Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Produits laitiers – Aspect sanitaire'
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Cyr, Audrey. "Impact de la consommation de produits laitiers sur l'inflammation." Thesis, Université Laval, 2012. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2012/29575/29575.pdf.
Full textCondat-Ouillon, Claire. "Etude du comportement des constituants laitiers en milieu fortement sodique et de leurs interactions en filtration sur membrane : application à la régénération par filtration tangentielle des solutions alcalines de NEP de l'industrie laitière." Toulouse, INPT, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995INPT014G.
Full textRancourt-Bouchard, Maryka. "Impacts de la consommation de produits laitiers faibles et riches en gras sur la tension artérielle et autres facteurs de risque cardiométabolique." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/33493.
Full textCardiovascular disease remains one of the leading causes of death worldwide and hypertension is a major risk factor. Healthy eating plays a key role in blood pressure (BP) management. Data from observational studies suggest that consumption of dairy products, particularly those low in fat, is associated with lower BP and lower risk of developing hypertension. However, the results of clinical studies suggest a neutral effect of dairyproductconsumption on office BP. The controlled feeding study conducted as part of this memoiraimed to evaluate the effect of milk and cheese consumption on daytime ambulatory BP and other cardiometabolic risk factors. In a cross-over design, 55 participants were randomly assigned to a sequence of 3 experimental isoenergetic diets of 6 weeks each : 1) a control dairy-freediet; 2) a diet comprising 3 portions of 1% low-fat milk; and 3) a diet comprising 1 portion of cheddar cheese (31% fat) naturally enriched in -aminobutyric acid. Both ambulatory and clinical BP values were similar after each diet. In subjects with baseline ambulatory diastolic BP below the median, the milk diet significantly decreased the daytime ambulatory diastolic BP by 2 mmHg compared with the control diet. These results suggest that short-term milk and cheese consumption has an overall neutral effect on BP.
Drouin-Chartier, Jean-Philippe. "Impact de la consommation de produits laitiers sur l'hypertension artérielle essentielle." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/25619.
Full textDa, Silva Marine. "Rôle des protéines et des acides gras trans laitiers dans la variabilité de la réponse inflammatoire aux produits laitiers." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/27793.
Full textEpidemiological data reported that an adequate dairy product consumption may lower the incidence of type 2 diabetes (T2D), a chronic disease which may concern 10.8 % of Canadians by 2020. Although the mechanisms underlying this association remain unclear, it has been suggested that dairy product intake may improve low-grade systemic inflammation, a key etiologic factor in the development of T2D. However, dairy products have mixed effects on inflammatory markers in clinical studies. The effect of dairy products could be mediated by the inflammatory status of the participants, as well as the nutrient composition of dairy products. Dairy products contain proteins, amino acids and fatty acids, specifically natural trans fatty acids, for which the effect on inflammation remains unclear. Furthermore, it has been demonstrated that dairy nutrients can regulate inflammatory gene expression. Nevertheless, a mechanistic approach is required to elucidate the role of dairy products on inflammation and the prevention of T2D. Accordingly, we tested the hypothesis that the effect of dairy products on inflammation was influenced by the inflammatory status of the individuals and the macronutrient composition of dairy products. Therefore, the main objective of this thesis was to evaluate the contribution of those two factors on inflammation. Firstly, dietary, anthropometric and biochemical data from two cohorts of individuals recruited in Quebec City were assessed. Results show that dairy product consumption is inversely correlated with glycaemia and blood pressure in healthy individuals. Dairy intake is also slightly correlated with plasma C-reactive protein (CRP) concentrations, without influencing other inflammatory markers (tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin 6 (IL-6)). Moreover, concentrations of dairy trans fatty acids in plasma phospholipids are associated to high-fat dairy product consumption, as well as favorable adiponectin levels and blood pressure. Secondly, we developed cell models, with or without induction of inflammation with TNF-α, to identify bioactive dairy nutrients. Cells were incubated for 24 hours with individual or combinations of dairy trans fatty acids, proteins or amino acids. Dairy trans fatty acids and dairy protein compounds do not influence inflammatory gene expression in healthy cells. Oppositely, dairy trans fatty acids, whey proteins and their major amino acids (leucine, isoleucine and valine) decrease inflammatory gene expression in TNFα-stimulated endothelial cells. Dairy trans fatty acids also lower prostaglandin excretion; yet they increase F₂-isoprostane levels in cell supernatants. Moreover, dairy trans fatty acids are highly incorporated into cell membranes, which modifies fatty acid profiles and possibly impairs the function of membrane receptors. Finally, co-incubation of dairy trans fatty acids and dairy protein compounds have neither an additive nor a synergic effect on inflammatory gene expression and eicosanoid levels in endothelial cells. The present work suggests a beneficial impact of dairy trans fatty acids and whey proteins on inflammation. Further, the anti-inflammatory effect of these nutrients appears only in inflamed cells, which favors the hypothesis that dairy products may positively impact inflammation according to the inflammatory status of the individuals. The cellular approach is a useful tool to investigate the impact of the different sources of variability regarding inflammatory response to dairy products. Further investigations in vivo are required to validate the major sources of variability in animal models or in humans.
Ntetani, Batuvuidi Jean-Germain. "Demande des produits laitiers et vieillissement de la population au Canada." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/23521.
Full textChanges in demand are of public interest because of their effect on consumer health and the profitability of the industry. While the Canadian population ages, we observe a consistent downward trend in per capita milk consumption. This study investigates differences in the behav-iour of different profiles of Canadian households in terms of their purchases of dairy products. A two–stage econometric procedure was implemented on subsamples of a dataset pooling three food expenditure surveys. In the first stage, the probability of purchase is estimated to account for the relatively high frequency of zero purchases for some of the ten goods. In the second stage, a demand system allowing for quadratic expenditure effects is estimated. The findings indicate that demand elasticities tend to be higher for households headed by a person between 35 and 64 years old and when household size increases. Relative to other goods, low-fat milk has a higher probability of purchase and its demand is price and expenditure elastic. Generally, price and income elasticity patterns across goods are quite robust across household profiles differing in terms of the age of the head, size, and income. Keywords: dairy products, household demand, QUAIDS, elasticities
Payet, Bertrand Joseph. "Valorisation des produits sucriers de la Réunion : recherche de compléments alimentaires à activité antioxydante." La Réunion, 2005. http://elgebar.univ-reunion.fr/login?url=http://thesesenligne.univ.run/05_22_Payet.pdf.
Full textThe research in cane sugar by-products (molasses, syrup,juices) of food supplements with potential antioxidant properties was performed in order to valorize them. The nutraceutical concept, plausible mechanisms of oxidation, action means of antioxidant compounds and their different classes were presented before an overview of sugar products from Reunion Island. Quantification of phenolic compounds showed a progressive increase of the phenolic content in the by-products during the sugar fabrication process. In addition, many phenolic and aromatic compounds were identified in seven brown sugars (Reunion, Mauritius, France). Results of antioxidant assays on the sugar products established the increase of the activity during the sugar process. In addition, the seven cane brown sugars exhibited a moderate free radical scavenging capacity. Statistical data analyses performed on these sugar products pointed out the correlation between the increase of the phenolic content and the concomitant increase of the free radical scavenging activity. Statistical data analyses on the brown sugars showed that, besides their specificity (colour, aroma. . . . ), their origin is also a contributive factor to their aromatic composition, as well as the nature of the raw material (sugar cane) and the sugar fabrication technique (specificity of the factories). The results ascertained the possible valorization of sugar cane by-products as aromatic and colouring ingredient in new formulas (butter cakes, sweet buns, vanilla ice creams), therefore demonstrating the attractive properties (aromatic, gustative, functional) of the molasses. The achievement of this work was performed by mean of the following analytical techniques: measurement of polyphenols according to the Folin-Ciocalteu method, liquid and gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry, microplate reader with an ultraviolet spectrophotometry detector. Désoxyribose, ABTS, DPPH, β-carotène antioxidant and free radical scavenging assays were also performed. For the statistical analyses, experimental data was processed with PCA and FDA
Benoit, Scott. "Évaluation de l'éco-efficacité des procédés de transformation des produits laitiers : développement d'un outil de simulation." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/31384.
Full textEco-efficiency is a concept specifically designed for the business world and which links theenvironmental and economic performances of a product or service. Since 2012, eco-efficiency is subject to a standardised assessment (ISO 14045) which imposes life cycle analysis to conduct the assessment of the potential environmental impacts. Eco-efficiency assessment thus offers the business world the opportunity to make decisions not only based on economical criteria but also factoring in the potential environmental impacts. Among the countless industrial activities likely to benefit from the eco-efficiency concept is dairy processing. Indeed, this sector of the agri-food industry surely enables valorisation of dairy raw material but it concomitantly exploits a significant part of the natural resources. The first objective of this thesis was to conduct a state of play on the development and implementation of the ecoefficiency concept in the dairy processing field. A first study enabled to look at the dairy processing activity from a life-cycle perspective, and to investigate the successive developments of the eco-efficiency concept in this field. In particular, the study showed that process simulation presented a sound interest in overcoming the difficulties associated with eco-efficiency assessment according to the ISO 14045 standard: the need for a complete inventory of material and energy flows, and for a certain expertise in life cycle analysis. Therefore, the second objective of this thesis was to develop a process simulation tool enabling the ecoefficiency assessment of the dairy processes. A second study thus led to the development of a software prototype allowing for eco-efficiency assessment of dairy products. This prototype relies on a process simulator specifically designed for dairy processes and which includes datasets of potential environmental impacts. These features allow for both the generation of detailed inventories of material and energy flows and potential environmental impact assessments, thereby overcoming the challenges identified in the first study. The developed prototype not only allows for eco-efficiency assessments of the modelled processes but also enables identification of the improvement opportunities, comparison of multiple scenarios of raw milk valuation, and assessment of the economic viability of the modelled scenarios. This tool was used in a third and last study in order to assess the contribution of pressure driven filtration operations to the overall eco-efficiency of dairy processes. These operations are omnipresent in the dairy processing activity and hold a potential for eco-efficiency improvement which has not been yet demonstrated. Three scenarios of Cheddar cheese production were compared in this study: two integrating pressure driven filtration processes at the cheese milk standardisation stage, and one that did not include such operations. Results revealed that although introducing pressure driven filtration processes at the cheese milk standardisation stage can significantly improve the cheese yields, it does not allow for an improvement of the eco-efficiency of the cheese production process. Analysis of the results showed that t he potentials for eco-efficiency improvements in dairy processing through the introduction of pressure driven filtration operations could probably be achieved by incorporating them in the by-product valuation processes. The research work conducted within the framework of this thesis fulfilled all the different objectives set and therefore should help make eco-efficiency assessment more accessible to all the decision-makers related in one way or another to the dairy processing industry.
Couture, Jean-Michel. "Étude des principes économiques et enseignements des expériences antérieures dans l'éventualité d'une réforme de la politique laitière canadienne." Thesis, Université Laval, 2009. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2009/26167/26167.pdf.
Full textBonou, N'vyssan Samuella. "Exposition prénatale aux sous-produits de chloration de l'eau, polymorphismes des gènes du cytochrome P450 et le risque de retard de croissance intra-utérin." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/27586.
Full textSome epidemiological studies suggest that genetic susceptibility modulates chlorination by-products (CBPs) effects on fetal growth. In a sample of 1432 mother-child pairs came from a population-based case-control study conducted in Quebec City area (Canada), we assessed the association between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in CYP1A2, CYP2A6, CYP2D6 and CYP17A1 mother or foetus genes on intra-uterine growth restriction (IUGR) defined as small for gestational age (SGA 10th percentile). Further, we evaluated the interaction between maternal exposure to trihalomethanes (THMs) or haloacetic acids (HAAs) during the third trimester and SNPs in CYP1A2, CYP2A6, CYP2D6 and CYP17A1 mother or foetus genes. DNA was extracted from blood or saliva cells. Tag SNPs were selected by Tagger tool and the Sequenom’s MassARRAY system was used for SNPs genotyping. Analysis were performed by unconditional logistic regression with control of known risk factors of IUGR. Positive interactions were found between exposure to total trihalomethanes (TTHMs) and five regulated HAAs species and neonate carrying CYP17A1 rs4919687 A or rs743572 G alleles on SGA, whereas negative interactions were found between TTHMs exposure and mother carrying CYP17A1 rs4919687 A or rs743572 G alleles. However, after correction for multiple testing, reported interactions became non statistically significant. There is some evidence, albeit weak, of a potential modification of effect of the association between CBPs exposure and SGA by SNPs in CYP17A1 gene. Further larger-scale studies are needed to validate these observations.
Paredes, Valencia Adriana. "Étude comparative de deux méthodes de fabrication de yogourt grec à échelle pilote utilisant l'ultrafiltration comme technique de concentration : étude basée sur la méthode d'analyse de cycle de vie." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/27243.
Full textLaflamme, Olivier. "Présence et devenir des sous-produits de l'ozonation dans deux systèmes municipaux de production et de distribution d'eau potable." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/31252.
Full textLavillonnière, Flore. "Rôle des acides gras diènes conjugés (CLA) dans la cancérogenèse mammaire : recherche dans les produits laitiers : étude expérimentale chez le rat et descriptive dans le cancer du sein." Tours, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998TOUR3308.
Full textDion-Fortier, Annick. "Variation des sous-produits de la désinfection de l'eau potable au point d'utilisation résidentiel." Thesis, Université Laval, 2008. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2008/25890/25890.pdf.
Full textAppéré, Gildas. "Analyse économique des comportements face à un risque sanitaire : le cas de la pêche récréative de coquillages." Brest, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002BRES6001.
Full textThe risks connected to the Consumption associated with entertaining activities are little taken into account by authorities. As such, the footfishing of Shellfish constitutes a case of study, because of its local weight and because of the difficulty that authorities met to impose a sanitary rule. These difficulties showed the need better to encircle the behaviour of the fishermen. The first part lists the theoretical and methodological tools resulting in a specific model of behaviour of the fishermen. The choice of a pseudotrade frame gives a particular theoretical shape to the method of reserved valuation, the contingent Travel Cost Method. Besides, to improve analysis of the attitudes toward risk, it is appealed to psychologists' works (HBM model). These theoretical and methodological choices are tested during a study led on the Briton coast (France). This one allows to encircle the socio-demographic features of the fishermen, by showing that it is an activity targeted at popular categories with an advanced enough age. This study of the behaviour also shows that, in front of identified risks, the footfishermen have a coherent and careful attitude. Nevertheless, it shows that the exposure and the treatment of the information about these risks have a considerable impact on this behaviour. So, the often-vague knowledge of the risks explains a considerable distance between the careful intentions and the actual attitudes. This underlines a deficiency in the management of these risks, but can also reveal a singular phenomenon described under the concept of endogenous information. Besides, the Contingent Travel Cost method allowed to calculate benefits associated to reductions of risk. The absence of absurd values and the weak part of protest bid plead in favour of this method. Finally, the econometrical modelling of the WTP shows interest to introduce explanatory variables taken from Psychological models
Pichon, Paul-Emmanuel. "Perception et réduction du risque lors de l'achat de produits alimentaires en grande distribution : facteurs d'influence et rôle de la confiance." Toulouse 1, 2006. http://publications.ut-capitole.fr/686/.
Full textFor about twenty years now, food-related crisis have becoming recurrent, and the list of alerts and threats keeps on growing. Recent crisis and the spreading shadow of food fears have both deeply questioned the trust relation between consumers and various direct players of the food chain (i. E. Farmers, producers, food industry executives, whole salers and retail), but also indirect ones (government, consumers'associations, media). Even though the concept of risk is portrayed in various aspects in academic literacy, it appears that physical risk is predominant whilst consuming food. This thesis emphasizes particularly on physical risk, on the long and short term. This time differentiation illustrates well the whole complexity of food risk. Based on a survey of 400- over purchasers of beef meat in hypermarkets, this research permits a better understanding of the consumer-eater behavioral specificities in his/her perception, as well as his/her strategies at the purchasing stage. This thesis identifies notably certain individual factors (i. E. Anxiety, sensitivity to food crisis, self confidence) in the perception of food risk, in the long ans short run. This thesis demonstrates as well the usefulness of food risk reductors, those generated by the food sector players, as well the role played by trust in the risk- reduction phase
Châtelet, Raphaël. "Veille sanitaire de défense : dimensions qualitative et quantitative dans l'analyse des processus, des acteurs-utilisateurs et des produits d'information." Thesis, Montpellier 3, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017MON30048.
Full textThe french armed forces can be exposed to biological and chemical risks within their work. The Medical Intelligence unit of the French armed forces Center of Epidemiology and Public Health has developed an information system in order to protect their health. Created to be used in usual or crisis situation, the system provides quickly decision-makers, experts, veterinary, pharmacist and army medical officer with useful information for decision making. The aim of our study is to offer an overall assessment, in particular to determine if it corresponds to the needs and practices for the users.These last years, a real technological revolution has occured, giving birth to numerous informational devices intended to help the users. Scientific studies to analyze the way the latter use them were then carried out.Resting on current theoretical foundations in information and communication sciences and on a methodology of mixed research associating quantitative and qualitative methods, we have analyzed the existing device and studied to what extent it becomes integrated into the information and communication practices of the staffs connected in the Military Health Service.This study allows to bring new knowledge on the french military practices, still largely unknown, and to propose an adaptable assessment grid to various documentary information systems
Blouin, Jérémie. "Étude économique d'une norme volontaire." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/28251.
Full textConstraints, increasing product quality or improving brand image are reasons that can justify why a firm, or a group of firms would adopt norms. In this master thesis, many studies about normalization are summarized to lay grounds for a theoretical model. The model shows that processors can produce higher value-added goods with higher a quality input (product innovation), for which consumers are willing to pay more. Our analysis shows that a small processor can mitigate market competition with a bigger processor that can decrease its unit cost (process innovation). Our results show that when the small processor chooses his quality independently from his competitor, the latter doesn’t reduce his costs aggressively. When both firms innovate, their profits increase. In the second part of this thesis, two questionnaires are constructed to assess the consumers’ willingness to pay for an increased quality milk. The two surveys allow us to treat a hypothetic type of milk having either a private or a public-good characteristic. Respondents in each survey signal strong animal welfare preferences, as the additional attribute for this type of milk is the access for cows to pastures.
Ileka-Priouzeau, Samuel. "L’exposition maternelle aux haloacétaldéhydes et aux haloacétonitriles présents dans l’eau potable, et le risque de retard de croissance intra-utérine." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/25884.
Full textExposure to some chlorination by-products has been linked to adverse effects on fetal devel-opment. A population-based case-control study was conducted in a population of 1,430 women residing in the Quebec City region in order to assess the association between haloa-cetaldehydes and haloacetonitriles exposure during third trimester of pregnancy and intra-uterine growth retardation. Statistical interaction between these emerging by-products and those already subjected to regulatory control (trihalomethanes (THMs) and haloacetic acids (HAAs)) was also estimated. Known risk factors and individual multiroute exposure were included in our analyses, which aimed to compare the fourth quartile of exposure to the first three quartiles combined. No clear evidence of association was observed between exposure to haloacetaldehydes, haloacetonitriles, and intra-uterine growth retardation. However, a nega-tive interaction was observed between chloral hydrate and the compounds currently subjected to regulatory control (THMs and HAAs).
Petitpain, Marjorie. "Bétons à faible impact environnemental pour l’industrie du béton : accélération du durcissement de bétons à base de liants ternaires." Thesis, Lille 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LIL10160/document.
Full textThis study is part of the action program of the french concrete industry; it aims finding innovative solutions of concrete with low environmental impact, which allow to get technical and economic performances at least equivalent to those of the traditional concretes. To answer this issue, the study of ternary binders, made of Portland cement CEM I, blast furnace slag and limestone addition, was realized by optimizing the means that are available in precast industry to accelerate their hardening: use of a thermal treatment, use of chemical activators and optimization of the mixture’s compactness. Thermal treatment proves to be the most powerful lever of action. The developed solutions (material and process) obtain a much better economic-environmental balance compared to a control concrete whose binder is composed of Portland cement CEM I
Toglo, Amévi. "Accords de Partenariat Trans Pacifique et secteur laitier canadien : analyse des impacts économiques." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/28358.
Full textPending the possible implementation of the Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement (TPP), the protocol of which was signed at the autumn 2015, we have analyzed its economic impacts using a partial equilibrium model on the supply-managed Canadian dairy sector. The issue was addressed in terms of tariff liberalization with a minimum access increase per tariff line. Using the short-term scenarios (no adjustments) and long-term scenarios (reduction of the national marketing quota), we analyzed the implications of the TPP for the welfare of the various actors in the sector, inputs and outputs and the quantities offered and consumed. The results show a decrease in the domestic price and the quantity offered of the input as well as a net increase in general short-term and long-term welfare of 0.3% and 0.7%, respectively. -- Keywords: dairy sector, tariff liberalization, minimum access, supply management, Trans Pacific Partnership (TPP).
Abbassi, Abdessalem. "Trois essais sur la libéralisation des échanges agroalimentaires et la mise en marché dans les secteurs où la production est contingentée." Thesis, Université Laval, 2009. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2009/26539/26539.pdf.
Full textChaurand, Perrine. "Apport de la cristallochimie et de la spéciation du chrome et du vanadium à la modélisation de l'altération de granulats artificiels (sous-produits d'aciérie)." Phd thesis, Aix-Marseille 3, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00189579.
Full textLe Cr exclusivement trivalent, très stable dans les sites octaédriques d'une ferrite de calcium, est très peu relargué lors des tests de lixiviation en laboratoire et en lysimètre. Une phase de type spinelle, issue de l'altération de (Fe, Mn, Mg)O contrôle également la mobilité du Cr(III). Au contraire, le V(III) subit une oxydation en V(V) au sein même de sa phase porteuse, qui s'accompagne d'une perte de symétrie, à l'origine de sa mobilité à l'échelle du laboratoire.
Les données issues de ces expériences ont permis d'écrire les équations thermodynamiques d'équilibre à l'origine de l'initialisation d'un modèle géochimique robuste (CHESS) reproduisant l'altération des LAC : évolution minéralogique et courbes cinétiques de relargage obtenues lors des tests de lixiviation statique et dynamique en laboratoire. Ce modèle vise à terme à prédire le comportement à long terme des LAC dans un scénario de valorisation donné.
Pfister, Hugo. "Caractérisation des expositions professionnelles des éleveurs laitiers bretons : déterminants professionnels de l’exposition à la fraction thoracique des bioaérosols, à l’ammoniac et à l’acétaldéhyde, et effets inflammatoires des poussières organiques." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017REN1B046/document.
Full textDairy farmers have an increased risk of lower airway diseases that is likely related to occupational exposures to airborne contaminants. Nevertheless, occupational determinants of dairy farmers’ exposures remain poorly documented and the biological effects of the contaminants chronically inhaled by farmers need to be fully characterized. In this context, the objectives of this PhD thesis were i) to identify the occupational determinants of exposure to thoracic bio-aerosols (organic dusts, endotoxins, bacteria and moulds), ammonia and acetaldehyde, and ii) to characterize the pro-inflammatory effects of thoracic dusts emitted during the mechanical spreading of straw bedding, a task well-known to generate inhalable dusts. To achieve these goals, we carried out a 112-repeated exposure measurement campaign on 29 dairy farms located in Britany. Using multivariate mixed-effect regression models, we have demonstrated that farmers’ exposures to bio-aerosols were mainly induced by tasks related to bedding material distribution and cow feeding (straw, hay, silage). Exposure levels to ammonia were highly dependent on cow numbers and times spent by the farmers in stable and milking parlour. Acetaldehyde exposure was modulated according to the farm size and times spent to distribute silage. Our work also highlighted that an increase of the area of wall opening significantly reduced exposure to mould, acetaldehyde and ammonia. Finally, our study showed that dusts emitted during mechanical straw spreading have (1) a size small enough to allow them to deposit in the tracheobronchial regions, (2) a complex bacterial and fungal composition, and (3) strong in vitro pro-inflammatory effects that induced TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-8 expression in human macrophages. In conclusion, these results have identified different dairy farm characteristics and occupational tasks that significantly increased the exposure levels to chemical contaminants and thoracic organic dusts. Statistical models built during this research project already allow reconstitution of dairy farmers’ exposure that may of use in future epidemiological studies and to develop new preventive measures
Dervillé, Marie. "Territorialisation du secteur laitier et régimes de concurrence : le cas des montagnes françaises et de leur adaptation à l'après-quota." Thesis, Paris, AgroParisTech, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AGPT0034.
Full textWith the gradual increase of the milk quotas until their abolition planed in 2015, dairy farmers loose a mean to control competition among producers and between areas. This political change and the consequential markets’ transformation question the future of mountain dairy farming. The objective of this work is to propose a conceptual framework to analyse the change of competition regime in the dairy industry and to validate it empirically with the case of the French mountainous production areas.The scientific approach corresponds to an inclusion in the field of institutional economics. It enables the building of analytical tools and the exploration of the role of collective action, at various scales, in the response capacity of mountainous production areas. In this framework, competition regimes correspond to the institutional arrangement of coordination instruments that covers political instruments and coordination structures (professions, joint-trade organisations and standards) as well as innovation networks. These institutions and thus competition regimes spread over various scales.The French dairy industry being diversified these institutional arrangements vary across regions, based on the enterprises and production models, on markets’ orientation, on the nature of professional and interprofessionnal organisations, and finally on the general relationships among supply chains’ operators. Regional production systems are thus characterised by various competition regimes. The field of common pool resources has been extended and the concept of property rights regimes has been adapted to the ability to control prices (intangible property). Thus the dairy farmers’ capacity to access to the two common pool resources at the origin of the differentiation of a competition regimes, namely governance structures (at the basis of an innovation capacity) and collective reputation (at the source of a market premium), can be understood.The regional differentiation of competition regimes suggests the following empirical hypothesis: the viability of mountain production areas could rest on the activation of various territorial and sectional resources that enables a differentiation of the competition regimes. Innovations’ strategies could be incremental in areas with an already partially differentiated regional production system (Jura and Savoie) whereas it may have to be radical in other areas.The analysis of economic players’ strategies at various scales, based on an articulation of three case studies and of an econometric analysis, contributes to the understanding of the diverse territorial mechanisms of the dairy restructuring.Forty-three mountainous areas, gathered in four subsets – mountainous areas with strong PDO cheese, areas with a potential for PDO cheese, areas targeting generic markets either with high farm density or with low farm density –, have been distinguished and mapped. These regional differences shows that the new legal framework laid down by the public actor within the context of the Milk Package maynot be sufficient to enable market stability especially in some mountainous areas, once the quotas have been abolished. This legal framework rests indeed on an incentive (i) to establish contracts among supply chains’ operators and (ii) to constitute farmers’ organisations. It comes out that it may be necessary to support at the same time the dairy producers’ abilities to build a supply of milk and territorialised services ; a supply that has to match the demand of the industry as well as the one of the public-players (local administrations, state, Europe)
Soldatenko, Alexandra. "Les implications juridiques des nanotechnologies." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017STRAA033.
Full textWhile a significant number of products containing nanomaterials is already in widespread use, we have little understanding of risks and benefits they can bring to the society in the long term. The objective of this PhD thesis is to answer the following question: which regulatory framework can ensure a high level of protection against real or suspected risks of nanotechnologies while promoting competitiveness and innovation ? Although the European Union and the United States have attempted to find nuanced solutions according to the needs, capacities and challenges, which are proper to each sector concerned and their respective legal traditions, the emerging regulatory framework for nanotechnologies is characterised by a high degree of fragmentation