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Academic literature on the topic 'Produits laitiers – Microstructure'
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Journal articles on the topic "Produits laitiers – Microstructure"
MURGIER, Sylvain. "Ciment aux laitiers de hauts fourneaux: microstructure des produits issus de l'hydratation." Revue Française de Génie Civil 7, no. 1 (January 2003): 130. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/12795119.2003.9692479.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Produits laitiers – Microstructure"
Perreault, Véronique. "Effet de la composition et de la structure des matrices alimentaires élaborées à partir de protéines laitières (émulsions, gels) sur la libération d'arômes." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/19471.
Full textMartin, Florence. "Impact du potentiel d'oxydoréduction et du bullage de gaz sur les propriétés rhéologiques, la microstructure et les arômes endogènes de gels laitiers acidifiés par les bactéries lactiques ou la glucono-δ-lactone." Dijon, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009DIJOS057.
Full textArfaoui, Leila, and Leila Arfaoui. "Compréhension des effets des propriétés intrinsèques des exopolysaccharides produits «in situ» seuls ou en présence de polysaccharides commerciaux sur la microstructure et les propriétés rhéologiques du yogourt ferme." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/25196.
Full textLes bactéries productrices d’exopolysaccharides (EPS) sont utilisées dans la fabrication du yogourt pour améliorer la viscosité, la texture et la rétention d’eau. Ces améliorations sont plutôt reliées aux propriétés intrinsèques des EPS et à leurs interactions avec les protéines qu'à leurs quantités. Dans plusieurs pays, les polysaccharides commerciaux (PS) sont autorisés comme agents stabilisants dans le yogourt. Les interactions EPS-PS peuvent aussi influencer positivement ou négativement les propriétés finales des yogourts. Malgré plusieurs études réalisées, la relation structure-fonction des EPS particulièrement dans les systèmes avec stabilisants a été peu étudiée et n’est pas entièrement comprise. Même les études portant sur le rôle de certaines propriétés intrinsèques des EPS ont été effectuées dans un système ne contenant que l'EPS. Les effets des EPS dans un système contenant des PS commerciaux sont encore non étudiés et donc inconnus. Ainsi, cette étude a été menée dans le but de mieux comprendre les effets de certaines propriétés intrinsèques des EPS produits in situ seuls ou en présence des PS commerciaux sur les propriétés rhéologiques, physiques et microstructurales du yogourt. Les résultats de cette étude ont montré que la charge négative de l'EPS ou PS contribue à l'amélioration de la fermeté et de la viscosité du yogourt mais augmente la synérèse. La rigidité, la linéarité et le poids moléculaire d'un EPS ou PS ont augmenté nettement la viscosité. Concernant la synérèse, les EPS ou PS neutres et rigides ont permis une très bonne amélioration de la capacité de rétention d'eau du yogourt par rapport au contrôle. Les résultats des PS utilisés avec la souche produisant un EPS anionique, rigide et linéaire n'ont pas montré d'effets majeurs sur la fermeté et la viscosité tandis qu’une diminution de la synérèse a été observée avec la pectine seulement. Une amélioration de la fermeté et de la viscosité a été observée lorsque les PS ont été utilisés avec les souches produisant des EPS neutres. L'amélioration de la viscosité était notamment plus importante avec les PS rigides. Les résultats de cette thèse ont rapporté, pour la première fois, des effets intéressants de certaines propriétés intrinsèques des EPS et/ou PS aussi bien dans la formation du gel laitier que sur les propriétés finales du yogourt. Ces résultats offrent aussi aux industriels et chercheurs laitiers des prémisses permettant de choisir les souches EPS+ et/ou PS afin de corriger ou améliorer une ou plusieurs propriétés spécifiques du yogourt.
Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) producing exopolysaccharides (EPS) are widely used in yogurt to improve viscosity, texture and water retention capacity. These improvements were shown to be related to the intrinsic properties of EPS and their interactions with proteins rather than to their concentration. Additionally, in many countries, commercial PS are used as stabilizers in yogurt. The co-presence of in situ-produced EPS and PS could also positively or negatively influence the properties of yogurt. Up to now, the structure-function relationship of EPS has not been widely studied and is still poorly understood. This context is more challenging since all studies on the role of some intrinsic properties of EPS have been carried out in systems containing only EPS. The effects of EPS in a system containing commercial PS are still unknown. In this context this study was performed to understand the effects of some intrinsic properties of EPS produced in situ by lactic acid bacteria used alone or in the presence of commercial PS on the rheological (gel formation, firmness and viscosity), physical (syneresis) and microstructural properties of yogurt. The results obtained in this study showed that the negative charge of the PS or EPS contributed to both yogurt firmness and viscosity improvements but increased syneresis. The backbone stiffness and linearity as well as the molecular weight of PS or EPS increased yogurt viscosity. Moreover, the neutral and stiff EPS or PS were able to improve yogurt water retention capacity as compared to control. The use of PS with an anionic, rigid and linear EPS producing strain, did not show major effects on both yogurt firmness and viscosity. However, only pectin was able to improve water retention capacity. The addition of PS to yogurt fermented by neutral EPS-producing strains improved viscosity and firmness. The highest viscosity values were obtained with stiff PS. Results of this thesis reported for the first time interesting effects of some EPS and/or PS intrinsic properties in both gel formation and final yogurt properties. Such results would also help dairy manufacturers and researchers to choose the suitable EPS+ strain/PS combination to correct or improve specific properties of yogurt.
Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) producing exopolysaccharides (EPS) are widely used in yogurt to improve viscosity, texture and water retention capacity. These improvements were shown to be related to the intrinsic properties of EPS and their interactions with proteins rather than to their concentration. Additionally, in many countries, commercial PS are used as stabilizers in yogurt. The co-presence of in situ-produced EPS and PS could also positively or negatively influence the properties of yogurt. Up to now, the structure-function relationship of EPS has not been widely studied and is still poorly understood. This context is more challenging since all studies on the role of some intrinsic properties of EPS have been carried out in systems containing only EPS. The effects of EPS in a system containing commercial PS are still unknown. In this context this study was performed to understand the effects of some intrinsic properties of EPS produced in situ by lactic acid bacteria used alone or in the presence of commercial PS on the rheological (gel formation, firmness and viscosity), physical (syneresis) and microstructural properties of yogurt. The results obtained in this study showed that the negative charge of the PS or EPS contributed to both yogurt firmness and viscosity improvements but increased syneresis. The backbone stiffness and linearity as well as the molecular weight of PS or EPS increased yogurt viscosity. Moreover, the neutral and stiff EPS or PS were able to improve yogurt water retention capacity as compared to control. The use of PS with an anionic, rigid and linear EPS producing strain, did not show major effects on both yogurt firmness and viscosity. However, only pectin was able to improve water retention capacity. The addition of PS to yogurt fermented by neutral EPS-producing strains improved viscosity and firmness. The highest viscosity values were obtained with stiff PS. Results of this thesis reported for the first time interesting effects of some EPS and/or PS intrinsic properties in both gel formation and final yogurt properties. Such results would also help dairy manufacturers and researchers to choose the suitable EPS+ strain/PS combination to correct or improve specific properties of yogurt.
Guénard, Lampron Valérie. "Impact des opérations de brassage sur les propriétés rhéologiques, physiques et microstructurales d'un yogourt sans gras." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/36617.
Full textThe textural properties of stirred yogurts depend on the composition of the dairy mixture, the conditions of the heat treatment and the acidification, but also the conditions of industrial stirring. Unlike firm yogurt, which is acidified directly in the jars, the stirred yogurt is acidified in the vat, followed by stirring, pumping, smoothing and cooling. However, the literature reports little representative study of industrial stirring conditions since it is difficult to reproduce the sequence of operations in the laboratory. Manual stirring (spoon, perforated disc, stirring rod) or smoothing with a syringe are regularly used in the laboratory to simulate stirring. In addition, the information provided by the literature mainly explains the impact of a single stirring operation on a few textural properties and a single day of storage. The purpose of this thesis project was to study sequential stirring, smoothing and cooling operations in industry-like conditions to better understand their impact on the quality of a nonfat stirred yogurt. For the first time, a technical scale unit, simulating industrial conditions, has been developed to study the impact of individual and sequential stirring, smoothing and cooling operations. The results obtained made it possible to determine that it is the smoothing and cooling operations, compared to the stirring in vat, that have the greatest impact on the textural properties of the yogurts analyzed after 1 day of storage. The importance of the operational sequence has also been demonstrated by the use of smoothing before or after cooling. During the 22 days of storage, the rheological and physical properties of the yogurts were different according to the operational parameters used during the stirring. For example, the use of a plate heat exchanger, as compared to a tubular heat exchanger, has contributed to a decrease in syneresis, but has decreased the viscosity and consistency of the yogurt. The knowledge of the impact of the smoothing temperature was then studied by adapting the technical scale unit to smooth the yogurt at 6 temperatures, between 10 and 35°C. The behavior of the rheological and physical properties of yogurt was then described, by multiple linear regressions, according to the smoothing temperature and the duration of storage (up to 22 days). Syneresis, viscosity, and consistency were more sensitive to smoothing temperature, whereas firmness and flow time were more sensitive to the duration of storage. A low smoothing temperature made it possible to reduce syneresis, whereas the increase in the other properties was promoted by smoothing at 25-30°C. Above 30°C, syneresis was maximal and other properties tended to decrease. Finally, a second technical scale unit was developed at the laboratory scale and allowed studying the impact of the smoothing temperature on the microstructural properties of an acidified gel. In addition, a new experimental dynamic image analysis approach has been developed to visualize and characterize dairy microgels. During storage, the microgels size and their roughness (irregularity on the microgel surface) increased while the total percentage of pore area (space between microgels) decreased. These results would mainly explain the increase in syneresis, firmness and G' during the storage of smoothed gels. The microgels obtained by smoothing at 35°C had a higher maximum roughness, compared to those obtained at 13 and 22°C, and this would explain the lower viscosity of the dairy gels smoothed at 35°C. The original approach of this thesis by the use of a technical scale unit (pilot and laboratory scale) simulating industrial conditions will facilitate the transfer of the results to the industry. Technical stirring unit have quantified the importance of the individual and sequential effects of stirring operations on the rheological, physical and microstructural properties of a nonfat yogurt. All the results showed that the smoothing temperature is a technological tool allowing to better control the textural and microstructural properties of yogurt. The innovative characterization of dairy microgels by dynamic image analysis brings a new visual perception of microgels and provides a better understanding of the changes in rheological and physical properties that occur during stirring and storage of the stirred yogurt.
Khokhar, Muhammad Irfan Ahmad. "Optimisation of concrete mix design with high content of mineral additions : effect on microstructure, hydration and shrinkahe." Ecole centrale de Nantes, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010ECDN0048.
Full textThe cement being used in the construction industry is the result of a chemical process linked to the decarbonation of limestone conducted at high temperature and results in a significant release of CO2. This thesis is part of the project EcoBéton (Green concrete) funded by the French National Research Agency (ANR), with a purpose to show the feasibility of high substitution of cement by mineral additions such as blast furnaces slag, fly ash and limestone fillers. Generally for high percentages of replacements, the early age strength is lower than Portland cement concrete. To cope with this problem, an optimisation method for mix design of concrete using Bolomey’s law has been proposed. Following the encouraging results obtained from mortar, a series of tests on concretes with different substitution percentages were carried out to validate the optimisation method. To meet the requirements of the construction industry related to performance of concrete at early age, which determine their durability, a complete experimental study was carried out. Standard tests for the characterization of the mechanical properties (compressive strength, tensile strength, and setting) allowed to validate the choice of mix design on the basis of equivalent performance. We focused on the hydration process to understand the evolution of the mechanical properties. Setting time measurement by ultrasound device at different temperatures (10°C, 20°C and 30°C) showed that ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) and fly ash delayed the setting process, while use of limestone filler may accelerate this process. Calorimetric studies over mortars and concretes made possible to calculate the activation energy of the different mixtures and a decrease in heat of hydration of concretes with mineral additions was observed which is beneficial for use in mega projects of concrete. Scanning Electron Microscopy observations and thermal analysis have given enough information about the hydration process. It was observed that the hydration products are similar for different concrete mixtures, but the time of their appearance and quantity in the cement matrix varies for each concrete mix. Last part of the thesis was dedicated to the study of main types of shrinkage. First of all, deformations measured were correlated to hydration, capillary depression and porosity evolution. Results allowed concluding that the use of mineral additions has an actual effect on the plastic shrinkage behaviour, but its impact is not proportional to the percentage of additions. Substitution of cement by the additions seems to have a marked influence on the kinetics of the shrinkage without any effect on its long term amplitude. The study of restrained shrinkage under drying conditions by means of ring tests showed that concretes with high percentage of slag addition seem more prone to cracking than the Portland cement concretes
Matignon, Anne. "Etude des interactions physico-chimiques des ingrédients fonctionnels des crèmes desserts et de leurs impacts sur leurs microstructures et leurs propriétés sensorielles." Thesis, Paris, AgroParisTech, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AGPT0044/document.
Full textNeutral dairy desserts are composed of a large diversity of products of similar composition but different structures and textures. Their structure set up is defined by the interactions between three of their quantitatively minor components: starch, milk proteins and carrageenan. The objective of this PhD project was to better understand the chemical-physics mechanisms beyond the neutral dairy desserts structure set up and their impact on the sensory perception of the product.The study focused on single, binary and ternary mixtures containing starch. It was performed with a modified waxy maize starch, reconstituted skim milk and kappa carrageenan mostly. Using rheological and microscopic tools, different interactions were highlighted. In binary mixtures, carrageenan was found to adsorb on the starch granules. A specific study on those interactions pointed out that they depended on carrageenans' charge density and molecular weights. In ternary mixtures, preferential carrageenan / casein micelles interactions in comparison to starch / carrageenan ones were pointed out even when milk proteins were added after starch pasting in a carrageenan solution. The addition of milk before or after starch pasting led to products of same formula but different microstructures. Starch granules were in both cases embedded in a carrageenan / casein micelles network still, the starch granules states or characteristics and the network formed differed. Dispersed starch and carrageenan / milk phases were defined as the key structure parameters of neutral dairy desserts. To assess their impact on sensorial perception, nine products of same formula but built differently were produced. The evaluation was done by subjects by means of a free sorting task followed by a ranking task on free discriminating terms. Sensory differences were found between the products. These differences were characterized and correlated with instrumental attributes.This work permitted to collect numerous data on chemical-physics properties, link them to the structure set up and to their potential impact on sensory properties of dairy creams. All this knowledge would be easily used to improve tailor food development and particularly to formulate new dairy cream texture through a reverse engineering approach