Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Productivité primaire (biologie) – Sargasses, Mer des'
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Fukaï, Eri. "Importance du picoplancton autotrophe dans la biomasse et la production primaire des eaux marines oligotrophes : Atlantique tropical oriental et mer des Sargasses." Paris 6, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991PA066491.
Full textBerthelot, Béatrice. "Estimation de la production primaire marine : développement et évaluation d'un modèle adapté à l'utilisation des données satellitales de couleur de l'océan." Toulouse, INPT, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991INPT035H.
Full textHoch, Thierry. "Modélisation du cycle biogéochimique des éléments limitant la production biologique en Manche (N, P, SI)." Paris 7, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995PA077121.
Full textDragon, Anne-Cécile. "Modélisation des stratégies d'approvisionnement des éléphants de mer austraux : influence de la variabilité de la production primaire et des conditions océanographiques physiques." Paris 6, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA066276.
Full textUitz, Julia. "Structure des communautés phytoplanctoniques et propriétés photophysiologiques dans l'océan ouvert : paramétrisation en vue d'applications à la couleur de l'océan." Aix-Marseille 2, 2006. http://theses.univ-amu.fr.lama.univ-amu.fr/2006AIX22052.pdf.
Full textThe main objective of this thesis focuses on the structure of phytoplankton communities and their photophysiological properties in the world ocean, in view of satellite applications. In the first part, we studied the relationships between near-surface chlorophyll content, [Chla]surf, as it can be assessed from ocean color and (i) the phytoplankton biomass, (ii) its vertical distribution and (iii) its taxonomic composition in terms of phytoplankton groups (micro-, nano- and picophytoplankton). In this objective, we analyzed more than 21 000 pigment measurements, collected in various regions of the world ocean. Corroborating well known general trends (e. G. Microphytoplankton are mostly found in eutrophic zones, while small cells predominate in oligotrophic regions), this study lead to a global empirical relationship, allowing the quantification of the biomass, as well as the vertical distribution, of each of the three phytoplankton groups, from the [Chla]surf. In the second part, we studied the variability of the phytoplankton photophysiological properties as a function of (i) the trophic status and (ii) the composition of phytoplankton communities. Based on the analysis of 994 measurements of P vs E curves parameters, this study points to a possible alternative to present parameterizations of photophysiological properties, which usually rely on one (or more) environmental factor. This also allowed us to extract photophysiological properties specific to each of the phytoplankton groups, a priori representative of the world ocean. Finally, the tools developed here were used in conjunction with a bio-optical primary production model, coupled with ocean color data, in order to estimate, for the first time, the primary production specific to the three phytoplankton groups
Psarra, Stella [Styliani]. "Influence du degré d'oligotrophie sur la structure et le fonctionnement de l'échelon primaire de l'écosystème pélagique en Méditerranée orientale (Mer Egée)." Aix-Marseille 2, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002AIX22089.
Full textNapoléon, Camille. "Évolution spatio-temporelle de la production primaire et des communautés phytoplanctoniques en Manche." Caen, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012CAEN2067.
Full textThe chlorophyll a concentration, usually used in marine ecosystemic models for the estimation of primary production (PP), merely gives a fixed image of the phytoplankton compartment. Yet, all trophic levels taken into account within the models depend on the PP. Thus, a good modelisation of food webs in the English Channel requires a reliable estimation of PP on the whole ecosystem. In order to follow the PP dynamics at a high spatio-temporal scale, surveys have been conducted onboard ferry boats (Britanny Ferries), in the central English Channel on the Ouistreham (Fr)/Portsmouth (GB) transect, and in the occidental English Channel on the Roscoff (Fr)/Portsmouth (GB) transect. In order to measure the photosynthetic parameters at a high frequency, PAM measurements have been carried out. On the one hand, these measurements have been associated to the measurements of physicochemical parameters, with a view to define which parameters controlled the PP in the English Channel. On the other hand, pico, nano and microphytoplankton species have been identified in order to study the link between the variability of the community, the diversity, and the production and productivity levels. On the Ouistreham/Portsmouth transect, these measurements have been coupled with carbon incorporation measurements (13C) at low frequency. The coupling of PAM data with those of 13C has made it possible to create a multi-parametric model, thereby transforming the PAM data into carbon incorporation data, depending on physicochemical and biological data. This approach was also performed in laboratory on phytoplankton species
Bergeron, Myriam. "Utilisation du nitrate, de l'acide silicique et du phosphate pour l'estimation de la production primaire nette et la contribution des diatomées dans l'Arctique canadien (1997-2011)." Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/29900/29900.pdf.
Full textSpilmont, Nicolas. "Métabolisme benthique intertidal en milieu marin et estuarien : mesures in situ de la production et de la respiration, variabilité spatio-temporelle et bilans." Littoral, 2004. http://hal.upmc.fr/tel-01118224.
Full textIn situ intertidal benthic metabolism (primary production and respiration) was mesured during emersed conditions on four according to a gradient from exposed to sheltered conditions corresponding to the typical sediments encountered along the French coasts of the English Channel. A closed-chamber was used to measure CO2 concentration via an infrared gas analyser. For each studied area (sandy beach of Wimereux, Bay of Somme, Bay of Seine and Bay du Mont Saint-Michel), temporal and spatial variability was assessed at different scales, and the factors controlling metabolic processes were then determinated. At both day and month scales, biological processes were mainly controlled by light (primary production) and temperature (primary production and respiration). At the seasonnal scale, local conditions (e. G. Deposit/erosion cycle) may disrupt the system. In Wimereux, exposed conditions result in high instability where processes are difficult to predict. Within each site, the clear distinction of biosedimentary structures impacts on both chlorophylle a and primary production, but not on respiration. However at a larger spatial scale (inter-sites) this biosedimentary variability can not explain the observed discrepancies in metabolism measurements. Annual primary production budgets calculations show that production largely depends on seasonal changes in day length. On this seasonal trend are superimposed strong fornightly fluctuations expected from the superimposition of the tidal and day/night cycles. Finally, a spatialized budget was calculated for the Bay of Somme for three periods of the year when the benthic compartment of the bay appeared to be net heterotrophic
Klein, Cécile. "Etude des dynamiques du phytoplancton en Manche orientale et occidentale : Approche écophysiologique : [thèse soutenue sur un ensemble de travaux." Caen, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010CAEN2016.
Full textTwo contrasted areas of the English Channel which show important shellfish farming (Baie des Veys -BDV- and Lingreville-sur-mer -LGV- Eastern and Western coasts of Cotentin) have been studied. The temporal variations (seasonal to long-term) of phytoplankton communities, primary production and photosynthetic parameters have been analysed according to environmental forces using multivariate analyses. A different phytoplankton dynamic between the two studied sites was observed. At the BDV site, it followed a seasonal cycle dependant on temperature, light and nutrients stocks whereas at the LGV, this dynamic was largely dependant on hydrodynamism (wind, tidal currents). This study has also demonstrated that phytoplankton assemblage was dominated by different species according to the year illustrating a continuous interspecific competition controlled by environmental parameters variations and by physiological capacities of each species. To understand the mechanisms of the end of phytoplankton bloom in the water column, a time series of the extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) was made. The quantification of those excretions according to environmental parameters showed that EPS were affected by nitrogen concentrations (NO3, NH4) in spring and by hydrodynamic forces in autumn. The Pseudo-nitzschia spp succession at the BDV site was finally studied, indicating the occurrence of 6 species and the possible development of a toxic species, P. Australis, in autumn when temperatures are high and a Si limitation is observed
Lagaria, Anna. "Variabilité de la production primaire particulaire et dissoute en Méditerranée : implications écologiques et interactions avec les osmotrophes." Littoral, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011DUNK0298.
Full textThis work aimed at investigating particulate and dissolved primary production (or else, phytoplankton exudation) variability in the Mediterranean Sea and at evaluating the main environmental factors that designate variability of percentage extracellular release (PER), focusing on the underlying trophic conditions. The thesis involved both field and experimental work. Field studies were performed along two longitudinal trophic gradients in the Mediterranean : one covered the west-east Mediterrenean oligrotrophy gradient (BOUM cruise) and the other a pronounced trophic gradient formed along the Turkish Straits System and their opening into the Aegean Sea (SESAME cruise). The large range of trophic conditions encountered along these gradients and the different areas studied, permitted to discriminate potential dominant processes responsible for phytoplankton exudation. The experimental work involved studies with microcosmsans mesocosms where the effect of inorganic nutrient additions on PER was assessed in pelagic and coastal oligotrophic surface waters on the Mediterranean, testing the hypothesis that phytoplankton exudation is mainly regulated by nutrient limitation. The bioassays delineated the N and P co-limited character of phytoplankton, during the stratified period, and its effect on particulate and dissolved primary production variations. The extent to which phytoplankton production and exudation cover the carbon requirements of heterotrophic prokaryotes was evaluated in each case. Finally, the role of irradiance in affecting the partitioning between particulate and dissolved primary production was investigated in laboratory
Mayot, Nicolas. "La saisonnalité du phytoplancton en Mer Méditerranée." Thesis, Paris 6, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA066440/document.
Full textThe phytoplankton are essential for the oceanic trophic webs and for biogeochemical cycles on Earth. However, uncertainties remain about the environmental factors influencing its seasonality, and its growing efficiency. The main objective of this thesis is to characterize the responses of the phytoplankton to the interannual variability of the environmental factors, in the Mediterranean Sea. More precisely, we aim to assess the influence of the environmental factors on phytoplankton seasonality. The interannual variability of the phytoplankton annual cycles are analyzed in the Mediterranean Sea, thus highlighting the regions associated with annual cycle variability, like the ones where deep-water formation events occur recurrently. One of these regions is the North-Western Mediterranean Sea. A multiplatform approach based on in situ observations is implemented to analyze the spatial and temporal variability of the phytoplankton seasonality in this particular region. The influences of mixed layer depth and the light availability on phytoplankton seasonality are assessed. An intense deepening of the mixed layer (related to the deep convection) increases the magnitude of the phytoplankton spring bloom. Moreover, the strong deepening of mixed layer seems to induce favorable conditions for an important accumulation of micro-phytoplankton (composed of diatoms mainly). In turn, the phytoplankton production rate increases, mostly, the primary production rate of diatoms. Finally, at the scale of the North-Western Mediterranean Sea, the shift in the phytoplankton community structure and in production induces an increase of the organic carbon stock produced during spring
Delebecq, Gaspard. "Impact des facteurs hydroclimatiques sur la production primaire des macroalgues." Thesis, Lille 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LIL10186.
Full textThe aim of this thesis was to study the photosynthetic performances of different populations of Laminaria digitata along the French coast and their ability to cope with the variations of light and temperature. Three populations located in the North of France and in the North and South Brittany were studied in situ during spring tides (with the set up of an automated benthic chamber which measure the photosynthetic activity during immersion) and in the laboratory. Results highlight the spatial and temporal heterogeneity in the photosynthetic response of L. digitata along its distributional range on the French coast. The photosynthetic activity of L. digitata is highly dependent on the daily and seasonal variations of irradiance. The high irradiances experienced by the sporophytes of L. digitata during low spring tides can lead to the photoinhibition of the photosystem II which was shown to rely on the set up of the photoprotective mechanisms. Photoprotection implies the activation of the xanthophyll cycle which was also described for the first time in the gametophyte of L. digitata. Between the different populations, the heterogeneity in the photosynthetic response of L. digitata is related to the local light and temperature conditions which may result in different ecotype along the French coast. Finally, photosynthetic performances of L. digitata were compared with those of the opportunistic specie Saccorhiza polyschides which is probably competing with L. digitata in Brittany
Bosc, Emmanuel. "Variations saisonnières et interannuelles de la biomasse phytoplanctonique et de la production primaire en Méditerranée : évaluation et utilisation des données satellitales de couleur de l'océan (SeaWiFs, Polder et OCTS)." Toulon, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002TOUL0008.
Full textJouenne, Fabien. "Dynamique de la production primaire phytoplanctonique et structure de la communauté microalgale au sein d'un écosystème estuarien microtidal : la Baie des Veys (Manche Est)." Caen, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005CAEN2002.
Full textChaumery, Christian. "Répartition des éléments nutritifs sur le plateau continental armoricain et en mer d'Iroise en relation avec le régime hydrique de la Loire : Assimilation Régénération. Facteurs limitant la production phytoplanctonique." Brest, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004BRES2020.
Full textThe spreading of low-saline nutrient-rich waters of the Loire estuary as tidally-regulated meanders injects nutrients over a major part of the Armorican continental shelf region in winter. The nutrients thus brought in are consumed in spring as the river plume spreads over the shelf. The magnitude of the flux of nutrients transported by the Loire in the south Brittany sector varies according to the intensity of river discharge and the timing of the peak discharge(s). Addition of nutrients with high flows in spring alleviates nutrient limitation and enhances primary production. When the spring river discharge is strong and occurs over a long period, the Loire waters could be distinctly differentiated from surrounding Iroise Sea waters. The Loire waters circumnavigate the Ouessant Island by the west and penetrate into the western English Channel. A study of the distribution nutrients on the Armorican continental shelf also enables identification of various sectors subjected to nutrient addition with freshwaters: Loire, Gironde, and Vilaine. Using nutrients as tracers of the circulation of the Loire waters on the Armorican continental shelf, the average velocity of displacement of the Loire plume from its estuary to Ouessant island has been estimate at 5 cm. S-1. Assimilation of nitrogen and phosphorus by the phytoplankton occurs in a ratio close to that of the Redfield ratio (N/P=16). Ratios of assimilation of nitrogen and silicon decrease with time indicating the increasing importance of regenerated production. In the cold deep water of the South Brittany, regeneration of nutrients begins in the southeastern part. Regeneration of silicon begfins as early as April and is twice faster than that of nitrate