Academic literature on the topic 'Productivity of quinoa'

Quinoa is a facultative halophytic seed crop of increasing interest worldwide. Its performance declines under high salinity but can be improved by using halotolerant plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) containing multi-traits, i.e. ACC-deaminase activity, exopolysaccharide secretion and auxin production. This study focussed on improving the productivity of quinoa through the use of six plant growth-promoting bacterial strains (both endophytic and rhizosphere). These were screened by conducting osmoadaptation assay, and the two most halotolerant strains (Enterobacter sp. (MN17) and Bacillus sp. (MN54)) were selected. These two strains were evaluated for their effects on growth, physiological characters and yield of quinoa. At the five leaf stage plants were irrigated with saline water having either 0 or 400 mM NaCl. The results indicated that saline irrigation significantly decreased the growth of quinoa, whereas inoculation of plants with MN17 and MN54 mitigated the negative effects of salinity by improving plant water relations and decreasing Na+ uptake, which consequently, reduced osmotic and ionic stress. Strain MN54 performed better than MN17, which might be because of its better growth promoting traits and higher rhizosphere colonisation efficiency than MN17. Our results suggest that growth and productivity of quinoa could be improved by inoculating with highly tolerant PGPB strain in salt-affected soils.

Five quinoa cultivars introduced from Egypte DRC (Desert Research Center-Caire) were tested in an experimental station in Tunisia located under arid climatic conditions. In order to test their adaptation to abiotic constraints; water requirements, yield (grain, dry matter) and water use efficiency (WUE) were correlated to three water stress: T100% of field capacity (T1), T60% of field capacity (T2) and T30% of field capacity (T3). Net irrigation water requirement was estimated using CROPWAT 8.0 software. The study aims to develop an irrigation scheduling for quinoa from January to Jun during 2015 season. The ET0 was between 1.08 mm/day and 4.95 mm/day and net irrigation water requirement was 287.2 mm. For grain yield, 1000 grains weight and dry matter production results show significant differences between cultivars and water stress. The seeds productivity of the five cultivars ranges between 2092.6kg/ha and 270kg/ha under full irrigation and it decreases to reach up 74% under T3 of field capacity stress in comparison with control stress. Similar results were shown for dry matter production. On refilling soil to field capacity with irrigation at critical depletion, 70% field efficiency was achieved which correspond to optimal condition, while adapting fixed interval per stage. For WUE, highest value of irrigation and total water use efficiency for both grain and dry matter ​​were recorded to the T2 hydrous stress.

In the last years several studies have investigated the strong relation between nutrition and immune response in the livestock production, particularly in dairy cattle and sheep. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of supplementation based on linseed, quinoa seeds and their combination on welfare, productivity and quality of meat from merinos derived lambs. 32 weaned lambs were divided into 4 experimental groups: quinoa (Q), linseed (LS) and combination of quinoa and linseed (LS + Q) that received the respective supplementation and control group (C) without supplementation. Lambs from all supplemented groups showed lower plasma urea, creatinine and cholesterol than control. Both linseed and quinoa supplementation enhanced the cell-mediated immune responses of lambs, furthermore, linseed supplementation resulted in the lowest level of cortisol secretion after handling, loading and transport. Meat from lambs supplemented with linseed and LS + Q showed the highest pH, at 1 and 3 h post-mortem, while, meat from all supplemented groups was more tender than meat from control. Results indicated that linseed and quinoa seeds supplementation can help the animal to cope with stressful events due to the close link between stress responses and the immune system and for improving meat quality in terms of better tenderness.

Quinoa stands out as an excellent crop in the Cerrado region for cultivation in the off-season or irrigated winter season. Here, we tested the effects of different water regimes on the agronomic characteristics, physiology, and grain quality of different elite quinoa genotypes under field conditions. The experiment was conducted under field conditions at Embrapa Cerrados (Planaltina, DF, Brazil). The experimental design was in randomized blocks, in a split-plot scheme, with four replications. The plots were composed of 18 quinoa genotypes and modified BRS Piabiru (the currently used genotype), and the split-plots were divided into 4 different water regimes. The following variables were evaluated: productivity and productivity per unit of applied water (PUAA), plant height, flavonoids, anthocyanins, gas exchange, chlorophyll, leaf proline, and relative water content. Our results showed that water regimes between 309 and 389 mm can be recommended for quinoa in the Cerrado region. CPAC6 and CPAC13 presented the highest yield and PUAA under high and intermediate WRs, and hence were the most suitable for winter growth under irrigation. CPAC17 is most suitable for off-season growth under rainfed conditions, as it presented the highest PUAA under the low WRs (247 and 150). CPAC9 stood out in terms of accumulation of flavonoids and anthocyanins in all WRs. Physiological analyses revealed different responses of the genotypes to water restriction, together with symptoms of stress under lower water regimes. Our study reinforces the importance of detailed analyses of the relationship between productivity, physiology, and water use when choosing genotypes for planting and harvest in different seasons.

AbstractQuinoa is a gluten-free pseudocereal crop recognized for its exceptional nutritional properties. A 3-year field experiment was conducted to evaluate the influence of soil tillage and fertilization on root growth and productivity of quinoa. The experiment was laid out in a split-plot design with two replicates, two main plots [conventional (CT) and minimum tillage (MT)] and four sub-plots [fertilization treatments: untreated, inorganic fertilization with 100 (N1) and 200 kg N ha−1 (N2), and sheep manure]. Mean weight diameter (MWD) of soil aggregates, total porosity, organic matter and soil total nitrogen increased with the long-term fertilization with sheep manure. The major part of the roots (approximately 70%) is concentrated in the 0-30 cm soil layer. Root length density increased with increased rate of applied nitrogen, and a higher value (1.172 cm cm−3) was found in N2 plots. Additionally, higher root mass density (1.114 mg cm−3) was observed under MT. Plant height and dry weight were clearly affected by fertilization, with higher values obtained in N2 plots. Moreover, it was observed that quinoa cultivated under CT and N2 treatment produced a higher seed yield (2595 kg ha−1). As a conclusion, increasing the levels of applied nitrogen up to 200 kg N ha−1 improves root growth and consequently the yields of quinoa.

Chenopodium quinoa is a pseudocereal species identified as a potential crop to mitigate world food security. It has the ability to adapt to diverse agro-ecosystems ranging from sea level to over 4000 masl. Its cultivation in Morocco began in 1999, as it is tolerance to drought, salinity, and frost, and it can grow on marginal soils. It has exceptional nutritional value, as it is rich in proteins, essential amino acids, mineral nutrients, trace elements, vitamins, and unsaturated fatty acids. The present study aims to evaluate the adaptation of 14 quinoa varieties and lines from four different origins through fourteen agro-morphological characters. The experimental trials were conducted at five contrasted agro-climatic sites across the central part of Morocco. The data analysis showed high variability among the tested varieties and between sites for all assessed traits. The Meknes (foot-hill plain) site was the most productive; its grain yield reached 78.6 qx/ha. At the Rabat (coastal land) and Berrechid (continental plain) sites, grain production was respectively 56.4 and 45.9 qx/ha. The SW2 Moroccan line produced the highest grain yield that reached 78.3 qx/ha across sites. The Danish variety Titicaca presented the best harvest index (HI = 0.69) as well as the best “thousand kernel weight” (TGW = 3.4 g). As the mildew infection evaluation, the Vikinga and Titicaca varieties ranked the most sensitive to Peronospora farinosa. The germination rates of the harvested seeds were prejudiced by the sites’ high temperatures and were low in Tinejdad (oases site) and El Kbab (mountain plateau). The best average germination rate across sites was that of the Puno variety (84.5%). According to the Additive Main effects and Multiplicative Interaction analysis (AMMI), 23% of the grain yield variability is due to the genotype, while 32% is due to the site by the variety interaction contribution to the production variability. AMMI analysis also ranked the varieties according to their productivity and stability value. Accordingly, two varieties that have yielded above the overall average (42.7 qx/ha) are considered stable; those are Riobamba and W11, which is a local selected line. Titicaca, ILLPA, Atlas cultivars and the SW2 local line presented the best grain yield in one of the experimental sites but performed not as well on the others.

Quinoa has been gaining attention because of its nutritional quality, low cholesterol and lack of gluten; in Brazil, the cultivation efforts in the different regions are mainly related to breeding. This study aimed to determine the genetic parameters and evaluate the productivity of the different genotypes of quinoa for detecting genotypes amenable to selection. The experiment was conducted in crop years 2010/11 and 2011/12 in environment 1 and environment 2, respectively. In environment 1, the evaluation of 61 genotypes was performed, and in environment 2, 31 genotypes were evaluated. The experimental design was a randomized block with two replications; each plot measured 2.0 x 5.0 m (10 m²) and consisted of four rows spaced at 0.45 m. Data collected on the productivity, plant height at maturation and growth cycle were analyzed using an analysis of variance, average tests and estimates of the genetic parameters. The genotypes N24 and N08 were the only genotypes more productive than the other 46 genotypes, with values of productivity of 1446.23 and 1428.93 kg ha-1 and with a growth cycle of 117 and 111 days, respectively. The heritability values determined demonstrate the possibility of genetic gain using joint selection that involves two environments.

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The consumption of quinoa is growing in the world because of its high nutritional value and genetic variability and may be an alternative for the diversification of production, however studies in culture are still restricted to the Cerrado region, making it necessary to provide cultivars adapted to southern Brazil . This study was conducted in order to characterize and analyze the adaptability and stability quinoa Willd genotypes belonging to the Quinoa Improvement Program, State University of Paraná West - UNIOESTE. Four experiments were conducted three of them in the experimental field of Entre Rios do Oeste and one in Rondon. The experimental design was randomized blocks, composed of thirteen (only the first experiment) and sixteen genotypes of C. quinoa selected within populations of Royal Quinoa, Cherry Vanilla, Brilliant Rainbow Quinoa and Orange, in three replications. The parameters evaluated were: number of days to flowering, plant height at flowering, cycle, plant height at maturity, the first inflorescence insertion height, plant population, productivity, saponin content and moisture. the methodologies were used: Eberhart and Russell, Lin and Binns, adapted by Aries, and the Integrated Method for determination of stability and phenotypic adaptability productivity. Plant height at flowering ranged from 0.75 to 1.09 m, and 0.80 to 0.91m in the experiments, respectively. In the first experiment the Q13-17 genotype with higher productivity, only took 46.57 days after sowing to flower, and time below the eleven genotypes. All genotypes are considered bitter, presented early cycle and height of the first inflorescence enough to allow mechanized harvesting. The Q13-04 genotypes, Q13-20, Q13-21, Q13-24 and Q2014 were classified as stable by the methods proposed by Eberhart and Russell and Lin and Binns adapted by Carneiro. There was agreement between the methods of Eberhart and Russell and Integrated for Q13-01 genotypes, Q13-06, Q13-10, Q13-18 and Q13-20, which have high adaptability to the environments studied. All methods showed the Q13-02 genotype as the least adaptability and phenotypic stability, which is subject to disposal quinoa Improvement Program. The Q13-04, Q13-06 genotypes, Q13-17, Q13-21 and Q2014 have agronomic characteristics such as yield potential, early cycles, and time of the first inflorescence enough to allow mechanized harvesting, as well as stability and phenotypic adaptability to environmental conditions the Western Region of Paraná and may be released as new varieties adapted to areas with environmental conditions similar to the study
O consumo de quinoa vem crescendo no mundo devido seu alto valor nutricional e variabilidade genética, podendo ser uma alternativa na diversificação da produção, entretanto os estudos com a cultura ainda estão restritos à região do cerrado, tornando necessário disponibilizar cultivares adaptadas à região sul do Brasil. Assim, este estudo foi conduzido com o objetivo de caracterizar e analisar a adaptabilidade e estabilidade de genótipos de Chenopodium quinoa Willd pertencentes ao Programa de Melhoramento de Quinoa da Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná UNIOESTE. Foram conduzidos quatro experimentos sendo três deles no campo experimental de Entre Rios do Oeste e um em Marechal Cândido Rondon. O delineamento experimental foi de blocos ao acaso, composto de treze (apenas o primeiro experimento) e dezesseis genótipos de C. quinoa selecionados dentro das populações de Quinoa Real, Cherry Vanilla, Brilliant Rainbow e Quinoa Orange, em três repetições. Os parâmetros avaliados foram: número de dias para a floração, altura de plantas na floração, ciclo, altura de plantas na maturação, altura de inserção da primeira inflorescência, população de plantas, produtividade, teor de saponina e umidade. Utilizaram-se as metodologias: Eberhart e Russell, Lin e Binns, adaptado por Carneiro, e o Método Integrado para determinação da estabilidade e adaptabilidade fenotípica da produtividade. A altura de plantas na floração variou de 0,75 a 1,09 m e de 0,80 a 0,91 m nos experimentos, respectivamente. No primeiro experimento o genótipo Q13-17, com a maior produtividade, levou apenas 46,57 dias após a semeadura para florescer, sendo tempo inferior à outros onze genótipos. Todos os genótipos avaliados são considerados amargos, apresentam ciclo precoce e altura da primeira inflorescência suficiente para possibilitar a colheita mecanizada. Os genótipos Q13-04, Q13-20, Q13-21, Q13-24 e Q2014 foram classificados como estáveis pelos métodos propostos por Eberhart e Russell e o de Lin e Binns adaptado por Carneiro. Houve concordância entre os métodos de Eberhart e Russell e Integrado para os genótipos Q13-01, Q13-06, Q13-10, Q13-18 e Q13-20, os quais possuem adaptabilidade geral aos ambientes estudados. Todos os métodos apontaram o genótipo Q13-02 como o de menor adaptabilidade e estabilidade fenotípica, sendo este passível de descarte do Programa de Melhoramento de quinoa. Os genótipos Q13-04, Q13-06, Q13-17, Q13-21 e Q2014 apresentam características agronômicas como potencial produtivo, ciclos precoces, e altura da primeira inflorescência suficiente para possibilitar a colheita mecanizada, além de estabilidade e adaptabilidade fenotípica às condições ambientais da Região Oeste do Paraná, podendo ser lançadas como novas variedades adaptadas à regiões com condições ambientais semelhantes ao do estudo

Quinua (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) is an Andean grain with high protein content (14%), and it is one of the main crops that generate incomes for Bolivian plateau farmers. The quinua crop grows in conditions of low temperature, rainfall, and fertility, and although a good development is observed under limited environmental and soil conditions, the yields in Bolivia are usually very low. This study aimed to evaluate the quinoa grain yield and the nitrogen content in the soil and the grains using different amounts of organic fertilization and supplemental irrigation. Four experiments were conducted: the first one was conducted in the South Highland, in a completely randomized block design, bi-factorial: quantities of sheep manure applied in the soil (0, 4, 8 and 12 Mg ha-1) and irrigation management (with and without supplemental irrigation), the second experiment was conducted in the Central Highlands, using a completely randomized block design, with three factors: sheep manure applied in three different times (May, July and September), irrigation (with and without supplemental irrigation) and application of three amounts of sheep manure (0, 15 and 30 Mg ha-1), evaluating in both experiments, the effects of these treatments on grain yield, quinua dry matter, grain nitrogen content and nitrogen use efficiency. The third experiment was conducted in the Central Highlands with the objective of evaluating two soil textures classes and two crop residues on soil surface: sandy soil with fescue and quinua crop residues on the soil surface and sandy clay loam soil with fescue and potato crop residues. On this experiment it was analyzed the effect of these treatments on the mineral nitrogen content of the soil; the fourth experiment was conducted in the Laboratory of the Agronomy Faculty of La Paz, in a completely randomized design with three replications. Soil was incubated with deferent quantities of sheep manure (0, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24 and 30 Mg ha-1) to determine nitrogen and carbon mineralization in different times during a period of time of three months. Experimental results indicated that in the Bolivian highlands the quinoa yield is influenced by climate and soil conditions (rainfall of 200 mm per year and 0.03% of total nitrogen in the soil). However, the distribution of 15 Mg ha-1 of sheep manure applied five to seven months before sowing the crop and complimented with supplemental irrigation at flowering and grain milk crop development stage, increase quinua grain yield, the nitrogen accumulation and the nitrogen use efficiency. The total grain nitrogen was not affected by the quantities of sheep manure used. Results also indicated that the soil management (vegetation) and the type of the soil texture has influenced on the soil mineral nitrogen, showing value of 2 mg N kg-1 of soil. The incorporation of sheep manure to the soil resulted in nitrogen immobilization during the first 45 days, the rate of nitrogen mineralization ranged from 0.62 to 0.64 mg kg day-1 for treatments with doses of 16 and 20 Mg ha-1 of sheep manure.
A quinua (Chenopodium quinoa Willd) é um grão andino, com elevado valor proteico (14%), sendo um dos principais cultivos que geram rendas para os agricultores do Planalto Boliviano. A cultura desenvolve-se em condições de baixa temperatura, precipitação pluvial e fertilidade e, embora tenha um bom desenvolvimento em condições com limitações ambientais e de solo, os rendimentos usualmente observados no Planalto Boliviano são baixos. A presente pesquisa teve como objetivo avaliar a produtividade da cultura da quinua, teores de nitrogênio nos grãos e no solo em diferentes quantidades de adubação orgânica e com irrigação suplementar. Foram realizados quatro experimentos: o primeiro, realizado no Planalto Sul, no delineamento de blocos ao acaso bifatorial: quantidades de esterco de ovelha aplicadas ao solo (0, 4, 8 e 12 Mg ha-1) e manejos de irrigação (sem e com irrigação suplementar); o segundo experimento foi realizado no Planalto Central, em esquema trifatorial, em três repetições: épocas de aplicação do esterco (Maio, Julho e Setembro), manejos de irrigação (sem e com irrigação suplementar) e doses de esterco de ovelha aplicadas no solo (0, 15 e 30 Mg ha-1), avaliando-se, em ambos os experimentos, os efeitos sobre a produtividade de grãos, matéria seca da quinua, teor de nitrogênio nos grãos e eficiência de uso do nitrogênio; o terceiro experimento foi realizado no Planalto Central, onde foram avaliados dois tipos de solo e duas coberturas da superfície do solo por resíduos vegetais: areia franca com festuca e restevas de quinua e, solo franco argila arenoso com festuca e restevas de batata, sendo analisado o efeito sobre os teores de nitrogênio mineral do solo; o quarto experimento foi realizado no Laboratório da Faculdade de Agronomia de La Paz, no delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, com três repetições, Incubou-se solo com diferentes quantidades de esterco de ovelha (0, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24 e 30 Mg ha-1), onde se determinou a mineralização do nitrogênio e carbono em diferentes datas, durante um período de três meses. Os resultados indicaram que, no Planalto Boliviano, o rendimento da quinua é influenciado pelas condições de clima e solo (200 mm anuais de chuva e 0,03% de nitrogênio total no solo). No entanto, doses de 15 Mg ha-1 de esterco de ovelha, aplicados cinco ou sete meses antes da semeadura da quinua e complementados com irrigação suplementar na fase de floração e grão leitoso, favoreceram a produtividade de grãos, o acúmulo e a eficiência de uso de nitrogênio. Os teores de nitrogênio total não foram influenciados pelas doses de esterco de ovelha utilizadas. Além disso, o manejo do solo (cobertura vegetal) e o tipo de textura do solo influenciaram nos valores dos teores de nitrogênio mineral, apresentando valor de 2 mg de nitrogênio kg-1 de solo. A incorporação do esterco de ovelha ao solo resultou na imobilização do nitrogênio nos primeiros 45 dias após a aplicação, sendo a taxa de mineralização do nitrogênio de 0,62 a 0,64 mg kg dia-1 para tratamentos com doses de 16 e 20 Mg ha-1 de esterco.

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