Academic literature on the topic 'Productivity maps'

Mestrado em Engenharia Agronómica - Instituto Superior de Agronomia<br>The promise of precision agriculture is to enable a farm manager to manage large areas of an agricultural crop with the detail with which one manages a garden that is to effectively and efficiently use resources as only a garden can, as a result of its small size. This goal is extremely timely in the current context of agriculture, since there is the need to produce very high quality service at low cost and in an environmentally sustainable manner. This work was devoted to a study of a basic precision agriculture resource: the yield map. For this valuable tool will become a key part in the process of decision making, it is necessary that their use is correct ie firstly, that the yield map is accurate and free of major sources of error, and secondly, that yield map(s) can be manipulated in order to extract from the maximum added value. In this thesis we investigated methods based on filters to effectively eliminate major errors in the data from yield monitor. The successive filters were able to remove about 20-30% of the original data having any type of error, and allow the construction of more accurate and reliable yield maps. Also that it allow for an increased spatial dependence. This step is essential in order to use yield map in the decision process. Subsequently, the corrected yield maps have a potential, which should be exploited. Thus, there are several recovery operations of the yield maps, from the descriptive statistics of the variability, through the interpretation of patterns of variability, the relative productivity maps, the gross margin maps, as well as the spatio-temporal analysis and impact of variability that farm manager to provide a very significant added value in order to optimize the management of their plots. After evaluating economic, technical and logistics, optimization of management of the plot may involve to the application of different production inputs using VRT technology. It is important for this purpose, initially, the identification of homogeneous management zones. In the case of the field that was studied, a center pivot in Golegã it was identified water stress as the cause of spatial variability and loss of productivity.

The choice of a suitable site for any aquaculture practice is a critical decision to make since it has a large impact on the economic profitability of the venture, considering the fact that location defines the amount of capital needed, production costs, yield and access to market. The limited public and private sector support for small-scale aquaculture can be optimized if farms are zoned into areas with relatively similar performance and needs. Considering the high rate at which aquaculture is increasing globally and its consequent impact on the environment, it is projected that improvements will be made in the practices employed in aquaculture. As these improvements are made, there is the need for the review of the location of aquaculture infrastructure and services in order to increase the productivity of the sector. Also, aquaculture statistics such as location of farms and production estimates are fundamental to policy making and development planning at both national and global levels. Aquaculture statistics are however chronically scanty or unreliable in developing countries such as Ghana. Thus, the goal of this study was to show the relative suitability of areas in Ghana for aquaculture and identify the key variables to be considered in the development (including improvement of existing farms) of the aquaculture sector of the country. I used satellite imagery and GIS data in combination with field observations and questionnaires, to develop a map of the feasibility of pond aquaculture in Ghana and provide a reliable estimate of the number of ponds, their areas, productivity and aggregate production in the country. The main factors that have influenced the current distribution of pond aquaculture in Ghana are population density (indicating the availability of markets, input and labor) and proximity to stream and road networks. My results show a gross underestimation of the number of fish ponds in the country and smaller sizes of ponds than existing records suggest. The average water depth of ponds in Ghana is only half of the recommended depth which explained over 80% of the variation in productivity among farms. I estimated the contribution of ponds to domestic fish production to be two to three times what has been previously reported, but still well below the potential. The results of this study will be vital to current national and international efforts to improve aquaculture enterprises in Ghana.<br>Master of Science

The Precision Agriculture is a management tool that allows you to evaluate, analyze and intervene with actions in the correct location, at the correct time with the correct agricultural input and with the more profitably way, decreasing the spatial variability of the area also allowing increases in productivity with rationalization of resources. In economic terms, the use of this technology allows the prioritization of investments in areas where the potential for production is more effective, ensuring a bigger economic return. The geostatistics has become an important tool because it allows us to study the behavior of the spatial variability, both of chemical and of physical nature, allows to the producer to combine this information with the productivity maps and thus make decisions that can increase production efficiency. The objective of this study was to evaluate through maps of soil compaction and electrical conductivity which of these factors is more correlated with soybean yield in irrigated area. The work was conducted in the municipality of Pejuçara, RS. The first step was the acquisition of productivity map at harvest of the crop soybeans 2013-2014, in a demarcated area of 47 hectares. After was carried the work to yield maps of soil compaction on three layers of soil, collected in 190 points in the area, and the data were interpolated with CR Campeiro 7. For the assessment of soil electrical conductivity, we used the equipment Veris 3100 which made assessments at depths 0-30 and 30-90 cm deep. After the evaluations, it was found that much of the area is compacted. From the analyzes performed, it was not possible to notice the correlation between productivity and the variables studied. These facts lead us to conclude that in irrigated area the soil compaction is not able to affect, so severely in the levels detected, the development of culture.<br>A Agricultura de Precisão é uma ferramenta de gestão que permite avaliar, analisar e intervir com ações no local correto, na hora correta com o insumo correto e da maneira mais rentável, diminuindo a variabilidade espacial da área permitindo também aumentos na produtividade com racionalização dos recursos.Em termos econômicos, a utilização desta tecnologia possibilita a priorização de investimentos em áreas onde o potencial de produção seja mais efetivo, garantindo maior retorno econômico. A geoestatística se tornou uma importante ferramenta pois permite estudar o comportamento da variabilidade espacial, além de poder também quantificar o seu tamanho. Estudos da variabilidade espacial, tanto de natureza química quanto física, permite ao produtor aliar essas informações aos mapas de produtividade e assim tomar decisões que possam aumentar a eficiência da produção.O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar através de mapas de compactação de solo e condutividade elétrica quais desses fatores que mais se correlacionam com a produtividade de soja em área irrigada.O trabalho foi realizado no município de Pejuçara, RS, onde sua primeira etapa foi a aquisição do mapa de produtividade na colheita da soja safra 2013-2014, numa área demarcada de 47 ha. Após realizou-se o trabalho para originar os mapas de compactação de solo em três camadas de solo, coletados em 190 pontos da área, sendo que os dados obtidos foram interpolados com o CRCampeiro7. Para a avaliação da condutividade elétrica do solo, utilizou-se o equipamento Veris 3100 o qual fez avaliações nas camadas de 0-30 e 30-90 cm de profundidade. Após as avaliações feitas, verificou-se que grande parte da área encontra-se compactada, não sendo possível perceber correlação entre produtividade e as variáveis estudadas. Esses fatos nos levam a concluir que em área irrigada a compactação de solo não é capaz de afetar, com tanta severidade, até os níveis detectados, o desenvolvimento da cultura.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior<br>This work is to present and discuss the Precision Farming in a simple way through the routines of the precision farming into the system Campeiro CR-7 and its performance in order to analyze the spatial variability of soil properties and productivity. Chapter I The Loop Sampling, provides a tutorial on developing a sampling plan for spatial assessment of physic-chemical properties of soil by means of geostatistical techniques, the sampling plan can contribute significantly to reducing the cost of collection of samples as well as quality of these samples. Chapter II Map of Fertility analyzes a tool that assists the user in the classification of levels of soil fertility, and the result presented in map form, where the final map is a cross between a map that contains phosphorus in the soil and map showing the clay making the recommendation to apply phosphorus fertilizer supplier to more precise areas where there is more than one class of clay. Chapter III Productivity Map filtering is performed on the data collection, making it possible to make a map of productivity consistent with the reality of the field with a greater reliability of the data, providing information relevant to agricultural management.<br>Este trabalho consiste em apresentar e discutir a Agricultura de Precisão de forma simples, através das rotinas de Agricultura de Precisão do Sistema CR-Campeiro 7, conjunto de programas elaborado no Departamento de Engenharia Rural da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria UFSM, Laboratório de Geomática, concebido e programado pelo Prof. Dr. Enio Giotto, e o desempenho desses programas, visando à análise da variabilidade espacial de propriedades químicas do solo e da produtividade. O Capítulo I Malha de Amostragem traz um tutorial sobre a elaboração de um plano de amostragem para avaliação espacial de propriedades físico-químicas de solo por meio de técnicas geoestatísticas; o plano de amostragem pode contribuir de forma relevante para diminuição do custo de coleta de amostras como também para a qualidade dessas amostras. O Capítulo II Mapa de Fertilidade analisa uma ferramenta que auxilia o usuário na classificação dos níveis de fertilidade do solo, sendo o resultado apresentado em forma cartográfica, onde o mapa final é a integração temática entre o mapa que contem os teores de Fósforo no solo e o mapa que apresenta os teores de Argila, tornando a recomendação para aplicação de fertilizantes fornecedores de Fósforo mais precisas para áreas onde ocorre mais de uma classe de Argila. No Capítulo III Mapa de Produtividade é realizada uma filtragem nos dados de colheita, tornando possível a confecção de um mapa de produtividade coerente com a realidade do campo, com uma confiabilidade maior dos dados, fornecendo informações relevantes ao gerenciamento agrícola.

Precision agriculture (AP) appears as a permissible tool to manage rationally the spatial and temporal variability of soil chemical attributes in order to effectively maximize the use of agricultural areas. However, in some situations visualized a low correlation between the chemical soil properties and crop productivity, emphasizing the need for development of AP to seek alternatives and tools for the definition of management zones. In recent years, they have gained prominence studies of parameter attributes of plant canopies, and the Vegetation Index (NDVI) the best known. This study aimed to evaluate the use of AP tools to define management zones in the central region of Rio Grande do Sul. The work was conducted with the culture of the agricultural year 2014/15 corn in an area of 15.1 hectares in the municipality of Julio de Castilhos, RS, managed with irrigation center pivot. The spatial variability of soil attributes and plants was characterized based on the collection of information on a sampling grid of 0.5 ha, totaling 32 points in the experimental area. The Landsat satellite images (NDVI) with a spatial resolution of 30 x 30 m were processed enabling the production of productivity map and the definition of management zones in the area. The soil properties have high variance in the standard deviation (S) and coefficient of variation (CV%) of phosphorus (18.16 and 42.46), potassium (38.263 and 25.80), aluminum saturation (4,63 and 130.14) sulfur (6.72 and 40.57) and manganese (7.32 and 30.23). The analysis of the statistical and geostatistical to dry mass (28,10% CV and r2 = 0.96) and corn (11.85% CV and r2 = 0.99). The Pearson correlation was significant positively to productivity of corn kernels indicated the clay, base saturation, calcium, SMP index, magnesium and NDVI; indicated dry weight organic material, SMP index CTC pH7 and magnesium. Among the different methods of zones positive correlation between dry matter areas of stubble and productivity with altitude zone, chemical attributes zone and NDVI zone. The use of satellite images made it possible to guarantee the evaluation of different management zones.<br>A agricultura de precisão (AP) surge como uma ferramenta permitindo manejar de forma racional a variabilidade espacial e temporal dos atributos químicos do solo com objetivo de maximizar eficientemente o uso das áreas agrícolas. Entretanto, em algumas situações visualiza-se uma baixa correlação entre os atributos químicos do solo e a produtividade das culturas, destacando-se a necessidade da evolução da AP em buscar ferramentas e alternativas para a definição de zonas de manejo. Nos últimos anos, têm ganhado destaque os estudos sobre parametrização de atributos dos dosséis vegetais, sendo o Índice de Vegetação por Diferença Normalizada (NDVI) o mais conhecido. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a utilização de ferramentas de AP na definição de zonas de manejo na região central do Rio Grande do Sul. O trabalho foi conduzido com a cultura do milho (Zea mays L.) ano agrícola 2014/15, numa área de 15,1 hectares no município de Júlio de Castilhos, RS, manejada com irrigação por pivô central. A variabilidade espacial de atributos de solo e de plantas foi caracterizada com base na coleta de informações numa malha amostral de 0,5 ha, totalizando 32 pontos na área experimental. As imagens de satélite Landsat (NDVI) com resolução espacial de 30 x 30 m foram processadas possibilitando a confecção de mapa de produtividade e a definição de zonas de manejo da área. Os atributos do solo possuem alta variância no desvio padrão (S) e coeficiente de variação (CV%) do fósforo (18,10 e 42,46), potássio (38,26 e 25,80), saturação por alumínio (4,63 e 130,14), enxofre (6,72 e 40,57) e manganês (7,32 e 30,23). A análise da estatística e geoestatísticos para produção de massa seca (28,10 CV % e r2=0,96) e produtividade grãos de milho (11,85 CV % e r2=0,99). A correlação linear de Pearson foi significativa positivamente para produtividade de grãos de milho indicou a argila, saturação por bases, cálcio, índice SMP, magnésio e NDVI; massa seca indicou matéria orgânica, índice SMP, CTC pH 7 e magnésio. Entre os diferentes métodos das zonas de manejo a correlação positiva entre as zonas de massa seca da resteva e produtividade com zona de altitude, zona atributos químicos e zona de NDVI. A utilização de imagens de satélites possibilitou a garantia da avaliação de diferentes zonas de manejo.

A hierarchical procedure is developed to determine maximum overall yield of a process and optimize process changes to achieve such a yield. First, a targeting procedure is developed to identify an upper bound of the overall yield ahead of detailed design. Several mass integration strategies are proposed to attain maximum yield. These strategies include rerouting of raw materials, optimization of reaction yield, rerouting of product from undesirable outlets to desirable outlets, and recycling of unreacted raw materials. Path equations are tailored to provide the appropriate level of detail for modeling process performance as a function of the optimization variables pertaining to design and operating variables. Interval analysis is used as an inclusion technique that provides rigorous bounds regardless of the process nonlinearities and without enumeration. Then, a new approach for identification of cost-effective implementation of maximum attainable targets for yield is presented. In this approach, a mathematical program was developed to identify the maximum feasible yield using a combination of iterative additions of constraints and problem reformulation. Next, cost objectives were employed to identify a cost-effective solution with the details of design and operating variables. Constraint convexification was used to improve the quality of the solution towards globability. A trade-off procedure between the saving and expenses for yield maximization problem is presented. The proposed procedure is systematic, rigorous, and computationally efficient. A case study was solved to demonstrate the applicability and usefulness of the developed procedure.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico<br>The intensification of agricultural production systems is increasing in the current agriculture. In this sense, the simultaneous planting forage to grain crops, constitutes an alternative in the intensification of the production system, which can increase or not the productivity of the main crop, and produce straw for mulching. In order to check the occurrence of changes in the physical properties of the soil and in corn yield and dry matter production due to the corn consortium / forage in two sowing dates, this study was conducted in the experimental area of the Department of Agricultural Engineering of the Federal University of CearÃ. The design was used in a randomized block design in a factorial scheme (3x2) + 1 with four replications, totaling 28 experimental units. The treatments consisted of three forages: Brachiaria, Panicum maximum cv. MombaÃa and Crotalaria spectabilis intercropped with maize in two of fodder sowing dates, between the lines of simultaneous sowing maize (season 1 - E1) and corn leading the V4 stage of corn (season 2 - E2), and the control. The results showed that intercropping maize / forage did not interfere in phytotechnical characteristics of corn, nor in productivity, however produced changes in soil physical properties when the day of sowing in season 1. Despite the changes that have occurred in the soil, they were not sufficient to enhance the productivity of maize, which could possibly be related assessments on only one crop cycle. But when the goal was the production of dry straw, it is concluded that fodder Brachiaria brizantha and Mombasa at the time 1 (E1) are recommended<br>A intensificaÃÃo dos sistemas de produÃÃo agrÃcola à cada vez maior na atual agricultura. Nesse sentido, o plantio simultÃneo de forrageiras com culturas produtoras de grÃos, constitui em uma alternativa na intensificaÃÃo do sistema de produÃÃo, que poderà incrementar ou nÃo a produtividade da cultura principal, alÃm de produzir palha para cobertura do solo. Com o objetivo de verificar a ocorrÃncia de mudanÃas nas propriedades fÃsicas do solo, bem como na produtividade do milho e produÃÃo de matÃria seca em funÃÃo do consÃrcio milho/forrageiras em duas Ãpocas de semeadura, o presente trabalho foi conduzido na Ãrea experimental do Departamento de Engenharia AgrÃcola da Universidade Federal do CearÃ. Foi utilizado o delineamento em blocos ao acaso, no esquema fatorial (3x2) + 1 com quatro repetiÃÃes, totalizando 28 unidades experimentais. Os tratamentos foram constituÃdos por trÃs forrageiras: Brachiaria brizantha, Panicum maximum cv. MombaÃa e CrotalÃria spectabilis consorciadas com o milho em duas Ãpocas de semeadura das forrageiras, na entrelinha do milho simultÃneo a semeadura (Ãpoca 1 â E1) e na entrelinha do milho no estÃdio V4 do milho (Ãpoca 2 â E2), alÃm da testemunha. Os resultados permitiram concluir que a consorciaÃÃo milho/forrageiras nÃo interferiram nas caracterÃsticas fitotÃcnicas do milho, nem tampouco, na produtividade, porÃm proporcionaram modificaÃÃes nas propriedades fÃsicas do solo quando da realizaÃÃo da semeadura na Ãpoca 1. Apesar das modificaÃÃes ocorridas no solo, as mesmas nÃo foram suficientes em incrementar a produtividade do milho, o que possivelmente pode estar relacionado as avaliaÃÃes em apenas um ciclo da cultura. Jà quando o objetivo foi a produÃÃo de matÃria seca de palha, conclui-se que as forrageiras Brachiaria Brizantha e MombaÃa na Ãpoca 1 (E1) sÃo recomendadas

This thesis examines a cultural interest in loud sound as a productive force between 1880 and 1930. Recent historical scholarship on sound at the turn of the 20th century has given substantial attention to noise abatement movements and their efforts to control public space. In shifting the focus towards a significant collection of people interested in the generative aspects of sonic power and its ability to paralyze the body, empty the mind and even threaten life is to suggest ways in which idealist or utopian hopes were interlaced with an idea of sonic agency. This thesis looks at three aspects of the megaphonic: firstly, the push to build the world's loudest instrument, a pipe organ; secondly, the proliferation of powerful fog-signalling along North American coastlines; and lastly, the development of shock-wave science and the increasing understanding of sound as a physical and mortal force.<br>Cette thèse examine un intérêt culturel pour le son fort comme force productive entre 1880 et 1930. De récentes recherches historiques sur le son au début du 20e siècle ont accordé une attention considérable aux mouvements d'atténuation du bruit et à leurs efforts pour contrôler l'espace public. En déplaçant l'accent vers un important groupe de personnes intéressés par les aspects générateurs de puissance du son et leur capacité à paralyser le corps, vider l'esprit et même menacer la vie suggère des façons dont certaines aspirations idéalistes ou utopiques ont eu une dimension sonore. Cette thèse porte sur trois aspects du mégaphone: d'une part, la pression de construire l'instrument au son le plus puissant du monde, un orgue à tuyaux, d'autre part, la prolifération de puissants signaux de brume le long des côtes nord-américaines et, enfin, le développement de la science de l'onde de choc et la compréhension croissante du son comme une force physique et mortelle.

Carbon dioxide serves as co-substrate in the production of succinic acid by Actinobacillus succinogenes. The transient concentration of dissolved CO2 in the broth (CCO2) controls the uptake of CO2 in the cell. Based on CCO2 , three distinct regimes could be identified in which the behaviour of the organism differed with CCO2 availability. When CCO2 was higher than 8.4 mM (44.4% saturated at an atmospheric pressure of 86 kPa), there was no evidence of CO2 limiting succinic acid productivity and flux to succinic acid remained constant. When CCO2 decreased below 8.4 mM a decrease in the succinic acid production and glucose consumption rates was observed to 28.01% and 19.89% of their original value respectively, at the lowest CCO2 value investigated. Below a CCO2 of 4 mM (21.16% saturated at an atmospheric pressure of 86 kPa), the productivity continued to decrease along with a shift in the total carbon flux from the succinic acid-producing pathway (C4-pathway) to the by-product-producing pathway (C3-pathway). The fraction of total carbon flux directed to the C4-pathway decreased from 0.48 to 0.33 at the lowest CCO2 value investigated. Although the by-product acetic acid concentration decreased to 88% of the original value, formic acid remained relatively stable and the ethanol concentration increased from an average of 0.26 g.L-1 to 1 g.L-1. The organism starts producing ethanol in order to satisfy the redox balance when the C4-pathway becomes less active. It was calculated that the flux shift to the C3-pathway does not favour ATP production. The organism is, however, still viable at the very low ATP production rates found at very low values of CCO2. Since succinic acid production is not limited at relatively low values of CCO2 (44.4% saturation), adequate CO2 supply to the fermenter can be achieved without major CO2 sparging which is beneficial from an industrial processing perspective.<br>Dissertation (MEng)--University of Pretoria, 2016.<br>Chemical Engineering<br>MEng<br>Unrestricted