Academic literature on the topic 'Productive chain. eng'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the lists of relevant articles, books, theses, conference reports, and other scholarly sources on the topic 'Productive chain. eng.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Journal articles on the topic "Productive chain. eng"
1
Vagnani, Gianluca, and Loredana Volpe. "Alla ricerca del valore della filiera vitivinicola: verso la formulazione di un modello di analisi." MERCATI & COMPETITIVITÀ, no. 4 (December 2009): 21–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/mc2009-004003.
Full textAbstract:
- This study presents the theoretical construct named "extended productive chain" as a model that may possibly be used in order to express and measure the value of the multiple relationships and interrelationships existing among economic activities. When applied to the wine productive chain, the model shows the relevance and value that the latter is able to create because of its effects on both some linked productive chains (e.g. bottles, tops, labels), and other correlated ones (e.g. publishing, food and beverage, tourism). This value is also due to its intangible components (e.g. reputation, "made in Italy" image worldwide). Besides, the present study sheds light on some criticalities related to the Italian wine productive chain, whose relational components may turn from synergic factors into channels of contagion and diffusion of negative effects among different productive chains. Thus, this contribution leads to reflect about the need for institutional actors, professional associations, and firms to develop and strengthen their planning skills in order to protect and re-create the value induced by the wine productive chain within a changing environment over time.
2
Maksymenko, Anna. "Methodological approaches to global value chains analysis." Socio-Economic Problems of the Modern Period of Ukraine, no. 4(138) (2019): 14–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.36818/2071-4653-2019-4-3.
Full textAbstract:
The article is devoted to overview of methodological approaches to the analysis of the global value chains. Value chain is a full range of activities which is done by firm or employees in order to bring a product from its conception to its end use. This also includes activities such as design, production, marketing, distribution and support to the final consumer. Global value chains (GVC) involve different type of firm from different countries in such activities. The paper emphasizes that this research topic is interdisciplinary. Topics in GVC literature include variety of aspects: impact of globalization on employment, horizontal and vertical links between enterprises in the chain, governance structure of organizing international production networks, supply and income distribution, spread of innovation and technology, firms’ upgrading etc. Generally, A. Morrison, C. Pietrobelli and R. Rabellotti have identified two different “schools” or approaches within the broad GVC literature: the internationalist approach and the industrialist approach. Typology of global value chains is quite developed topic. Such types as market type, modular type, relational type, captive type, hierarchy type of governance have been distinguished and described by foreign researches. Elements of modernization processes of the value chain have been highlighted. Approaches to upgrading of value added production can be considered as upgrading of products (and packaging), upgrading of processes, functional upgrading, inter-sectoral upgrading. Also concept of upgrading can relate to upgrading of value chain-network structure and upgrading of governance structures. The topic of barriers for integration in global value chains for developing countries is crucial. There are several factors affecting developing country competitiveness in GVCs: productive capacity, infrastructure and service, business environment, trade and investment policy, industry institutionalization. The main conclusions emerging from analytical overview presented in this article are that various approaches to GVCs analysis exist and that the choice of particular approach should be based on specific research topic which is investigated as well as data sources (e.g. firms’ business record, input-output tables, interviews with enterprises, business association, government officers etc).
3
Küttner, R. "Production planning for a supply chain in a low-volume and make-to-order manufacturing environment." Estonian Journal of Engineering 15, no. 1 (2009): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3176/eng.2009.1.05.
Full text
4
Tieman, Marco. "Halal Supply Chain Certification: The Next Frontier in Halal Certification?" ICR Journal 9, no. 2 (April 15, 2018): 233–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.52282/icr.v9i2.124.
Full textAbstract:
Halal supply chains are vulnerable to contamination, risk of contamination and perception issues, providing reputational risks for brand owners operating supply chains in and for Muslim markets. At the same time, new halal standards are being developed by Muslim countries beyond slaughtering and food production, covering areas such as animal welfare, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment, logistics, food services, retail, Islamic banking and finance, etc. Indeed, halal requires a supply chain approach in order to ensure the integrity of a halal product, similar to food safety. Therefore, the halal assurance system of a company should go beyond ingredients and production process. But, is the certification of an end-to-end halal supply chain feasible?
5
Agler, M. T., C. M. Spirito, J. G. Usack, J. J. Werner, and L. T. Angenent. "Development of a highly specific and productive process for n-caproic acid production: applying lessons from methanogenic microbiomes." Water Science and Technology 69, no. 1 (October 25, 2013): 62–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2013.549.
Full textAbstract:
High productivity and specificity in anaerobic digesters arise because complex microbiomes organize into a metabolic cascade to maximize energy recovery and to utilize the advantage that the gaseous end product methane freely bubbles out of the system. These lessons were applied to ascertain whether a reactor microbiome could be shaped to produce a different end product. The liquid product n-caproic acid was chosen, which is a 6-carbon-chain carboxylic acid that is valuable and that has a relatively low maximum solubility concentration for product recovery. Acetoclastic methanogenesis was inhibited by pH control and a route was provided for n-caproic acid extraction by implementing selective, in-line recovery. Next, ethanol was supplemented to promote chain elongation, which is a pathway in which short-chain carboxylic acids are elongated sequentially into medium-chain carboxylic acids with two-carbon units derived from ethanol. The reactor microbiome developed accordingly with the terminal process catalyzed by chain-elongating bacteria. As a result, n-caproic acid production rates increased to levels comparable to anaerobic digestion systems for solid waste treatment.
6
Nizam, Derya. "Place, food, and agriculture: the use of geographical indications in olive oil production in western Turkey." New Perspectives on Turkey 57 (November 2017): 3–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/npt.2017.31.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractThis study concerns how olive oil producers and local bureaucrats in western Turkey use geographical indications (GIs) as a localist strategy to strengthen their position in global markets by challenging conventional agricultural practices. The study employs the disarticulation approach of global commodity chain analysis in order to understand which factors delink people and places from conventional commodity chains/industrial chains and link them instead to GI chains. The results of the study indicate that regional disadvantages—e.g., high production costs due to land characteristics—are the main factor delinking local actors from the conventional olive oil commodity chain. Furthermore, certain dynamic rent opportunities that are related to characteristics of territorial quality and to local cultural characteristics also contribute to the linking of the region and producers to GI chains.
7
Beckers, Anna. "The Invisible Networks of Global Production: Re-Imagining the Global Value Chain in Legal Research." European Review of Contract Law 16, no. 1 (April 7, 2020): 95–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ercl-2020-0006.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractReviewing the burgeoning legal scholarship on global value chains to delineate the legal image of the global value chain and then comparing this legal image with images on global production in neighbouring social sciences research, in particular the Global Commodity Chain/Global Value Chain and the Global Production Network approach, this article reveals that legal research strongly aligns with the value chain image, but takes less account of the production-centric network image. The article then outlines a research agenda for legal research that departs from a network perspective on global production. To that end, it proposes that re-imagining the law in a world of global production networks requires a focus in legal research on the legal construction of global production and its infrastructure and a stronger contextualization of governance obligations and liability rules in the light of the issue-specific legal rules that apply to said infrastructure.
8
Mercado, Waldemar. "Institutional economy of the quinoa productive chain in Junin, Peru." Scientia Agropecuaria 9, no. 3 (September 28, 2018): 329–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.17268/sci.agropecu.2018.03.04.
Full text
9
Kyllönen, Hanne, and Petri Helo. "SCOR Based Food Supply Chain’s Sustainable Performance Evaluation Model." Advanced Materials Research 488-489 (March 2012): 1039–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.488-489.1039.
Full textAbstract:
This paper introduces a first level of the SCOR based Food Supply Chain’s Sustainable Performance Evaluation Model and a case study. The model connects environmental performance to the part of the supply chain performance. The aim of the model is to consider ecologic issues as a part of the strategic supply chain decisions and in that way to develop supply chain management more sustainable. The food supply chain’s sustainable performance model consists of the ecological, social, and environmental metrics. It bases e.g. on the level 1 SCOR-metrics. The developed method is used in the case study as a method. The results of the case study shows e.g. that if one production plant would be replaced with two plants the delivery time and delivery costs, waste and carbon dioxide emissions would decrease and production costs and investment costs would increase. The results of the case study show that individual measures of the environmental or economical performance are not enough when optimizing supply chains sustainable performance. Also optimizing production cost or delivery performance may differ from supply chain overall performance. More holistic way to measure overall sustainable performance are needed. The sustainable performance evaluation model seems to be useful way to improve sustainable supply chain management but more studies are needed.
10
Bask, Anu, and Markku Tinnilä. "Impact of Product Characteristics on Supply Chains." International Journal of Applied Logistics 4, no. 1 (January 2013): 35–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jal.2013010103.
Full textAbstract:
Supply chains are typically considered to consist of many stages across several organizations starting from raw material sources through component production to manufacturing and further on via distribution operations to B-to-B customers and consumers. This paper focuses on analyzing product-related characteristics: what the characteristics mentioned in the literature are, and the impact they have on the structure and design of supply chains. The authors look at how product characteristics in general influence the design of supply chains, and their effect on different stages of supply chains. In the literature analysis, the focus is on examining the impact of product characteristics on supply chain strategy and structures, purchasing, manufacturing, distribution, and logistics services. Finally, they draw conclusions on the above. The contribution of this paper is twofold. Firstly, based on supply chain management literature, the authors propose a framework for analyzing the impact of product characteristics on supply chains. Secondly, at the end of the paper, they extend the framework by summarizing the key results pertaining to each supply chain management area under analysis. These include the characteristics of the main frameworks used in previous studies and the generic product characteristics used.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Productive chain. eng"
1
Barelli, Breno Giordano Pensa. "Design para sustentabilidade : modelo de cadeia produtiva do bambu laminado colado (BLC) e seus produtos /." Bauru : [s.n.], 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/89698.
Full textAbstract:
Resumo: O presente estudo tem como objetivo principal estruturar um modelo para a cadeia produtiva do bambu laminado colado (BLC) e promover o seu fomento, tendo em vista que a sistematização desta cadeia ainda não existe no Brasil. Para tanto, o procedimento metodológico adotado para a pesquisa é de natureza exploratória, por proporcionar maior familiaridade com a atuação do design em contribuição ao desenvolvimento sustentável e com o ciclo da cadeia produtiva do BLC e seus produtos no país. O trabalho delineia-se em pesquisa bibliográfica e estudos de caso, primeiramente para compor a fundamentação teórica da dissertação e para o resgate das informações necessárias para a elaboração do modelo de cadeia produtiva e, posteriormente, com a atuação junto aos agricultores do assentamento rural "Terra Nossa" e aos estudantes do curso de Design de Produtos da Unesp-Bauru. Com a pesquisa pode-se identificar quais são os aspectos positivos e negativos da cadeia produtiva do BLC que se inicia no Brasil, com destaque para o ambiente institucional, o mais evoluído, e o segmento de produção industrial, o mais defasado, havendo algumas iniciativas de comercialização de produtos em BLC e um crescimento no consumo. Com os casos estudados foi possível dar início à apropriação do conhecimento científico e tecnológico em torno da cadeia produtiva do BLC pelos agricultores do assentamento "Terra Nossa" e pelos estudantes de design da Unesp-Bauru, sendo que estes últimos também puderam desenvolver cinco projetos e um protótipo de móveis utilizando o BLC como material componenteAbstract: This study have the main's objective structuring a model for the productive chain of glued laminated bamboo (GLB) and perform its promotion, knowing that the systematization of this chain does not yet exist in Brazil. So, the methodological procedure adopted for the research is exploratory in nature, by providing greater familiarity with the role of design in sustainable development and contributing to the cycle of the productive chain of GLB and its products in the country. The work is delineated in research literature and case studies, firstly to compose the theoretical basis of the dissertation and for the redemption of the information necessary for drawing up the model of the production chain and subsequently with the action with farmers from rural settlement "Terra Nossa" and the action with the students of Product Design of Unesp-Bauru. In this research it can be identified positive and negative aspects of the production chain of GLB, that starts in Brazil, with emphasis on the institutional environment, as the most evolved and the segment of industrial production, as the most involute, in addition of some marketing initiatives of products in GLB and a growth in consumption. In the cases studied it was possible to start the ownership of scientific and technological knowledge on the productive chain of GLB by farmers of the settlement "Terra Nossa" and by students of the design at the Unesp-Bauru. They also developed five projects and one prototype of furnitures using GLB as material component
Orientador: Marco Antônio dos Reis Pereira
Coorientador: Paula da Cruz Landim
Banca: Antônio Ludovico Beraldo
Mestre
2
Lemos, Joana Gusmão. "Projeto, processo e produto : cartografia do design de conexões na televisão digital /." Bauru : [s.n.], 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/89525.
Full textAbstract:
Orientador: João Baptista WinckBanca: Maria Cristina Gobbi
Banca: Antonio Walter Ribeiro de Barros
O "Programa de Pós graduação em Televisão digital: informação e conhecimento" capacita profissionais para atuarem em televisão digital nas três áreas: comunicação, educação e tecnologia
Resumo: A Era Digital, com suas novas tecnologias interativas e convergentes. estimula formas de sociabilidades originais, interligadas, intercomunicantes e virtualizadas por meio das hipertelas. Outra natureza de interações surge a partir da digitalização e das novas velocidades do processo comunicativo conteporâneo. Com a nova ordem do conhecimento, agora é possível transgredir os limites do espaço físico e da sequência temporal linear. Através das redes telemáticas, essa transgressão acontece por meio da construção coletiva de conteúdos. Ganha voz um novo tipo de usuário ou ator social, cujo pensamento se conecta a outros hábitos de comunicação.A conexão desses usuários e de suas ideias consolida padrões culturais singulares e exigentes de novas linguagens. Trataremos então da natureza desse Design de novas conexões, relações, interações, sistemas e comportamentos que emergem na chamada Sociedade da Informação, que interfere diretamente nas organizações sociais, sobretudo no que tange à cadeia do audiovisual. Por meio de pesquisa bibliográfica e documental, investigamos e aprofundamos estudos sobre o projeto, os processos e os produtos que, articulados enquanto design, norteiam os pressupostos da gestão da informação e suas interfaces apliacadas à cadeia produtiva da comunicação audiovisual. Buscamos, assim, mapear os campos, etapas, processos e atores envolvidos na produção de conteúdos para Televisão Digital interativa. Estudamos aqui os possíveis novos desenhos traçados pelas relações entre os conteúdos e seus "públicos" no interior dos processos produtivos do audiovisual
Abstract: The digital age, with its new interactive and converging technologies, stimulates original forms of sociability, which are interconnected, intercommunicating and visualized through hyperscreens. Another kind of interaction arises from the digitalization and new speeds of contemporary communicative process. With the new order of knowledge, it is now possible to transgress the limits of physical space and linear time sequence, through the collective development of content through such telematics networks. Youth, compounding the generation of "Digital Natives", gives voice to a new type of user or social actor, whose thinking is connected to other communication habits, consolidating singular cultural standards, demanding new languages and skills. Here, we address the nature of this Design of new connections, relations, interactions, systems and behaviors that emerge in the so called information society, interfering directly in social organizations, especially with regard to the audiovisual production chain. Investigating and deepening studies, through bibliographic and documentary research, on the project, the proceses and the products that, articulated as design, guide assumptions of information management and its interfaces applied to the production chain for audiovisual communication, we intend to map fields, stages, processes and actors involved in the production of contends for interactive Digital Television. We study the possible new designs drawn by the relations and connections between contends and their audience whith the processes of audiovisual production
Mestre
3
Lorenzon, Emilena Josimari. "Análise de domínio para avaliação de tesauros : uma experiência com a cadeia produtiva do calçado no Brasil /." Marília : [s.n.], 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/103385.
Full textAbstract:
Orientador: João Batista Ernesto de MoraesBanca: José Augusto Chaves Guimarães
Banca: Mariângela Spotti Lopes Fujita
Banca: Luciana de Souza Gracioso
Banca: Brígida Maria Nogueira Cervantes
Resumo: Buscou-se resolver o problema da cadeia produtiva do calçado no Brasil, enquanto domínios especializados, de não possuir uma linguagem de indexação específica e exaustiva para a organização e representação das suas informações, mostrando que o único instrumento de vocabulário controlado existente nesse setor produtivo, denominado Microtesauro do Couro e Calçado, produzido pelo Serviço Nacional de Aprendizagem Industrial - SENAI, não é suficiente para organizar, atualmente, todos os conteúdos abordados dentro do domínio em questão. Para isso, utilizamos os pressupostos teóricos de John Swales sobre análise de domínio e comunidades discursivas, aplicando os seguintes procedimentos metodológicos: 1) delimitação do domínio (definição de onde começa e onde termina), utilizando os princípios metodológicos propostos por Tennis (2003) e as 11 abordagens de Hjorland (2001; 2002) para sua análise, delimitando-o através das suas áreas de modulação e seu grau de especialização; 2) identificação dos usuários da terminologia, ou seja, as comunidades discursivas desse domínio; 3) seleção de uma categoria bem específica e duas facetas para a identificação de termos; 4) definição e seleção do corpus para o estudo; 5) utilização de uma tecnologia para a extração semiautomática de termos no corpus, eliminando aqueles que não são específicos na área, com auxilio de um especialista do setor; e finalmente 6) comparação de alguns termos, selecionados através de seu grau de especificidade no domínio, com os termos descritos no Microtesauro analisado. Pretendeu-se com a pesquisa verificar a possibilidade de avaliar tesauros a partir da análise de domínio conforme as perspectivas de Swales. Essa cadeia produtiva foi escolhida devido ao envolvimento profissional da pesquisadora no processo de organização de suas informações e conhecimentos
Abstract: We tried to solve the problem of footwear production chain in Brazil, while specialized fields, it does not have an indexing language to specifically include the organization and representation of your information, showing that the only existing tool for controlled vocabulary in the productive sector, microthesaurus called the Leather and Footwear, produced by the National Service of Industrial Learning - SENAI is not enough to organize now, all the content covered within the area in question. We utilize the theoretical assumptions of John Swales on domain analysis, and discursive communities, applying the following methodology: 1) delineation of the domain (definition of where it begins and ends), using the methodological principles proposed by Tennis (2003) and approaches the 11 Hjørland (2001, 2002) for analysis, limiting it through their areas of modulation and the degree of specialization, 2) identification of users of the terminology, ie the discursive communities that domain, 3) selection a very specific category and two facets to the identification of terms, 4) definition and selection of the corpus for the study, 5) use of a technology for semi-automatic extraction of terms in the corpus, eliminating those that are not specific in the area, with the aid of an industry expert, and finally 6) comparison of some terms, selected by their degree of specificity in the field, with the terms described in microthesaurus analyzed. It was intended to research to verify the possibility of evaluating thesauri from the domain analysis as the prospects of Swales. This chain was chosen because the researcher's professional involvement in the process of organizing their information and knowledge
Doutor
4
Steeneck, Daniel Waymouth. "Strategic Planning for the Reverse Supply Chain: Optimal End-of-Life Option, Product Design, and Pricing." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/51208.
Full textAbstract:
A company's decisions on how to manage its reverse supply chain (RSC) are important for both economic and environmental reasons. From a strategic standpoint, the key decision a manufacturer makes is whether or not to collect products at their end-of-life (EOL) (i.e., when their useful lives are over), and if so, how to recover value from the recovered products. We call this decision as the EOL option of a product, and it determines how the RSC is designed and managed overall. Many EOL options exist for a product such as resale, refurbishment, remanufacturing and part salvage. However, many factors influence the optimal EOL option. These factors include the product's: (i) characteristics, (ii) design, and (iii) pricing. A product's characteristics are its properties that impact the various costs incurred during its production, residual part values, and customer demand. In this work, the product design is viewed as the choice of quality for each of its parts. A part's quality-level determines, among other things, its cost, salvage value, and the likelihood of obtaining it in good condition from a disassembled used product. Finally, the manufacturer must determine how to price its new and used products. This decision depends on many considerations such as whether new and used products compete and whether competition exists from other manufacturers. The choice of appropriate EOL options for products constitutes a foundation of RSC design. In this work, we study how to optimally determine a product's optimal EOL option and consider the impact of product design and product pricing on this decision.
We present a full description of the system that details the relationships among all entities. The system description reveals the use of a production planning type of modeling strategy. Additionally, a comprehensive and general mathematical model is presented that takes into consideration multi-period planning and product inventory. A unique aspect of our model over previous production planning models for RSC is that we consider the product returns as being endogenous variables rather than them being exogenous. This model forms the basis of our research, and we use its special cases in our analysis.
To begin our analysis of the problem, we study the case in which the product design and price are fixed. Both non-mandated and mandated collection are considered. Our analysis focuses on a special case of the problem involving two stages: in the first stage, new products are produced, and in the second stage, the EOL products are collected for value recovery. For fixed product design and price, our analysis reveals a fundamental mapping of product characteristics onto optimal EOL options. It is germane to our understanding of the problem in general since a multi-period problem is separable into multiple two-stage problems. Necessary and sufficient optimality conditions are also presented for each possible solution of this two-stage problem. For the two-part problem, a graphical mapping of product characteristics onto optimal EOL options is also presented, which reveals how EOL options vary with product characteristics.
Additionally, we study the case of product design under mandated collection, as encountered in product leasing. We assume new production cost, part replacement cost, and part salvage value to be functions of the quality-level of a part along with the likelihood of recovering a good-part from a returned product. These are reasonable assumptions for leased products since the customer is paying for the usage of the product over a fixed contract period. In this case, the two-stage model can still be used to gain insights. For the two-part problem, a method for mapping part yields onto optimal EOL options is presented. Closed-form optimality conditions for joint determination of part yields and EOL options are not generally attainable for the two-stage case; however, computationally efficient methods for this problem are developed for some relatively non-restrictive special cases. It is found that, typically, a part may belong to one of three major categories: (i) it is of low quality and will need to be replaced to perform remanufacturing, (ii) it is of high quality and its surplus will be salvaged, or (iii) it is of moderate quality and just enough of its amount is collected to meet remanufactured product demand.
Finally, we consider the problem of determining optimal prices for new and remanufactured products under non-mandated manufacturer's choice of collection. New and remanufactured products may or may not compete, depending on market conditions. Additionally, we assume the manufacturer to have a monopoly on the product. Again, the two-stage problem is used and efficient solution methods are developed. Efficient solution methods and key insights are presented.Ph. D.
5
Morales, Cantú Karina Marisol, and Jonsson Erik Wisalchai. "3D PRINTING FOR END PRODUCTS : A case study of the industry, its capabilities and value chain." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Företagsekonomiska institutionen, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-176345.
Full textAbstract:
Our aim is to answer whether or not 3D printing is capable of achieving mass customization and mass production, since answering this might help predict a shift within manufacturing industries and the use that this technology has had the past years. Further, our aim is to give an overall view of the industry of companies offering 3D printed goods for end use through an e-commerce marketplace and its value creating activities. The overall aim is to contribute to fill the academic gap regarding research on 3D printing within the field of mass customization and provide groundwork for future research. To provide the current picture of the industry and thus analyze its capabilities regarding mass production and mass customization, we present the value chain with the involved value creating activities. We have conducted three qualitative interviews to three out of four companies within the industry complemented as well with an exhaustive research to the websites of the companies.
6
Tanglertpaibul, Nivit. "Strengthening the Egg Value-Chain in Bhutan under the Philosophy of Gross National Happiness." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-324873.
Full textAbstract:
Being a small landlocked country located in Eastern Himalaya ranges, makes it difficult for Bhutan to secure and sustain its national food security. Thus, Bhutan highly depends on the import of food from neighboring countries. This paper aims to improve the food security in Bhutan by giving a specific focus on the egg value-chain which starts from the import of parent stocks until the consumption within the country. Methods to identify potential constraints within the value-chain and provision of possible solutions used in this paper are a combination of literature reviews, qualitative studies (interview), and personal experience/communication of the author, who had been working with the Department of Livestock in Bhutan. The results of the study indicate that animal welfare, basic farm management, and consumer education are the top three areas that all stakeholders, especially government agents, should work with interdisciplinary in order to strengthen the overall value-chain. Challenges and room for improvement in animal welfare can be found from the beginning of the value-chain, the transporting of layer Day Old Chicks (DOCs). Lack of knowledge and skills for basic farm management which includes farm data recording, egg grading, and egg labeling, are issues found in the middle of the value-chain. Lastly, in the very end of the value-chain, more education should be given to consumers regarding the health benefits and nutritional value of eggs as to alleviate the problem of low egg consumption per capita relative to other developed nations. Possible solutions provided in this paper on animal welfare standard are suggested by the international projects and organizations namely, European Animal Welfare Platform and Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. For basic farm management, the government should be the one who encourages and provides skills using effective communication tools as well as law enforcement in order to improve the egg quality. At the same time, consumers should be stimulated to demand higher quality as this will be a driving force for future improvement and create higher liquidity in the market.
7
Militão, Elza da Silva. "Caracterização da agroindústria artesanal familiar na região de Jales-SP /." Ilha Solteira: [s.n.], 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/98896.
Full textAbstract:
Orientador: Silvia Maria Almeida Lima CostaBanca: Antonio Lázaro Sant'Ana
Banca: Rosângela Aparecida de Medeiros Hespanhol.
Resumo: As estratégias de agregação de valor aos produtos, incluindo a agroindustrialização da produção, têm sido buscadas e vêm ganhando importância no período recente como alternativa para aumentar o grau de inserção aos mercados dos agricultores familiares. O presente trabalho analisou algumas iniciativas de agregação de valor agropecuário como opções estratégicas de geração complementar de renda para produtores rurais organizados em grupos na região de Jales. A pequena agroindústria é entendida como geradora de renda de caráter complementar para os constituintes dos grupos e ainda guardam grande dependência do poder público municipal para viabilizar principalmente a comercialização e exposição dos produtos. Entretanto, dentro de uma concepção de desenvolvimento endógeno, o poder público há que investir por mais tempo tanto para propiciar a consolidação e legalização dos grupos, quanto para criar uma cultura, junto aos consumidores locais/regionais, de valorização dos aspectos e competências produtivas locais.
Abstract: The strategies of aggregation of value to products, including agroindustry of production, have been searched and are gaining importance in the recent period as an alternative to increasing the degree of integration of markets for family farmers. This study examined some initiatives of aggregation of agricultural value as strategic options for generating additional income for farmers organized into groups in the region of Jales. The small agribusiness is seen as income-generating complement to the character of the constituent groups and still retain high reliance on public power to make municipal mainly the marketing and exhibition of products. However, within a concept of endogenous development, the public should be able to invest more time both to facilitate the consolidation and legalization of the groups, how to create a culture along to consumers local / regional, capitalizing on local issues and productive skills.
Mestre
8
Raj-Reichert, Gale. "Governance in Global Production Networks : managing environmental health risks in the personal computer production chain." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2012. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/governance-in-global-production-networks-managing-environmental-health-risks-in-the-personal-computer-production-chain(94fd99ea-fd98-4b04-aabc-91c81a3d3c0d).html.
Full textAbstract:
Manufacturing activities in the personal computer industry are organised in a complex global production network (GPN) led by a variety of branded global lead firms. Increasingly, considerations on environmental, health and safety governance have emerged as an important element to the management and co-ordination of these production networks by lead firms. Within the personal computer GPN, the printed circuit board (PCB) industry is commonly subcontracted by branded firms to suppliers located in developing countries such as Penang, Malaysia. The activities of PCB manufacturing and assembly involve the use of various hazardous chemicals that pose environmental health risks to workers. This research aims to understand how governance over environmental health is implemented in the GPN led by Hewlett Packard (HP) and in particular with lower tier suppliers in the printed circuit board industry in Penang, Malaysia. The main research question is: how are environmental health concerns managed by governance mechanisms in GPNs that involve the relocation of harmful manufacturing activities to developing countries? Governance mechanisms within the GPN include private standards and codes of conduct, which are supplemented by government regulation in the host country. Governance outcomes are shaped by relations between firms and non-firm actors such as government agencies, civil society organisations and trade unions. Therefore, a GPN analytical framework is utilised to understand more specifically how a variety of firm and non-firm actors and their relationships and power dynamics influence governance practices in the industry. Fieldwork for the research was conducted in 2008 and 2010 and consisted of semi-structured in-person and telephone interviews with thirty seven key actors in Malaysia, Western Europe, and the United States. Key informants included HP; first tier suppliers to HP and second tier suppliers located in Penang, Malaysia; global and Malaysian civil society organisations; an international federation of trade unions and Malaysian trade unions; Malaysian government agencies; and a politician, occupational health doctor and journalist in Penang. The findings from this research show that a combination of factors results in a weak scenario for governing environmental health risks of suppliers in Penang. These factors are resource constraints among suppliers; weak host country capacity and willingness to regulate; weak knowledge of environmental health risks by firms and regulatory agencies; and weak contestation by external stakeholders. Findings from the analysis also show the need to have differentiated views of power amongst different actor relationships in order to understand the complexity of GPN governance.
9
Krishnan, Aarti. "Re-thinking the environmental dimensions of upgrading and embeddedness in production networks : the case of Kenyan horticulture farmers." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2018. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/rethinking-the-environmental-dimensions-of-upgrading-and-embeddedness-in-production-networks-the-case-of-kenyan-horticulture-farmers(708c3fff-4b64-4444-bdd5-3b30a807c37d).html.
Full textAbstract:
Stringent Northern private food standards have created onerous requirements for horticulture farmers in Kenya who wish to supply global value chains (GVC) and production networks (GPNs) governed by global lead firms. Simultaneously, Southern (regional) supermarkets have emerged over the last few decades leading to the formation of regional production networks (RPNs), which provide a new market opportunity and require meeting different regional private and public standards. Both Northern and regional standards are increasingly including complex environmental requirements that risk farmer exclusion from participation in both global and regional markets. This is exacerbated by bio-physical aspects of climate variability and extremes that impinge on crop quality and yield. A key problem therefore arises from the ability of farmers across not only GPNs but also RPNs and local production networks (LPNs) to cope with different environmental upgrading and downgrading pressures, emerging from standards and bio-physical aspects. The overarching research question this thesis seeks to address is: What are the dynamics of environmental upgrading, embeddedness and governance for farmers in global, regional and local production networks? This thesis seeks to make three contributions to the GPN and GVC literatures. The first is integrating the natural environment through a concept I call re-environmentalization. I suggest farmers dis-embed from previous relationships and interactions with their environment/land and re-embed into new socio-ecological relationships in GPNs, RPNs or LPNs. The second contribution enriches production network and value chain analysis by adding a dimension of Âchanging epistemologiesÂÂ wherein I explicate understandings of governance through the lens of a farmer. I view governance as something that 'is experienced'ÂÂ rather than focus on the lead firms'ÂÂ perspective of 'ÂÂgoverning'ÂÂ. I question the linearity of upgrading, studying what it means to a farmer, instead of assuming that all upgrades are beneficial. The third contribution is to compare how re-environmentalization and governance, effect a farmers' ability to environmentally upgrade heterogeneously across global, regional and local production networks, thereby going beyond the North-South analysis prevalent in GPN literature. The thesis is based on field research in Kenya involving 102 key informant interviews, 6 focus group discussions and a survey of 579 farmers across four counties (Murang'a, Machakos, Nyandarua, Meru) producing snow peas, garden peas, avocados and mangoes. The analysis uses a mixed method approach, drawing on econometric models along with qualitative data to provide triangulated and robust comparisons across production networks. The empirical findings of the research indicate that the trajectories of environmental upgrading/ downgrading are complex and dynamic across farmers in GPNs, RPNs and LPNs. This is because the process through which farmers re-environmentalize into GPNs is contested, as relationships with Northern firms'ÂÂ breed dis-trust and inhibit the use of tacit knowledge. This prevents farmers from performing environmental upgrading in a sustainable way. Furthermore, I debunk the implicit assumption that economically upgrading, by adhering to Northern and regional standards is sustainable, and instead show that these standards can trigger environmental downgrading. RPN farmers, because of their entrepreneurial capacity and smoother process of re-environmentalizing into regional networks, compared to farmers in GPNs, are able to internalize knowledge and environmentally upgrade more sustainably. Finally, LPN farmers perform the least environmental upgrades, due to minimal support from other network actors. Overall, I establish that it is critical to incorporate environmental dimensions in production network and value chain analysis.
10
Krauss, Judith. "Cocoa sustainability initiatives and the environment : mapping stakeholder priorities and representations." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2016. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/cocoa-sustainability-initiatives-and-the-environment-mapping-stakeholder-priorities-and-representations(cf6db173-5a55-4049-8b7a-ae045aeef971).html.
Full textAbstract:
Given growing concerns regarding the chocolate sector's long-term future, ever more private-sector, public-sector and civil-society stakeholders have become involved in initiatives aiming to make cocoa production more 'sustainable'. However, despite the omnipresent term, stakeholders' understandings of associated environmental, commercial and socio-economic priorities diverge: while transforming cocoa into a more attractive livelihood for farmers is paramount for some, others prioritise links to global environmental challenges. A third dimension encompasses commercial concerns related to securing supply, an increasing qualm given projected cocoa shortages and ever-rising concentration in the marketplace. This research argues there are considerable tensions between different stakeholders' commercial, socio-economic and environmental priorities in cocoa sustainability initiatives especially in light of the sector's intensifying challenges. Further tensions emerge between underlying drivers and representations, as public-facing communication continues to emphasise altruism rather than commercial necessity, locating engagements in 'nice-to-have' rather than 'business imperative' territory. Based on documentary analysis, semi-structured interviews, focus group discussions and participant observation, this thesis aims to capture how cocoa-sector changes have driven shifts in stakeholder priorities and representations, incorporating voices from across the initiatives ranging from cocoa producers to chocolate consumers. Utilising a modified global production networks lens to represent the full spectrum of stakeholders involved, the research maps three cocoa sustainability initiatives incorporating conservation or carbon measures in terms of power and embeddedness, stakeholder drivers and representations. While identifying tensions, it also argues that acknowledging divergent understandings of the polysemic 'sustainability' concept constitutes an opportunity for a much-needed redressing of power and embeddedness asymmetries to address systemic issues threatening the sector's future. However, the thesis also observes that despite protestations of partnership, few actors are willing to contemplate the systemic changes in favour of more equitable treatment and power distribution which would be required to safeguard the sector's long-term viability. This thesis's contributions include its unprecedented critical exploration of the diverging socio-economic, commercial and environmental drivers which diverse stakeholders associate with cocoa sustainability, the meanings they create towards the public, and the link to underlying power and embeddedness structures. These analytical foci have proved instrumental in unpacking emerging tensions, which are likely to grow more marked as cocoa shortages become more acute and understandings of sustainability continue to diverge.
Books on the topic "Productive chain. eng"
1
Lee, Joonkoo. Global Commodity Chains and Global Value Chains. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.201.
Full textAbstract:
A commodity chain refers to “a network of labor and production processes whose end result is a finished commodity.” The attention given to this concept has quickly translated into an expanding body of global chains literature. Research into global commodity chains (GCC), and later global value chains (GVC), is an endeavor to explain the social and organizational structure of the global economy and its dynamics by examining the commodity chains of a specific product of service. The GCC approach first emerged in the mid-1980s from world-system research and was reformulated in the early 1990s by development scholars. The development-oriented GCC approach turned the focus of GCC analysis to actor-centered processes in the global economy. One of the initial criticisms facing the GCC approach was its exclusive focus on internal conditions and organizational linkages, lacking systemic attention to the effect of domestic institutions and internal capacity on economic development. Other critics pointed to the narrow scope of GCC research. With the huge expansion in global chains literature in the past decade—not only in volume but also in depth and scope—efforts have been made to elaborate the global chains framework and to render it industry neutral, as partly reflected in the adoption of the term “global value chains.” Three key research themes surround these recent evolutions of global chains literature: GVC governance, “upgrading,” and the social construction of global value chains. Existing literature, however, still has theoretical and methodological gaps to redress.
2
Davis, George C., and Elena L. Serrano. Production and Profit Beyond the Farm Gate. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199379118.003.0013.
Full textAbstract:
Chapter 13 first looks at how changes at one level in the food supply chain may affect prices and quantities at another level via profit maximization. The chapter then considers firms that are closer to the consumer (e.g., restaurants) who will often be able to set their own prices and consider the analytics of profit maximization under this scenario. Utilizing this framework, the chapter considers the question: Are healthier foods more or less profitable than unhealthy foods? This leads naturally to a discussion of market segmentation, the limit of the market, and the distribution of healthy and unhealthy foods in the food system. As there are many calls for food firms to be more socially responsible and offer healthier foods, the chapter utilizes the framework to explore the implications of corporate social responsibility and how compatible that idea is with profit maximization.
3
Brander, Keith. Plankton and Fisheries. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199233267.003.0008.
Full textAbstract:
This chapter explores the dependence of fish on plankton and the relationship between plankton productivity and fisheries production. The dependence of fish production on plankton production is self-evident, since carbon fixation by photosynthetic phytoplankton forms the base of the marine food chain that leads to fish. Fisheries production is highest in areas of high plankton production, including upwelling areas (e.g. eastern boundary currents), fronts, and shelf seas with high nutrient supply. Marine mammals, seabirds, and fish that are capable of migrating over long distances often congregate to feed in these high productivity areas. However, it is generally not possible to infer fluctuations in annual fisheries yields from information on primary production, and even the average relationship for the nine areas together may be quite weak.
4
Babor, Thomas F., Jonathan Caulkins, Benedikt Fischer, David Foxcroft, Keith Humphreys, María Elena Medina-Mora, Isidore Obot, et al. Supply control for illegal markets. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198818014.003.0010.
Full textAbstract:
Supply control approaches to drug problems focus on the production, distribution, and sale of illicit psychoactive substances, and include alternative development programmes in producer nations, control of precursor chemicals used to produce certain drugs (e.g. methamphetamines) interdiction at national borders, and the incarceration of drug dealers at all levels. There is no evidence that promoting alternative development as part of global drug control strategy has a noticeable effect on use. Other interventions far up the distribution chain have produced transient market disruptions sufficient to affect drug use and related health outcomes The little evidence that exists suggests that policies focused on apprehension and extended periods of incarceration for high-level drug dealers have diminishing returns. Nor is local or street-level enforcement a viable strategy for reducing drug use because of the large numbers drug dealers involved. Nevertheless, supply-control interventions absorb the bulk of drug control spending in most nations.
5
Ciccantell, Paul S., and Paul K. Gellert. Raw Materialism and Socioeconomic Change in the Coal Industry. Edited by Debra J. Davidson and Matthias Gross. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190633851.013.6.
Full textAbstract:
In the midst of activist, citizen, and policymaker concerns about and advocacy for the end of coal as a fuel, this chapter takes a long-term historical-materialist perspective on energy and society relations. The historical evolution of coal commodity chains from mines in global peripheries to consumption in world-system cores through four periods of attempted and real hegemonic ascent (British, US, Japanese, and Chinese) are addressed. This analysis from the nineteenth century to 2015 demonstrates that generative sectors based on coal helped drive economic ascent in all four of these cases. Further, coal remains critical for aspiring powers, notably China and India, to produce steel and electricity. China’s and India’s combined coal consumption drove a near doubling of global hard coal production between 2000 and 2015, despite declining coal use in the OECD countries. The medium-term future of coal is therefore far from certain, despite environmental costs and concerns.
6
Lusk, Jayson L., Jutta Roosen, and Jason F. Shogren, eds. The Oxford Handbook of the Economics of Food Consumption and Policy. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199569441.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
Historically, the challenge for humans has been to secure a sufficient supply of food to stave off hunger and starvation. As a result, much of the research on food and agriculture in the past century has focused on issues related to production efficiency, food supply, and farm profitability. In recent years, however, farmers, agribusiness, policy makers, and academics have increasingly turned their attention away from the farm and toward the food consumer and to issues related to food consumption. The Oxford Handbook of the Economics of Food Consumption and Policy provides an overview of the economics of food consumption and policy relevant to the areas of food and agriculture and policy making. The first section covers the application of the core theoretical and methodological approaches of the economics of food consumption and policy. The second part concentrates on policy issues related to food consumption. Several articles focus on the theoretical and conceptual issues relevant in food markets, such as product bans, labeling, food standards, political economy, and scientific uncertainty. Additional articles discuss policy issues of particular interest to the consumer-end of the food supply chain, such as food safety, nutrition, food security, and development. The final section serves as an introduction to particular issues and current topics in food consumption and policy.
7
Biel Portero, Israel, Andrea Carolina Casanova Mejía, Amanda Janneth Riascos Mora, Alba Lucy Ortega Salas, Luis Andrés Salas Zambrano, Franco Andrés Montenegro Coral, Julie Andrea Benavides Melo, et al. Challenges and alternatives towards peacebuilding. Edited by Ángela Marcela Castillo Burbano and Claudia Andrea Guerrero Martínez. Ediciones Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.16925/9789587602388.
Full textAbstract:
Rural development and peacebuilding in Colombia have been highly prioritized by higher education institutions since the signing of the Peace Agreement between the National Government and the FARC-EP. This has resulted in the need to further analyze rural strategies that contribute towards a better life for the population of territories where armed conflict is coming to an end, whilst understanding the pressing uncertainty that this process implies; on the one hand, for the urgency of generating rapid and concrete responses to social justice and equity, and on the other, because fulfilling the agreement guarantees scenarios of non-repetition of the war in the country. These were some of the reflections that motivated the research project “Rural development alternatives for peacebuilding: educational strategies to strengthen the ability of producers and young people that contribute to the coffee production chain in the municipalities of Leiva, Policarpa and Los Andes of the department of Narino, with international impact in the province of Carchi-Ecuador”. This work is presented as an investigative result that contains the analysis of theoretical and territorial Dynamic contributions regarding the construction of peace, education and the economy for rural development. The book is made up of three parts: Part 1 gathers sociological, legal and demographic works on the challenges of peacebuilding with the national and departmental context of Narino, and looks at human rights from the perspective of population health and quality of life. Part 2 presents texts on the dynamics of rural education in Colombia; national challenges and lessons learned based on case studies of specific forms of education. Part 3 presents economic analyses regarding the models that are behind the conception of rural development and the productive and institutional dynamics of the local sphere for the generation of employment and income. All three parts are relevant at both the national level and also the more specific area of the department of Narino and within this, the Cordillera region. This area, historically affected by the armed conflict, despite experiencing continuing uncertainty regarding the resurgence of violence and the increase in illegal crops, has also reignited hope with regards to finding solutions to the problems seen in the countryside; through educational, community and productive experiments. Although there are contradictory dynamics, the authors agree that the rural territory is a scene of permanent and collective construction, mediated by constant social struggles and power disputes with the State. It is therefore necessary to rethink the strategies for implementing the Peace Agreement in this region, with participatory scenarios being provided to include the rationale specific to rurality, such as: justice and reconciliation, social pedagogy, pertinence of study and student retention rates, social and solidarity economy, productive associativity, demographic conditions and health; including the physical, mental and social wellbeing of rural workers. With this work, we hope to reflect collectively with academics and human rights activists, spurring an increase in studies of rural areas and those analyses of community and innovative strategies that reinforce the road towards the construction of a lasting peace with social justice in Colombia.
8
Food Handlers Manual. Instructor. Organización Panamericana de la Salud, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.37774/9789275119020.
Full textAbstract:
[Introduction]. Food-borne diseases (FBDs) are one of the most frequent public health problems in daily life. The hazards that cause FBD may occur in the different stages of the food chain (from primary production to the table). Independently from its origin, once the food reaches the consumer it may have an impact on public health and cause severe economic damage to the establishments devoted to its preparation and sale. These two events may cause loss of confidence and the closing down of a business. Fortunately, the measures for preventing food contamination are very simple and may be applied by anyone who handles food, by following easy rules for hygienic food handling. This Manual’s purpose is to provide to people who handle food, and particularly to food-handlers’ instructors, the information they need to facilitate the teaching of proper procedures to food workers. In addition, it seeks to provide basic information about food safety that Latin American and Caribbean countries may adapt to their own needs. The Manual is organized into three Modules and Appendixes focusing on the following topics: (1) food hazards; (2) FBDs; and (3) hygienic measures to prevent food contamination. The evaluation at the end, forms part of the Manual. Its purpose is to assess the knowledge learned during the course regarding the importance of hygienic food handling for public health.
9
Vuorinen, Ilppo. Post-Glacial Baltic Sea Ecosystems. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228620.013.675.
Full textAbstract:
Post-glacial aquatic ecosystems in Eurasia and North America, such as the Baltic Sea, evolved in the freshwater, brackish, and marine environments that fringed the melting glaciers. Warming of the climate initiated sea level and land rise and subsequent changes in aquatic ecosystems. Seminal ideas on ancient developing ecosystems were based on findings in Swedish large lakes of species that had arrived there from adjacent glacial freshwater or marine environments and established populations which have survived up to the present day. An ecosystem of the first freshwater stage, the Baltic Ice Lake initially consisted of ice-associated biota. Subsequent aquatic environments, the Yoldia Sea, the Ancylus Lake, the Litorina Sea, and the Mya Sea, are all named after mollusc trace fossils. These often convey information on the geologic period in question and indicate some physical and chemical characteristics of their environment. The ecosystems of various Baltic Sea stages are regulated primarily by temperature and freshwater runoff (which affects directly and indirectly both salinity and nutrient concentrations). Key ecological environmental factors, such as temperature, salinity, and nutrient levels, not only change seasonally but are also subject to long-term changes (due to astronomical factors) and shorter disturbances, for example, a warm period that essentially formed the Yoldia Sea, and more recently the “Little Ice Age” (which terminated the Viking settlement in Iceland).There is no direct way to study the post-Holocene Baltic Sea stages, but findings in geological samples of ecological keystone species (which may form a physical environment for other species to dwell in and/or largely determine the function of an ecosystem) can indicate ancient large-scale ecosystem features and changes. Such changes have included, for example, development of an initially turbid glacial meltwater to clearer water with increasing primary production (enhanced also by warmer temperatures), eventually leading to self-shading and other consequences of anthropogenic eutrophication (nutrient-rich conditions). Furthermore, the development in the last century from oligotrophic (nutrient-poor) to eutrophic conditions also included shifts between the grazing chain (which include large predators, e.g., piscivorous fish, mammals, and birds at the top of the food chain) and the microbial loop (filtering top predators such as jellyfish). Another large-scale change has been a succession from low (freshwater glacier lake) biodiversity to increased (brackish and marine) biodiversity. The present-day Baltic Sea ecosystem is a direct descendant of the more marine Litorina Sea, which marks the beginning of the transition from a primeval ecosystem to one regulated by humans. The recent Baltic Sea is characterized by high concentrations of pollutants and nutrients, a shift from perennial to annual macrophytes (and more rapid nutrient cycling), and an increasing rate of invasion by non-native species. Thus, an increasing pace of anthropogenic ecological change has been a prominent trend in the Baltic Sea ecosystem since the Ancylus Lake.Future development is in the first place dependent on regional factors, such as salinity, which is regulated by sea and land level changes and the climate, and runoff, which controls both salinity and the leaching of nutrients to the sea. However, uncertainties abound, for example the future development of the Gulf Stream and its associated westerly winds, which support the sub-boreal ecosystems, both terrestrial and aquatic, in the Baltic Sea area. Thus, extensive sophisticated, cross-disciplinary modeling is needed to foresee whether the Baltic Sea will develop toward a freshwater or marine ecosystem, set in a sub-boreal, boreal, or arctic climate.
Book chapters on the topic "Productive chain. eng"
1
Karamouzi, Eugenia, Eleni Tsironi, and Panopoulos Panagiotis. "Value chain system in agriculture: role of SPA." In Manuali – Scienze Tecnologiche, 8. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-5518-044-3.08.
Full textAbstract:
A value chain consists of the actors (private and public, including service providers) and the sequence of value-adding activities involved in bringing a product from production to the end-consumer. In agriculture they can be thought of as a “farm-to-fork” set of inputs, processes and flows. Agricultural businesses in developing countries offer an opportunity for market based economic development that creates benefits throughout value chains. Sustainable development in agricultural value chains of emerging economies could be of high relevance of Sustainable Precision Agriculture.
2
Woschank, Manuel, Patrick Dallasega, and Johannes A. Kapeller. "Investigation of the Potential to Use Real-Time Data in Production Planning and Control of Make to Order (MTO) Manufacturing Companies." In Implementing Industry 4.0 in SMEs, 165–85. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-70516-9_5.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractThe integrated planning and control of logistics processes can be seen as one of the basic prerequisites for the successful implementation of smart production systems and smart and lean supply chains, as well. Therefore, modern Industry 4.0 approaches are mainly focusing on (1) the principles of decentralization and (2) the usage of real-time data to improve the overall logistics performance in terms of promised delivery dates, work in progress, capacity utilization, and lead-times. In this context, this chapter systematically evaluates the application of decentralized production planning and control strategies, e.g., KANBAN and CONWIP, in comparison with traditional approaches, like MRP. Moreover, the impact of real-time data usage in production planning and control systems on lead-times and work in progress is investigated using a discrete event simulation based on primary data from a make to order manufacturer. The results of this industrial case study research confirm the significant potential that lies in smart production systems and smart and lean supply chains and, therefore, in the introduction of Industry 4.0 technologies and technological concepts in production and logistics systems.
3
Habyarimana, Ephrem, and Sofia Michailidou. "Genomic Prediction and Selection in Support of Sorghum Value Chains." In Big Data in Bioeconomy, 207–18. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-71069-9_16.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractGenomic prediction and selection models (GS) were deployed as part of DataBio project infrastructure and solutions. The work addressed end-user requirements, i.e., the need for cost-effectiveness of the implemented technologies, simplified breeding schemes, and shortening the time to cultivar development by selecting for genetic merit. Our solutions applied genomic modelling in order to sustainably improve productivity and profits. GS models were implemented in sorghum crop for several breeding scenarios. We fitted the best linear unbiased predictions data using Bayesian ridge regression, genomic best linear unbiased predictions, Bayesian least absolute shrinkage and selection operator, and BayesB algorithms. The performance of the models was evaluated using Monte Carlo cross-validation with 70% and 30%, respectively, as training and validation sets. Our results show that genomic models perform comparably with traditional methods under single environments. Under multiple environments, predicting non-field evaluated lines benefits from borrowing information from lines that were evaluated in other environments. Accounting for environmental noise and other factors, also this model gave comparable accuracy with traditional methods, but higher compared to the single environment model. The GS accuracy was comparable in genomic selection index, aboveground dry biomass yield and plant height, while it was lower for the dry mass fraction of the fresh weight. The genomic selection model performances obtained in our pilots are high enough to sustain sorghum breeding for several traits including antioxidants production and allow important genetic gains per unit of time and cost.
4
Hettiarachchi, Hiroshan, Johan Bouma, Serena Caucci, and Lulu Zhang. "Organic Waste Composting Through Nexus Thinking: Linking Soil and Waste as a Substantial Contribution to Sustainable Development." In Organic Waste Composting through Nexus Thinking, 1–15. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-36283-6_1.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractThis introductory chapter explains why organic waste composting is considered as one of the best examples to demonstrate the benefits of nexus thinking. Current literature is rich with information covering various aspects of composting process. However, it mainly represents two distinct fields: waste from the management point of view and soil/agriculture from the nutrient recycling point of view. It is hard to find information on how these two fields can benefit from each other, except for a few examples found within large agricultural fields/businesses. A policy/institutional framework that supports a broader integration of management of such resources is lacking: a structure that goes beyond the typical municipal or ministerial boundaries. There is a clear need to address this gap, and nexus thinking can help immensely close the gap by facilitating the mindset needed for policy integration. Good intention of being sustainable is not enough if there is no comprehensive plan to find a stable market for the compost as a product. Therefore, the chapter also discusses the strong need to have a good business case for composting projects. Composting can also support achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) proposed by the United Nations. While directly supporting SDG 2 (Zero hunger), SDG 12 (Responsible consumption and production), and SDG 13 (Climate action), enhanced composting practices may also assist us reach several other targets specified in other SDGs. While encouraging waste composting as a sustainable method of waste and soil management, we should also be cautious about the possible adverse effects compost can have on the environment and public health, especially due to some non-traditional raw materials that we use nowadays such as wastewater sludge and farm manure. Towards the end, we urge for the improvement of the entire chain ranging from waste generation to waste collection/separation to compost formation and, finally, application to soil to ensure society receives the maximum benefit from composting.
5
Wagner, Claudia-Maria, and Colm Ryan. "Physical and Digital Integration Strategies of Electronic Device Supply Chains and Their Applicability to ETO Supply Chains." In Advances in Logistics, Operations, and Management Science, 224–45. IGI Global, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-0021-6.ch011.
Full textAbstract:
The growth in the manufacture and distribution of electronic devices presents a source of continuing innovation. Electronic devices are products that integrate physical forms (i.e. hardware) and virtual forms (e.g. software) to deliver value to customers. These forms are very different from a product design and supply chain perspective, but nevertheless they need to work closely together in order to create value for the customers. For electronic device manufacturers, it is important that processes are in place to facilitate the seamless integration of both forms throughout the engineering, production, distribution and support stages of the product lifecycle. This chapter examines the role of physical and virtual supply chain innovation strategies in electronic device supply chains by exploring the commonalities and differences between the design, manufacturing, and distribution models of digital and physical elements. It also explores to what extent such strategies can be employed for engineer-to-order (ETO) supply chains.
6
Wagner, Claudia-Maria, and Colm Ryan. "Physical and Digital Integration Strategies of Electronic Device Supply Chains and Their Applicability to ETO Supply Chains." In Supply Chain and Logistics Management, 964–84. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-0945-6.ch045.
Full textAbstract:
The growth in the manufacture and distribution of electronic devices presents a source of continuing innovation. Electronic devices are products that integrate physical forms (i.e. hardware) and virtual forms (e.g. software) to deliver value to customers. These forms are very different from a product design and supply chain perspective, but nevertheless they need to work closely together in order to create value for the customers. For electronic device manufacturers, it is important that processes are in place to facilitate the seamless integration of both forms throughout the engineering, production, distribution and support stages of the product lifecycle. This chapter examines the role of physical and virtual supply chain innovation strategies in electronic device supply chains by exploring the commonalities and differences between the design, manufacturing, and distribution models of digital and physical elements. It also explores to what extent such strategies can be employed for engineer-to-order (ETO) supply chains.
7
Hiett, K. L. "Tracing pathogens in poultry and egg production and at the abattoir." In Tracing Pathogens in the Food Chain, 465–502. Elsevier, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1533/9780857090508.4.465.
Full text
8
"Recent patterns of global production and GVC participation." In Global Value Chain Development Report 2019, 9–43. WTO, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.30875/6aa1a271-en.
Full text
9
Liyanage, Jayantha P., Mike Herbert, and Jan Harestad. "Smart Integrated Operations for High Risk and Technologically Complex Assets." In Supply Chain Management, 388–416. IGI Global, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-59904-231-2.ch014.
Full textAbstract:
As the oil and gas (O&G) production business on the Norwegian Continental Shelf (NCS) stepped into a new development path termed the “3rd efficiency leap” since the year 2003, Smart Integrated eOperations is widely acknowledged as the way forward to deal with this inevitable change. Smart Integrated eOperations appears to be re-engineering the industry structure. Within the next few years, new policies and practices will establish operational networks and collaborative partnerships between O&G producers and the service-support-supply market through active integration for effective and efficient management of offshore production assets. Adaptation of Smart Integrated eOperations is largely stimulated by rapid development in application technology, large-scale information and communication (ICT) platforms, and the foreseen substantial commercial benefits of well-integrated collaborative industry infrastructure. This is a very novel macro-scale program, and the Norwegian O&G Industry has already launched major initiatives in this regard to realize its fully functional status by the year 2010. The sophisticated information and communication platform called Secure Oil Information Link (SOIL) and Onshore support centres (e.g., ODC and OOC of ConocoPhillips, Norway) represents major icons of this digital era. However, as per the existing circumstances on NCS, this long-range development scenario presents itself with a multitude of challenges, particularly those relating to human and organizational interfaces, which have to be overcome to ensure long-term sustained benefits.
10
Cacho, José Luís, Luís Marques, and Álvaro Nascimento. "Customer-Oriented Global Supply Chains." In Advances in Marketing, Customer Relationship Management, and E-Services, 82–103. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-3115-0.ch005.
Full textAbstract:
Logistic services are central to the design and management of any supply chain. Due to recent technological advances, modern supply chains are challenging traditional market boundaries in ways that both influence and are influenced by consumer behavior (e.g., Amazon, Alibaba, or JD.com). Economically speaking, corporations are changing along the way resources are being used in production. At the firm level, management decisions follow cost efficiency and risk management principles, pursuing a cost-risk tradeoff equilibrium. Theoretically, operations organized within the boundaries of the firm are just those for which the markets are unable to offer a more efficient alternative, whereas the link between buyers and sellers (i.e., demand and supply in the market) is intermediated by logistics services, such as transport, to mention but one. As technological innovation, social transformation, and consumer behavior threaten firms' traditional boundaries, logistics need to adjust and adapt to new and emerging challenges, its costs, and risks to end consumers.
Conference papers on the topic "Productive chain. eng"
1
de Jesus do Carmo Correa, Suelene, and Antonio Morais da Silveira. "Adaptive neuro-fuzzy model for productive chains assessment: A study of the broiler productive chain in Brazil." In 2012 XXXVIII Conferencia Latinoamericana En Informatica (CLEI). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/clei.2012.6427144.
Full text
2
Haerri, Vinzenz V., Markus Lindegger, and Manuel Neumaier. "A novel interior permanent synchronous motor for a high end ebike drive chain." In 2015 5th International Electric Drives Production Conference (EDPC). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/edpc.2015.7323228.
Full text
3
Alampi Sottini, Veronica, Iacopo Bernetti, Maria Cipollaro, Claudio Fagarazzi, and Sandro Sacchelli. "Environmental and social sustainability and supply chain efficiency in the production of biomass energy." In Secondo Congresso Internazionale di Selvicoltura = Second International Congress of Silviculture. Accademia Italiana di Scienze Forestali, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.4129/2cis-va-env.
Full text
4
Ibekwe, Achinike, Kjeld Sorensen, Jonathan Fernández, Alberto Arredondo, and Alex Mena. "Remnant Life Assessment of Bonga FPSO and SPM Mooring Chains." In ASME 2018 37th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2018-77941.
Full textAbstract:
Delivering full service life performance for mooring systems of Floating Production Storage & Offloading assets (FPSO) has been a frustrating challenge to operators across the industry. Remaining strength and fatigue assessment on degraded top mooring chains of the Bonga FPSO and Single Point Mooring (SPM) loading Buoy has been investigated as part of an in-house Bonga Asset Preservation Program. Both facilities are located approximately 120 km off the coast of Nigeria in the Gulf of Guinea operating in tropical waters just North of the Equator, where top chain links have been subjected to accelerated deterioration from Sun Corals and other forms of Microbiologically Induced Corrosion (MIC). These phenomena have led to overall corrosion rates being slightly above general design requirements, but more importantly to formations of large pitting on several sections of the top chain links. Remotely Operated Vehicles (ROV) assisted inspections, chain link cleaning and underwater 3D photogrammetry have allowed capturing the surface geometry of representative degraded chain links of the mooring lines to provide detailed input data for further analyses. Reverse engineering has been performed via Finite Element Analysis and fracture mechanics methodologies using the scanned geometry of selected highly exposed critical links to estimate the residual strength and fatigue life performance of the degraded links relative to their original design criteria. To evaluate the potential impact of cracks on the capacity of degraded chains relative to a reference link, crack tip Stress Intensity Factors have been computed at worst case stress-raising pits and parametric analyses using varying initial crack sizes have been performed to calculate the number of years for the cracks to propagate to critical sizes. A baseline for benchmarking the strength, fatigue and crack growth behaviour of the degraded links investigated has been provided by analysing non-degraded and uniformly corroded links after 12 years of service with projection to end of service life capacity. The paper provides a comprehensive application of numerical methods for assessing the fitness-for-service of the chains and recommendations on in-situ performance integrity management by circumventing the need to retrieve chain samples for testing.
5
Ma, Kai-tung, Øystein Gabrielsen, Zhen Li, David Baker, Aifeng Yao, Pedro Vargas, Meng Luo, et al. "Fatigue Tests on Corroded Mooring Chains Retrieved From Various Fields in Offshore West Africa and the North Sea." In ASME 2019 38th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2019-95618.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract When an aged mooring system seeks a life extension, it is necessary to assess the remaining fatigue life of the corroded mooring chain. This paper summarizes the results of fatigue tests performed on mooring chain samples retrieved from six different fields in West Africa and North Sea. The impacts of corrosion on fatigue life on the samples were researched. The tests were managed under a Joint Development Project, “Fatigue of Corroded Chains (FoCCs JDP)”. The objectives of the JDP are (1) to derive a methodology for assessing the remaining fatigue life of corroded chain, (2) to develop guidance for performing reliable FEA of chain links to assess remaining fatigue life, and (3) to provide more rational basis to improve industry guidance on mooring line replacement criteria for life extension. Fatigue test procedure was defined by the fifteen (15) participating members. The procedure specified the testing parameters, including mean tension, tension range, and test frequency. Six sets of fatigue tests have been completed in seawater with the number of cycles to failure recorded. These chain samples were retrieved from floating production and storage units, e.g. FPSOs and FSUs, that were still in service. Fatigue data obtained from the tests were plotted against the design SN curves and results from fatigue testing of new chain. It was found that most of these samples have limited amount of fatigue capacity remained. Most interesting finding is that the sharpness of the surface feature on the corroded chain link has a significant impact on the remaining fatigue life. Another interesting finding is that the surface feature created by corrosion can be quite distinct and unique depending on the geophysical locations where the sample came from. These findings and test results may serve as references for life extension assessment of an aged mooring system.
6
Kulkarni, Sukrut Shridhar, and Marliana Bt Mohammad. "Improvising Integrated Gas Planning Through Network Optimization for End-To-End Value Chain Enhancement." In International Petroleum Technology Conference. IPTC, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2523/iptc-21235-ms.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract This paper describes a suggestion to improvise an integrated gas planning process through network optimization. As a prudent operator it is imperative to formulate long-term gas supply outlook and scenarios to ensure efficient and effective resource management with due considerations of growth strategies while maximizing value for purpose of production-focused conversations, technical assessment of forthcoming developments, commercial arrangement policy and strategic expansions. Also, it necessitates to develop and implement resolution plan arising from supply planning areas i.e. shortfall mitigation, facilities ullage, constraint and complying specifications commitment. It thereby imposes to implement robust network optimization workflow in place to improvise the integrated gas management cycle to manage the current existing gas supply and to also regulate strategy in terms of line-ups, evacuation path of forthcoming fields economically. Precedingly integrated gas planning exercise was executed via stacking up list of production sources with forecasted demands. The precedent approach was emphasized purely on mathematical and statistical method of capitalizing the production profile and geographical traits of the production sources. Notwithstanding, the approach usually linked with identified challenges and pain points throughout the planning cycle. Challenges and pain points in integrated gas planning were briefly outlined to understand limitations of existing work process as well as the need of improvising the same by embedding network optimization by simulation modeling. It was observed that multiple challenges did occur during planning preparation until post planning implementation. Workflow for strategic integrated gas planning was established to include step by step process to illustrate the ideal case otherwise known as base case scenario. The work process for constructing a mathematical model for integrated gas planning was demonstrated to reflect the complexity of the process and landscape network. For each process, expectations were clarified to ensure robustness of the analysis. The limitations in the mathematical/statistical model workflow process was complimented by the enhancing method through network optimization. Network optimization was evaluated by leveraging on the development of holistic integrated modelling for current complex offshore facilities to empower and safeguard the proposed line up of new fields meeting technical allowances such as ullage, pressure balancing & supply/demand requirements, contaminant management in accordance with strategic planning & operations. Novel idea was established to create physical prototype (network model) of offshore supply network with building components such as source (fields), connectors (export pipelines and highways), sinks (multiple terminals), and pressure boosters (pump/compressor) were embedded in model for landscape along with multiple receiving end terminals. Network simulation model was also validated with Plant information PI data to yield representative results prior deployment. Situational analysis (what-if scenarios) were conducted to evaluate to root cause analysis and troubleshooting at several nodes in the network to cater for harmonic balance. Gap analysis was also executed to identify the necessary alterations to operating philosophy, partial segregation of system to cater for product demand and quality. Simulation network model was also utilized to explore different evacuation routes that could adhere to business rules/standards to optimize the work process and boost up the efficiency of current network. The above approach of improvising the integrated gas planning through network optimization truly enhance the end to end value chain by constituting result matter in validating the mathematical planning model with technical simulation to ensure robustness in management decision of certain strategies for the planning scenarios. It could also advocate the planning numbers by ensuring the do-ability and steer optimal solution for value maximization by deciphering the impediments and strengthening the analysis.
7
Alsaeedi, Ayesha Ahmed Abdulla Salem, Fahed Ahmed AlHarethi, Mohamed Ali Alzeyoudi, Ahmed Mohamed Al Bairaq, Nagaraju Reddicharla, Sandeep Soni, Deepak Tripathi, Melvin Hidalgo, and Apurv Raj. "A Systematic Approach for Evaluating Entire Production System Value Chain to Deliver the Dynamic Market Production Demand Using an End to End Production Simulation Process." In Abu Dhabi International Petroleum Exhibition & Conference. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/203177-ms.
Full text
8
Fahimnia, Behnam, Lee Luong, and Romeo Marian. "Optimization and Performance Evaluation of an Integrated Production-Distribution Plan in Supply Chains." In ASME 2009 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2009-10011.
Full textAbstract:
Supply Chain Management is the process of integrating and utilizing suppliers, manufacturers, distribution centers, and retailers; so that products are produced and delivered to the end-users at the right quantities and at the right time, while minimizing costs and satisfying customer requirements. From this definition, a supply chain includes three sub-systems: procurement, production, and distribution. The overall performance of a supply-chain is influenced significantly by the decisions taken in its production-distribution plan. A production-distribution plan excludes the procurement activities and integrates the decisions in production, transport and warehousing as well as inventory management. Hence, one key issue in the performance evaluation of a supply network is the modeling and optimization of production-distribution plan considering its actual complexity. This paper develops a mixed integer formulation for a two-echelon supply network that expands the previously reported production-distribution models through the integration of Aggregate Production Plan and Distribution Plan as well as considering the real-world variables and constraints. A Genetic Algorithm is designed for the optimization of the developed model. The methodology will be then implemented to solve a real-life problem incorporating multiple time periods, multiple products, multiple manufacturing plants, multiple warehouses and multiple end-users. To demonstrate the capability of the approach, the validation and performance evaluation of this model will be finally studied for the presented case study.
9
Collantes, Renzo, Jorge Portilla, Sandra Rodriguez, and Felipe Garcia. "Time and cost reduction in the production chain of construction projects through collaborative computer systems." In 2020 Congreso Internacional de Innovación y Tendencias en Ingeniería (CONIITI). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/coniiti51147.2020.9240406.
Full text
10
Johnson, Andrew, and Xianwen Kong. "Determination of the Workspace of Parallel Manipulators Using a CAD Software and the Concept of Virtual Chains." In ASME 2013 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2013-12586.
Full textAbstract:
Development of a new parallel manipulator can be very time consuming due to the traditional method of producing kinematic, dynamic and static calculation models and then evaluating them to determine aspects of the manipulator’s performance indices such as the mechanism’s workspace and singularity analysis. By extending the virtual chain approach to the type synthesis of parallel manipulators, this paper proposes a virtual-chain approach to the workspace analysis of parallel manipulators. This method is illustrated by producing and evaluating the workspace of several parallel robots including the well known DELTA robot by utilising the three-dimensional CAD software SolidWorks to produce a virtual prototype of a manipulator with an embedded virtual chain. The virtual chain represents the motion pattern of a manipulator’s end-effector and is very useful in the production of a graphical representation of the workspace of the manipulator. Using this approach, the link interferences and transmission indices can be easily taken into consideration in determining the workspace of a parallel manipulator.
Reports on the topic "Productive chain. eng"
1
van der Fels-Klerx, H. J., E. D. van Asselt, M. Pikkemaat, R. Hoogenboom, S. P. J. van Leeuwen, P. van Horne, P. E. Boon, L. Razenberg, M. Mengelers, and F. Leenstra. Chemical amd physical hazards in the egg production chain in the Netherlands. Wageningen: RIKILT Wageningen University & Research, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.18174/387371.
Full text
2
Roye, Thorsten. Unsettled Technology Areas in Deterministic Assembly Approaches for Industry 4.0. SAE International, August 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/epr2021018.
Full textAbstract:
Increased production rates and cost reduction are affecting manufacturing in all sectors of the mobility industry. One enabling methodology that could achieve these goals in the burgeoning “Industry 4.0” environment is the deterministic assembly (DA) approach. The DA approach is defined as an optimized assembly process; it always forms the same final structure and has a strong link to design-for-assembly and design-for-automation methodologies. It also looks at the whole supply chain, enabling drastic savings at the original equipment manufacturer (OEM) level by reducing recurring costs and lead time. Within Industry 4.0, DA will be required mainly for the aerospace and the space industry, but serves as an interesting approach for other industries assembling large and/or complex components. In its entirety, the DA approach connects an entire supply chain—from part manufacturing at an elementary level to an OEM’s final assembly line level. Addressing the whole process of aircraft design and manufacturing is necessary to develop further collaboration models between OEMs and the supply chain, including addressing the most pressing technology challenges. Since all parts aggregate at the OEM level, the OEM—as an integrator of all these single parts—needs special end-to-end methodologies to drastically decrease cost and lead time. This holistic approach can be considered in part design as well (in the design-for-automation and design-for-assembly philosophy). This allows for quicker assembly at the OEM level, such as “part-to-part” or “hole-to-hole” approaches, versus traditional, classical assembly methods like manual measurement or measurement-assisted assembly. In addition, it can increase flexibility regarding rate changes in production (such as those due to pandemic- or climate-related environmental challenges). The standardization and harmonization of these areas would help all industries and designers to have a deterministic approach with an end-to-end concept. Simulations can easily compare possible production and assembly steps with different impacts on local and global tolerances. Global measurement feedback needs high-accuracy turnkey solutions, which are very costly and inflexible. The goal of standardization would be to use Industry 4.0 feedback and features, as well as to define several building blocks of the DA approach as a one-way assembly (also known as one-up assembly, or “OUA”), false one-way assembly, “Jig-as-Master,” etc., up to the hole-to-hole assembly approach. The evolution of these assembly principles and the link to simulation approaches are undefined and unsolved domains; they are discussed in this report. They must be discussed in greater depth with aims of (first) clarifying the scope of the industry-wide alignment needs and (second) prioritizing the issues requiring standardization. NOTE: SAE EDGE™ Research Reports are intended to identify and illuminate key issues in emerging, but still unsettled, technologies of interest to the mobility industry. The goal of SAE EDGE™ Research Reports is to stimulate discussion and work in the hope of promoting and speeding resolution of identified issues. SAE EDGE™ Research Reports are not intended to resolve the challenges they identify or close any topic to further scrutiny.
3
Führ, Martin, Julian Schenten, and Silke Kleihauer. Integrating "Green Chemistry" into the Regulatory Framework of European Chemicals Policy. Sonderforschungsgruppe Institutionenanalyse, July 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.46850/sofia.9783941627727.
Full textAbstract:
20 years ago a concept of “Green Chemistry” was formulated by Paul Anastas and John Warner, aiming at an ambitious agenda to “green” chemical products and processes. Today the concept, laid down in a set of 12 principles, has found support in various arenas. This diffusion was supported by enhancements of the legislative framework; not only in the European Union. Nevertheless industry actors – whilst generally supporting the idea – still see “cost and perception remain barriers to green chemistry uptake”. Thus, the questions arise how additional incentives as well as measures to address the barriers and impediments can be provided. An analysis addressing these questions has to take into account the institutional context for the relevant actors involved in the issue. And it has to reflect the problem perception of the different stakeholders. The supply chain into which the chemicals are distributed are of pivotal importance since they create the demand pull for chemicals designed in accordance with the “Green Chemistry Principles”. Consequently, the scope of this study includes all stages in a chemical’s life-cycle, including the process of designing and producing the final products to which chemical substances contribute. For each stage the most relevant legislative acts, together establishing the regulatory framework of the “chemicals policy” in the EU are analysed. In a nutshell the main elements of the study can be summarized as follows: Green Chemistry (GC) is the utilisation of a set of principles that reduces or eliminates the use or generation of hazardous substances in the design, manufacture and application of chemical products. Besides, reaction efficiency, including energy efficiency, and the use of renewable resources are other motives of Green Chemistry. Putting the GC concept in a broader market context, however, it can only prevail if in the perception of the relevant actors it is linked to tangible business cases. Therefore, the study analyses the product context in which chemistry is to be applied, as well as the substance’s entire life-cycle – in other words, the six stages in product innovation processes): 1. Substance design, 2. Production process, 3. Interaction in the supply chain, 4. Product design, 5. Use phase and 6. After use phase of the product (towards a “circular economy”). The report presents an overview to what extent the existing framework, i.e. legislation and the wider institutional context along the six stages, is setting incentives for actors to adequately address problematic substances and their potential impacts, including the learning processes intended to invoke creativity of various actors to solve challenges posed by these substances. In this respect, measured against the GC and Learning Process assessment criteria, the study identified shortcomings (“delta”) at each stage of product innovation. Some criteria are covered by the regulatory framework and to a relevant extent implemented by the actors. With respect to those criteria, there is thus no priority need for further action. Other criteria are only to a certain degree covered by the regulatory framework, due to various and often interlinked reasons. For those criteria, entry points for options to strengthen or further nuance coverage of the respective principle already exist. Most relevant are the deltas with regard to those instruments that influence the design phase; both for the chemical substance as such and for the end-product containing the substance. Due to the multi-tier supply chains, provisions fostering information, communication and cooperation of the various actors are crucial to underpin the learning processes towards the GCP. The policy options aim to tackle these shortcomings in the context of the respective stage in order to support those actors who are willing to change their attitude and their business decisions towards GC. The findings are in general coherence with the strategies to foster GC identified by the Green Chemistry & Commerce Council.
4
Jorgensen, Frieda, Andre Charlett, Craig Swift, Anais Painset, and Nicolae Corcionivoschi. A survey of the levels of Campylobacter spp. contamination and prevalence of selected antimicrobial resistance determinants in fresh whole UK-produced chilled chickens at retail sale (non-major retailers). Food Standards Agency, June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sci.fsa.xls618.
Full textAbstract:
Campylobacter spp. are the most common bacterial cause of foodborne illness in the UK, with chicken considered to be the most important vehicle for this organism. The UK Food Standards Agency (FSA) agreed with industry to reduce Campylobacter spp. contamination in raw chicken and issued a target to reduce the prevalence of the most contaminated chickens (those with more than 1000 cfu per g chicken neck skin) to below 10 % at the end of the slaughter process, initially by 2016. To help monitor progress, a series of UK-wide surveys were undertaken to determine the levels of Campylobacter spp. on whole UK-produced, fresh chicken at retail sale in the UK. The data obtained for the first four years was reported in FSA projects FS241044 (2014/15) and FS102121 (2015 to 2018). The FSA has indicated that the retail proxy target for the percentage of highly contaminated raw whole retail chickens should be less than 7% and while continued monitoring has demonstrated a sustained decline for chickens from major retailer stores, chicken on sale in other stores have yet to meet this target. This report presents results from testing chickens from non-major retailer stores (only) in a fifth survey year from 2018 to 2019. In line with previous practise, samples were collected from stores distributed throughout the UK (in proportion to the population size of each country). Testing was performed by two laboratories - a Public Health England (PHE) laboratory or the Agri-Food & Biosciences Institute (AFBI), Belfast. Enumeration of Campylobacter spp. was performed using the ISO 10272-2 standard enumeration method applied with a detection limit of 10 colony forming units (cfu) per gram (g) of neck skin. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) to selected antimicrobials in accordance with those advised in the EU harmonised monitoring protocol was predicted from genome sequence data in Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli isolates The percentage (10.8%) of fresh, whole chicken at retail sale in stores of smaller chains (for example, Iceland, McColl’s, Budgens, Nisa, Costcutter, One Stop), independents and butchers (collectively referred to as non-major retailer stores in this report) in the UK that are highly contaminated (at more than 1000 cfu per g) with Campylobacter spp. has decreased since the previous survey year but is still higher than that found in samples from major retailers. 8 whole fresh raw chickens from non-major retailer stores were collected from August 2018 to July 2019 (n = 1009). Campylobacter spp. were detected in 55.8% of the chicken skin samples obtained from non-major retailer shops, and 10.8% of the samples had counts above 1000 cfu per g chicken skin. Comparison among production plant approval codes showed significant differences of the percentages of chicken samples with more than 1000 cfu per g, ranging from 0% to 28.1%. The percentage of samples with more than 1000 cfu of Campylobacter spp. per g was significantly higher in the period May, June and July than in the period November to April. The percentage of highly contaminated samples was significantly higher for samples taken from larger compared to smaller chickens. There was no statistical difference in the percentage of highly contaminated samples between those obtained from chicken reared with access to range (for example, free-range and organic birds) and those reared under standard regime (for example, no access to range) but the small sample size for organic and to a lesser extent free-range chickens, may have limited the ability to detect important differences should they exist. Campylobacter species was determined for isolates from 93.4% of the positive samples. C. jejuni was isolated from the majority (72.6%) of samples while C. coli was identified in 22.1% of samples. A combination of both species was found in 5.3% of samples. C. coli was more frequently isolated from samples obtained from chicken reared with access to range in comparison to those reared as standard birds. C. jejuni was less prevalent during the summer months of June, July and August compared to the remaining months of the year. Resistance to ciprofloxacin (fluoroquinolone), erythromycin (macrolide), tetracycline, (tetracyclines), gentamicin and streptomycin (aminoglycosides) was predicted from WGS data by the detection of known antimicrobial resistance determinants. Resistance to ciprofloxacin was detected in 185 (51.7%) isolates of C. jejuni and 49 (42.1%) isolates of C. coli; while 220 (61.1%) isolates of C. jejuni and 73 (62.9%) isolates of C. coli isolates were resistant to tetracycline. Three C. coli (2.6%) but none of the C. jejuni isolates harboured 23S mutations predicting reduced susceptibility to erythromycin. Multidrug resistance (MDR), defined as harbouring genetic determinants for resistance to at least three unrelated antimicrobial classes, was found in 10 (8.6%) C. coli isolates but not in any C. jejuni isolates. Co-resistance to ciprofloxacin and erythromycin was predicted in 1.7% of C. coli isolates. 9 Overall, the percentages of isolates with genetic AMR determinants found in this study were similar to those reported in the previous survey year (August 2016 to July 2017) where testing was based on phenotypic break-point testing. Multi-drug resistance was similar to that found in the previous survey years. It is recommended that trends in AMR in Campylobacter spp. isolates from retail chickens continue to be monitored to realise any increasing resistance of concern, particulary to erythromycin (macrolide). Considering that the percentage of fresh, whole chicken from non-major retailer stores in the UK that are highly contaminated (at more than 1000 cfu per g) with Campylobacter spp. continues to be above that in samples from major retailers more action including consideration of interventions such as improved biosecurity and slaughterhouse measures is needed to achieve better control of Campylobacter spp. for this section of the industry. The FSA has indicated that the retail proxy target for the percentage of highly contaminated retail chickens should be less than 7% and while continued monitoring has demonstrated a sustained decline for chickens from major retailer stores, chicken on sale in other stores have yet to meet this target.