Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Produits commerciaux – Aspect de l'environnement'
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Ameknassi, Lhoussaine. "Stratégie de mise en œuvre de l'éco-conception : aspects techniques & organisationnels." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/23404.
Full textParedes, Valencia Adriana. "Étude comparative de deux méthodes de fabrication de yogourt grec à échelle pilote utilisant l'ultrafiltration comme technique de concentration : étude basée sur la méthode d'analyse de cycle de vie." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/27243.
Full textCobut, Aline. "Écoconception des produits d'apparence en bois pour la construction non-résidentielle." Thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2014/30421/30421.pdf.
Full textThe main goal of this research was to help positioning appearance wood products in non-residential construction by investing in environmental design. By adopting market dynamics and regulations towards environmentally preferable products, manufacturers of secondary forest products will become more competitive. More specifically, the objectives of this thesis is to acquire greater knowledge of environmental implications of appearance wood products by analyzing current environmental certifications and labeling; to use a life cycle approach to identify the environmental profile of the most specified appearance wood products in non-residential constructions with life cycle analysis; to reduce their environmental footprint through ecodesign; and finally to generalize resulting observations about doors to all other appearance wood products to improve their ecodesign. About twenty type I ecolabels applicable to appearance wood products have been identified. Those labels have then been classified into four groups. Scientific literature shows that a comprehensive approach, that is taking into account all product life cycle stages, and multi criteria approach, that is considering all environmental impact categories, are essential to evaluate the environmental friendliness of a product. The case study permitted to observe that raw materials used for door production, in particular the particleboard, were responsible for 60% of total environmental impacts of the door, followed by product end-of-life (landfilling) and shipping. Ecodesign scenarios were developed according to those contributive life cycle stages : raw materials, end-of-life and transportation. The generalization of the door LCA results and ecodesign propositions to the entire appearance wood product family showed that raw materials still had a high contribution to products total environmental impacts and that decisions should be accordling to the type of wood used during the manufacture (wood composite or solid wood and veneer).
Desjardins, Marie-Claude. "Les possibilités et les limites de l'«analyse du cycle de vie» pour un droit de l'environnement plus cohérent et efficace." Thesis, Université Laval, 2007. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2007/24192/24192.pdf.
Full textBensbaa, Abderrezak. ""Plan de gestion global d'un projet de conception et d'édification d'une entreprise industrielle, œuvrant dans le cadre de la logistique inverse" : étude de cas : recyclage et pré-valorisation des pneus en fin de vie." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/21196.
Full textPaulic, Gaëlle. "Entre production et consommation durables, quelle politique écologique des produits pour l'Union européenne ?" Nantes, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009NANT4009.
Full textConspicuous consumption has become the hallmark of the individualist model of society in the 21th century and the impacts of this consumption on the environment mean that the necessity to develop sustainable consumption patterns has become a central policy focus. Extended producer responsibility has already begun to focus on the product and its environmental impact. A new approach has now been canvassed bu the European Community which proposes a radical revision in the way in which impacts should evaluated and controlled. Integrated Product Policy is a proposal which reflects the problems of a society driven by consumerism. This evolutionary development in environmental politics results from a growing awareness that the increasing consumerism and globalisation of western society is linked to environmental degradation. Products are developed in accordance with their marketability. But their marketability is not automatically influenced by their environmental impact. IPP represents an innovative way of controlling environmental pollution by looking by the impacts which individual products will have on the environment along their full supply chain throughout their lifetime. It is a policy which is designed to function within a market economy where it is essential that consumption and production patterns are sustained in an economic sense. It is not aimed of achieving a reduction of consumption of products. But the viability of the new paradigm faces many difficulties in the refinement of a life-cycle approach within the current European legislation and within the context of a multilateral trade
Debourdeau, Ariane. "Prendre en compte l'environnement dans la sphère du produire : normalisation par les dispositifs socio-techniques en réseau et formes d’engagement environnemental." La Rochelle, 2007. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00818915.
Full textThis research deals with standardization through different sociotechnical agencements and with the normalization and the regulation of environmental discourses and practices within the sphere of producing (Jonas). It concerns more specifically the firms and their environmental and sustainable development’s politics (management systems, reporting, labelization, a. S. O. ). This dissertation describes finely the concerned networks, and especially mediations provided by a multitude of texts, written and conveyed by heterogeneous actors. This “architexture” is translated into the firm’s environmental practices – a translation corresponding to the new networks’ extensions. Our methodological point of view is ethnographic; accounting for three different kinds of companies environmental politics. We wanted to understand if and how environment can contribute to a politicization of the Sphere of production, to question the instruments serving as a proof of the firm’s commitment to the environment. This research focuses on hybrid forms of environmental public policies, on the development of compromises between rationality economic (economic rationality), scientific and technical innovation and (the) construction of indicator in order to make the environment quantifiable and measurable. This study supposed a large “technical enquiry”, which dealt with statistics on one hand, and technical objects’ way of living on the other hand. The co-production of markets and environment(s) appeared finally as a pragmatic of the “less evil”, which left minimal compromise as for the possibility of an ecological ethics of the Sphere of producing
Djebbari, Fanny. "Une analyse microéconomique des effets de l'information et de la notoriété dans le commerce électronique en présence de comparateurs de prix." Caen, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005CAEN0626.
Full textBougherara, Douadia. "L' écolabellisation : un instrument de préservation de l'environnement par le consommateur ? Une application aux produits agro-alimentaires." Dijon, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003DIJOE004.
Full textThe thesis describes ecolabeling as a hybrid institutional device, distinguished from other environmental policy tools through its explicit reliance on the market, a mechanism intended to promote collective well-being through the diffusion of information. We aim to characterize and analyze the functions of this device by underlying the necessary conditions to ensure ecolabeling leads to environmental improvement. The first section describes and analyzes ecolabeling as a complement to other environmental policy tools. The second section identifies and investigates several mechanisms which may enhance the efficiency of transactions, between sellers and consumers, of products embedded with environmental attributes. The third section examines one of the foundations of ecolabel efficiency by measuring and characterizing consumers' willingness to pay for agro-food products embedded with environmental attributes
Petit, Sylvain. "Une analyse du tourisme international : fragmentation de la production, flux croisés, effets redistributifs." Thesis, Lille 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010LIL12013/document.
Full textDespite the dynamism of tourism sector and its weight in the international economy, this is an activity which is rarely studied by economists. The objective of this thesis is to lessen this deficiency. The first chapter is devoted to the international division of tourism production. By using a traditional international economy model and an empirical analysis, we show that tourismproduction can be internationally segmented into several steps of production, which are localized in different countries. The comparison of bilateral tourism flows is studied in the next four chapters. We begin by measuring the intra-industry trade in tourism. For this, we construct a methodology which can measure what we call ‘intra-tourism trade’ and can estimate the quality of international tourism services. We then analyze tourism specialization by level of quality, and in the following chapter, we present a theoretical and empirical survey of the intra-industry trade. Finally, we conduct an econometric study of the explaining factors for intra-tourism trade. The last chapter concerns another subject: the impact of international tourism on inequalities. For this, we conduct an econometric investigation, based on panel data modeling techniques, therefore being able to compare this impact to that of the other sectors in the economy
Reyes, Carrillo Tatiana. "L'éco-conception dans les PME : les mécanismes du cheval de Troie méthodologique et du choix de trajectoires comme vecteurs d'intégration de l'environnement en conception." Toulon, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00274389/fr/.
Full textThis research proposes a new solution to fulfill the need to develop an accessible mechanism to implement sustainable design in the long term, based on 2 axes. The first axis relies on the clear identification of integration trajectories. This allows the company to guide the integration process on the long term. The second axis is based on an ecodesign tool that is conceived and developed by all the main participants in the design. This axis enables a progressive evolution of environmental performance within an organization. An investigation work has been done, with specific experts for the first axis and with ecodesign pioneers companies for the second axis. We call this second point mechanism a "methodological Trojan horse" approach ("MTH") because the underlying strategy is to introduce an appropriate pretext that enables collaborative work (the ecodesign tool has to be co-designed) and to supply the organization with the necessary skills to develop the tool at a later stage. The "MTH" approach facilitates the propagation of sustainable design knowledge at all levels within the company and thus allows the company to progress towards complete integration (from a partial sustainable design approach to an eco-innovation approach, integrating the requirements of sustainable development). The whole concept of this MTH was tested over a period of two years in the company Transfix that manufactures transformers. It has successfully highlighted the benefits of this integrated approach based on the "MTH" mechanism and guided by the "ecodesign tools and methods" integration trajectory
Benoit, Scott. "Évaluation de l'éco-efficacité des procédés de transformation des produits laitiers : développement d'un outil de simulation." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/31384.
Full textEco-efficiency is a concept specifically designed for the business world and which links theenvironmental and economic performances of a product or service. Since 2012, eco-efficiency is subject to a standardised assessment (ISO 14045) which imposes life cycle analysis to conduct the assessment of the potential environmental impacts. Eco-efficiency assessment thus offers the business world the opportunity to make decisions not only based on economical criteria but also factoring in the potential environmental impacts. Among the countless industrial activities likely to benefit from the eco-efficiency concept is dairy processing. Indeed, this sector of the agri-food industry surely enables valorisation of dairy raw material but it concomitantly exploits a significant part of the natural resources. The first objective of this thesis was to conduct a state of play on the development and implementation of the ecoefficiency concept in the dairy processing field. A first study enabled to look at the dairy processing activity from a life-cycle perspective, and to investigate the successive developments of the eco-efficiency concept in this field. In particular, the study showed that process simulation presented a sound interest in overcoming the difficulties associated with eco-efficiency assessment according to the ISO 14045 standard: the need for a complete inventory of material and energy flows, and for a certain expertise in life cycle analysis. Therefore, the second objective of this thesis was to develop a process simulation tool enabling the ecoefficiency assessment of the dairy processes. A second study thus led to the development of a software prototype allowing for eco-efficiency assessment of dairy products. This prototype relies on a process simulator specifically designed for dairy processes and which includes datasets of potential environmental impacts. These features allow for both the generation of detailed inventories of material and energy flows and potential environmental impact assessments, thereby overcoming the challenges identified in the first study. The developed prototype not only allows for eco-efficiency assessments of the modelled processes but also enables identification of the improvement opportunities, comparison of multiple scenarios of raw milk valuation, and assessment of the economic viability of the modelled scenarios. This tool was used in a third and last study in order to assess the contribution of pressure driven filtration operations to the overall eco-efficiency of dairy processes. These operations are omnipresent in the dairy processing activity and hold a potential for eco-efficiency improvement which has not been yet demonstrated. Three scenarios of Cheddar cheese production were compared in this study: two integrating pressure driven filtration processes at the cheese milk standardisation stage, and one that did not include such operations. Results revealed that although introducing pressure driven filtration processes at the cheese milk standardisation stage can significantly improve the cheese yields, it does not allow for an improvement of the eco-efficiency of the cheese production process. Analysis of the results showed that t he potentials for eco-efficiency improvements in dairy processing through the introduction of pressure driven filtration operations could probably be achieved by incorporating them in the by-product valuation processes. The research work conducted within the framework of this thesis fulfilled all the different objectives set and therefore should help make eco-efficiency assessment more accessible to all the decision-makers related in one way or another to the dairy processing industry.
Bussières, Daniel. "Influence de l'intégration de produits forestiers non ligneux sur l'abondance et la richesse des micromammifères dans les haies brise-vent et les bandes riveraines." Thesis, Université Laval, 2007. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2007/24910/24910.pdf.
Full textElMarzougui, Eskandar. "Three essays in international trade, agriculture and the environment." Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/30163/30163.pdf.
Full textThis thesis focusses on the consequences of international economic (investment and trade) openness on the environment and on the potential impacts of growing environmental concerns on the stability of agricultural markets (corn prices in the international market). The first essay studies the impact of trade and investment openness on the environment at the aggregate level. We find that the pollution haven hypothesis is supported for major greenhouse gases (CO2, HFC, PFC and SF6) and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), but not for local pollutants (NO2 and SO2), for which the pollution halo hypothesis could not be rejected. We show that the relocation of multinational corporations has harmful environmental effects in developing countries, while foreign direct investment reduces local pollutants emission in both developed and developing countries. Ratification of environmental agreements is found to have a stronger mitigating impact in developed countries than in developing ones and trade openness has a significantly negative impact on the emission of most pollutants. The second essay studies the impact of openness on the environment at the regional level. We find support for the pollution haven hypothesis for CO2 emissions in Africa, the Middle East and North Africa, the former United Socialist Soviet Republic and Eastern Europe, and South America, but not in Asia, for which the pollution halo hypothesis could not be rejected. The pollution haven hypothesis is also supported for SO2 emissions in South America while the pollution halo holds for SO2 emissions in Africa. We show that local investment is contributing significantly to both CO2 and SO2 emissions increase in most regions while trade openness matters only in two regions. The third essay identifies three structural breaks in the relationship between corn and oil prices. We show that the relationship between corn and oil prices tends to be stronger when oil prices are highly volatile and when agricultural policies create less distortion. The ethanol boom strengthened the relation between corn and oil prices which are cointegrated only in the fourth regime. Impulse response functions confirm that corn prices systematically respond to oil price shocks, but the converse is not observed.
Bosia, Etienne. "La contrefaçon de phonogrammes chez les adolescents : proposition et validation d'un modèle général." Bordeaux 4, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007BOR40012.
Full textCounterfeiting of phonograms among adolescents: proposal and validation of a general model. The phonographic industry is presently going through a crisis whose main cause would seem to be counterfeiting, as frequently decried by the heads of this industry, who, in repeated interviews, unanimously reaffirm that “piracy is sounding the death knell of discs, piracy is killing music”. However, should one believe them blindly? Through the analysis of 7 interviews conducted with professionals, a sectorial study and a legal study, the first part of this work relativizes these statements by presenting the phonographic industry and the stakes that confront it presently. Once having established the role of counterfeiting, our research begins by identifying and situating the prejudice suffered in case of counterfeiting. Yet another qualitative research, conducted with 21 consumers, leads us to induce a model of construction of musical identity of the individual, a model which highlights the dominating role of age and gender of the consumer as structuring variables of musical consumption, acquisition and counterfeiting of phonograms. After that we identify the different dimensions that he mobilizes in order to procure a work of art for himself, legally or otherwise. Focusing subsequently on the sub-population of teenagers, our work brings to the fore the constructs that are likely to explain the behaviours of counterfeiting: specificities in the orientation of value systems, involvement with regard to discs, the degree of leadership and propensity to fraudulent practices are as many potential explanatory variables that our research jointly considers within a general model of counterfeiting of phonograms, a model tested and validated quantitatively among 644 teenagers. Last but not least, through testing and validation of two gender-based models, we confirm the role played by the gender of the consumer and the aforementioned constructs in explaining behaviours of phonogram counterfeiting among teenage boys and girls
Debusschere, Vincent. "Contributions méthodologiques à l’éco-conception des convertisseurs électromagnétiques d’énergie." Cachan, Ecole normale supérieure, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00443702/fr/.
Full textMinimizing environmental impacts of human activity represent a major objective of sustainable development considering resources depletion and the limited capabilities of the environment to adapt. Devices with better environmental performance require a specific design approach integrating credible environmental criteria. It is indeed by acting at the early phase of design that it is likely to provide the maximum flexibility to minimize environmental impacts of a product (or service). This method is called eco-design. In the field of eco-design, these works are conduct on applications of electrical engineering and more specifically of electromagnetic energy converters. These components have the distinction of consuming energy during use. This particularity implies a strong connection between the operating mode of the device and its life cycle design. This thesis propose in a first part an introduction to life cycle assessment and to the basic principles of eco-design. The methodological perspectives that these considerations open in the specific field of Electrical Engineering are then described. In a second part, three Electrical Engineering cases of increasing complexity are studied : a simplified single-phase transformer, a permanent capacitor single-phase induction machine with very short operating times (real commercial product) and finally a three-phase induction machine with optimized power supply. These applications are used to emphasize the principles of eco-design and are optimized regarding three environmental criteria : the gross energy requirement, the resources depletion and the global warming potential. In fact, taking into account other environmental impacts is identical in terms of methodology. In these studies, we show that it is interesting to optimize the design of these electromagnetic converters on life cycle, when their cumulative operating time is small compared to the total time of use. The amount of operating losses is also a parameter having a significant action on the results of eco-design. The setting of these applications is also subject to various sensitivity studies in order to determine more precisely the influence of the elementary energy costs, the choice of raw materials, etc. . Finally, we introduce the definition of an energy efficiency on life cycle more appropriate to an eco-design methodology
Mehamli, Amara. "Les déterminants de l'innovation environnementale : application au secteur des détergents et produits d'entretien." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AIXM1047.
Full textThe aim of this thesis is to determine the relevant factors of environmental product innovation. This new more complex innovation, which requires environmental and competitiveness performance for its development and diffusion, occupies a more and more central place in the firm. We have in this work particularly analyzed the effectiveness of voluntary approaches (namely the European Ecolabel certification) on the innovation of products in the firm and, at the same time, identified the key determinants to adoption of this ecolabel. We focused our analysis on the detergents and maintenance-products sector in France. This study is a part of an evolutionary approach and considers the process of technical change (development and diffusion of European Ecolabel certified product) to be a complex and uncertain process incorporating different factors in co-evolution, beyond a limited conception of the role of environmental policies. The case study shows the role of the firm strategy in the process of technical change. The empirical analysis confirms the role of this determinant (strategy of suppliers of bimolecular substances) and presents, moreover, the importance of regulation (REACH…), the benefits of certification (brand image) and demand as key factors in adoption of this ecolabel certification. Indeed, although this voluntary policy drives some firms to innovation, the environmental performance and accession by most firms in this sector remains a challenge. In the current context, firms which have used biomolecular substances, under suppliers' strategic influence, have developed green products but not systematically European Ecolabel certified products
Gbagbeu, Vramah Serge Marius. "Analyse des facteurs explicatifs du commerce international de biens environnementaux : Utilisation de modèles de gravité." Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/29719/29719.pdf.
Full textThe main objective of the present study is to analyze the determiners of the trade of goods generally and the environmental goods in particular from the models of gravity of type CES and Translog inspired by the works of Novy (2012). Our results of estimation from these two models allow to say on one hand that the impact of the explanatory variables is more important on the flow of trade when we use the model Translog but this impact is not uniform and on the other hand that this impact is more important on the trade of the environmental goods to compared with the flow of the exchanges of all the goods in a general way. Finally, the value of the coefficients of regression so that of the elasticity cost of the trade from the model Translog are in the neighborhood of the results of the empirical studies which served as reference frame.
Henaux, Loïc. "Fractionnement d’un hydrolysat de protéines de saumon par électrodialyse avec empilement de membranes d’ultrafiltration afin de concentrer, isoler et identifier des peptides glucorégulateurs." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/66671.
Full textType 2 diabetes (T2DM) is a complex multifactorial disorder of glucose homeostasis. This disease has a genetic basis but is mainly caused by socio-environmental behaviours, such as overeating and a lack of physical activity. Despite dietary measures and medical treatments used to prevent and treat the disease, T2D continues to progress. The identification and production of bioactive peptides from natural sources offer an interesting alternative to synthetic drugs, whose concerns about side effects are constantly increasing. Thus, because of their abundance and richness in bioactive molecules, fish processing co-products offer an almost inexhaustible source of bioactive peptides. Indeed, in previous studies, cod and salmon proteins have been shown to improve cardio-metabolic health in in vivo studies, and to improve muscle glucose uptake, decrease hepatic glucose production, and inflammation. In addition, with a growing number of people to feed, the processing industry is at its height, and waste continues to accumulate. Nevertheless, in order to exert their bioactive effect, it is necessary to release these bioactive peptides from native proteins. Subsequently, one or more separation, using for example electrodialysis with ultrafiltration membranes, are needed to concentrate these peptides and generate bioactive fractions. Indeed, it was previously demonstrated the effectiveness of electrodialysis with ultrafiltration membranes to generate bioactive fractions, from complex matrices, able to improve the glucose uptake in vitro, from soy and salmon protein hydrolysates. In this context, the main objective of this thesis was to concentrate and identify bioactive peptides, by fractionating a protein hydrolysate from a salmon co-product, by electrodialysis with ultrafiltration membranes, and to study the impact of these fractions and peptides on T2D. In the first study, results demonstrated that a triple size selective separation by EDUF allowed to generate peptide fractions with different physicochemical properties (charge and mass). Moreover, it was demonstrated that such a separation allowed to modulate the in vitro response of the fractions for glucose metabolism. Indeed, from a single EDUF separation, cationic peptides with higher molecular weights were concentrated and demonstrated to enhance their glucose uptake capacity. Whereas, cationic peptides with lower molecular weights have decreased the glucose uptake capacity. In addition, analyses by mass spectrometry of the vi fractions allowed to characterize (retention time and charge) 17 cationic peptides and 21 anionic peptides, potentially responsible for the bioactive effect of the fractions. In a second study, a second EDUF fractionation, using as feed solution the final fractions recovered during the previous separation was performed. The selectivity of the process was confirmed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analyses. Moreover, in vitro study of the bioactivities (glucose uptake, hepatic glucose production and inflammation) effect of these fractions, led to the identification of two very promising fractions, demonstrating a simultaneous effect on all three bioactivities tested. In addition, the tandem mass spectrometry analysis of these fractions allowed the sequence identification of 24 anionic peptides, potentially responsible for these bioactive effects. Finally, in a third study, based on the analysis of the spectra obtained by tandem mass spectrometry, 13 peptides were selected and synthesized, then individually tested for their ability to increase glucose uptake in muscle cells, to reduce glucose production by hepatic cells, and to decrease the inflammatory response of macrophages. Thus, for the first time, four new peptides identified from salmon by-products, demonstrated in vitro glucoregulatory properties.
Villemaine, Robin. "Le conseil agricole coopératif à l'épreuve de l'environnement : une enquête en Champagne-Ardenne." Thesis, Dijon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016DIJOL001.
Full textAgricultural cooperatives are sometimes presented as an alternative to the excesses of financial capitalism, and sometimes criticized because of their reluctance to cope with environmental concerns. But how, actually, do they integrate these environmental stakes into their strategies and organization? How are their agents affected in their work by the increase of environmental normalization, and how do they deal with them? I address these issues through the analysis of the schemes these organizations build to bring technical advice to the producers, with a socio-historical focus based on an investigation in the French Region Champagne-Ardenne. I show that the question “who handles the environmental concerns, and how” shapes the dynamic of these schemes. Executives of cooperatives adjust their economic model and advisement frame to cope with concurrence and to respond to environmental criticism. On the one hand, they integrate the competence of sustainability into their strategies of wealth creation, upstream of the advice activity, to defend ways of environmental reform of agriculture in line with their interest, and in the same time they let individual producers delegate a part of their environmental responsibility. On the other hand, they develop new advice methods for producers who don’t want to delegate this competence. Otherwise, technical sales advisors don’t think that dealing with environmental concerns is an effective means to strengthen their links with their customers. They do with this constraint through their regulatory expertise, and develop new competences to meet the producers’ request for services
Laurent, Achille Benjamin. "Développement d'un modèle d'aide à la décision basé sur l'optimisation multicritère, intégrant l'analyse de cycle de vie conséquentielle : application à une entreprise forestière." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/27933.
Full textHow can forest harvesting entrepreneurs consider environmental impacts in their business decisions? What technologies can reduce environmental impacts while making the company more profitable? To answer these questions, we developed a strategic decision support tool which integrated the minimization of environmental impacts with economic objectives environmental based on multi-criteria optimization. The consideration of environmental and economic impacts on the entire logistics network requires a holistic vision. That why a life-cycle approach was adopted all long of this thesis. Thus, the multi-criteria model is powered by environmental Life-Cycle Assessment (LCA) and Life-Cycle Cost Assessment (LCCA). The first contribution of this thesis is to present a LCA of the product portfolio of a forestry company. LCA is a standardized and recognized method for quantifying the environmental impacts of a product or service. This analysis was realized with the IMPACT 2002+ method, which quantify damages on human health, ecosystem quality, climate changes and resource consumption, which are the four environmental criteria in this entire research project. The second contribution is the realization of an Activity-Based Life-Cycle Costing (AB-LCC) covering all the harvesting and processing activities of the same forestry company. The cost structure of the company was analyzed for each product of the portfolio along with an analysis of the life-cycle of each Harvested Wood Product (HWP) in the North American market context. With a consequential LCA approach, it is possible to consider the consequences of a change by integrating the substitution effects. Substition of building materials, such as steel or concrete, and of fossil fuels by HWP has positive greenhouse gas emission impacts. The third contribution, presented in chapter 4, use results of the previous analyzes to incorporate them in a multi-criteria optimization model which considers both profitability and environmental impacts. The decision support model provides optimization from an environmental, economic and all compromises between these criteria, on material flux and new technology acquisition. A graphical representation of the proposed network accompanies the calculation of expected annual profits and net GHG emissions of solutions. The case study is based on primary and historical data of the company activities as well as set of new technologies considered, for both environmental and economic criteria. The mathematical model is linear integer programming that is resolved by the exact method and a posteriori approach, by varying weights between 0 and 1 for each criterion, to generate 150 solutions. Several prospective technologies are proposed in the model while respecting the constraints of supplies, recipes and specific capacity to the context of the studied forestry company. A final contribution of this thesis is about the HWP delivery system, presented in chapter 5. The routing of prefabricated building systems directly on construction sites has several advantages, but it is a source of GHG emissions. CarbonRoadMap is a multicriteria and multimodal model supporting decisions about alternatives to truck only transport. The forestry company can suggest different routes based on the priorities of its customers, who may be the time, cost or carbon emissions. This whole thesis demonstrates that the integration of environmental criteria in the decision support tools allows a wider vision. In the applications, specific to forestry business, the solutions with an environmental impacts reduction are mostly a source of additional profit simultaneity.
Thellier, Lionel. "Environmental impacts of the electricity produced by a solid oxide fuel cell and nuclear reactors." Thesis, Lille 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008LIL10107.
Full textHumankind faces many challenges in the energy field: explosion in demand, greenhouse gas emissions, rarefaction of certain fossi! resources, pollution etc. The answer to these challenges lies in particular in the development of energy conversion systems with a high efficiency and low environmental impacts. Furthermore, it requires the development of approaches which enable to evaluate these impacts and communicate the results to a very wide audience. The work undertaken in this Phd thesis is a contribution to the efforts underway to me et this dual demand. It is made up of two parts which have consisted respectively: - in evaluating with a mature approach the environmental impacts of the electricity produced by an energy conversion system currently under development. The objective was to carry out a Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) of the electricity provided by a Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) "stack". The study was aimed to define the optimal manufacturing, use and end-of-life conditions for this stack from an environmental point of view, in order to help the designers and users in their technological choices. - in developing an approach which allows the assessment of the environmental impacts of the electricity produced by a mature energy conversion system. The objective was to adapt the concepts of Ecological Footprint and Biocapacity in order that they properly integrate nuclear electricity production. The study was aimed to propose a simple indicator for evaluating the environmental impacts ofthis type of electricity
Wignacourt, Alex. "Caractérisation, mesure et évaluation des indicateurs techniques, économiques et financiers des éco-matériaux : application au secteur du bâtiment." Phd thesis, Ecole Centrale de Lille, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00581767.
Full textDesbiens, Pascal. "Évaluation des populations de carabidés (Coleoptera : carabidae) dans les haies brise-vent intégrant des arbustes porteurs de produits forestiers non ligneux." Thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2010/27152/27152.pdf.
Full textCloteau, Armèle. "Produire la valeur politique des marchandises : La construction historique d’un lobbying agroindustriel à Bruxelles (1945-2018)." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLV073.
Full textA wide literature on lobbying has already analysed the history of Brussels-based economic interest groups, their structure and the evolution of firms’ techniques of self-representation to policymakers and the public. These studies have also explored the different facets of the lobbying profession and shown how these professionals maintain close contact with politicians, their advisers, or bureaucrats. But, paradoxically, little academic work so far has addressed how this representation work evolves alongside companies’ economic structures, their scope of activity, or even the type of products they seek to introduce on the intra- and extra-European markets. At the crossroads of the economic and political sociology of the European Union (EU), this thesis claims that the formalization of relations between European institutions and companies under what is now called "lobbying" took place progressively as part of the evolution of businesses and corporate governance.Some companies originated from the European continent but already globalized did not spontaneously adjust to the expectations of new EU institutions, including in terms of markets for their products or because of their internal organization. For these companies, the transition from economic diplomacy carried out through senior managers to professionalized lobbying, as it developed at the end of the 1990s, was not only a response to the European Commission's expectations but also conditioned by economic constraints.Based on the analysis of a major agro-industrial group’s archives, an ethnography within this group’s European office, and 50 interviews with business representatives and members of the EU institutions, this thesis contributes to the economic and historical sociology of company representation in the European Community. My key argument is that lobbying is not only about political communication: it is an extension of productive processes. As the history of the creation of a European office within this agro-industrial firm shows, it is not a company that produces commodities and then hires lobbyists to influence decision makers after the fact. In this company, as in many others, the first lobbyists often came from management positions: they were executives who were "appointed" in Brussels while they were previously in charge of production or sales units. Today, lobbying practices are still deeply entrenched in economic activities. As my ethnographic work shows, lobbying implies working permanently to requalify the properties of the goods that are produced by the company, even if many professional interest representatives are now trained in public affairs. By downplaying the most traditional commercial properties of products (market share, sale price) and by accentuating their potential symbolic properties ("healthy products", "environmentally friendly"), professionals in the field of interest representation shape the symbolic value of goods while making them compatible with the categories that regulators mobilize. Thus they contribute to the permanent updating of the political value of commodities and facilitate their introduction and longevity on the market
Toglo, Amévi. "Accords de Partenariat Trans Pacifique et secteur laitier canadien : analyse des impacts économiques." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/28358.
Full textPending the possible implementation of the Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement (TPP), the protocol of which was signed at the autumn 2015, we have analyzed its economic impacts using a partial equilibrium model on the supply-managed Canadian dairy sector. The issue was addressed in terms of tariff liberalization with a minimum access increase per tariff line. Using the short-term scenarios (no adjustments) and long-term scenarios (reduction of the national marketing quota), we analyzed the implications of the TPP for the welfare of the various actors in the sector, inputs and outputs and the quantities offered and consumed. The results show a decrease in the domestic price and the quantity offered of the input as well as a net increase in general short-term and long-term welfare of 0.3% and 0.7%, respectively. -- Keywords: dairy sector, tariff liberalization, minimum access, supply management, Trans Pacific Partnership (TPP).
Loubelo, Enoch. "Impact des produits forestiers non ligneux (PFNL) sur l’économie des ménages et la sécurité alimentaire : cas de la République du Congo." Thesis, Rennes 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012REN20008/document.
Full textThe non-timber forests Products (NTFP) are part of natural resources of which the Congolese population has recourse to diversify its productive activities and to improve its income. These products are essential part of various menus; they guarantee the diversity, the quality, and the access to foods to a greater majority of the population. The lack of systematic information enabling to evaluate the contribution of NTFP to the income of households and to the improvement of food security, the lack of official programs of management and the promotion of these products constitute one of the obstacles to the prosperity of the NTFP sector and the improvement of the living standard of the people.The present work is aimed at analyzing in a global way and for the first time in the Republic of the Congo, the contribution of NTFP to food security. It covers the aspects related to the definitions of NTFP, to their classification in NTFP of vegetable origin and NTFP of animal origin, to the institutional context; it identifies the main stakeholders mainly the group of socio- economic actors involved in the exploitation and management of NTFP at the local level, the modes of exploitation and their impacts on the natural environment; the fields of commercialization enabling to fully understand the export products have been alternatively analyzed . A great important part of the study is devoted to the contribution analysis of the NTFP to the food diet of the Congolese people. This work highlights the main difficulties and obstacles of the social, institutional, commercial order and management which hinder the normal development of the NTFP sector
Dallaire, Renée. "Exposition aux contaminants organiques et effets potentiels sur les fonctions thyroïdiennes chez la femme enceinte, le nouveau-né et l'adulte." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/20730.
Full textSeveral ubiquitous organic contaminants, some of which are increasing in the environnement, seem to possess thyroid-disrupting capacities. These effects are suspected to be the underlying causes of neurodevelopmental deficits in infants prenatally exposed to polychlorinated biphenyls. The objectives of this project were 1) to evaluate the effects of chronic exposure to environmental contaminants on circulating concentrations of thyroid hormones in pregnant women, newborns and adult Inuit as well as 2) to quantify and identify determinants of exposure to emerging contaminants in the Nunavik Inuit population in 2004. Overall, results from newborns and pregnant women do not demonstrate clear associations between thyroid hormone concentrations and exposure to some persistent organic pollutants. However, negative associations between polychlorinated biphenyl concentrations and circulating levels of thyroglobulin were observed in neonates. Furthermore, pentachlorophenol concentrations in pregnant women during their last trimester of pregnancy were negatively associated with umbilical cord free T4 concentrations in newborns. In adults, exposure to a complex mixture of chlorinated compounds was related to a reduction in total T3 and thyroglobulin concentrations. Moreover, plasma concentrations of emerging contaminants such as perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were also associated with disruptions of thyroid parameters. In 2004, exposure levels of PFOS and PBDEs in Nunavik Inuit adults were lower compared to those observed in other North-American populations, but similar and higher respectively, to those reported among European populations. The increase of PFOS plasma concentrations with age as well as with fish and marine mammal consumption seems to indicate that this compound tends to persist and bioaccumulate in the food-web. Sources of exposure to PBDEs were not clearly identified in the framework of this study. However, traditional food consumption and Inuit lifestyle seem to protect against exposure to congener PBDE 47, one of the most prevalent in humans.
Waisman, Henri. "Les politiques climatiques entre prix du carbone, rente pétrolière et dynamiques urbaines." Paris, EHESS, 2012. https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00799199.
Full textThis thesis investigates the effects of constraints imposed on economic interactions by limitations due to natural resources, among which oil and urban land play a curcial role in the context of climate change. These dimensions, often neglected in existing analyses, have an ambiguous effect since they suggest both the risk of enhanced costs if carbon limitations reinforce the sub-optimalities caused by pre-existing constraints, but also, conversely, the possibility of co-benefits if the climate policy helps to correct some pre-existing imperfections of socio-economic trajectories. To investigate this issue, an innovative modeling framework of the energy-economy interactions is elaborated that embarks the specificities of the deployment of oil production capacities and the issues related to the spatial organization in urban areas. We demonstrate that, beyond the carbon price, the costs of climate policy essentially depend on the sequencing of complementary measures, with a crucial role of spatial policy designed to control transport-related emissions through mobility
Fan, Jingjing. "Les barrières environnementales au commerce international dans le cadre de l'OMC : une étude comparative entre les États-Unis, l'Union Européenne et la Chine." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AIXM0040.
Full textFacing the new problems about the green trade barriers today, WTO is actually in an embarrassing situation : one side, it is widely considered as the ''center of gravity' 'for controlling the green trade barriers ; on the other side, there is still an important lacuna in the regulation of the environmental values in the WTO, which questions the effectiveness of WTO's law in this regulation of green trade barriers. Without the effective control, the free trade system takes a risk to be degraded. That's the reason why we undertake a study comparative on the subject of the green trade barriers in the framework of WTO. Attempting to find the solution of the problems related to green trade barriers, we have to ask two questions. One side, the new type of green trade barriers about the climate change beyond the capacity of WTO, the current law of WTO does not appear to give a satisfactory response to the resulting problems ; on the other side, there is a big gap between the green trade barriers set up by the developed countries and developing countries, which causes absolutely an imbalance in the international free trade. The analyse that we did in this study relating both to the regional trade agreements and WTO allow us to conclude the WTO plays an irreplaceable role in face of challenges of the green trade barriers today. This conclusion leads us to propose the solutions which may offer a better balance between the international trade and the environmental protection on a global scale
Janin, Marc. "Démarche d'éco-conception en entreprise. Un enjeu : construire la cohérence entre outils et processus." Phd thesis, Paris, ENSAM, 2000. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00005632.
Full textL'objectif principal de ces travaux était donc d'aider à construire la cohérence entre un processus de
conception et des outils à disposition des équipes. Il s'est agi de : comprendre les diverses acceptions
possibles de cette nouvelle forme de conception, identifier les principaux enjeux qu'elle représente pour une entreprise, observer les modes d'organisation au sein de sociétés pionnières dans ce domaine et
rechercher les outils disponibles. Après proposition d'un modèle de processus d'éco-conception où il importe d'insérer les questions d'environnement dans une démarche de conception "classique", nous nous sommes attelés à la classification, la description et la critique de divers outils du panel actuellement à disposition des équipes. Nous avons ainsi identifié deux grandes catégories : certains, dits d'évaluation environnementale(qualitative ou quantitative), et d'autres, dits d'amélioration, permettant aux équipes d'avancer dans la recherche de nouvelles solutions d'éco-conception. D'autres outils encore existent en matière de sensibilisation, de communication et de choix de stratégies. Chacun d'eux devra être employé par un utilisateur approprié, disposant des connaissances requises, des moyens d'exploiter les résultats obtenus, et ce, durant certaines phases pertinentes du processus de conception. Une étude de terrain chez Philips a permis de constater que la mise à l'épreuve d'un outil d'évaluation environnementale est compromise si les enjeux demeurent incompris et les résultats inexploitables par l'équipe projet. A partir d'un engagement fort de la direction, les équipes ont besoin d'apprendre progressivement pour s'approprier une nouvelle démarche ; au cours de celle-ci, elles pourront utiliser des outils simples, pragmatiques, qu'elles sauront exploiter pour progresser et s'améliorer.
Pierre, Caroline. "Variabilité interannuelle des émissions d'aérosols minéraux en zone semi-aride sahélienne." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00921688.
Full textMaldent, Anne-Sophie. "Analyse économique de la marque et du délit d'achat de contrefaçon." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AIXM2024.
Full textTo the extent that brandname facilitates consumer choice in the spectrum of varieties and qualities of products, it is a determining factor of the efficient allocation of resources in the production process, thus becoming an important corporate asset, up to the point that there is now a "market" of brands where meet supply and demand for brands. Thus, this research is based on an economic analysis of the supply of brands by firms and counterfeiters and the demand for brands by consumers. First, it is to show that supplying a brand is comparable to a means of differentiating the firm in a competitive market, and the mark appears as an important driver of entrepreneurial activity and a source growth. Then, another part of the research is devoted to the analysis of the mark on the demand side of the market, including a particular aspect of the demand for trademark which is the demand for trademark infringement. We build a theoretical model of purchasing counterfeited brands with a mechanism of game theory on the formation of a social norm. Finally, we attempt to show that counterfeit consumption behavior remains largely influenced by the legal framework governing trademark infringement, and that the effectiveness of policies to fight against this phenomenon is affected by an expansion of the market counterfeiting, which results from the increasing expansion of new technologies and the growth of consumption in the network