examined similarly to the previous case, through comparison of models and analysis of variance, however, treatment effects weren\'t significant too. Residual plots were constructed and represented satisfactory fit of the models to describe the data in all cases studied. Finally, a simulation study showed results with more credibility and support for the importance and relevance of verifying, through comparisons, the need to use a more structured model that considers the possible existence of spatial dependence among observations.

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McCarthy, Stuart George. "The integration of sensory control for sugar cane harvesters." University of Southern Queensland, Faculty of Engineering and Surveying, 2003. http://eprints.usq.edu.au/archive/00001469/.

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The research concerns the design and implementation of mechatronic systems to assist in the operation and control of a sugar cane harvester. Two functions were chosen for attention, the primary separation system, and the ‘topper’ that discards the leafy crown. Although these operations are given low priority by the operator of the harvester, their optimisation is of particular significance to the industry. Optimum separation requires a fine balance between discarding ‘trash’ that would contaminate the quality of the cane billets and losing good sugar-bearing material through over cleaning. Poor control of the topper can create extra load for the separation system and cause it to operate at a low efficiency with high loss. Alternatively it can cause a length of sugar-bearing cane stalk to be lost before it even enters the harvester system at all. A variety of mechatronic techniques were explored, that addressed the problem of providing useful data directly from the harvester functions and the electronic instrumentation to allow the data to be collected in a useful form in real-time. Computer control issues were also investigated, to make best use of the data stream. Novel acoustic transducers were introduced to the sensory separation system to provide a signal that indicated material striking the fan blades. A rotary transformer was required to allow transmission of the signal, and a signal interface system was implemented to record the returned data. Many real-time time-series analyses were conducted, and from these a suitable algorithm to extract an impact signal was developed. This system was assessed under harvesting conditions with results that confirmed its ability to quantify the amount of cane lost from the harvest. An investigation was conducted to detect the optimum topping height on a sugar cane stalk. The techniques considered both the internal and external attributes of the stalk, and a method was selected to measure the sugar concentration with a chemical sensor. An important design parameter was that the sensor must operate on the harvester in real time. The novel refractometer worked well in laboratory conditions, yielding repeatable and accurate results. The field environment complicated the application of this system, however this was partly overcome with introduction of a custom sample-crushing mechanism. This device provided the necessary juice sample from a selection of the topped cane stalks. The complete sampling and measuring mechanism operated well on cane stalks, and returned encouraging results. Both sets of data returned useful information regarding the operation of the particular harvester operations. The control of either the separation system or the topper requires careful balancing, and novel control techniques that consider the ergonomics for the operator are discussed. These include visual indication devices through to automatic control algorithms. With the integration of mechatronic techniques into the functioning of the sugar cane harvester, the overall efficiency of many of its functions may be improved, and the operator’s task may be greatly simplified. The ultimate objective is to maximise the yield with an improved level of harvested and separated cane.

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Rodrigues, Osmar V. "Agrivehicle : Design for the Vehicle Transporting Sugar Cane Cutters." Thesis, Royal College of Art, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.503010.

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Batchelor, C. H. "Water use and growth of drip-irrigated sugar cane." Thesis, University of Reading, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.314805.

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Madaleno, Leonardo Lucas. "Cigarrinha-das-raízes na cana-de-açúcar e qualidade do açúcar produzido /." Jaboticabal : [s.n.], 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/105268.

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Orientadora: Márcia Justino Rossini Mutton
Banca: José Paulo Stupiello
Banca: Newton Macedo
Banca: Ailto Antônio Casagrande
Banca: José Fernando Durigan
Resumo: Com a ampliação de áreas de colheita de cana sem queima da palha (cana crua) no estado de São Paulo observou-se aumento na população de insetos considerados de importância secundária, como as cigarrinha-das-raízes. Essa praga causa redução da qualidade da matéria-prima e os efeitos indiretos da elevada infestação na cana podem reduzir a qualidade do açúcar produzido. O objetivo do presente estudo foi verificar a influência da praga na qualidade do açúcar, através da composição de feixes, conforme o tratamento, de colmos sadios e danificados pelo inseto (0, 15, 30 e 60% de danos), em duas épocas de avaliação. Foi observada também, a influência de diferentes métodos de controle da elevada população da praga e compararam-se as amostras de açúcar produzidas das áreas com a praga e em escala de laboratório, com o produzido nas usinas da região de Jaboticabal-SP. Observou-se nos trabalhos que os danos promovidos pela cigarrinha-das raízes reduziram a qualidade tecnológica do caldo e, por consequência, do açúcar produzido. Dependendo da época de colheita o prejuízo pode ser mais elevado. Houve melhora parcial da qualidade do açúcar com os métodos de controles da praga utilizados e foram encontrados parâmetros indicadores de redução de qualidade do açúcar proveniente de áreas de canas atacatadas por pragas: umidade, cinzas, compostos fenólicos totais e cor
Abstract: With the increased of green cane fields on Sao Paulo State was observed spittlebugs infestation rise, which earlier, were considered secondary pest. This insect cause reduces on cane quality and indirect effects by high infestation that may diminish sugar quality. The aim of this study was evaluate pest interference on sugar quality, by sheaf composition, according to treatment, of healthy and damaged stalks by insect (0, 15, 30 and 60% of damaged stalks), evaluated on two harvest seasons. Also, we observed effects of different pest control methods of high population and was made comparison of sugar samples produced by fields with spittlebugs infestation and lab scale, with sugar produced at Jaboticabal - SP region sugar mills. We verified that spittlebugs damaged caused reduction on technological juice quality and, consequently, on produced sugar. Depending of harvest season the injury could be major. There was partial recovery of quality sugar with pest control utilization and were found indicators parameters of sugar quality reduction from fields with pest infestation: moisture, ash, total phenolics compounds and color
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45

Joyce, James Alexander. "Pressurised entrained flow gasification of sugar cane wastes for cogeneration /." [St. Lucia, Qld.], 2006. http://adt.library.uq.edu.au/public/adt-QU20060713.095935/index.html.

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46

Abdul-Aziz, Z. A. B. "Resistance of sugar cane to root knot nematodes (Meloidogyne Spp.)." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.372305.

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47

Madaleno, Leonardo Lucas [UNESP]. "Cigarrinha-das-raízes na cana-de-açúcar e qualidade do açúcar produzido." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/105268.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
Com a ampliação de áreas de colheita de cana sem queima da palha (cana crua) no estado de São Paulo observou-se aumento na população de insetos considerados de importância secundária, como as cigarrinha-das-raízes. Essa praga causa redução da qualidade da matéria-prima e os efeitos indiretos da elevada infestação na cana podem reduzir a qualidade do açúcar produzido. O objetivo do presente estudo foi verificar a influência da praga na qualidade do açúcar, através da composição de feixes, conforme o tratamento, de colmos sadios e danificados pelo inseto (0, 15, 30 e 60% de danos), em duas épocas de avaliação. Foi observada também, a influência de diferentes métodos de controle da elevada população da praga e compararam-se as amostras de açúcar produzidas das áreas com a praga e em escala de laboratório, com o produzido nas usinas da região de Jaboticabal-SP. Observou-se nos trabalhos que os danos promovidos pela cigarrinha-das raízes reduziram a qualidade tecnológica do caldo e, por consequência, do açúcar produzido. Dependendo da época de colheita o prejuízo pode ser mais elevado. Houve melhora parcial da qualidade do açúcar com os métodos de controles da praga utilizados e foram encontrados parâmetros indicadores de redução de qualidade do açúcar proveniente de áreas de canas atacatadas por pragas: umidade, cinzas, compostos fenólicos totais e cor
With the increased of green cane fields on Sao Paulo State was observed spittlebugs infestation rise, which earlier, were considered secondary pest. This insect cause reduces on cane quality and indirect effects by high infestation that may diminish sugar quality. The aim of this study was evaluate pest interference on sugar quality, by sheaf composition, according to treatment, of healthy and damaged stalks by insect (0, 15, 30 and 60% of damaged stalks), evaluated on two harvest seasons. Also, we observed effects of different pest control methods of high population and was made comparison of sugar samples produced by fields with spittlebugs infestation and lab scale, with sugar produced at Jaboticabal – SP region sugar mills. We verified that spittlebugs damaged caused reduction on technological juice quality and, consequently, on produced sugar. Depending of harvest season the injury could be major. There was partial recovery of quality sugar with pest control utilization and were found indicators parameters of sugar quality reduction from fields with pest infestation: moisture, ash, total phenolics compounds and color

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Amre, Devendra. "Risk for lung cancer among sugar cane farmers and processing workers." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape9/PQDD_0018/NQ55297.pdf.

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Mui, Nguyen Thi. "Feeding systems for goats based on foliages and whole sugar cane /." Uppsala : Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences (Sveriges lantbruksuniv.), 2001. http://epsilon.slu.se/avh/2001/91-576-5825-0.pdf.

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Allali, Mohamed. "The efficiency of selection in a Moroccan sugar cane breeding programme." Thesis, University of Reading, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.239460.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Production of sugar cane'

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