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Paes, Vasco Maria Tareco Brito. "Análise da variabilidade espácio-temporal da produtividade de milho numa parcela na região da Golegã." Master's thesis, ISA/UTL, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/5351.
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Mestrado em Engenharia Agronómica - Instituto Superior de AgronomiaThe promise of precision agriculture is to enable a farm manager to manage large areas of an agricultural crop with the detail with which one manages a garden that is to effectively and efficiently use resources as only a garden can, as a result of its small size. This goal is extremely timely in the current context of agriculture, since there is the need to produce very high quality service at low cost and in an environmentally sustainable manner. This work was devoted to a study of a basic precision agriculture resource: the yield map. For this valuable tool will become a key part in the process of decision making, it is necessary that their use is correct ie firstly, that the yield map is accurate and free of major sources of error, and secondly, that yield map(s) can be manipulated in order to extract from the maximum added value. In this thesis we investigated methods based on filters to effectively eliminate major errors in the data from yield monitor. The successive filters were able to remove about 20-30% of the original data having any type of error, and allow the construction of more accurate and reliable yield maps. Also that it allow for an increased spatial dependence. This step is essential in order to use yield map in the decision process. Subsequently, the corrected yield maps have a potential, which should be exploited. Thus, there are several recovery operations of the yield maps, from the descriptive statistics of the variability, through the interpretation of patterns of variability, the relative productivity maps, the gross margin maps, as well as the spatio-temporal analysis and impact of variability that farm manager to provide a very significant added value in order to optimize the management of their plots. After evaluating economic, technical and logistics, optimization of management of the plot may involve to the application of different production inputs using VRT technology. It is important for this purpose, initially, the identification of homogeneous management zones. In the case of the field that was studied, a center pivot in Golegã it was identified water stress as the cause of spatial variability and loss of productivity.
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Fynn, Iris Ekua Mensimah. "Pond aquaculture spatial distribution, production and productivity determinants in Ghana." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/71664.
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The choice of a suitable site for any aquaculture practice is a critical decision to make since it has a large impact on the economic profitability of the venture, considering the fact that location defines the amount of capital needed, production costs, yield and access to market. The limited public and private sector support for small-scale aquaculture can be optimized if farms are zoned into areas with relatively similar performance and needs. Considering the high rate at which aquaculture is increasing globally and its consequent impact on the environment, it is projected that improvements will be made in the practices employed in aquaculture. As these improvements are made, there is the need for the review of the location of aquaculture infrastructure and services in order to increase the productivity of the sector. Also, aquaculture statistics such as location of farms and production estimates are fundamental to policy making and development planning at both national and global levels. Aquaculture statistics are however chronically scanty or unreliable in developing countries such as Ghana. Thus, the goal of this study was to show the relative suitability of areas in Ghana for aquaculture and identify the key variables to be considered in the development (including improvement of existing farms) of the aquaculture sector of the country. I used satellite imagery and GIS data in combination with field observations and questionnaires, to develop a map of the feasibility of pond aquaculture in Ghana and provide a reliable estimate of the number of ponds, their areas, productivity and aggregate production in the country. The main factors that have influenced the current distribution of pond aquaculture in Ghana are population density (indicating the availability of markets, input and labor) and proximity to stream and road networks. My results show a gross underestimation of the number of fish ponds in the country and smaller sizes of ponds than existing records suggest. The average water depth of ponds in Ghana is only half of the recommended depth which explained over 80% of the variation in productivity among farms. I estimated the contribution of ponds to domestic fish production to be two to three times what has been previously reported, but still well below the potential. The results of this study will be vital to current national and international efforts to improve aquaculture enterprises in Ghana.Master of Science
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Schons, Charles Luís. "MAPEAMENTO DA COMPACTAÇÃO EM ÁREA IRRIGADA DE GRÃOS E SUA CORRELAÇÃO COM CONDUTIVIDADE ELÉTRICA DO SOLO E PRODUTIVIDADE DA SOJA." Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2014. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/4815.
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The Precision Agriculture is a management tool that allows you to evaluate, analyze and intervene with actions in the correct location, at the correct time with the correct agricultural input and with the more profitably way, decreasing the spatial variability of the area also allowing increases in productivity with rationalization of resources. In economic terms, the use of this technology allows the prioritization of investments in areas where the potential for production is more effective, ensuring a bigger economic return. The geostatistics has become an important tool because it allows us to study the behavior of the spatial variability, both of chemical and of physical nature, allows to the producer to combine this information with the productivity maps and thus make decisions that can increase production efficiency. The objective of this study was to evaluate through maps of soil compaction and electrical conductivity which of these factors is more correlated with soybean yield in irrigated area. The work was conducted in the municipality of Pejuçara, RS. The first step was the acquisition of productivity map at harvest of the crop soybeans 2013-2014, in a demarcated area of 47 hectares. After was carried the work to yield maps of soil compaction on three layers of soil, collected in 190 points in the area, and the data were interpolated with CR Campeiro 7. For the assessment of soil electrical conductivity, we used the equipment Veris 3100 which made assessments at depths 0-30 and 30-90 cm deep. After the evaluations, it was found that much of the area is compacted. From the analyzes performed, it was not possible to notice the correlation between productivity and the variables studied. These facts lead us to conclude that in irrigated area the soil compaction is not able to affect, so severely in the levels detected, the development of culture.A Agricultura de Precisão é uma ferramenta de gestão que permite avaliar, analisar e intervir com ações no local correto, na hora correta com o insumo correto e da maneira mais rentável, diminuindo a variabilidade espacial da área permitindo também aumentos na produtividade com racionalização dos recursos.Em termos econômicos, a utilização desta tecnologia possibilita a priorização de investimentos em áreas onde o potencial de produção seja mais efetivo, garantindo maior retorno econômico. A geoestatística se tornou uma importante ferramenta pois permite estudar o comportamento da variabilidade espacial, além de poder também quantificar o seu tamanho. Estudos da variabilidade espacial, tanto de natureza química quanto física, permite ao produtor aliar essas informações aos mapas de produtividade e assim tomar decisões que possam aumentar a eficiência da produção.O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar através de mapas de compactação de solo e condutividade elétrica quais desses fatores que mais se correlacionam com a produtividade de soja em área irrigada.O trabalho foi realizado no município de Pejuçara, RS, onde sua primeira etapa foi a aquisição do mapa de produtividade na colheita da soja safra 2013-2014, numa área demarcada de 47 ha. Após realizou-se o trabalho para originar os mapas de compactação de solo em três camadas de solo, coletados em 190 pontos da área, sendo que os dados obtidos foram interpolados com o CRCampeiro7. Para a avaliação da condutividade elétrica do solo, utilizou-se o equipamento Veris 3100 o qual fez avaliações nas camadas de 0-30 e 30-90 cm de profundidade. Após as avaliações feitas, verificou-se que grande parte da área encontra-se compactada, não sendo possível perceber correlação entre produtividade e as variáveis estudadas. Esses fatos nos levam a concluir que em área irrigada a compactação de solo não é capaz de afetar, com tanta severidade, até os níveis detectados, o desenvolvimento da cultura.
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Myatt, Taylor Scott. "Preservation, Education, and Rehabilitation: A Wildlife Conservation Internship at Brukner Nature Center." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1493336910350278.
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Felipe, Pedro Otavio de Mello. "AVALIAÇÃO DO DESEMPENHO DO PROGRAMA CR CAMPEIRO 7 PARA ANÁLISE DAS PROPRIEDADES QUÍMICAS DO SOLO E MAPAS DE PRODUTIVIDADE." Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2010. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/9592.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível SuperiorThis work is to present and discuss the Precision Farming in a simple way through the routines of the precision farming into the system Campeiro CR-7 and its performance in order to analyze the spatial variability of soil properties and productivity. Chapter I The Loop Sampling, provides a tutorial on developing a sampling plan for spatial assessment of physic-chemical properties of soil by means of geostatistical techniques, the sampling plan can contribute significantly to reducing the cost of collection of samples as well as quality of these samples. Chapter II Map of Fertility analyzes a tool that assists the user in the classification of levels of soil fertility, and the result presented in map form, where the final map is a cross between a map that contains phosphorus in the soil and map showing the clay making the recommendation to apply phosphorus fertilizer supplier to more precise areas where there is more than one class of clay. Chapter III Productivity Map filtering is performed on the data collection, making it possible to make a map of productivity consistent with the reality of the field with a greater reliability of the data, providing information relevant to agricultural management.
Este trabalho consiste em apresentar e discutir a Agricultura de Precisão de forma simples, através das rotinas de Agricultura de Precisão do Sistema CR-Campeiro 7, conjunto de programas elaborado no Departamento de Engenharia Rural da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria UFSM, Laboratório de Geomática, concebido e programado pelo Prof. Dr. Enio Giotto, e o desempenho desses programas, visando à análise da variabilidade espacial de propriedades químicas do solo e da produtividade. O Capítulo I Malha de Amostragem traz um tutorial sobre a elaboração de um plano de amostragem para avaliação espacial de propriedades físico-químicas de solo por meio de técnicas geoestatísticas; o plano de amostragem pode contribuir de forma relevante para diminuição do custo de coleta de amostras como também para a qualidade dessas amostras. O Capítulo II Mapa de Fertilidade analisa uma ferramenta que auxilia o usuário na classificação dos níveis de fertilidade do solo, sendo o resultado apresentado em forma cartográfica, onde o mapa final é a integração temática entre o mapa que contem os teores de Fósforo no solo e o mapa que apresenta os teores de Argila, tornando a recomendação para aplicação de fertilizantes fornecedores de Fósforo mais precisas para áreas onde ocorre mais de uma classe de Argila. No Capítulo III Mapa de Produtividade é realizada uma filtragem nos dados de colheita, tornando possível a confecção de um mapa de produtividade coerente com a realidade do campo, com uma confiabilidade maior dos dados, fornecendo informações relevantes ao gerenciamento agrícola.
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Cocco, Leonardo Burin. "UTILIZAÇÃO DE FERRAMENTAS DE AGRICULTURA DE PRECISÃO NA DEFINIÇÃO DE ZONAS DE MANEJO." Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2016. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/4832.
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Precision agriculture (AP) appears as a permissible tool to manage rationally the spatial and temporal variability of soil chemical attributes in order to effectively maximize the use of agricultural areas. However, in some situations visualized a low correlation between the chemical soil properties and crop productivity, emphasizing the need for development of AP to seek alternatives and tools for the definition of management zones. In recent years, they have gained prominence studies of parameter attributes of plant canopies, and the Vegetation Index (NDVI) the best known. This study aimed to evaluate the use of AP tools to define management zones in the central region of Rio Grande do Sul. The work was conducted with the culture of the agricultural year 2014/15 corn in an area of 15.1 hectares in the municipality of Julio de Castilhos, RS, managed with irrigation center pivot. The spatial variability of soil attributes and plants was characterized based on the collection of information on a sampling grid of 0.5 ha, totaling 32 points in the experimental area. The Landsat satellite images (NDVI) with a spatial resolution of 30 x 30 m were processed enabling the production of productivity map and the definition of management zones in the area. The soil properties have high variance in the standard deviation (S) and coefficient of variation (CV%) of phosphorus (18.16 and 42.46), potassium (38.263 and 25.80), aluminum saturation (4,63 and 130.14) sulfur (6.72 and 40.57) and manganese (7.32 and 30.23). The analysis of the statistical and geostatistical to dry mass (28,10% CV and r2 = 0.96) and corn (11.85% CV and r2 = 0.99). The Pearson correlation was significant positively to productivity of corn kernels indicated the clay, base saturation, calcium, SMP index, magnesium and NDVI; indicated dry weight organic material, SMP index CTC pH7 and magnesium. Among the different methods of zones positive correlation between dry matter areas of stubble and productivity with altitude zone, chemical attributes zone and NDVI zone. The use of satellite images made it possible to guarantee the evaluation of different management zones.A agricultura de precisão (AP) surge como uma ferramenta permitindo manejar de forma racional a variabilidade espacial e temporal dos atributos químicos do solo com objetivo de maximizar eficientemente o uso das áreas agrícolas. Entretanto, em algumas situações visualiza-se uma baixa correlação entre os atributos químicos do solo e a produtividade das culturas, destacando-se a necessidade da evolução da AP em buscar ferramentas e alternativas para a definição de zonas de manejo. Nos últimos anos, têm ganhado destaque os estudos sobre parametrização de atributos dos dosséis vegetais, sendo o Índice de Vegetação por Diferença Normalizada (NDVI) o mais conhecido. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a utilização de ferramentas de AP na definição de zonas de manejo na região central do Rio Grande do Sul. O trabalho foi conduzido com a cultura do milho (Zea mays L.) ano agrícola 2014/15, numa área de 15,1 hectares no município de Júlio de Castilhos, RS, manejada com irrigação por pivô central. A variabilidade espacial de atributos de solo e de plantas foi caracterizada com base na coleta de informações numa malha amostral de 0,5 ha, totalizando 32 pontos na área experimental. As imagens de satélite Landsat (NDVI) com resolução espacial de 30 x 30 m foram processadas possibilitando a confecção de mapa de produtividade e a definição de zonas de manejo da área. Os atributos do solo possuem alta variância no desvio padrão (S) e coeficiente de variação (CV%) do fósforo (18,10 e 42,46), potássio (38,26 e 25,80), saturação por alumínio (4,63 e 130,14), enxofre (6,72 e 40,57) e manganês (7,32 e 30,23). A análise da estatística e geoestatísticos para produção de massa seca (28,10 CV % e r2=0,96) e produtividade grãos de milho (11,85 CV % e r2=0,99). A correlação linear de Pearson foi significativa positivamente para produtividade de grãos de milho indicou a argila, saturação por bases, cálcio, índice SMP, magnésio e NDVI; massa seca indicou matéria orgânica, índice SMP, CTC pH 7 e magnésio. Entre os diferentes métodos das zonas de manejo a correlação positiva entre as zonas de massa seca da resteva e produtividade com zona de altitude, zona atributos químicos e zona de NDVI. A utilização de imagens de satélites possibilitou a garantia da avaliação de diferentes zonas de manejo.
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Alotaibi, Meteab Aujian. "Productivity enhancement through process integration." Texas A&M University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/4204.
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A hierarchical procedure is developed to determine maximum overall yield of a process
and optimize process changes to achieve such a yield. First, a targeting procedure is
developed to identify an upper bound of the overall yield ahead of detailed design.
Several mass integration strategies are proposed to attain maximum yield. These
strategies include rerouting of raw materials, optimization of reaction yield, rerouting of
product from undesirable outlets to desirable outlets, and recycling of unreacted raw
materials. Path equations are tailored to provide the appropriate level of detail for
modeling process performance as a function of the optimization variables pertaining to
design and operating variables. Interval analysis is used as an inclusion technique that
provides rigorous bounds regardless of the process nonlinearities and without
enumeration. Then, a new approach for identification of cost-effective implementation of
maximum attainable targets for yield is presented. In this approach, a mathematical
program was developed to identify the maximum feasible yield using a combination of
iterative additions of constraints and problem reformulation. Next, cost objectives were
employed to identify a cost-effective solution with the details of design and operating
variables. Constraint convexification was used to improve the quality of the solution towards globability. A trade-off procedure between the saving and expenses for yield
maximization problem is presented. The proposed procedure is systematic, rigorous, and
computationally efficient. A case study was solved to demonstrate the applicability and
usefulness of the developed procedure.
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Santos, Paulo Ricardo Alves dos. "Corn consortium with forage: attributes physical soil and productivity." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2016. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=17324.
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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgicoThe intensification of agricultural production systems is increasing in the current agriculture. In this sense, the simultaneous planting forage to grain crops, constitutes an alternative in the intensification of the production system, which can increase or not the productivity of the main crop, and produce straw for mulching. In order to check the occurrence of changes in the physical properties of the soil and in corn yield and dry matter production due to the corn consortium / forage in two sowing dates, this study was conducted in the experimental area of the Department of Agricultural Engineering of the Federal University of CearÃ. The design was used in a randomized block design in a factorial scheme (3x2) + 1 with four replications, totaling 28 experimental units. The treatments consisted of three forages: Brachiaria, Panicum maximum cv. MombaÃa and Crotalaria spectabilis intercropped with maize in two of fodder sowing dates, between the lines of simultaneous sowing maize (season 1 - E1) and corn leading the V4 stage of corn (season 2 - E2), and the control. The results showed that intercropping maize / forage did not interfere in phytotechnical characteristics of corn, nor in productivity, however produced changes in soil physical properties when the day of sowing in season 1. Despite the changes that have occurred in the soil, they were not sufficient to enhance the productivity of maize, which could possibly be related assessments on only one crop cycle. But when the goal was the production of dry straw, it is concluded that fodder Brachiaria brizantha and Mombasa at the time 1 (E1) are recommended
A intensificaÃÃo dos sistemas de produÃÃo agrÃcola à cada vez maior na atual agricultura. Nesse sentido, o plantio simultÃneo de forrageiras com culturas produtoras de grÃos, constitui em uma alternativa na intensificaÃÃo do sistema de produÃÃo, que poderà incrementar ou nÃo a produtividade da cultura principal, alÃm de produzir palha para cobertura do solo. Com o objetivo de verificar a ocorrÃncia de mudanÃas nas propriedades fÃsicas do solo, bem como na produtividade do milho e produÃÃo de matÃria seca em funÃÃo do consÃrcio milho/forrageiras em duas Ãpocas de semeadura, o presente trabalho foi conduzido na Ãrea experimental do Departamento de Engenharia AgrÃcola da Universidade Federal do CearÃ. Foi utilizado o delineamento em blocos ao acaso, no esquema fatorial (3x2) + 1 com quatro repetiÃÃes, totalizando 28 unidades experimentais. Os tratamentos foram constituÃdos por trÃs forrageiras: Brachiaria brizantha, Panicum maximum cv. MombaÃa e CrotalÃria spectabilis consorciadas com o milho em duas Ãpocas de semeadura das forrageiras, na entrelinha do milho simultÃneo a semeadura (Ãpoca 1 â E1) e na entrelinha do milho no estÃdio V4 do milho (Ãpoca 2 â E2), alÃm da testemunha. Os resultados permitiram concluir que a consorciaÃÃo milho/forrageiras nÃo interferiram nas caracterÃsticas fitotÃcnicas do milho, nem tampouco, na produtividade, porÃm proporcionaram modificaÃÃes nas propriedades fÃsicas do solo quando da realizaÃÃo da semeadura na Ãpoca 1. Apesar das modificaÃÃes ocorridas no solo, as mesmas nÃo foram suficientes em incrementar a produtividade do milho, o que possivelmente pode estar relacionado as avaliaÃÃes em apenas um ciclo da cultura. Jà quando o objetivo foi a produÃÃo de matÃria seca de palha, conclui-se que as forrageiras Brachiaria Brizantha e MombaÃa na Ãpoca 1 (E1) sÃo recomendadas
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Hecker, Timothy. "The era of megaphonics: on the productivity of loud sound, 1880-1930." Thesis, McGill University, 2014. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=123058.
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This thesis examines a cultural interest in loud sound as a productive force between 1880 and 1930. Recent historical scholarship on sound at the turn of the 20th century has given substantial attention to noise abatement movements and their efforts to control public space. In shifting the focus towards a significant collection of people interested in the generative aspects of sonic power and its ability to paralyze the body, empty the mind and even threaten life is to suggest ways in which idealist or utopian hopes were interlaced with an idea of sonic agency. This thesis looks at three aspects of the megaphonic: firstly, the push to build the world's loudest instrument, a pipe organ; secondly, the proliferation of powerful fog-signalling along North American coastlines; and lastly, the development of shock-wave science and the increasing understanding of sound as a physical and mortal force.Cette thèse examine un intérêt culturel pour le son fort comme force productive entre 1880 et 1930. De récentes recherches historiques sur le son au début du 20e siècle ont accordé une attention considérable aux mouvements d'atténuation du bruit et à leurs efforts pour contrôler l'espace public. En déplaçant l'accent vers un important groupe de personnes intéressés par les aspects générateurs de puissance du son et leur capacité à paralyser le corps, vider l'esprit et même menacer la vie suggère des façons dont certaines aspirations idéalistes ou utopiques ont eu une dimension sonore. Cette thèse porte sur trois aspects du mégaphone: d'une part, la pression de construire l'instrument au son le plus puissant du monde, un orgue à tuyaux, d'autre part, la prolifération de puissants signaux de brume le long des côtes nord-américaines et, enfin, le développement de la science de l'onde de choc et la compréhension croissante du son comme une force physique et mortelle.
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Herselman, Jolandi. "Rate and yield dependency of Actinobacillus succinogenes on dissolved CO2 concentration." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/61295.
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Carbon dioxide serves as co-substrate in the production of succinic acid by Actinobacillus succinogenes. The transient concentration of dissolved CO2 in the broth (CCO2) controls the uptake of CO2 in the cell. Based on CCO2 , three distinct regimes could be identified in which the behaviour of the organism differed with CCO2 availability. When CCO2 was higher than 8.4 mM (44.4% saturated at an atmospheric pressure of 86 kPa), there was no evidence of CO2 limiting succinic acid productivity and flux to succinic acid remained constant. When CCO2 decreased below 8.4 mM a decrease in the succinic acid production and glucose consumption rates was observed to 28.01% and 19.89% of their original value respectively, at the lowest CCO2 value investigated. Below a CCO2 of 4 mM (21.16% saturated at an atmospheric pressure of 86 kPa), the productivity continued to decrease along with a shift in the total carbon flux from the succinic acid-producing pathway (C4-pathway) to the by-product-producing pathway (C3-pathway). The fraction of total carbon flux directed to the C4-pathway decreased from 0.48 to 0.33 at the lowest CCO2 value investigated. Although the by-product acetic acid concentration decreased to 88% of the original value, formic acid remained relatively stable and the ethanol concentration increased from an average of 0.26 g.L-1 to 1 g.L-1. The organism starts producing ethanol in order to satisfy the redox balance when the C4-pathway becomes less active. It was calculated that the flux shift to the C3-pathway does not favour ATP production. The organism is, however, still viable at the very low ATP production rates found at very low values of CCO2.
Since succinic acid production is not limited at relatively low values of CCO2 (44.4% saturation), adequate CO2 supply to the fermenter can be achieved without major CO2 sparging which is beneficial from an industrial processing perspective.Dissertation (MEng)--University of Pretoria, 2016.
Chemical Engineering
MEng
Unrestricted
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Souza, Cassiana Felipe de. "Desempenho agronômico e eficiência de utilização de nitrogênio por cultivares de milho." Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido, 2017. http://bdtd.ufersa.edu.br:80/tede/handle/tede/728.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
Corn plays an important role in the social and cultural economy and development of several regions of Brazil. However, the productivity is considered low, being the management of nitrogen fertilization and selection of efficient cultivars in the use of nitrogen the main factors responsible for the low productivity of this crop. Thus, the objective of this work was to analyze the agronomic performance and efficiency of nitrogen use by corn cultivars for the production of green ears and grains. Two experiments were carried out, one to obtain green maize and another to corn grain, both in the didactic garden of the Department of Plant Sciences of the Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-árido (UFERSA), in the municipality of Mossoró-RN. The experimental design was in randomized blocks in a 2 x 3 factorial scheme, with five replications. The treatments consisted of the combination of two nitrogen doses (0 and 90 kg ha-1) and three corn cultivars (Cruzeta variety, Truck transgenic and AG 1051 hybrid). For green maize, we evaluated plant height and stem insertion, shoot diameter, dry mass of the plant, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium accumulation, yield of green ears with straw and without straw and N efficiency indexes. For grain maize, we evaluated dry matter of the plant, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium accumulation, grain yield and N efficiency indexes. In both experiments, the cultivars presented higher productive performance when fertilized with nitrogen and The AG 1051 hybrid was the most efficient in the use of nitrogen. The cultivars AG 1051 and Cruzeta presented the highest plant height and first spike insertion, and the cultivar Truck presented the highest leaf number and productivity. The highest accumulations of dry mass and NPK were observed in cultivars AG 1051 and Cruzeta. The leaves and the grains accumulated more nitrogen, whereas the stem and the cob accumulated more K. The cultivar Truck was the most indicated for the production of green corn
O milho possui importante papel na economia e desenvolvimento social e cultural de várias regiões do Brasil. No entanto, a produtividade é considerada baixa, sendo o manejo da adubação nitrogenada e a seleção de cultivares eficientes no uso do nitrogênio os principais fatores responsáveis pela baixa produtividade desta cultura. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar o desempenho agronômico e a eficiência do uso de nitrogênio por cultivares de milho para produção de espigas verdes e de grãos. Foram conduzidos dois experimentos, um para obtenção do milho verde e outro para milho grão, ambos na horta didática do Departamento de Ciências Vegetais da Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido (UFERSA), no município de Mossoró-RN. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos ao acaso em esquema fatorial 2 x 3, com cinco repetições. Os tratamentos foram constituídos pela combinação de duas doses de nitrogênio (0 e 90 kg ha-1) e três cultivares de milho (variedade Cruzeta, transgênico Truck e o híbrido AG 1051). Para o milho verde, foram avaliados: altura da planta e da inserção da espiga, diâmetro do colmo, massa seca da planta, acúmulo de nitrogênio, fósforo e potássio, a produtividade de espigas verdes com palha e sem palha e os índices de eficiência do N. No milho grão, avaliaram-se a massa seca da planta, acúmulo de nitrogênio, fósforo e potássio, a produtividade de grãos e os índices de eficiência do N. Em ambos os experimentos, as cultivares apresentaram maior desempenho produtivo quando adubadas com nitrogênio e o híbrido AG 1051 foi o mais eficiente quanto ao uso do nitrogênio. As cultivares AG 1051 e Cruzeta apresentaram as maiores alturas de planta e de inserção da primeira espiga, e a cultivar Truck apresentou a maior prolificidade e número de folhas. Os maiores acúmulos de massa seca e de NPK foram observados nas cultivares AG 1051 e Cruzeta. As folhas e os grãos acumularam mais nitrogênio, ao passo que o caule e o sabugo acumularam mais K. A cultivar Truck foi a mais indicada para produção de milho verde
2017-06-22
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Portugal, Leandro Vilela. "Fitotoxicidade de herbicidas pós-emergentes em híbridos de milho." Universidade Jose do Rosario Vellano, 2012. http://tede2.unifenas.br:8080/jspui/handle/jspui/12.
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Previous issue date: 2012-10-23In corn crop, postemergence herbicides have been widely used because of its efficacy, convenience and cost feasibility. The objective of this study was to evaluate the phytotoxicity of herbicides used in post-emergence, and their interference in the productivity of corn hybrids. The experiment was conducted at the Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology IFSULDEMINAS, campus Machado. Was used a randomized block experimental design (RBD) with 6 treatments and 4 repetitions, totaling 24 plots. For this, were used two hybrids with similar size and characteristics: Hybrid 1 VT PRO 1 and hybrid 2 VT PRO 2. The hybrid 1 presents the transgenic event of resistance to fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) and the hybrid 2 shows the same transgenic event of resistance to fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) and to roundup, called Roundup Ready (RR). Were used six different treatments in hybrids, in the hybrid VT PRO 1 with resistance to fall armyworm were applied herbicides, atrazine + tembotrione (triazines + benzoilciclohexanodiona); nicosulfuron + atrazine (triazines + sulfonylurea); mesotrione + atrazine (triazines + tricetonas) and control treatment where no herbicide was applied. For the hybrid VT PRO 2 with resistance to fall armyworm and the roundup was applied herbicide atrazine + glyphosate (triazines + substituted glycine) and control treatment without herbicide application. Treatments were weeded manually during all the experiment conduction. There was incidence of lightweight phytotoxicity with leaf lesions below 7%, which reduced up to 28 DAA. The combination of atrazine with tembotrione or nicosulfuron reduced corn productivity in 1.066 and 1.122 kg ha-1 respectively. The application of atrazine + mesotrione in hybrid VT PRO 1 and glyphosate in hybrid VT PRO 2, compare to their control treatments, did not affect production. However, the productivity in the hybrid VT PRO 1 was greater than the hybrid VT PRO 2, a result which was not expected to equal hybrids with different events. It was observed in all treatments productivity above 10 tonnes ha-1. The combination of herbicides leads to the emergence of phytotoxicity minor injuries; Atrazine in combination with tembotrione or nicosulfuron reduces corn productivity.
Na cultura do milho a utilização de herbicidas pós-emergentes tem sido muito utilizado, devido sua eficácia, conveniência e viabilidade de custos. Objetivou-se com o presente trabalho avaliar a fitotoxicidade de herbicidas usados em pós-emergência, bem como a sua interferência na produtividade em híbridos de milho. O experimento foi conduzido no Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia IFSULDEMINAS, campus Machado. Foi utilizado o delineamento de blocos ao acaso (DBC), com 6 tratamentos e 4 repetições, totalizando 24 parcelas. Para tanto, foram utilizados dois híbridos de porte e características similares: Híbrido 1 VT PRO 1 e híbrido 2 VT PRO 2. O híbrido 1 apresenta o evento de transgenia de resistência a lagarta do cartucho (Spodoptera frugiperda) e o híbrido 2 apresenta o mesmo evento de transgenia de resistência a lagarta do cartucho (Spodoptera frugiperda) e também ao roundup, denominado Roundup Ready (RR). Foram utilizados seis tratamentos diferentes nos híbridos, sendo que no híbrido VT PRO 1, com resistência a lagarta do cartucho foram aplicados os herbicidas, atrazine + tembotrione (triazinas + benzoilciclohexanodiona); atrazine + nicosulfuron (triazinas + sulfoniluréias); atrazine + mesotrione (triazinas + tricetonas) e tratamento testemunha em que não foi aplicado nenhum herbicida. Para o híbrido VT PRO 2, com resistência a lagarta do cartucho e ao roundup foi aplicado o herbicida atrazine + glyphosate (triazinas + glicina substituída) e o outro tratamento que foi a testemunha sem aplicação de herbicidas. Os tratamentos foram capinados manualmente durante toda condução do experimento. Houve incidência de fitotoxicidade denominada leve, com lesões foliares abaixo de 7%, as quais reduziram até os 28 DAA. A combinação de atrazine com tembotrione ou nicosulfuron reduziu a produtividade do milho em 1.066 e 1.122 Kg ha-1 respectivamente. A aplicação da combinação atrazine + mesotrione no híbrido VT PRO 1, bem como o glyphosate no híbrido VT PRO 2, perante suas testemunhas não afetaram a produção. Porém, a produtividade no híbrido VT PRO 1 foi maior do que o híbrido VT PRO 2, resultado este que não era esperado, para híbridos iguais com eventos diferentes. Foi observado em todos os tratamentos produtividade acima de 10 toneladas ha-1. A combinação dos herbicidas testados leva ao surgimento de lesões leves de fitotoxicidade; Atrazine em combinação com tembotrione ou nicosulfuron reduz a produtividade do milho.
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Borges, Ligia Francielle. "Aplicação web para criação de mapas temáticos em agricultura de precisão." Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, 2017. http://repositorio.utfpr.edu.br/jspui/handle/1/2938.
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A análise de mapas temáticos, no contexto da agricultura de precisão (AP), é um recurso utilizado para compreender a variabilidade espacial dos atributos do solo em áreas de cultivo, podendo trazer importantes subsídios para a realização de um manejo racional, promovendo aumento da produtividade e redução do impacto ambiental. Neste contexto, o objetivo desse trabalho foi desenvolver e disponibilizar uma ferramenta computacional em ambiente web, que permite a geração de mapas temáticos fazendo uso de métodos tradicionais de interpolação de dados sugeridos na literatura (inverso da distância elevado à uma potência, média móvel e vizinho mais próximo). O software foi testado com dados provenientes de pesquisas de AP (atributos físicos e químicos do solo e produtividade do milho) desenvolvidas em uma área agrícola de 19,8 ha localizada na região oeste do estado do Paraná. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que o uso do software permitiu que fossem gerados mapas temáticos de variáveis normalmente utilizadas em agricultura de precisão, possibilitando avaliar a distribuição de cada atributo na área a ser trabalhada e identificar possíveis causas de variação na produtividade. Por estar instalado em servidor com recursos sob demanda, o software possui desempenho satisfatório do ponto de vista funcional e pode ser acessado de qualquer ambiente web (browser).The analysis of thematic maps, in the precision agriculture (AP) context, is a resource used to understand the spatial variability of soil attributes in cultivated areas, witch can bring important subsidies for rational handling, improving yield and reducing environmental impact. Thus, the main goal of this research was to develop and make available a web-based software, which provides the ability to draw thematic maps according to well-known methods of data interpolation (inverse of distance weighted, moving average, nearest-neighbor). The software was tested with AP research data (physical and chemical soil attributes and corn yield) developed in a 19.8 ha agricultural area located in the western region of Parana state. The use of the software made possible generating thematic maps of variables usually used in precision agriculture, allowing to evaluate the distribution of each attribute in the area and identify possible causes of variations in yield. As the software is installed in a on-demand server, it provides good performance from a functional point of view and can be accessed from any web environment (browser).
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Florence, Darlene Christina. "Agronomic Land Management Effects on Soil Fertility and Grain Crop Productivity in Western Kenya and Ohio." The Ohio State University, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1338341162.
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Barato, Márcio Adair. "DEFINIÇÃO DE ZONAS DE MANEJO EM LAVOURAS AGRÍCOLAS A PARTIR DE MAPAS DE PRODUTIVIDADE: ESTUDO DE CASO." Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2014. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/4814.
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Based on productivity maps and data analysis it is possible for the producer to check and act over the low yielding areas, maximizing the final productivity that way. This paper intents to show the importance of the usage of precision agriculture maps on farms in order to help farmers to determine low yielding areas and act over it, improving productivity. This paper and the generated maps referred during the text were made using John Deere equipment and AMS (Agricultural Management Solutions). The studied area is a 19ha (190.000m²) total area, located at Faxinal, Paraná state. Five maps were analyzed totaling a 3 years range period of samples that were used later for interpolation. The interpolations and adjustments done were made using Apex® and CR Campeiro® software. The output of this interpolation is a single map that shows some tendencies for some areas to present low, medium and high yield. Those regions represent 5,95%, 86,25% and 7,80% respectively. This map is a base for the final analysis that will provide information to develop and increase productivity in low yielding areas.Com base nos mapas de produtividade e as análises realizadas dos locais proporciona ao produtor rural agir pontualmente nestas áreas de baixa produtividade para maximizar sua produção. Este trabalho demonstra a importância da agricultura de precisão em utilizar os mapas de produtividade nas propriedades rural para ajudar a determinar pontos de baixa produtividade nas áreas colhidas, desta forma possibilita ser realizada análise destes locais para determinar qual é o fator que está gerando esta baixa produtividade. Para o desenvolvimento deste trabalho e geração dos mapas de produtividade foi utilizado o sistema de Solução em Gerenciamento Agrícola (AMS) e equipamentos da John Deere. A área do estudo é de 19 ha (190.000 m²) localizados no município de Faxinal - PR obteve-se desta área, mapas de produtividade de um período de três anos totalizando cinco mapas, que foram utilizados para realizar a interpolação. Para a realização da interpolação e ajustes dos mapas utilizaram-se os programas Apex® e CR Campeiro®, o resultado final desta interpolação foi a geração do mapa mostrando as zonas de manejo da área de estudo onde, no decorrer deste período, a produtividade manteve uma tendência nas regiões de baixa, média e alta produtividade do talhão, estas regiões representaram 5,95%, 86,25% e 7,80% respectivamente. Com base no mapa com as áreas de zona de manejo possibilitará a análise das regiões menos produtivas do talhão para maximizar a produção.
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Gruzska, Maurício. "ÍNDICE RELATIVO DE CLOROFILA PARA O DIAGNÓSTICO DO ESTADO DE NITROGÊNIO EM HÍBRIDOS DE MILHO." UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL DE PONTA GROSSA, 2012. http://tede2.uepg.br/jspui/handle/prefix/2226.
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Previous issue date: 2012-07-11Nitrogen (N) is the nutrient that contributes the most to increase productivity of corn hybrids. For this reason, the main objective of this study is to determine the relative chlorophyll index (RCI), in different leaves and phenological stages, aiming diagnosing N state in corn hybrids according to the N doses applied in coverage, correlating them with the foliar N content and productivity. In addition, we had as objective to study the effect of N doses applied in coverage on corn hybrids concerning growth and corn plant development variables in Guarapuava city - Paraná. To fulfill this objective an open field experiment with no-tillage system was carried out on Jordãozinho Farm, in Entre Rios region, Guarapuava – Paraná – Brazil, from October 1st 2009 to March 20th 2010. The treatments resulted from the combination of two simple corn hybrids (P30R50 and AG8025) and six N doses applied in coverage (0; 75; 150; 225; 300 and 375 kg of N ha-1 in the form of urea), comprising 2x6 factorial arrangement, making up 12 treatments, arranged in randomized block design with 4 repetitions, totaling 48 experimental units. The N state was monitored using chlorophyll meter, clorofiLOG brand, assessing RCI at least twice in each selected leaf. Hybrid corn AG8025 presented fewer leaves, lower RCI in leaf 3 in V4 (RCIL03V4), RCIL05V9, fewer numbers of grain rows per ear and less insertion height of the primary ear than hybrid P30R50, however a higher plant, more total dry phytomass, higher RCI in leaf 13 in R3 and productivity, indicating genetic variability. The N doses influenced variables such as height of plants in V9 and R1, height of the primary ear insertion, thatched diameter, number of photosynthetically active leaves in R1, ear diameter, foliar N content, 1,000 mass grains and productivity. The dose of 295 kg N ha-1 enabled to estimate productivity in 13,032.93 kg ha-1. The hybrid and N dose factors have not influenced the harvest rate, whose average value was 0.52. The hybrids and the N doses concomitantly influenced variables such as number of photosynthetically active leaves in V9, number of grains per row, ear length, dry phytomass of grains per ear and the total of aerial part per plant, RCIL05V7, RCIL07V7, RCIL07V9,RCIL09V9, RCIL11VT, RCIL11R1, RCIL13R2, RCIL15R2, RCIL15R3. The results indicate that the portable chlorophyll meter is sensitive when indicating the nutritional state of corn hybrids as an outcome of N doses applied in coverage in the first stages of development, enabling its usage for precocious nutritional diagnosis, as well as, in the final evaluation of growth and reproductive phases, as an indication of effective nitrogen fertilization. The RCIs showed positive correlation with foliar N content and productivity, except the RCIs in L03V4, L05V5 and L09V9. The correlation coefficients between RCIs and foliar N content, as well as with productivity, increased with the leaf age.
O nitrogênio (N) é o nutriente que mais contribui para o aumento da produtividade de híbridos de milho. Por essa razão, o objetivo principal deste trabalho foi determinar o índice relativo de clorofila (IRC), em diferentes folhas e estádios fenológicos, visando diagnosticar o estado de N em híbridos de milho em função de doses de N aplicadas em cobertura, correlacionando-os com o teor de N foliar e com a produtividade. Além deste, objetivou-se estudar o efeito de doses de N aplicadas em cobertura em híbridos de milho sobre variáveis do crescimento e desenvolvimento da planta de milho no município de Guarapuava/PR. Para atender esses objetivos, foi desenvolvido um experimento a campo em sistema de plantio direto na fazenda Jordãozinho, na região de Entre Rios, Guarapuava/PR, Brasil, durante o período de 01/10/2009 a 20/03/2010. Os tratamentos resultaram da combinação de dois híbridos simples de milho (P30R50 e AG8025) e seis doses de N aplicadas em cobertura (0; 75; 150; 225; 300 e 375 kg de N ha-1 na forma de uréia), constituindo um fatorial 2x6, perfazendo 12 tratamentos, arranjados em delineamento blocos casualizados com 4 repetições, totalizando 48 unidades experimentais. O estado de N foi monitorado com uso do clorofilômetro, marca clorofiLOG, avaliando-se no mínimo duas vezes o IRC em cada folha selecionada. O híbrido de milho AG8025 apresentou menor número de folhas, IRC na folha 3 em V4 (IRCF03V4), IRCF05V9, número de fileiras de grãos por espiga e altura de inserção da espiga primária que o híbrido P30R50, porém maior altura de planta, fitomassa seca total, IRC na folha 13 em R3 e produtividade, indicando variabilidade genética. As doses de N influenciaram as variáveis altura de plantas em V9 e R1, altura de inserção da espiga primária, diâmetro de colmo, número de folhas fotossinteticamente ativas em R1, diâmetro de espiga, teor de N foliar, massa de 1.000 grãos e produtividade. A dose de 295 kg de N ha-1 possibilitou estimar a produtividade em 13.032,93 kg ha-1. Os fatores híbridos e doses de N não influenciaram o índice de colheita, cujo valor médio foi de 0,52. Os híbridos e as doses de N influenciaram concomitantemente as variáveis número de folhas fotossinteticamente ativas em V9, número de grãos por fileira, comprimento de espiga, fitomassa seca de grãos por espiga e total da parte aérea por planta, IRCF05V7, IRCF07V7, IRCF07V9, IRCF09V9, IRCF11VT, IRCF11R1, IRCF13R2, IRCF15R2, IRCF15R3. Os resultados indicam que o medidor portátil de clorofila mostrase sensível ao indicar o estado nutricional em híbridos de milho em resposta a doses de N aplicadas em cobertura, já nos estádios iniciais de desenvolvimento, viabilizando sua utilização para o diagnóstico nutricional precoce, bem como, quando da avaliação no final da fase vegetativa e na reprodutiva, como indicador de eficiência da adubação nitrogenada. Visto que, os IRCs correlacionaram-se positivamente com o teor de N foliar e com a produtividade, exceto os IRC na F03V4, F05V5 e F09V9. Os coeficientes de correlação entre os IRCs e o teor de N foliar, bem como com a produtividade aumentaram com a idade da folha.
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Silva, Fernanda de Fátima da. "Reconhecimento de padrões de nutrição para nitrogênio e potássio em híbridos de milho por análise de imagens digitais." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/74/74131/tde-04092015-084528/.
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A adubação e a utilização de cultivares mais produtivos consistem em tecnologias essenciais para melhorar a produtividade e a sustentabilidade da cultura do milho (Zea mays L.). A análise de imagens digitais é uma tecnologia utilizada para a identificação de deficiência nutricional em folhas de milho em estádios iniciais de desenvolvimento, já que, nos métodos atuais, é muito difícil a correção do nutriente deficiente no mesmo ciclo da cultura. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar as características nutricionais e produtivas, bem como verificar métodos de extração de características de imagens digitais para diagnosticar sintomas de deficiência de nitrogênio (N) e potássio (K) em híbridos de milho, cultivados em casa de vegetação, com deficiência induzida em nitrogênio (N) ou potássio (K); e posteriormente no campo. O experimento foi independente para cada elemento e conduzido em 2 etapas: 1º) casa de vegetação sob cultivo hidropônico, com tratamentos em fatorial 4 (doses) x 3 (híbridos) e 4 repetições, sendo 4 doses: 5, 20%, 100% e 200% da dose completa; e 2º) campo, em blocos ao acaso em fatorial 4x3 (4 doses e 3 híbridos) e 4 blocos, sendo as doses de adubação: omissão individual e completa (0%) de N ou K, 50%, 100% e 200% da dose recomendada do nutriente em estudo. Os híbridos foram: DKB390 PróR2®(H1), Pioneer 30F35®(H2) e Syngenta Status®(H3). A coleta e digitalização das folhas foram realizadas nos estádios V4 e R1. Foram obtidas as imagens da folha indicativa do estádio (FI), que foram processadas pela análise de imagens e analisadas quimicamente. Os métodos de extração de características baseados em padrões de textura de imagens em escala de cinza foram: Fourier, Descritor Fractal (Fractal), Local Binary Pattern (LBP), Gabor Wavelets (GW) e Gabor Wavelets + Fractal Descriptors (GWF); e também foram estudados métodos de extração de características baseados em 4 índices espectrais de imagens coloridas: excesso de verde (EVd), vermelho normalizado (Vern), verde normalizado (Vn) e razão verde-vermelho (Rvv) e a combinação entre eles. Em casa de vegetação, foram determinadas massa seca da parte aérea (MSPA) e de raízes (MSRz) e as concentrações de macro e micronutrientes. No campo, no final do ciclo, foram realizadas avaliações da produtividade e análise química foliar e do solo. A redução nas doses de N ou de K nos híbridos estudados promoveu decréscimos significativos na concentração foliar desses elementos nos híbridos nos 2 estádios avaliados, apresentando sintomas visuais típicos de deficiência de N ou de K para os híbridos conduzidos com a menor dose de tal nutriente. A MSPA e MSRz nos híbridos conduzidos em casa de vegetação e a produtividade no campo também foram comprometidas com a redução na disponibilidade de N ou de K para os híbridos estudados. Para os híbridos conduzidos em casa de vegetação com doses de N ou de K, quando estudados separadamente pelos métodos baseados em textura, o Fourier apresentou alta porcentagem de acertos em todos os híbridos e nos 2 estádios, exceto para H3 no R1. Os melhores métodos baseados em índices espectrais apresentaram índice Kappa classificado como acima de bom.The fertilization and the use of more productive cultivars are important technologies to improve productivity and sustainability of the maize crop. The digital image analysis is a technology used to identify nutritional deficiency in corn leaves, on the methodologies currently being applied, the correction of the deficient nutrient is not possible in the same growing cycle. The objective of this study was to evaluate the nutritional and productive characteristics and verify the extraction methods of digital image characteristics. This is performed to diagnose symptoms of nitrogen deficiency (N) and potassium (K) in corn hybrids (Zea mays L.) grown in a greenhouse, with induced nutritional deficiency in nitrogen (N) or potassium (K); and thereafter grown in the field. The experiment was independent for each element and conducted in two steps: 1; in a greenhouse under hydroponic cultivation, with treatments in a factorial 4 (doses) x 3 (hybrid) and 4 replications, with four doses: 5, 20%, 100% and 200% of full dose; and 2; the field in randomized blocks in a factorial 4x3 (4 doses and 3 hybrids) and 4 blocks, 4 fertilizer levels: individual and complete omission (0%) of N or K, 50%, 100% and 200 % of the recommended dose of the nutrient under study. The hybrids were DKB390 PróR2® (H1), Pioneer 30F35® (H2) and Syngenta Status® (H3). The collection and digitalization of the leaves were realizated in V4 and R1 growth stages. Indicative leaves of each stage were obtained and processed by image analysis and chemically analyzed. The extraction methods of characteristics based on texture patterns of images in gray-scale were: Fourier Descriptor Fractal (Fractal), Local Binary Pattern (LBP), Gabor Wavelets (GW) and Gabor Wavelets + Fractal Descriptors (GWF); and also characteristics extraction methods were studied based on 4 spectral indices of color images: excessive green (EVD), normalized red (Vern), normalized green (Vn), green-red ratio (RVV) and the combination of them. In the greenhouse were determined the dry mass of the aerial part of the plant (MSPA) and root (MSRz) and the concentrations of macro and micronutrients. In the field, at the end of the cycle, evaluations were carried out in productivity and foliar and soil analysis. The reduction in N or K levels in the studied hybrids led to significant decreases in foliar nutrient concentration in the plants conducted in a greenhouse and in the field in two stages evaluated, with typical visual symptoms of N deficiency or K for hybrid conducted with the lower dose of this nutrient. The MSPA and MSRZ in hybrid conducted in a greenhouse and productivity in the field were also committed to reducing the availability of N or K for the studied hybrids. To the hybrids conducted in the greenhouse with doses of N or K, when studied separately in the texture based methods, the Fourier showed high percentage of correct answers in all hybrids in both stages, except for H3 in R1. The best methods based on spectral indices presented classification considered more than good.
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Leolato, Lucieli Santini. "Uso do regulador de crescimento etil trinexapac e resposta do milho ao incremento na densidade de plantas em duas épocas de semeadura." Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, 2016. http://tede.udesc.br/handle/handle/2391.
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The increase in plant density is an alternative to enhance maize grain yield. However, the increment of plant population also accentuates intraspecific competition, leading to a high percentage of stem lodging and breaking. The use of growth regulators can mitigate the negative effects derived from crowded sowings. This work was carried out aiming to evaluate the effects of the growth regulator ethyl trinexapac on maize response to the increase of plant density at different sowing dates. A field experiment was set in the city of Lages, SC, during the growing seasons of 2014/2015 and 2015/2016. The randomized block design, disposed in split-split plots, was used. Two sowing dates were tested in the main plots: second half of October (recommended sowing date) and first half of December (late sowing date). Four plant densities were assessed in the split plots: 5, 7, 9 and 11 pl m-2. At the split-split plots the treatments with and without growth regulator trinexapac ethyl were evaluated. Ethyl trinexapac was sprayed over the canopy two times, when the crop was at the growth stages of V5 and V10, in a rate of 150 g i.a. on each application. The hybrid P30F53YH was sown under no-till system with a row spacing of 0,7m. Morphological traits, grain yield and its components were determined. The application of ethyl trinexapac decreased plant height an increase stem diameter at both growing seasons. The percentage of lodged 16 and broken plants was lower than 8% in all treatments. It was not affected by sowing date, plant density and growth regulator application. Grain yield ranged from 11,422 to 14,805 kg ha-1. It was higher when maize was sown in October than in December and increased in a quadratic trend with the elevation of plant density, regardless of the presence or absence of growth regulator. The application of ethyl trinexapac did not affect grain yield and decrease 1,000 kernels mass at both sowing times. The spraying of ethyl trinexapac was not an effective management strategy to enhance the response of maize grain yield to the increase in plant population, at the recommended and late sowing times
O aumento na densidade de plantas é uma alternativa para incrementar o rendimento de grãos do milho. Entretanto, densidades excessivas elevam a competição intraespecífica, resultando no aumento da percentagem de plantas acamadas e quebradas. A utilização de reguladores de crescimento pode mitigar os efeitos negativos advindos de semeaduras adensadas. Este trabalho objetivou avaliar os efeitos da aplicação do regulador de crescimento etil trinexapac na resposta do milho ao incremento na densidade de plantas em duas épocas de semeadura. O experimento foi implantado a campo, no município de Lages, SC, durante os anos agrícolas 2014/15 e 2015/16. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi de blocos casualizados dispostos em parcelas sub-subdivididas. Duas épocas de semeaduras foram testadas na parcela principal: segunda quinzena de outubro (recomendada) e primeira quinzena de dezembro (tardia). Quatro densidades de plantas foram avaliadas nas sub-parcelas: 5, 7, 9, 11 plantas m-2. Nas sub-subparcelas foram avaliados os tratamentos com e sem o regulador de crescimento etil trinexapac. O produto foi aplicado duas vezes, quando a cultura se encontrava nos estádios V5 e V10, na dose de 150 g i.a. em cada aplicação. O híbrido P30F53YH foi implantado, no sistema de semeadura direta, com espaçamento entre linhas de 0,7 m. Avaliaram-se características morfológicas, o rendimento 12 de grãos e os seus componentes. A aplicação do regulador de crescimento etil trinexapac diminuiu a altura de plantas e incrementou o diâmetro de colmo nos dois anos de estudo. A percentagem de plantas acamadas e quebradas foi inferior a 8% em todos os tratamentos e não foi influenciada pela época de semeadura, densidade de plantas e aplicação do regulador de crescimento. O rendimento de grãos variou de 11.422 a 14.805 kg ha-1. Ele foi maior na semeadura de outubro do que na de dezembro e aumentou de forma quadrática com a elevação da densidade de plantas, independentemente da presença ou ausência do regulador de crescimento. A aplicação de etil trinexpac não interferiu no rendimento de grãos e diminuiu a massa de 1.000 grãos nas duas épocas de semeadura. A utilização do regulador de crescimento etil trinexapac não foi uma estratégia de manejo efetiva para aumentar a reposta do rendimento de grãos do milho ao adensamento, tanto na época recomendada quanto na semeadura tardia
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Schwerz, Luciano. "Necessidade e estratégias de irrigação para a cultura de milho no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul." Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11136/tde-29082017-091101/.
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A agricultura irrigada tem passado por constantes desafios voltados ao consumo racional dos recursos naturais, em especial para a cultura de milho que mesmo sendo um produto estratégico nos sistemas de produção agropecuários, tem sua viabilidade questionada em decorrência dos elevados custos de produção associado aos altos riscos relacionados as condições climáticas. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo determinar a necessidade, e propor estatégias de manejo de irrigação, baseados no balanço hídrico e na produtividade deplecionada de milho em dez épocas de semeadura, para dez municípios do estado do Rio Grande do Sul. O balanço hídrico do solo foi gerado com uma série histórica de dados de 17 a 25 anos de observação, a necessidade de irrigação foi determinada com base no deficit hídrico acumulado, e as estratégias de manejo de irrigação foram simuladas nas seguintes condições: (A) irrigação com base no fator de depleção de água no solo e na previsão de chuva, com irrigações ao longo de todo o ciclo, (B) manutenção da capacidade de água disponível (CAD) do solo em 80% ao longo de todo o ciclo, e (C) manutenção da CAD a 80% entre a floração e a maturidade fisiológica. Os dados foram submetidos a análise de variância com teste de regressão para os efeitos relacionado as épocas e teste de médias para determinar a melhor estratégia de irrigação. A partir dos resultados conclui-se que há necessidade de irrigação para todos os municípios e épocas estudadas, sendo que os valores de deficit hídrico acumulados foram de 312, 239, 260, 247, 286, 215, 206, 302, 240 e 264 mm para Bagé, Cruz Alta, Encruzilhada do Sul, Ibirubá, Iraí, Júlio de Castilhos, Passo Fundo, Santa Maria, Santa Rosa e São Luiz Gonzaga, respectivamente. Entre as épocas de semeadura o deficit hídrico acumulado variou de 143 a 360 mm.ciclo-1 e a evapotranspiração potencial da cultura entre 473 e 593 mm.ciclo-1, sendo as semeaduras de agosto responsáveis pelos menores valores e outubro pelos maiores, na média entre as épocas e locais o deficit hídrico acumulado foi de 257 mm.ciclo-1, ao passo que o excedente hídrico apresentou valor superior ao deficit ao longo do ciclo para todas situações estudadas. Quanto as estratégias de manejo de irrigação, foi possível concluir que o manejo A: foi responsável pela menor produtividade sob condição irrigada e pela menor lâmina de irrigação, sendo que o ganho de produtividade (GP) médio foi de 18,9 kg.mm-1, manejo B apresentou os maiores valores de produtividade sob condição irrigada, lâmina de irrigação e o menor GP 19,6 kg.mm-1 e o manejo C promoveu um incremento de 127% na produtividade em relação as condições de sequeiro, com uma lâmina de irrigação de 170 mm, e um GP de 30,1 kg.mm-1. Por fim, a produtividade potencial sofreu uma redução de 71% em decorrência do deficit hídrico, demonstrando a necessidade de suplementação hídrica através da irrigação e a melhoria das condições de armazenamento de água e exploração do perfil de solo para maior aproveitamento da água perdida no excedente hídrico.Irrigated agriculture has been a constant challenge aiming at the rational consumption of natural resources, especially for the corn crop, which even though being a strategic product in agricultural production systems, has its viability questioned due to high production costs. In order to determine the need to propose irrigation management strategies based on the concept of water balance, the depleted yield of maize in ten sowing seasons was used for ten cities in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Soil water balance was generated with a historical data series of 17 to 25 years of observation, the need for irrigation was determined based on the accumulated water deficit, and irrigation management strategies were: (A) irrigation based on the water depletion factor along of the whole cycle; (B) maintaining soil water holding capacity (SWHC) at 80% throughout the cycle; and (C) maintaining 80% SWHC between flowering and physiological maturation. From the results, it can be concluded that irrigation is needed for all studied cities and seasons, and the accumulated water deficit values were 312, 239, 260, 247, 286, 215, 206 , 240 and 264 mm for Bagé, Cruz Alta, Encruzilhada do Sul, Ibirubá, Iraí, Júlio de Castilhos, Passo Fundo, Santa Maria, Santa Rosa and São Luiz Gonzaga, respectively. Among sowing times, the accumulated water deficit ranged from 143 to 360 mm.cycle-1 and the potential evapotranspiration of the crop between 473 and 593 mm.cycle-1, with August sowings accounting for the lowest values and October presenting the highest value on average between the seasons and localities. The accumulated water deficit was 257 mm.cycle-1, while the water surplus presented a value higher than the deficit over the cycle for all situations. Regarding the irrigation management strategies, it was possible to conclude that: (A) they were responsible for the lowest irrigated productivity and the lowest irrigation depth, and the mean gain of productivity (GP) was 18.9 kg.mm-1; (B) presented the highest productivity values for Irrigation, and the lowest GP 19.6 kg.mm-1 and (C) promoted a 77% increase in productivity in relation to rainfed conditions, with an irrigation depth of 170 mm, and a GP of the order of 30.1 kg.mm-1. Finally, potential productivity fell by 71% due to the water deficit, so that this result demonstrates the need for water supplementation through irrigation and improvement of water storage conditions, and soil profile exploration for better use of the water lost in the water surplus.
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Silveira. "Híbridos interpopulacionais de milho sob diferentes níveis de nitrogênio no sul do Tocantins." Universidade Federal do Tocantins, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11612/372.
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O milho é atualmente um dos principais cereais cultivados no mundo e está presente em todas as regiões do Brasil. Apesar do estado do Tocantins apresentar condições territoriais favoráveis para o desenvolvimento da cultura, o milho vem sendo difundido com produtividades baixas comparadas aos estados com melhores índices de produções. Fato, devido a alguns fatores como à deficiência de tecnologias direcionadas para a realidade do produtor rural local e adoção de manejo ineficiente quanto ao uso de fertilizantes nitrogenados. Nesse contexto, objetivou-se avaliar características agronômicas de híbridos interpopulacionais de milho (Zea mays L.) sob diferentes níveis de nitrogênio no sul do Tocantins. O experimento foi conduzido na área agrícola da estação experimental da UFT-CAUG, no dia 21 de janeiro de 2014, utilizando delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso com quatro repetições, sendo a área da parcela, composta por fileira única de 3 metros de comprimento espaçadas em 0,75 metros e densidade de semeadura de 50.000 plantas ha-1. Foi avaliado o potencial produtivo de 5 populações de polinização aberta, 15 híbridos interpopulacionais de milho e 5 testemunhas comerciais, utilizando 5 níveis de nitrogênio (0; 40; 80; 120; 160 Kg/ha) aplicados em cobertura. Após os dados serem submetidos à análise de variância e ao teste de médias Scott Knott (P<0,05), observou-se que os híbridos interpopulacionais obtiveram desempenho semelhante aos híbridos duplos comerciais utilizados como testemunha, apresentando bons desempenhos sobre doses reduzidas de nitrogênio.Hybrids corn interpopulational under different levels of nitrogen in the south of Tocantins. Corn is currently one of the main cereals grown in the world and is present in all regions of Brazil. Despite the state of Tocantins present territorial favorable conditions for the development of culture, maize has increased in low productivity compared to states with higher levels of production. Indeed, due to factors such as disability technologies directed to the reality of the local farmers and inefficient management adoption in the use of nitrogen fertilizers. In this context, the objective was to evaluate agronomic characteristics of interpopulation hybrid corn (Zea mays L.) under different levels of nitrogen in southern Tocantins. The experiment was conducted in the agricultural area of the experimental station of the UFT-GUAC, on January 21, 2014, using experimental design of randomized blocks with four replications, the plot area, consisting of single row of 3 meters in length spaced at 0.75 meters and sowing density of 50,000 plants ha-1. The productive potential of 5 populations of open-pollinated, 15 interpopulational corn hybrids and five commercial checks were evaluated using five nitrogen levels (0, 40, 80, 120, 160 kg / ha) applied in coverage. After the data is subjected to analysis of variance and mean test Scott Knott (P <0.05), it was observed that the interpopulation hybrids obtained a similar performance to commercial double hybrid used as a witness, showing good performances on reduced nitrogen rates .
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Giunti, Otavio Duarte. "Parâmetros agronômicos e bromatológicos de variedades de milho grão e silagem em sistema orgânico." Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2016. https://repositorio.ufscar.br/handle/ufscar/7992.
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Maize is one of the most cultivated cereal in the world for its wide range of use in food, feed and industrial use. The production of grain and maize silage in organic system is essencial for the production of organic meat, milk and eggs, because this cereal makes up most of the rations and roughages used in a animal feed The objective was to evaluate the agronomic performance and bromatological parameters of silage of five commercial varieties (AL Avaré, AL Bandeirante, Cativerde 02, AL Piratininga and UFVM 200 - Soberano) and two maize landraces (Santa Rita 1 and Santa Rita 2), in two locations with climatic conditions and different altitudes (Araras / SP, 665 m altitude and Muzambinho / MG, 1100 m altitude) in organic production system. The experiment was carried out in a randomized block design in a 2x7 factorial with four replications. For evaluating the agronomic performance, was measured stalk diameter, plants height, insertion height of the upper ear, leaf number above the upper ear, Falker index of total chlorophyll, leaf nitrogen content, number of rows per ear, number of grain by row and grains per ear, lodging, final stand, 1000 grain weight and productivity. For the evaluation of bromatological parameters of silages was evaluated the productivity of green (GM) and dry matter (DM) and percentage of total dry matter (TDM), acid detergent fiber (ADF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), crude protein (CP), mineral matter (MM), ether extract (EE), total carbohydrates (CHOT), and non-fiber carbohydrates (NFC) in silage. By results obtained, it was concluded that the agronomic performance of corn grain and the production of green and dry matter silages were influenced by environmental conditions, especially temperature and solar radiation, with better results in Muzambinho. But the environmental conditions not affected the bromatological parameters of silages, which were suitable for all varieties, in both locations. Under the experimental conditions, the landraces showed agronomic performance and bromatological parameters of silage similar to that of commercial varieties in two locations evaluated, indicating that they can be used in commercial crops under organic management.
O milho está entre os cereais mais cultivados no mundo, em função da versatilidade de usos na alimentação humana, ração animal e industrial. A produção de milho grão e silagem em sistema orgânico é essencial para a produção de carnes, leites e ovos orgânicos, uma vez que esse cereal compõe a maior parte das rações e volumosos utilizados na alimentação animal. Objetivou-se avaliar o desempenho agronômico e os parâmetros bromatológicos da silagem de cinco variedades comerciais (AL Avaré, AL Bandeirante, Cativerde 02, AL Piratininga e UFVM 200 - Soberano) e duas variedades crioulas (Santa Rita 1 e Santa Rita 2) de milho, em duas localidades com condições climáticas e altitudes distintas (Araras/SP, altitude de 665 m e Muzambinho/MG, altitude de 1100 m), em sistema orgânico de produção. O experimento foi conduzido em blocos casualizados em esquema fatorial 2x7 com quatro repetições. Para a avaliação do desempenho agronômico, mensurou-se o diâmetro de colmo, altura de plantas, altura de inserção da espiga superior, número de folhas acima da espiga superior, índice Falker de clorofila total, teor de nitrogênio foliar, número de fileiras por espiga, de grãos por fileira e de grãos por espiga, acamamento de plantas, estande final, peso de 1000 grãos e produtividade de grãos. Para a avaliação dos parâmetros bromatológicos das silagens, avaliou-se a produtividade de matéria verde (MV) e seca (MS) e porcentagens de matéria seca total (MST), fibra em detergente ácido (FDA), fibra em detergente neutro (FDN), proteína bruta (PB), matéria mineral (MM), extrato etéreo (EE), carboidratos totais (CHOT) e carboidratos não fibrosos (CNF) na silagem. Pelos resultados obtidos, concluiu-se que o desempenho agronômico do milho grão e a produção de matéria verde e seca das silagens foram influenciados pelas condições ambientais, principalmente radiação solar e temperatura, com melhores resultados obtidos em Muzambinho. Porém, as condições ambientais não influenciaram os parâmetros bromatológicos das silagens, que se mostraram adequados, para todas as variedades, nos dois locais de condução. As variedades crioulas apresentaram desempenho agronômico e parâmetros bromatológicos das silagens semelhante ao das variedades comerciais nos dois locais avaliados, indicando que as mesmas podem ser utilizadas em plantios comerciais sob manejo orgânico.
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Nerbass, Francine Regianini. "Métodos de inoculação de Fusarium graminearum em espigas de milho, intensidade, danos e reação de híbridos à podridão de giberela." Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, 2014. http://tede.udesc.br/handle/handle/527.
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Previous issue date: 2014-10-17Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
The gibberella ear rot caused by fungus Fusarium graminearum, causes damage in productivity and quality of maize kernel being disease of difficult to control due to the unavailability of resistant hybrids and low efficacy of cultural practices. Three studies were conducted, the aim of the first was to compare four methods of inoculation (injection silkchannel, sprinkling on silk, kernel- wounding and deposition in the ear leaf sheath) and a control treatment in four hybrids (P30R50H, P30B30H, P3989, P32R48H) based on disease severity and kernel yield; the second study determined the reaction of 20 hybrids to gibberella ear rot by quantifying the incidence of the disease, rot kernels and F. graminearum in the kernels and their correlations; and the third study characterized the genetic resistance of hybrids to gibberella ear rot through preparation of a reaction scale involving classes and disease intensity and their correlation with kernel yield and inoculation methods. The experiments of first study were conducted in 2011/12 harvest in Cruz Alta, RS and Lages. The experiments of the second and third studies were conducted in two environments in the season 2012/13 in Cruz Alta. The design of the experiments was a randomized complete blocks design with treatments arranged in a factorial with four replications. In the first study there was no difference in disease severity between hybrids and inoculation methods. The hybrid P32R48H presented higher disease severity, distinguishing from the others. Inoculations in silk-channel and wounding the kernels provided higher disease severity and lower kernel yield. In the second study, the method of the wounding the kernels provided increases above 40% in the incidence of gibberella ear rot, rot kernels and occurrence of F. graminearum in the grain when compared to the injection silk-channel method. There was an effect of hybrids and the values were 37.2% and 95.6% for the incident of gibberella ear rot, 2.1% to 17.0% for rot kernels and 4.0% to 29.3% for incidence of F. graminearum in the kernels. Significant and positive correlations (r = 0.70) were found between incidence of F. graminearum in the kernels and rots kernels. In the third study it was watched that the kernel yield was affected by hybrids, regardless of the inoculation method. The P30F35YH and BG7049H hybrids obtained better yields, regardless of the environment and inoculation method, being classified as moderately susceptible to gibberella ear rot. The AG8025PRO, DKB250PRO2, AS1555PRO, Status, 30K64HNSR and P4285 were classified as moderately resistant considering the intensity of gibberella ear rot and the involvement of resistance to colonization of the stigma (tip of the ear) and kernel resistance. There were significant and positive relationship between productivity with injection in the silk-channel (r = 0.93) and wounding the kernels with productivity (r = 0.94) in environment 1 and 2. It was found that although there are no resistant hybrids there is genetic variability and the involvement resistance of stigma mechanisms and the kernels, and the giberella ear rot affected more kernel quality than quantity
A podridão de giberela causada pelo fungo Fusarium graminearum, provoca danos na produtividade e qualidade de grãos de milho sendo doença de difícil controle devido à indisponibilidade de híbridos resistentes e baixa eficácia de práticas culturais. Foram realizados três estudos, o objetivo do primeiro foi comparar quatro métodos de inoculação (injeção no canal do estilo-estigma, aspersão nos estigmas, ferimento dos grãos no centro da espiga e deposição na bainha da folha da espiga) e um tratamento controle em quatro híbridos (P30R50H, P30B30H, P3989, P32R48H) com base na severidade da doença e produtividade de grãos; o segundo estudo determinou à reação de 20 híbridos a podridão de giberela pela quantificação da incidência da doença, grãos ardidos e F. graminearum nos grãos e suas correlações; e o terceiro estudo caracterizou a resistência genética de híbridos à podridão de giberela pela elaboração de uma escala de reação envolvendo classes e intensidade de doença e suas correlações com produtividade de grãos e métodos de inoculação. Os experimentos do primeiro estudo foram conduzidos na safra 2011/12 em Cruz Alta, RS e Lages, SC. Os experimentos do segundo e terceiro estudos foram realizados em dois ambientes na safra agrícola 2012/13, em Cruz Alta. O delineamento dos experimentos foi em blocos casualizados com tratamentos arranjados num fatorial com quatro repetições. No primeiro estudo houve diferença na severidade da doença entre híbridos e métodos de inoculação. O híbrido P32R48H apresentou maior severidade da doença, diferindo dos demais. Inoculações no canal do estilo-estigma e ferimento dos grãos proporcionaram maior severidade da doença e menores produtividades de grãos. No segundo estudo o método de ferimento dos grãos proporcionou acréscimos superiores a 40% na incidência de espigas giberelas, incidência de grãos ardidos e incidência de F. graminearum nos grãos quando comparado ao método de injeção no canal do estilo estigma. Houve efeito de híbridos e os valores foram de 37,2% a 95,6% para incidência de espigas giberelas, 2,1% a 17,0% para grãos ardidos e 4,0% a 29,3% para incidência de F. graminearum nos grãos. Correlações significativas e positivas (r = 0,70) foram obtidas entre incidência de F. graminearum nos grãos e grãos ardidos. No terceiro estudo foi observado que a produtividade de grãos foi afetada pelos híbridos, independentemente do método de inoculação. Os híbridos P30F35YH e BG7049H obtiveram melhores produtividades, independente do ambiente e método de inoculação, sendo classificados como moderadamente suscetível à podridão de giberela. Os híbridos AG8025PRO, DKB250PRO2, AS1555PRO, Status, 30K64HNSR e P4285 foram classificados como moderadamente resistente, considerando a intensidade de giberela e o envolvimento da resistência à colonização do estigma (ponta da espiga) e resistência do grão. Houve relações significativas e positivas entre produtividade com injeção no canal do estilo-estigma (r = 0,93) e produtividade com ferimento dos grãos (r = 0,94) nos ambientes 1 e 2. Foi constatado que apesar de não haver hibridos resistentes existe variabilidade genética e o envolvimento de mecanismos de resistência do estigma e dos grãos, e que as podridões de giberela afetaram mais a qualidade dos grãos do que a quantidade
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Seleguini, Alexsander [UNESP]. "Híbridos de tomate industrial cultivados em ambiente protegido e campo, visando produção de frutos para mesa." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/98844.
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Estudos voltados para identificação de cultivares de tomate que combinem alta produção, tipo de fruto adequado ao consumo “in natura”, com boa qualidade e aparência externa, associada ao hábito de crescimento rasteiro é de grande importância para o aproveitamento de áreas ou períodos adversos à cultura estaqueada ou onde se pretenda apenas baixar o custo de produção. Este trabalho teve como objetivo estudar o comportamento de cinco híbridos de tomate industrial (AP 529, AP 533, Malinta, Heinz 9992 e Rio Brazil), nas condições de ambiente protegido e campo, para produção de frutos para mesa. O experimento foi conduzido de março a agosto de 2004, na Fazenda de Ensino, Pesquisa e Extensão da Faculdade de Engenharia / UNESP, Câmpus de Ilha Solteira, SP. As parcelas foram compostas de uma linha com 20 plantas, no espaçamento de 1,0m entre fileiras e 0,3 m entre plantas. Adotou-se o delineamento em blocos casualizados, com 4 repetições por ambiente, e análise de variância para grupo de experimentos, modelo fixo. O abrigo para o cultivo protegido tinha orientação leste-oeste, com dimensões de 5,4 x 30,0m, e cobertura em arco com filme de polietileno transparente de 75 mm de espessura. Avaliou-se o crescimento de plantas, características agronômicas, qualidade de frutos, além do estudo da viabilidade econômica. Verificou-se que em ambiente protegido foi maior a sobrevivência de plantas, maior o número de frutos médios, pequenos e totais produzidos por área. A produtividade total não foi alterada quando se comparou os ambientes de cultivo, entretanto o cultivo no campo apresentou maior produção de frutos graúdos, além de maior massa média de frutos. Qualitativamente os tomates produzidos em estufa apresentaram um melhor padrão. Em relação aos híbridos, a produtividade variou de 80,6 a 101,8 t/ha, destacando-se os híbridos AP 529 e AP 533, com... .
Studies gone back to identification to cultivate of tomato that combine high production, type of appropriate fruit to the natural consumption, with good quality and external appearance, associate to the habit of low it is of great importance for the use of areas or adverse periods to the propped up culture or where it is just intended to lower the production cost. This work had as objective to study the behavior of five hybrids of industrial tomato (AP 529, AP 533, Malinta, Heinz 9992 and Rio Brazil), in the conditions of protecting environment and field, for production of fruits for table. The experiment was conducted between march and august 2004, at the Teaching, Research and Extension Farm (Ilha Solteira, São Paulo State, Brazil) of the College of Engineering of Ilha Solteira, UNESP. The parcels had been composed of a line with 20 plants, in the spacing of 1.0 m between rows and 0.3 m between plants. The experimental design consisted of randomized blocks, with 4 repetitions for ambient, and analysis of variance, in a fixed model. The shelter for the protecting culture had orientation east-west, with 5.4 x 30.0m of dimensions and covering in arc with transparent polyethylene film of 75mm of thickness. Evaluated the growth of plants, agronomical characteristics and quality of fruits, beyond the study of the economic viability. It was verified that in protecting environment the survival of plants was bigger, greater the number of average, small fruits e total produced by area. The total productivity was not modified when it compared culture environments, however the culture in the field presented greater production of big fruits, beyond bigger average mass of fruits. Qualitatively the tomatoes produced in greenhouse had presented one better standard. In relation to the hybrids, the productivity varied of 80.6 the 101.8 t/ha, being distinguished... (Complete abstract, click electronic address below).
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Bailey, Gwendolyn Anne. "Inside the Cycle: Understanding and Overcoming Decomposition of Key Intermediates in Olefin Metathesis." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/37501.
Full textAbstract:
Ru-catalyzed olefin metathesis is an exceptionally powerful, versatile methodology for the assembly of carbon–carbon bonds. The N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC)-stabilized, “second-generation” Ru catalysts have enabled groundbreaking recent advances, ranging from the RCM assembly of cyclic peptides as hepatitis C virus therapeutics, to the elaboration of renewable seed oils and phenylpropanoids into value-added products and chemicals. However, key limitations arise from facile catalyst decomposition. Despite a plethora of studies on the synthesis of new catalysts, and on the decomposition processes accessible to the precatalyst and resting-state species, the underlying principles that govern decomposition of the active intermediates have been surprisingly little examined. One important reason for this is their incredible reactivity: the four-coordinate methylidene intermediate RuCl2(H2IMes)(=CH2) is too short-lived to be observed, while the metallacyclobutane (MCB) intermediate RuCl2(H2IMes)(2-C3H6) can only be observed below –40 °C. This makes them extremely challenging, but also fascinating targets for study. Understanding the underlying chemistry that dictates their reactivity and decomposition is essential for informed catalyst and process redesign, and is thus of fundamental interest, but also considerable practical importance.
This thesis work thus aims at understanding the decomposition of active intermediates relevant to the highly-active, second-generation class of catalysts. Emphasis is placed on examining a variety of metathesis contexts, as well as providing solutions. Treated first are the decomposition pathways that arise during metathesis of electron-deficient olefins, a frontier area in organic synthesis, and in the utilization of renewable resources. An unexpected correlation is revealed between rapid catalyst decomposition, and the presence of a stabilizing PCy3 ligand in the standard catalyst for this reaction. The nucleophilic phosphine ligand is shown to attack an acrylate olefin, forming enolates that function as potent Brønsted bases. Literature evidence suggests that such strong bases are innocuous towards the precatalyst, pointing towards a key role for the active intermediates in Brønsted base-induced catalyst decomposition.
Precisely which intermediate is involved, as well as the site of deprotonation, is elucidated next. Prior to this work, the NHC ligand was widely believed to be the target for attack. However, through labelling experiments, analysis of the Ru and organic byproducts, and computational studies, deprotonation is shown to occur at the MCB ring. Moreover, MCB deprotonation is revealed to be unexpectedly general, and not contingent on the presence of either an exceptionally strong base, or an electron-deficient substrate. This understanding is key, given recent reports from pharma highlighting the adverse impact of base contaminants, as well as current interest in metathesis of amine-containing substrates.
Next examined are the intrinsic decomposition pathways operative for the MCB and four-coordinate methylidene. Prior to this work, the only reported pathway for decomposition of these two species involved beta-elimination of the MCB ring as propene. However, beta-elimination is shown to play an unexpectedly minor role in catalyst decomposition: less than 40% propenes are observed, even under conditions expected to favour MCB elimination. Bimolecular coupling of the methylidene, with loss of the methylidene moiety as ethylene, is proposed to account for the difference. Thus, transiently-stabilized adducts RuCl2(H2IMes)(=CH2)(L)n (L = o-dianiline or pyridine) are synthesized at temperatures down to –120 °C. On warming, these adducts lose Ln and rapidly decompose via bimolecular coupling, with loss of the methylidene moiety as ethylene. These experiments provide the first unambiguous evidence for bimolecular coupling in the important "second-generation" Ru systems, nearly two decades after which this pathway was dismissed in leading papers and reviews.
The last two sections focus on solutions. First, a powerful, straightforward solution to the “enolate problem” is developed, whereby the acrylate enolates are quenched and sequestered via reaction with a polyphenol resin. Then, methods for preventing catalyst decomposition during matrix-assisted laser desorption / ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS) are developed, via elucidation of the instrumental and experimental factors that promote successful analysis. As one of the only MS methods capable of affording insight into neutral metal complexes and catalysts, MALDI has unique potential to enable routine analysis of catalyst speciation and decomposition in situ, under real catalytic conditions, for a wide range of catalytic reactions.
Collectively, the findings in this thesis offer a much more complete understanding of the fundamental pathways accessible to the important, highly-active metathesis intermediates, and offer strategies likely to inform practice in both academic and industrial settings. This understanding is key to harnessing the full potential of metathesis methodologies.
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Oliveira, Maria José de Sá. "Avaliação da sustentabilidade em agroecossistemas de milho em Simão Dias - SE." Universidade Federal de Sergipe, 2016. https://ri.ufs.br/handle/riufs/4247.
Full textAbstract:
In the last decades agricultural production has shown a significant increase, primarily in the
production of grains. This increase occurred mainly due to technological innovations in the
field, provided greater food supply, however, this advancement of agricultural areas brings a
lot of criticism when it comes to sustainability. The practice of monoculture plantations
contributes disproportionately to the simplification of ecosystems. It damages the
environment causing water, air and soil pollution due to intensive use of pesticides and
fertilizers and it contributes to the loss of biodiversity. In the city of Simão Dias - SE, the
monoculture of corn is the strongest kind of farming among the local farmers. The
advancement of areas cultivated with maize occurred together with the insertion of
technology in the field, as the example of genetically modified seeds and the use of machinery
what has made the city the second largest corn producer in the state. The monoculture of corn
represents the main source of income for farmers from the town; this monoculture has a high
dependence of inputs such as pesticides, chemical fertilizers and machinery, in addition to the
dependence on bank credit along with a reduced labor supply. In this context this research
addressed the levels of sustainability in the agroecosystems of maize in Simão Dias. The aim
of the research was guided in the analysis of the levels of territorial sustainability, economic
and present environment in agroecosystems of corn. The methodology is based on
bibliographic references, field survey and semi-structured interviews, analysis of soil and in
the selection of indicators based on the method of Indicateurs de Durabilité de Exploitations
Agricoles – IDEA. 20 families owning properties with similar cultivation characteristics were
selected among them there were ten properties that have embraced the technology of
transgenic seeds and ten properties that uses the conventional hybrid seed. As a result, the
levels of sustainability of the agroecosystem of transgenic corn had better results in the
productivity. The analysis of the levels of sustainability per sectors has demonstrated that the
social territorial sector showed the best results for all the involved properties, the analysis of
the economic axis has shown that money investments have increased productivity for farmers
who planted transgenic corn, allowing these properties better levels of economical
sustainability. When it came to the agricultural environment the levels of sustainability were
unsatisfactory in terms of diversification, management of soils, use of pesticides and
fertilizers in all properties. The properties that have used the conventional hybrid seed
presented a critical point: a low or non-existent biodiversity preservation and lack of technical
assistance. Their agricultural practices harm the sustainability of agroecosystems, especially
in regard to environmental sustainability. evaluation of indicators of sustainability of
agricultural holdings of agroecosystems of maize in the city of simão dias/seNas últimas décadas a produção agrícola mundial tem apresentado um aumento expressivo, principalmente na produção de grãos. Esse aumento, ocorrido principalmente devido às inovações tecnológicas no campo, proporcionou maior oferta de alimentos, no entanto, esse avanço das áreas agrícolas traz muitas críticas, principalmente no campo da sustentabilidade. A prática da monocultura contribui exageradamente para a simplificação dos agroecossistemas e por consequência danos ao meio ambiente como: poluição da água, do ar e do solo devido ao intenso uso de agrotóxicos e fertilizantes além da perda da biodiversidade. No município de Simão Dias – SE, a monocultura do milho possui grande destaque nas práticas agrícolas dos agricultores locais. O avanço das áreas cultivadas com o milho ocorreu acompanhado da inserção da tecnologia no campo, a exemplo das sementes transgênicas e do uso do maquinário, tornando o município o segundo maior produtor de milho do estado. A monocultura do milho constitui principal fonte de renda dos agricultores do município, apresenta práticas com elevada dependência de insumos como agrotóxicos, fertilizantes químicos e maquinários, além da dependência de crédito bancário e reduzida oferta de trabalho. Nesse contexto realizou-se a pesquisa que abordou os níveis de sustentabilidade em agroecossistemas do milho em Simão Dias Se. O objetivo da pesquisa pautou-se na análise dos níveis de sustentabilidade socioterritorial, econômica e agroambiental nos agroecossistemas de milho. A metodologia está pautada em referências bibliográficas, pesquisa de campo e entrevistas semi-estruturadas, análise de solo e na seleção de indicadores com base no método Indicateurs de Durabilité de Exploitations Agricoles – IDEA. Foram selecionadas vinte propriedades familiares com características de cultivo semelhantes, dez propriedades que adotaram a tecnologia das sementes transgênicas e dez propriedades que utiliza a semente hibrida convencional. Como resultado, os níveis de sustentabilidade do agroecossistema do milho transgênico apresentou melhores resultados devido a maior produtividade. A análise dos níveis de sustentabilidade por eixo demonstrou que o eixo socioterritórial apresentou os melhores resultados para todas as propriedades, a análise do eixo econômico demonstrou que os investimentos econômicos permitiram maior produtividade para os agricultores que cultivaram milho transgênico, permitindo a essas propriedades melhores níveis de sustentabilidade no eixo econômico. No eixo agroambiental os níveis de sustentabilidade apresentaram-se insatisfatórios no tocante à diversificação, manejo dos solos, uso de agrotóxicos e fertilizantes em todas as propriedades analisadas. As propriedades que utilizaram a semente híbrida convencional apresentaram um ponto crítico ainda maior: a pouca ou inexistente preservação da biodiversidade e ausência de assistência técnica. As práticas agrícolas no município comprometem a sustentabilidade dos agroecossistemas, principalmente no tocante a sustentabilidade ambiental.
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Durli, Murilo Miguel. "Uso do regulador de crescimento etil trinexapac como alternativa para aumentar a resposta do milho à adubação nitrogenada em cobertura." Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, 2016. http://tede.udesc.br/handle/handle/2376.
Full textAbstract:
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FUMDES
Uniedu
Nitrogen is the mineral nutrient taken up in highest amounts by maize (Zea mays) and the one that has the largest impact on its grain yield. Maize requires great nitrogen rates and high plant densities to achieve elevated grain yield. However, these two management practices favor stem lodging which may decrease grain yield and quality. An alternative to avoid this problem is the use of growth regulators that restrict theinternode expansion, preventing the excessive increase of plant height. This study was carried out aiming to evaluate the use of ethyl trinexapac growth regulator as an alternative to increase the response to nitrogen side-dress fertilization of maize hybrids with contrasting cycles. The experiment was set in Lages, SC, during the 2014/2015 growing season. A randomized block experimental designarranged in split-split plots was used. Two hybrids were tested in the main plots: P1630 (hipper early cycle) and 30F53 (early cycle). Four nitrogen (N) rates were evaluated in the split plots, equivalent to 0; 0.5; 1 and 1.5 times the amount of N required to achieve a grain productivity of 21,000 kg ha-1. Thepresence and absence of the growth regulator ethy trinexapac l was assessed in the split-split plots. The plant density of 90,000 pl ha-1 and the row spacing of 0.7 m were used. The application of the growth regulatorethy trinexapac decreased 12% plant height, at the average of four N rates and two hybrids. The percentage of broken and lodged stems was lower than 1% and was not affected by the evaluated treatments. The application ofethyl trinexapac reduced 3% the 16 17 weight of 1000 grains. This contributed to the decrease of 815 kg ha-1 of maize hybrids grain yield when the growth regulator was applied, at the average of four N rates. The nitrogen efficiency use decreased linearly with the increase in N rate, both in presence and absence of the growth regulator. The application of the growth regulator ethyl trinexapac was not an effective managementstrategy to increase grain yield and nitrogen efficiencyuse of maize hybrids P1630 and P30F533
O nitrogênio é o nutriente mineral mais absorvido pelo milho (Zea mays) e o que mais interfere no rendimento de grãos. Para alcançar altas produtividades, é necessário utilizar altas doses de N e densidades de plantas elevadas na lavoura. Contudo, estas duas práticas de manejo favorecem o acamamento, podendo causar perdas significativas no rendimento e na qualidade de grãos. Uma estratégia para evitar este problema é o uso de reguladores de crescimento que restrinjam a expansão dos entrenós e o incremento excessivo na estatura da planta. Este trabalho objetivou avaliar o uso do regulador de crescimento etil trinexapac como alternativa para aumentar a resposta do milho à adubação nitrogenada em cobertura de híbridos de milho com ciclos contrastantes. O experimento foi implantado em Lages, SC, na safra 2014/2015. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi de blocos casualizados dispostos em parcelas sub-subdivididas. Na parcela principal foram testados dois híbridos: P1630 (ciclo hiperprecoce) e 30F53 (ciclo precoce). Nas subparcelas foram testadas quatro doses de nitrogênio (N), equivalentes a 0; 0,5; 1 e 1,5 vezes a dose necessária para atingir produtividade de 21.000 kg ha-1. Nas sub-subparcelas foram testadas a ausência e presença do 12 13 regulador de crescimento etil trinexapac. A densidade utilizada foi de 90.000 plantas ha-1 e o espaçamento entre fileiras de 0,7m. A aplicação do regulador de crescimentoetil trinexapac diminuiu em 12% a estatura de plantas, na média das quatro doses de N e dois híbridos usados. A percentagem de plantas acamadas e quebradas foi inferior a 1º e não foi afetada pelos tratamentos testados no trabalho. A aplicação de etil trinexapac reduziu em 3% a massa de 1000 grãos. Isto contribuiu para o decréscimo de 815 kg ha1 do rendimento de grãos dos híbridos avaliados quando se aplicou o produto, na média das doses de N. A eficiência do uso do nitrogênio diminuiu linearmente com o incremento na dose de N aplicada em cobertura, tanto na presença quanto na ausência do regulador de crescimento. A aplicação do regulador de crescimento etil trinexapac não foi uma estratégia efetiva para aumentar para aumentar o rendimento de grãos e a eficiência de uso do nitrogênio dos híbridos P1630 e P30F533
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Seleguini, Alexsander. "Híbridos de tomate industrial cultivados em ambiente protegido e campo, visando produção de frutos para mesa /." Ilha Solteira : [s.n.], 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/98844.
Full textAbstract:
Orientador: Shizuo SenoBanca: José Luis Susumu Sasaki
Banca: João Carlos Athanazio
Resumo: Estudos voltados para identificação de cultivares de tomate que combinem alta produção, tipo de fruto adequado ao consumo "in natura", com boa qualidade e aparência externa, associada ao hábito de crescimento rasteiro é de grande importância para o aproveitamento de áreas ou períodos adversos à cultura estaqueada ou onde se pretenda apenas baixar o custo de produção. Este trabalho teve como objetivo estudar o comportamento de cinco híbridos de tomate industrial (AP 529, AP 533, Malinta, Heinz 9992 e Rio Brazil), nas condições de ambiente protegido e campo, para produção de frutos para mesa. O experimento foi conduzido de março a agosto de 2004, na Fazenda de Ensino, Pesquisa e Extensão da Faculdade de Engenharia / UNESP, Câmpus de Ilha Solteira, SP. As parcelas foram compostas de uma linha com 20 plantas, no espaçamento de 1,0m entre fileiras e 0,3 m entre plantas. Adotou-se o delineamento em blocos casualizados, com 4 repetições por ambiente, e análise de variância para grupo de experimentos, modelo fixo. O abrigo para o cultivo protegido tinha orientação leste-oeste, com dimensões de 5,4 x 30,0m, e cobertura em arco com filme de polietileno transparente de 75 mm de espessura. Avaliou-se o crescimento de plantas, características agronômicas, qualidade de frutos, além do estudo da viabilidade econômica. Verificou-se que em ambiente protegido foi maior a sobrevivência de plantas, maior o número de frutos médios, pequenos e totais produzidos por área. A produtividade total não foi alterada quando se comparou os ambientes de cultivo, entretanto o cultivo no campo apresentou maior produção de frutos graúdos, além de maior massa média de frutos. Qualitativamente os tomates produzidos em estufa apresentaram um melhor padrão. Em relação aos híbridos, a produtividade variou de 80,6 a 101,8 t/ha, destacando-se os híbridos AP 529 e AP 533, com... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo).
Abstract: Studies gone back to identification to cultivate of tomato that combine high production, type of appropriate fruit to the natural consumption, with good quality and external appearance, associate to the habit of low it is of great importance for the use of areas or adverse periods to the propped up culture or where it is just intended to lower the production cost. This work had as objective to study the behavior of five hybrids of industrial tomato (AP 529, AP 533, Malinta, Heinz 9992 and Rio Brazil), in the conditions of protecting environment and field, for production of fruits for table. The experiment was conducted between march and august 2004, at the Teaching, Research and Extension Farm (Ilha Solteira, São Paulo State, Brazil) of the College of Engineering of Ilha Solteira, UNESP. The parcels had been composed of a line with 20 plants, in the spacing of 1.0 m between rows and 0.3 m between plants. The experimental design consisted of randomized blocks, with 4 repetitions for ambient, and analysis of variance, in a fixed model. The shelter for the protecting culture had orientation east-west, with 5.4 x 30.0m of dimensions and covering in arc with transparent polyethylene film of 75mm of thickness. Evaluated the growth of plants, agronomical characteristics and quality of fruits, beyond the study of the economic viability. It was verified that in protecting environment the survival of plants was bigger, greater the number of average, small fruits e total produced by area. The total productivity was not modified when it compared culture environments, however the culture in the field presented greater production of big fruits, beyond bigger average mass of fruits. Qualitatively the tomatoes produced in greenhouse had presented one better standard. In relation to the hybrids, the productivity varied of 80.6 the 101.8 t/ha, being distinguished... (Complete abstract, click electronic address below).
Mestre
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Kloß, Sebastian. "Simulation-Optimization of the Management of Sensor-Based Deficit Irrigation Systems." Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2016. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-188762.
Full textAbstract:
Current research concentrates on ways to investigate and improve water productivity (WP), as agriculture is today’s predominant freshwater consumer, averaging at 70% and reaching up to 93% in some regions. A growing world population will require more food and thus more water for cultivation. Regions that are already affected by physical water scarcity and which depend on irrigation for growing crops will face even greater challenges regarding their water supply. Other problems in such regions are a variable water supply, inefficient irrigation practices, and over-pumping of available groundwater resources with other adverse effects on the ecosystem. To face those challenges, strategies are needed that use the available water resources more efficiently and allow farming in a more sustainable way.
This work focused on the management of sensor-based deficit irrigation (DI) systems and improvements of WP through a combined approach of simulation-optimization and irrigation experiments. In order to improve irrigation control, a new sensor called pF-meter was employed, which extended the measurement range of the commonly used tensiometers from pF 2.9 to pF 7.
The following research questions were raised: (i) Is this approach a suitable strategy to improve WP; (ii) Is the sensor for irrigation control suitable; (iii) Which crop growth models are suitable to be part of that approach; and (iv) Can the combined application with experiments prove an increase of WP?
The stochastic simulation-optimization approach allowed deriving parameter values for an optimal irrigation control for sensor-based full and deficit irrigation strategies. Objective was to achieve high WP with high reliability. Parameters for irrigation control included irrigation thresholds of soil-water potentials because of the working principle behind plant transpiration where pressure gradients are transmitted from the air through the plant and into the root zone.
Optimal parameter values for full and deficit irrigation strategies were tested in irrigation experiments in containers in a vegetation hall with drip irrigated maize and compared to schedule-based irrigation strategies with regard to WP and water consumption. Observation data from one of the treatments was used afterwards in a simulation study to systematically investigate the parameters for implementing effective setups of DI systems.
The combination of simulation-optimization and irrigation experiments proved to be a suitable approach for investigating and improving WP, as well as for deriving optimal parameter values of different irrigation strategies. This was verified in the irrigation experiment and shown through overall high WP, equally high WP between deficit and full irrigation strategies, and achieved water savings. Irrigation thresholds beyond the measurement range of tensiometers are feasible and applicable. The pF-meter performed satisfactorily and is a promising candidate for irrigation control. Suitable crop models for being part of this approach were found and their properties formulated. Factors that define the behavior of DI systems regarding WP and water consumption were investigated and assessed.
This research allowed for drawing the first conclusions about the potential range of operations of sensor-based DI systems for achieving high WP with high reliability through its systematical investigation of such systems. However, this study needs validation and is therefore limited with regard to exact values of derived thresholds.
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Carraro, Reinaldo Viveiros. "Evaluation of a implantation process of the lean thinking and its acting at value flow: a study of case." Universidade de Taubaté, 2005. http://www.bdtd.unitau.br/tedesimplificado/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=61.
Full textAbstract:
It is globally recognized the group of advantages and differential competitive generated by the adoption of the work methodology developed by Toyota, and denominated, in the occident, Lean Thinking. The group of tools that composes this methodology is applied broadly and it has vast bibliography proving its effectiveness in the great organizations, especially in the automobile industry, however its applicability in small organizations, manufacturer or not, with continuous flows or intermittent it should be equally productive, although it is still more lacking of studies. The case study presented in this work focuses planning aspects, implementation, control and measure of the acting attributed to the Lean Thinking in an industry global leader in technology of control of movements. It possesses dozens of production cells in the studied unit, it operates at a market of great competitiveness, sazonalidade and of constant technological evolution, demanding a combination of abilities to have flexibility, speed, reliability, quality and good costs. It is made an evaluation of the program of implantation of the methodology Lean and their results, confronting them with some available studies in the world literature. The analysis of the methodology used by the company in the implantation of its program offers as a model proposal for implantations
in similar environment.É mundialmente reconhecido o conjunto de vantagens e diferenciais competitivos gerados pela adoção da metodologia de trabalho desenvolvida pela Toyota, e denominada, no ocidente, Mentalidade Enxuta. O conjunto de ferramentas que compõe esta metodologia é largamente aplicado e dispõe de vasta bibliografia comprovando sua eficácia nas grandes organizações, notadamente nas automobilísticas, porém sua aplicabilidade em pequenas organizações, manufatureiras ou não, de fluxos contínuos ou intermitentes deve ser igualmente produtiva, embora ainda seja mais carente de estudos. O estudo de caso apresentado neste trabalho enfoca aspectos de planejamento, implementação, monitoramento e medida do desempenho atribuídos à Mentalidade Enxuta em uma indústria líder global em tecnologia de controle de movimentos. Possui dezenas de células de produção na unidade estudada, opera em um mercado de grande competitividade, sazonalidade e de constante evolução tecnológica, exigindo uma combinação de habilidades para se ter flexibilidade, rapidez, confiabilidade, qualidade e bons custos. É feita uma avaliação do programa de implantação da metodologia Lean e seus resultados, confrontando-os com alguns estudos disponíveis na literatura mundial. A análise da metodologia utilizada pela empresa na implantação de seu programa oferece-se como uma proposta de modelo para implantações em ambientes similares.
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Bellm, Tilo. "Potential Biases in Service Research - Opportunity and Pitfall." Doctoral thesis, Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2014. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:15-qucosa-149287.
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People are not always rational, rely on heuristics and are influenced by situational factors being conducive to biased decisions. Hence, the decision outcome cannot be explained by consumers’ preferences exclusively. This offers opportunities to service managers to steer the decision outcome into a desirable direction by a beneficial design of situational factors. In contrast to the discussed opportunities, situational factors can also become a pitfall for researchers and managers. I show that situational factors may compromise the validity of research results based on self reports in a service context, because the reported scores of research participants may be biased. Three perspectives related to service management are distinguished in this thesis: First, the customer independently of the service provider; second, the interaction of customer and service provider; third, the service provider independently of the customer. From the perspective of the customer, I investigate the impact of different defaults in a customization process on the decision outcome of different types of customers. From the perspective of the customer and service provider interaction, I point out a new solution to overcome a dilemma related to service productivity. Finally, from the perspective of the service provider, the possible contamination of service related constructs by socially desirable responding is examined.
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Sousa, Geocleber Gomes de. "AvaliaÃÃo de um ciclo de rotaÃÃo cultural milho e feijÃo-de-corda, utilizando-se Ãgua de baixa e de alta salinidade." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2008. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=3336.
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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgicoO presente trabalho teve por objetivos avaliar os efeitos da Ãgua de baixa salinidade (0,8 dS m-1) e de alta salinidade (2,2; 3,6 e 5,0 dS -1) nos atributos quÃmicos do solo, no desenvolvimento de plantas de milho (Zea mays l.) e feijÃo-de-corda (Vigna unguiculata L. (Walp), nos teores de elementos minerais e nos totais extraÃdos de Na, de macronutrientes (Ca, K, Mg, P,) e de micronutrientes (Cl, Fe, Cu, Zn e Mn), cultivadas em um ciclo de rotaÃÃo cultural milho e feijÃo-de-corda. O experimento foi conduzido no campo em um Argissolo Vermelho Amarelo EutÂrofico (Santos et al., 2006) obedecendo a um delineamento em blocos ao acaso, com quatro tratamentos (T1, T2, T3 e T4) e cinco repetiÃÃes. Na rotaÃÃo cultural o milho foi plantado no espaÃamento de 0,8 m entre linhas e 0,2 m. na estaÃÃo seca (Set a Dez/2007) irrigados com Ãgua de alta salinidade. Os tratamentos aplicados no cultivo do milho foram os seguinetes: T1 (Ãgua de baixa salinidade com condutividade elÃtrica de 0,8 dS m-1); T2 (condutividade elÃtrica de 2,2 dS m-1); T3 (condutividade elÃtrica de 3,6 dS m-1) e T4 (condutividade elÃtrica de 5,0 dS m-1). Os tratamentos (T2, T3 e T4) representam as Ãguas de alta salinidade. Na estaÃÃo chuvosa (Jan a Abr/2008) sucedendo o milho, cultivou-se o feijÃo-de-corda. Nesse cultivo utilizou-se apenas irrigaÃÃes suplementares com Ãgua de baixa salinidade (0,8 dS m-1). O delineamento estatÃstico aplicado na rotaÃÃo cultural foi o de blocos ao acaso, com cinco repetiÃÃes, totalizando 20 unidades experimentais. Cada parcela com 3 m de comprimento e 5 linhas de plantio, sendo utilizado milho na estaÃÃo seca e feijÃo-de-corda na estaÃÃo chuvosa. Durante a rotaÃÃo cultural foram avaliadas as seguintes caracterÃsticas: atributos quÃmicos do solo, crescimento vegetativo, partiÃÃo de matÃria seca e produtividade. Na cultura do milho foram tambÃm avaliadas os teores dos elementos minerais e os totais extraÃdos de Na, Ca, K, Mg, P, Cl, fe, Cu, Zn e Mn em funÃÃo da salinidade da Ãgua de irrigaÃÃo. A irrigaÃÃo com Ãguas salinas aumentou a salinidade e a sodicidade do solo durante o perÃodo da estiagem, e as precipitaÃÃes no perÃodo chuvoso foram eficientes para a lavagem do excesso de sais do perfil do solo, enquanto a salinidade da Ãgua de irrigaÃÃo acima 2,2 dS m-1 inibiu o crescimento vegetativo e a capacidade produtividade do milho, jà o acÃmulo de sais no solo durante o cultivo do milho na estaÃÃo seca nÃo afetou a produtividade do feijÃo-de-corda e a um a predominÃncia do crescimento vegetativo do feijÃo-de-corda em detrimento da produÃÃo de grÃos ocorreu pelo excesso de chuvas. Aos 90 dias apÃs a semeadura os teores de elementos minerais foram afetados pela salinidade da Ãgua de irrigaÃÃo, o aumento da salinidade da Ãgua de irrigaÃÃo, aos 90 dias apÃs a semeadura inibiu a absorÃÃo de potÃssio nas folhas, de magnÃsio e fÃsforo nos grÃos, a extraÃÃo dos nutrientes e sÃdio pelas plantas irrigadas com Ãgua de baixa salinidade obedeceu à ordem: K > Mg > Cl > Ca > P > Na > Fe > Zn > Mn > Cu, e com Ãguas salinas: K > Cl > Ca > Na > P > Mg > Fe > Mn > Zn > Cu e a salinidade provocou reduÃÃo da extraÃÃo dos elementos minerais: K, Ca, Mg e P. O estresse salino proporcionou a seguinte distribuiÃÃo de elementos minerais: Na e K permaneceram nas partes vegetativas, Ca, Mg e P foram exportados em maiores proporÃÃes para os ÃrgÃos reprodutivos, Cl, Mn e Cu permaneceram preferencialmente nas partes vegetativas, Fe e Zn foram exportados em maiores proporÃÃes pelos grÃos.
Aiming to assess the effects of salinity in the chemical characteristics of the soil, growth, partition of dry matter and productivity, and the effects of soil salinity on the levels mineral elements contend and the total extracted Na, macronutrients (Ca, K, Mg, P) and micronutrients (Cl, Fe, Cu, Zn and Mn), according to the salinity of the water irrigation, an experiment was carried out in the field according with randomized block design, with four treatments (T1, T2, T3 and T4) and five repetitions. In the cropping rotation was planted the maize in the spacing between lines of 0.8 m and 0.2 m between plants irrigated with water from high salinity and cowpea in the spacing between lines of 0.8 m and 0.3 m between plants irrigated with water with low salinity. The treatments used in the dry season maize crop in were: T1 (plants irrigated with water with low salinity), T2 (saline water with ECw of 2.2 dS m-1); T3 (saline water with ECw of 3.6 dS m-1); T3 (saline water with ECw ds of 3.6 m-1) and T4 (saline water with ECw of 5.0 dS m-1). For cropping of cowpea in the rainy season the plots were demarcated. During the rotation croppoing were assessed the following characteristics: chemical characteristics of soil, vegetation growth, partition of dry and productivity. They were also evaluated the levels of elements and minerals extracted from the total nutrients in the corn crop at 90 days after sowing. The application of saline waters caused increased salinity and sodicity soil during the dry period, and rainfall in the rainy season have been effective in washing the excess salts in the soil profile,increasing salinity of irrigation water above 2,2 dS m-1 reduced the vegetative growth, productivity and rate of harvest of maize, the accumulation of salts in the soil for the cultivation of maize in the dry season did not affect the productivity of cowpea, which was due to the high volume of rain that occurred just before and after the cultivation, this excess of rain, however, caused an no normal growth of cowpea with predominance vegetative of shares to the detriment of the production of grains. The levels of mineral elements varied in the maize crop to 90 days after the planting, being affected by salinity of irrigation water, as the higher the level of salinity irrigation water to 90 days after sowing as lower the levels of potassium in the leaves, magnesium and phosphorus in grains, and the plants of maize under low salinity irrigation water, extract nurtrient in the following order: K> Mg> Cl> Ca> P> Na> Fe> Zn> Mn> Cu however under salinity estress the maize crop extract the minerals to higher salinity level in the following order: K> Cl> Ca> Na> P> Mg> Mn> Zn> Cu and the salt decreases the extraction total the following minerals: K, Ca, Mg e P. The salinity has the following distribution of mineral elements: Na and K remained in the vegetative parts, Ca, Mg and P was exported in larger proportions to the reproductive organs, Cl, Mn and Cu were mainly in the vegetative parts, Fe and Zn was exported in larger proportions by grain.
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Schmitt, Amauri. "Perfilhamento em milho: processo benéfico ou prejudicial ao desenvolvimento da planta e ao rendimento de grãos? Lages SC 2008." Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, 2008. http://tede.udesc.br/handle/handle/1093.
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Tillers are important structures to many grasses because they enhance the number of inflorescences per area and supply photosynthetic products to the main stem. Tillers have been historically considered harmful to maize because they usually do not produce ears. The release of hybrids with high grain yield and great tiller production raises questions about tiller s real influence on maize agronomic performance. This work aimed to evaluate if tillering is a positive or negative trait to maize growth and grain yield. Four field trials were carried out in Lages, Santa Catarina State, Brazil. The first experiment tested the behavior of three hybrids (P30F53, AS 1560 and PENTA), grown at two plant densities (4.0 and 7.0 pl m-2), with and without tillers, in the growing seasons of 2005/6 and 2006/7. The second experiment analyzed the effects of rates and time of N side-dress on tillering production and contribution to grain yield of maize hybrids. Two hybrids were tested (AS 1560 and P30F53), at three N rates (0, 100 and 200 kg ha-1), side-dressed at three growth stages (V4, V8, ½ in V4 and ½ in V8). The third experiment assessed the effects of sowing date and time of tiller removal on maize productivity. The crop was sown in 10/20/2006 and 12/20/2006. At each planting date, tillers were removed in V6, V9 and V15. The forth experiment studied the effects of defoliation time of the main stem. Leaves were removed at three growth stages (V9, V15 and flowering) with and without tiller s presence. Data were assessed by Variance Analysis, using the F test, at the 5% significance level. Averages were compared by the Tukey s test, at the 5% error probability. In the first experiment, Hybrids P30F53 and AS 1560 showed higher tiller production. Tillers destiny did not affect grain yield in 2005/6, regardless of hybrid and plant density. Tillers removal at V9 reduced all hybrids productivity at the 4.0 pl m-2 plant density. The increase in N side-dress rate reduced tiller mortality during grain filling, increasing tiller contribution to grain yield, regardless of the fertilizer application time. Tiller emission and contribution to grain yield were higher when maize was sown in October than in December. Tiller removal did not improve maize productivity, regardless of growth stage or planting date. Tiller maintenance enhanced grain yield when maize was defoliated at V15 and flowering. Results of the four experiments indicate that tillers do not compromise maize grain yield
Os perfilhos são estruturas importantes para muitas poáceas, pois aumentam o número de inflorescências por área e suprem fotoassimilados ao colmo principal. Na cultura do milho, os perfilhos têm sido historicamente considerados estruturas indesejáveis, pois normalmente não produzem espigas. O lançamento de híbridos que apresentam alto potencial produtivo e capacidade de emissão de perfilhos, suscitou dúvidas sobre a real influência dos perfilhos sobre a performance agronômica do milho. Esse trabalho objetivou avaliar se o perfilhamento é um processo benéfico ou prejudicial ao desenvolvimento e ao rendimento de grãos do milho. Foram desenvolvidos quatro ensaios a campo, no município de Lages, localizado no planalto sul de Santa Catarina. O primeiro experimento testou o comportamento de três híbridos de milho (P30F53, AS1560 e PENTA), em duas densidades de plantas (4,0 e 7,0 pl m-2), com e sem a presença dos perfilhos, nos anos agrícolas 2005/06 e 2006/07. O segundo ensaio analisou o efeito de doses e épocas de aplicação de nitrogênio sobre o perfilhamento e o rendimento de grãos de dois híbridos. Foram utilizados os híbridos AS1560 e P30F53, nas doses de 0, 100 e 200 kg ha-1 de N em cobertura, aplicados nos estádios V4, V8 e ½ em V4 e ½ em V8 de desenvolvimento da cultura no ano agrícola 2006/07. O terceiro experimento avaliou os efeitos da época de semeadura e da época de remoção dos perfilhos sobre a produtividade da cultura. O milho foi semeado em 20/10/2006 e 20/12/2006. Em cada época de semeadura, os perfilhos foram removidos em três estádios de desenvolvimento: V6, V9 e V15. O quarto ensaio analisou os efeitos de desfolha do colmo principal em três épocas do ciclo da cultura (V9, V15, VT) na presença e na ausência de perfilhos. No primeiro experimento, os híbridos que se mostraram mais propensos ao perfilhamento, foram o P30F53 e o AS1560. Em 2005/06, a manutenção dos perfilhos até à colheita não interferiu na produtividade de grãos, independente do híbrido e da população de plantas. Em 2006/07, a remoção dos perfilhos em V9 diminuiu o rendimento de grãos de todos os híbridos na densidade de 4,0 pl m-2. O aumento na dose de N utilizada em cobertura reduziu a mortalidade dos perfilhos durante o enchimento de grãos, aumentando a contribuição percentual dos perfilhos ao rendimento de grãos, independentemente da época de aplicação do fertilizante. O perfilhamento e a contribuição dos perfilhos ao rendimento de grãos foram maiores quando o milho foi semeado em outubro do que em dezembro. A remoção dos perfilhos não incrementou a produtividade do milho, independentemente da época de semeadura e do estádio fenológico em que foi realizada. A manutenção dos perfilhos aumentou a produtividade do milho quando esse foi desfolhado nos estádios V15 e de florescimento (VT). Os perfilhos não comprometem a performance agronômica do milho
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Higgins-Dobney, Carey Lynne. "News Work: the Impact of Corporate Newsroom Culture on News Workers & Community Reporting." PDXScholar, 2018. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/4410.
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By virtue of their broadcast licenses, local television stations in the United States are bound to serve in the public interest of their community audiences. As federal regulations of those stations loosen and fewer owners increase their holdings across the country, however, local community needs are subjugated by corporate fiduciary responsibilities. Business practices reveal rampant consolidation of ownership, newsroom job description convergence, skilled human labor replaced by computer automation, and economically-driven downsizings, all in the name of profit. Even so, the people laboring under these conditions are expected to keep their communities informed with democracy- and citizenship-enhancing information.
This study uses a critical political economy framework to focus on the labor aspects of working in commercially-run local television newsrooms in the United States. Surveys and interviews with news workers from the 25 largest local television markets highlight the daily challenges of navigating the dichotomy of labor in the space between corporate profiteering and public enlightenment. In addition to their more well-known and well-studied on-air reporter and anchor peers, "behind the scenes" workers and those with newly converged job descriptions also share their news work stories, thus filling a gap in the literature. Corporate capital incentives affect all who gather and disseminate the news.
While all of these workers generally strive for high journalistic quality, the pressures of increased workloads and constant deadlines imposed by shrinking news staffs and growing digital media expectations mean journalists have to make craft work compromises in the race to report news faster and first. Owners push experienced news veterans with deep community connections out in favor of younger, cheaper, more tech-savvy workers. Financially beneficial content trumps deep policy investigations. These outcomes not only worry those in the journalistic trenches of local television news, but also potentially deprive the public of the information they seek from these outlets. As local television newsrooms remain the most popular sources of information for Americans, particularly in times of crisis, such outcomes are not in the community's best interest.
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Plachá, Radka. "Hodnocení výkonnosti podniku." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta podnikatelská, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-224635.
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The Master’s thesis is focused on evaluation the performance of the company NEPA. The theoretical part includes the definition of business performance concepts and the presentation of the assessment methodology. This part continues in the description of selected types of strategic analyses. There is an introduction of the company, its activities, strategic and financial analyses in analytic part. That is important for inscription and the base of Balanced Scorecard concept. Based on these findings a Balanced Scorecard implementation proposal is for the analyzed company. In the conclusion, this is completed with relevant proposals.
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Mandujano, Malpartida Evelyn Luz, and Farfan Fiorella Katherine Vigil. "Propuesta para optimizar el proceso de producción en una empresa panificadora aplicando lean manufacturing." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC), 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/656057.
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La presente investigación tiene por objetivo presentar una propuesta de mejora para optimizar el proceso de producción en una empresa Panificadora aplicando la herramienta del Lean Manufacturing, lo cual permite mejorar el desempeño del proceso productivo y de los procesos. Para ello se realizará un análisis de la problemática y las posibles causas para tomar como base de la mejora continua que se propondrá incrementando productividad y rentabilidad.
Luego del proceso de análisis se han identificado los siguientes problemas: ausencia de una adecuada asignación del personal, ausencia de un adecuado programa de mantenimiento, ausencia de una adecuada distribución de planta, ausencia de personal calificado y ausencia de un adecuado control e insumos, lo cual impide el cumplimiento del programa de producción.
La presente tesis está conformada por tres capítulos los que en su conjunto permiten definir claramente la problemática, la propuesta de solución, la evaluación económica de la propuesta de solución y las conclusiones y recomendaciones.
Finalmente, la presente tesis puede utilizarse como base para futuras investigaciones en la mejora del proceso de gestión de la producción, sin embargo, se debe evaluar las variables independientes en cada caso, en particular, ya que la presente tesis se limita al análisis del proceso productivo de la empresa Panificadora.The objective of this research is to present an improvement proposal to optimize the production process in a bakery company by applying the Lean Manufacturing tool, which allows improving the performance of the production process and processes. For this, an analysis of the problem and possible causes will be carried out to take as a basis for continuous improvement that will be proposed by increasing productivity and profitability. After the analysis process, the following problems have been identified: absence of an adequate personnel assignment, absence of an adequate maintenance program, absence of an adequate plant distribution, absence of qualified personnel, and absence of adequate control and supplies, which which prevents the fulfillment of the production program. This thesis is made up of three chapters, which together allow a clear definition of the problem, the solution proposal, the economic evaluation of the solution proposal and the conclusions and recommendations. Finally, this thesis can be used as a basis for future research in the improvement of the production management process, however, the independent variables must be evaluated in each case, in particular, since this thesis is limited to the analysis of the process production of the bakery company.
Trabajo de Suficiencia Profesional
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Bastos, Bernardo Campbell. "Aplicação de lean manufacturing em uma linha de produção de uma empresa do setor automotivo." Universidade de Taubaté, 2012. http://www.bdtd.unitau.br/tedesimplificado/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=569.
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PSA Peugeot Citroën, a French automaker, has one plant in Brazil, located in Porto Real, Rio de Janeiro. This factory mounts 29 vehicles / hour of eight different models, four models of Peugeot and Citroën brand four. This great variety of models generates complexity in the production process and wide range of parts. This study aims to analyze the impact of diversity, illustrate wasteful standard concept of 3MUs (MUDA, MURI, MURA) and present a study of reducing overall diversity. This will be used to apply the tools and techniques of `Lean Manufacturing Concept. The Lean production system, which basically seeks to eliminate waste, presents several concepts that can and should be applied in studies of eliminating diversity. Among the concepts that can be used stand out studies Time and Methods, SMED, 5S, Kanban, Value Stream Mapping and Kaizen and Poka-Yoke. Through analysis of cases will demonstrate that reducing the diversity of parts and reduce costs, avoid waste and adding a number of benefits, impacts directly on the entire production chain of the automaker. The reduction of diversity interferes with logistics (transport, handling, storage, control), quality (robustness of process variability), production (surface, rework), systems (complex document base, variety of systems), engineering (equipment, investments, solutions) and suppliers (setups, inventories). Therefore, this work is of extreme importance and relevance for companies with a high level of competitiveness, such as assemblers, stay ahead in the job market and offer the best value for money offers.A PSA Peugeot Citroën, montadora de origem francesa, possui uma única fábrica no Brasil, localizada em Porto Real, Rio de Janeiro. Essa fábrica monta 29 veículos/hora de oito modelos distintos, sendo quatro modelos da marca Peugeot e quatro da marca Citroën. Essa grande variedade de modelos gera uma complexidade no processo produtivo e grande diversidade de peças. Esta dissertação tem como objetivo analisar o impacto da diversidade, exemplificar os desperdícios no padrão do conceito dos 3MUs (MUDA, MURI, MURA) e apresentar um estudo de redução da diversidade geral. Para isso, será utilizada a aplicação das ferramentas e técnicas do `Lean Manufacturing Concept. O sistema de produção Lean, que basicamente busca a eliminação de desperdícios, apresenta diversos conceitos que podem e devem ser aplicados nos estudos de eliminação da diversidade. Entre os conceitos que podem ser utilizados, destacam-se Estudos de Tempos e Métodos, SMED, 5S, Kanban, Mapeamento de Fluxo de Valor e Poka-Yoke e Kaizen. Através da análise de casos, se mostra que a redução da diversidade de peças, além de reduzir custos, evitar desperdícios e agregar uma série de benefícios, impacta diretamente em toda a cadeia produtiva da montadora. A redução da diversidade interfere na logística (transporte, movimentação, armazenagem, controle), na qualidade (robustez do processo, variabilidade), na produção (superfície, retrabalhos), nos sistemas (complexa base documental, variedade de sistemas), na engenharia (equipamentos, investimentos, soluções) e nos fornecedores (setups, estoques). Portanto, a presente dissertação é de extrema importância e relevância para que empresas com alto nível de competitividade, como as montadoras, permaneçam a frente no mercado de trabalho e ofereçam as melhores ofertas de custo-benefício.
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Lojdová, Marie. "Návrh implementace metody Balanced Scorecard ve společnosti." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta podnikatelská, 2012. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-223642.
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The master’s thesis deals with Balanced Scorecard implementation within a company environment. The object of the thesis is to increase the effectiveness of strategic management which can be achieved through proper implementation of the method. The theoretical section explains the basic concepts of strategic management, followed by the description of method BSC, its implementation and risks. The practical part is focused on creating a business strategy and the model BSC implementation in particular company. As an auxiliary tool for management decision making a fuzzy model was developed and then a dialogue is held with fuzzy expert system.
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Frederick, Kurt R. "Productivity and carbon accumulation potential of transferred biofilms in reclaimed oil sands-affected wetlands." Master's thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10048/1667.
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Biofilms are significant contributors to primary production, nutrient cycling, bio-stabilization and the food web of wetland ecosystems. Photoautotrophic biomass (PB) and primary production (PP) were determined for biofilms exposed to various treatments and materials in wetlands near Fort McMurray. Biofilm additions and oil sands process-affected materials were expected to increase the microbial colonization rates on treated substrates and subsequently PB and PP of biofilms over time as compared to controls and unaffected materials. Biofilms survived the transfers and colonized new substrates immediately. Oil sands process affected materials were found to increase PB and PP throughout the first year. A strong decreasing trend for both PB and PP in treatment microcosms occurred in year two, eventually coalescing with control conditions at a lower equilibrium. Transferred biofilms and treatment materials, therefore, increased overall wetland productivity during the initial stages of wetland development when growing conditions are most limiting.Land Reclamation and Remediation
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Gadedjisso-Tossou, Agossou. "Impact of Climate and Soil Variability on Crop Water Productivity and Food Security of Irrigated Agriculture in Northern Togo (West Africa)." 2019. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A38704.
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West Africa is subject to frequent yield losses due to erratic rainfall and degraded soils. At the same time, its population is expected to double by 2050. This situation is alarming in northern Togo, a West African dry savannah area, where rainfed maize is a staple food. Thus, it is necessary to improve agricultural productivity, e.g., by evaluating and introducing alternative irrigation management strategies, which may be implemented in this region. For this purpose, the present investigation focused on evaluating the potential of deficit and supplemental irrigation, as well as assessing the impact of climate and soil variability on maize yield under irrigated agriculture using irrigation optimisation strategies in northern Togo. The Optimal Climate Change Adaption Strategies in Irrigation (OCCASION) framework was adapted and employed to address the research objectives. It involves: (i) a weather generator for simulating long-term climate time series; (ii) the AquaCrop model, which was utilised to simulate the irrigation during the growing periods and the maize yield response to given irrigation management strategies; and (iii) a problem-specific algorithm for optimal irrigation scheduling with limited water supply. Five irrigation management strategies viz. T1: no irrigation (NI), T2: controlled deficit irrigation (CDI) and T3: full irrigation (FI) in the wet season, T4: controlled deficit irrigation (CDI) and T5: full irrigation (FI) in the dry season were assessed regarding their impact on maize yield in northern Togo. The results showed high variability in rainfall during the wet season, which led to substantial variability in the expected yield for NI. This variability was significantly lessened when optimised supplemental irrigation management strategies (CDI or FI) were applied. This also holds for the irrigation scenarios under the dry season. Finally, these findings were validated by an irrigation field experiment conducted at an agricultural research institute in northern Togo. Under a moderate level of deficit irrigation during the vegetative and reproductive growth stages, the above-ground biomass and the maize grain yield were reduced. However, a moderate level of deficit irrigation during the vegetative growth stage could result in similar values of water productivity to that of fully irrigated treatment. It was found that, based on the values of the statistical indicators, AquaCrop has accurately simulated the maize grain yield for all the irrigation strategies evaluated. The results of this study revealed that climate variability might engender a higher variability in the maize yields of northern Togo than soil variability does. Large- and smallscale water harvesting, access to groundwater, and irrigation infrastructures would be required for implementing the irrigation management strategies assessed in this study.:Declaration iii
Declaration of Conformity v
Dedication vii
Acknowledgements ix
Abstract xi
Table of Contents xv
List of Figures xvii
List of Tables xix
List of Acronyms and Abbreviations xxi
1. Introduction 1
1.1 Background and Problem Statement 1
1.1.1 Global Fresh and Agricultural Water Use 1
1.1.2 Erratic Rainfall, Rising Temperatures, and Soil fertility depletion in West Africa 2
1.1.3 Transboundary Water Issues in West Africa 3
1.1.4 Agriculture and Water Use in Togo 3
1.2 Objectives of the Study 4
2. State of the Art 6
2.1 Relevant Agroecosystems, Farming Systems and Irrigation Management in West Africa 6
2.2 Key Performance Indicators: Water productivity and Food Security 8
2.3 Common Approaches Used to Evaluate Crop Water Productivity 9
2.4 Key production Factors: Climate, Soil and Management 9
2.5 Crop Yield Modelling 12
2.6 Integrated Modelling 13
3. Novel Framework for Optimising Irrigation Systems in West Africa 15
3.1 Model-based Sensitivity Analysis of Climate and Management Impact on Crop Water Productivity, Water Demand and Food Security 15
3.2 Experimental Validation of the Farm Model and Management Strategies, Soil Data Analysis and Modelling 17
3.3 Joint Stochastic Analysis of the Impact of Climate and Soil Variability on Crop Water Productivity and Food Security 19
4. Overview of Publications 21
4.1 Potential of Deficit and Supplemental Irrigation under Climate Variability in Northern Togo, West Africa 21
4.2 Impact of Irrigation Strategies on Maize (Zea mays L.) Production in the Savannah Region of Northern Togo (West Africa) 22
4.3 Impact of climate and soil variability on maize (Zea mays L.) yield under full and deficit irrigation in the savannah region of northern Togo, West Africa 23
5. Conclusion and Outlook 26
References 28
A. Selected Publications of the Author 37
A.1 Potential of Deficit and Supplemental Irrigation under Climate Variability in Northern Togo, West Africa 39
A.2 Impact of Irrigation Strategies on Maize (Zea mays L.) Production in the Savannah Region of Northern Togo (West Africa) 61
A.3 Impact of Climate and Soil Variability on Maize (Zea mays L.) Yield under Full and Deficit Irrigation in the Savannah Region of Northern Togo, West Africa 81
B. Histograms of distributions of the expected maize yield in northern Togo (scenarios in the third paper) 121
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Kloß, Sebastian. "Simulation-Optimization of the Management of Sensor-Based Deficit Irrigation Systems." Doctoral thesis, 2014. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A29047.
Full textAbstract:
Current research concentrates on ways to investigate and improve water productivity (WP), as agriculture is today’s predominant freshwater consumer, averaging at 70% and reaching up to 93% in some regions. A growing world population will require more food and thus more water for cultivation. Regions that are already affected by physical water scarcity and which depend on irrigation for growing crops will face even greater challenges regarding their water supply. Other problems in such regions are a variable water supply, inefficient irrigation practices, and over-pumping of available groundwater resources with other adverse effects on the ecosystem. To face those challenges, strategies are needed that use the available water resources more efficiently and allow farming in a more sustainable way.
This work focused on the management of sensor-based deficit irrigation (DI) systems and improvements of WP through a combined approach of simulation-optimization and irrigation experiments. In order to improve irrigation control, a new sensor called pF-meter was employed, which extended the measurement range of the commonly used tensiometers from pF 2.9 to pF 7.
The following research questions were raised: (i) Is this approach a suitable strategy to improve WP; (ii) Is the sensor for irrigation control suitable; (iii) Which crop growth models are suitable to be part of that approach; and (iv) Can the combined application with experiments prove an increase of WP?
The stochastic simulation-optimization approach allowed deriving parameter values for an optimal irrigation control for sensor-based full and deficit irrigation strategies. Objective was to achieve high WP with high reliability. Parameters for irrigation control included irrigation thresholds of soil-water potentials because of the working principle behind plant transpiration where pressure gradients are transmitted from the air through the plant and into the root zone.
Optimal parameter values for full and deficit irrigation strategies were tested in irrigation experiments in containers in a vegetation hall with drip irrigated maize and compared to schedule-based irrigation strategies with regard to WP and water consumption. Observation data from one of the treatments was used afterwards in a simulation study to systematically investigate the parameters for implementing effective setups of DI systems.
The combination of simulation-optimization and irrigation experiments proved to be a suitable approach for investigating and improving WP, as well as for deriving optimal parameter values of different irrigation strategies. This was verified in the irrigation experiment and shown through overall high WP, equally high WP between deficit and full irrigation strategies, and achieved water savings. Irrigation thresholds beyond the measurement range of tensiometers are feasible and applicable. The pF-meter performed satisfactorily and is a promising candidate for irrigation control. Suitable crop models for being part of this approach were found and their properties formulated. Factors that define the behavior of DI systems regarding WP and water consumption were investigated and assessed.
This research allowed for drawing the first conclusions about the potential range of operations of sensor-based DI systems for achieving high WP with high reliability through its systematical investigation of such systems. However, this study needs validation and is therefore limited with regard to exact values of derived thresholds.
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Bellm, Tilo. "Potential Biases in Service Research - Opportunity and Pitfall." Doctoral thesis, 2013. https://ul.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A12781.
Full textAbstract:
People are not always rational, rely on heuristics and are influenced by situational factors being conducive to biased decisions. Hence, the decision outcome cannot be explained by consumers’ preferences exclusively. This offers opportunities to service managers to steer the decision outcome into a desirable direction by a beneficial design of situational factors. In contrast to the discussed opportunities, situational factors can also become a pitfall for researchers and managers. I show that situational factors may compromise the validity of research results based on self reports in a service context, because the reported scores of research participants may be biased. Three perspectives related to service management are distinguished in this thesis: First, the customer independently of the service provider; second, the interaction of customer and service provider; third, the service provider independently of the customer. From the perspective of the customer, I investigate the impact of different defaults in a customization process on the decision outcome of different types of customers. From the perspective of the customer and service provider interaction, I point out a new solution to overcome a dilemma related to service productivity. Finally, from the perspective of the service provider, the possible contamination of service related constructs by socially desirable responding is examined.
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Klümper, Wilhelm. "Das Problem der Welternährung: Simulationen zu Einflussfaktoren, die Bedeutung von Agrartechnologien und gesellschaftliche Einschätzungen in Deutschland." Doctoral thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-1735-0000-0023-9678-8.
Full textAbstract:
Hunger ist nach wie vor ein weit verbreitetes Problem. Nach der jüngsten Schätzung der FAO hungern weltweit noch immer über 800 Mio. Menschen. Prognosen gehen davon aus, dass die Agrarproduktion bis 2050 verdoppelt werden muss, um der steigenden Nachfrage nach Agrarprodukten durch Bevölkerungswachstum, Bioenergieproduktion und sich verändernde Ernährungsgewohnheiten zu begegnen.
Unter vielen Möglichkeiten, das Welternährungsproblem zu beschreiben, wird in dieser Dissertation das Konzept der Ernährungssicherheit nach der Definition der FAO herangezogen. Ernährungssicherheit umfasst als wichtigste Aspekte die Verfügbarkeit von Nahrungsmitteln und den ökonomischen Zugang zu Nahrungsmitteln. Nahrungsmittelverfügbarkeit ist in erster Linie von einer global ausreichenden Produktion abhängig, der Zugang zu Nahrung von der Kaufkraft der Haushalte. Die Kaufkraft wird sowohl durch das Einkommen wie auch die Agrarpreise beeinflusst.
Die Nahrungsmittelverfügbarkeit kann vor allem durch Ertragssteigerungen erhöht werden. Sollen die Ertragssteigerungen ressourcenschonend erfolgen, muss die Produktivität der Agrarproduktion bezogen auf alle Produktionsfaktoren inkl. Umweltgütern steigen. Nur durch technische und organisatorische Innovation kann dies realisiert werden. Ertragssteigerungen in Entwicklungsländern erhöhen gleichzeitig die Einkommen von potenziell von Hunger Betroffenen. Eine Begrenzung der Nachfrage nach Agrargütern kann global in erster Linie in den Bereichen Bioenergie und Konsum tierischer Produkte erfolgen.
Simulationen können helfen, den Einfluss einzelner Faktoren der globalen Nachfrage und des Angebots nach Agrarrohstoffen und -produkten auf die Welternährungslage genauer abzuschätzen. Ein Großteil der Simulationen in der Literatur kommt mithilfe von partiellen oder allgemeinen Gleichgewichtsmodellen zu Aussagen über gehandelte Mengen und Preise oder Wohlfahrtseffekte. In dieser Arbeit wird ein einfaches partielles Gleichgewichtsmodell für den Weltmarkt für Biotreibstoffe, Fleisch und Getreide entwickelt und mit der Methode der FAO zur Schätzung der Zahl der Hungernden gekoppelt. Dies ermöglicht die Abschätzung des Einflusses verschiedener Szenarien auf die Zahl der Hungernden. Für das Referenzjahr 2011 werden Szenarien alternativer Nachfrage nach Fleisch und Biotreibstoffen simuliert, ebenso wie ein Szenario alternativer landwirtschaftlicher Produktivität in der Europäischen Union.
Die Schätzungen ergeben einen signifikanten Einfluss der simulierten Nachfrage- und Angebotsverschiebungen. Im Vergleich mit dem Status Quo führt eine Reduktion des Fleischkonsums in den OECD-Ländern um 50% zu einer Reduktion der Zahl der Hungernden um 5%. Eine
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Flächenproduktivität im Getreideanbau in der EU auf dem Niveau von 1980 steigert die Zahl der Hungernden um mehr als 5%, ein Anstieg der Biotreibstoffquote in der OECD auf 10% erhöht die Zahl der Hungernden gar um 10%.
Die Durchsetzung geeigneter politischer Maßnahmen zur Verbesserung der Welternährungslage kann durch eine breite öffentliche Unterstützung beschleunigt oder erst ermöglicht werden. Über die öffentliche Meinung zu Fragen der Welternährung in Deutschland existieren bisher keine expliziten Studien. In den Themenbereichen landwirtschaftliche Produktion und Nahrungsmittelkonsum stellt das Thema Welternährung nur einen Aspekt dar, der neben Fragen nach z.B. der Lebensmittelsicherheit und Gesundheit sowie den Auswirkungen von Agrarproduktion auf Landschaft und Umwelt steht.
Hier werden Ergebnisse einer Online-Befragung zum Thema Welternährung präsentiert, die im März 2012 mit einer repräsentativen Stichprobe 1.200 deutscher Internetnutzer durchgeführt wurde. Die Befragung beinhaltete im Wesentlichen die Bewertung der Wirkung verschiedener potenzieller Ursachen der weltweiten Unterernährung, sowie Maßnahmen und Entwicklungen zu ihrer Lösung. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass das Thema Welthunger in erster Linie mit Merkmalen akuter (Hunger-) Krisen in Verbindung gebracht wird. Die vielversprechendsten Lösungsmaßnahmen sind in den Augen der Befragten der Ausbau des Fairen Handels, Absatzmärkte für Kleinbauern sowie ein Lebensmittelspekulationsverbot. Der intensiven Landwirtschaft in der Welt wie auch in Europa sowie insbesondere der Grünen Gentechnik wird kein Potenzial zur Lösung des Problems zugesprochen. Die Antwortmuster lassen auf die Präsenz eines Halo-Effekts mit einer Übertragung unterstellter negativer Umweltwirkungen auf das Thema Welternährung schließen.
Die Grüne Gentechnik ist eine Agrartechnologie, die potenziell zur Angebotsausweitung von Agrarprodukten genauso beitragen kann wie zu einer ressourcenschonenderen Landwirtschaft. Bisherige Anwendungen, hauptsächlich Herbizidtoleranz sowie Insektenresistenz, haben u.a. zu einer Steigerung der effektiven Erträge, einer Einsparung von Insektiziden und einer Steigerung der Profite vor allem im Baumwollanbau beigetragen. Trotz zahlreicher Belege besteht über die Auswirkungen von gentechnisch veränderten (GV) Nutzpflanzen eine anhaltende Kontroverse. Ein Großteil der europäischen Bevölkerung lehnt den Anbau ebenso ab wie einen Verzehr von Produkten aus GV-Pflanzen. Unterstellte sozio-ökonomische Auswirkungen oder Auswirkungen auf die Welternährung sind nur zwei Determinanten von vielen, die zu den Einstellungen zur Grünen Gentechnik beitragen.
Zur Konsolidierung des Wissens im Bereich agronomischer sowie sozio-ökonomischer Auswirkungen von GV-Pflanzen wurde eine Meta-Analyse durchgeführt. In wissenschaftlichen Datenbanken wurden
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147 Primärstudien identifiziert, die für die Meta-Analyse verwendet wurden. Die Analyse beschränkt sich auf gentechnisch veränderte Sojabohnen, Mais und Baumwolle.
Als mittlere Effekte des Anbaus von GV-Pflanzen ergibt die Meta-Analyse eine Steigerung des Ertrages um 22%, eine Reduktion der Menge der angewendeten Pflanzenschutzmittel um 37% und eine Steigerung der Profite der Bauern um 68%. Die Höhe der Effekte hängt stark von verschiedenen Faktoren ab. Die Effekte sind für alle drei genannten Variablen in Entwicklungsländern betragsmäßig größer als in Industrieländern. Auch sind die Effekte des Anbaus von GV-Pflanzen bei Erträgen und beim Pflanzenschutzmitteleinsatz betragsmäßig höher für insektenresistente Pflanzen als bei solchen mit Herbizidtoleranz.
Aus den in der Arbeit gewonnenen Erkenntnissen kann geschlussfolgert werden, dass sowohl das Nahrungsmittelangebot gesteigert als auch die Nachfrage begrenzt werden sollte. Dies verlangt eine standortangepasste Ausnutzung vorhandener und die Entwicklung neuer Technologien. Auch die Gentechnik kann einen Beitrag leisten. Der Kleinbauernsektor muss vordringlich gefördert werden. Zur Begrenzung der Nachfrage können neben der Politik, welche vor allem die Biotreibstoffnachfrage beeinflussen kann, auch Konsumenten durch Verzicht auf tierische Produkte beitragen. Dies wie auch die Durchführung effektiver politischer Maßnahmen sind auf eine unverzerrte Sichtweise der Öffentlichkeit auf das Thema Welternährung angewiesen. Dazu muss das Thema in Wissenschaftskommunikation und Bildung stärker thematisiert werden.