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Journal articles on the topic 'Professional athletes'
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1
Deliautaitė, Karolina, Silvija Baubonytė, Inga Staškevičiūtė-Butienė, and Irena Valantinė. "Athlete Brand Development in Social Media: Analysis of Students’ Attitudes." Baltic Journal of Sport and Health Sciences 2, no. 121 (July 5, 2021): 34–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.33607/bjshs.v2i121.1086.
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Background. Athlete brand image management is one of the most popular topics of discussion in sport management right now. As professional sport has become a commercialised industry segment with more athletes involved, athletes are becoming promotional faces. Most professional athletes are involved in the use of social networks. There athletes actively demonstrate their personal lives, professional accents and advertise products. It is important to understand and analyse the impact of social networks on an athlete’s brand and ways to properly position themselves in social media. Using social networks, athletes are closer to fans and consumers than ever before. Based on and applying the Athlete Brand model developed by Arai (2010), this study aimed to investigate students’ attitudes towards athletes’ self-positioning on social networks.
Methods. The study involved 367 students (151 men and 216 women) from three Lithuanian universities. The Arai (2010) questionnaire was used for the study. Statistical analysis of the data was performed using SPSS 26.0.
Results. It has been found that athletes’ sports performance is statistically significant in the development of a professional athlete’s brand, it is the fundamental aspect that creates the initial status of athlete’s brand. Results showed that the strongest direct causal link was found between an athlete’s athletic performance and lifestyle. It was also found that very strong links, in the opinion of the respondents, were between the athletes’ communication and behaviours.
Conclusions. When building an athlete’s brand, it is important to pay attention to three key components: athletic performance, attractive appearance, and marketable lifestyle. These three uses of an athlete’s brand can be explained by specific aspects of sports competitions or components of personal life. However, one of the most important factors in shaping a positive image of an athlete is athletic achievements.
Practical implications. This study can provide a consistent consumer approach to key aspects, focusing on consumer attention in athlete positioning. This can help the athlete and marketers develop an appropriate personal branding and positioning strategy in social media, which will then broaden the circle of fans and strengthen the opinion of loyal fans. Athlete’s brand is a set of closely interrelated and fan-centred physical, functional, aesthetic, and emotional elements that sets athlete’s brand apart from competitors and creates financial benefits for the athlete. The brand creates benefits not only for the athlete, but also for the market participants around him/her (consumer/fan, commercial brand), which can be called the functions of the brand.
Keywords: Athlete’s image, social network, brand relationship.
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Fruchart, Eric, Patricia Rulence-Pâques, and Cantisano Nicole. "Mapping ethical positions with regard to a coach’s decision to select (or not) an injured athlete." International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching 15, no. 4 (May 28, 2020): 467–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1747954120925593.
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The study’s objective was to map ethical positions with regard to the way in which 219 participants (45 non-athletes, 91 amateur athletes, 28 professional athletes, 17 amateur coaches, 8 professional coaches, and 30 physiotherapists) used various informational cues (an athlete’s indispensability for the team, the importance of the competition, the opinion given by sports medicine professionals, and the injured athlete’s attitude) to judge the acceptability of a coach’s decision to select (or not) an injured athlete just before a competition. The participants specified their judgment of acceptability in 16 scenarios created by combining these information cues under two conditions (selection and non-selection). The data were analyzed using cluster analyses, analyses of variance, and chi-squared tests. We found four clusters. Not selecting an injured athlete was always judged to be acceptable. The four clusters differed in terms of the type of role in sport and the level of acceptability of selecting an injured athlete. A coach’s decision with regard to an athlete’s health may be judged differently, according to the rater’s profile. Enabling athletes to compete while injured might violate ethical principles. Coaches and medical staff should also be aware of and understand their legal responsibilities.
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Buerba, Rafael A., Stefano Zaffagnini, Ryosuke Kuroda, and Volker Musahl. "ACL reconstruction in the professional or elite athlete: state of the art." Journal of ISAKOS: Joint Disorders & Orthopaedic Sports Medicine 6, no. 4 (February 16, 2021): 226–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jisakos-2020-000456.
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Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries are on the rise at all levels of sport, including elite athletics. ACL injury can have implications on the athlete’s sport longevity, as well as other long-term consequences, such as the development of future knee osteoarthritis. In the elite athlete, ACL injury can also have ramifications in terms of contract/scholastic obligations, sponsorships and revenue-generating potential. Although the goal of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) is to return any athlete to the same preinjury level of sport, management of ACL injuries in the elite athlete come with the additional challenge of returning him or her to an extremely high level of physical performance. Despite outcome studies after ACLR in elite athletes showing a high return-to-sport rate, these studies also show that very few athletes are able to return to sport at the same level of performance. They also show that those athletes who undergo ACLR have careers that are more short-lived in comparison to those without injury. Thus, returning an elite athlete to ‘near peak’ performance may not be good enough for the athletic demands of elite-level sports. A possible explanation for the variability in outcomes is the great diversity seen in the management of ACL injuries in the elite athlete in terms of rehabilitation, graft choices, portal drilling and reconstruction techniques. Recently, the advent of anatomical, individualised ACLR has shown improved results in ACLR outcomes. However, larger-scale studies with long-term follow-ups are needed to better understand the outcomes of modern ACLR techniques—particularly with the rise of quadriceps tendon as an autograft choice and the addition of lateral extra-articular tenodesis procedures. The purpose of this article was thus to provide an up-to-date state-of-the-art review in the management of ACL injuries in the elite athlete.
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Choi, Jeongwon, Hongyoung Kim, and Allison Smith. "Collegiate Athletes’ Challenge, Stress, and Motivation on Dual Role." Journal of Health, Sports, and Kinesiology 2, no. 2 (July 30, 2021): 28–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.47544/johsk.2021.2.2.28.
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In the United States higher education, collegiate athletes mostly have a four-year eligibility within a five-year time frame to compete for and represent their institutions. During this period, collegiate athletes are expected to perform successfully in both academic and athletic roles so that they can maintain benefits, such as scholarships and eligibility. In other words, being a collegiate athlete brings about a multitude of pressures and stressors from handling this dual role, which include but are not limited to, scheduling classes, fatigue, financial pressure, and inflexibility of coaches (Cosh & Tully, 2015). According to the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) (2020), collegiate athletes are only allowed to participate in athletic-related activities for 20 hours per week, four hours a day in season, and eight hours per week during off season (NCAA, 2020). However, previous empirical research has indicated that Division I level collegiate athletes spend about 40 hours per week participating in sport-related activities (Smith & Hardin, 2018). Even though collegiate athletes invest tremendous time and effort in athletics, less than two percent of collegiate athletes become professional athletes after college (NCAA, 2018). For collegiate athletes, both athletic and academic performances require tremendous amounts of efforts due to their intense schedule. That is, it is convoluted for collegiate athletes to have identical motivation or reasons for attending college and participating in their sport. While collegiate athletes strive to balance in both academic and athletic responsibilities, they exhibit various types of motivation factors. According to Doupona Topic (2005), female collegiate athletes seem to be more academically motivated and less athletically motivated compared to male collegiate athletes. Also, Beamon and Bell (2006) found that African American collegiate athletes place less emphasis on academics than athletics, and they place less emphasis on education than Caucasian collegiate athletes. For African American collegiate athletes’ academic underperformance and negative psychosocial experiences can happen due to unwelcoming campus climate, inadequate academic support, and an overemphasis on their athletic roles (Beamon, 2008). As mentioned above, only a few collegiate athletes have a chance to move on to professional sport after their collegiate career. That is, majority of collegiate athletes go through a transitioning process moving out from sport. Numerous studies within the literature support that collegiate athletes often have a difficult time transitioning out of sport (Lally, 2007; Smith & Hardin, 2018). Motivation may be one of the solutions to overcome this abstruse moment. To foster effective and successful higher education environments in collegiate athletics, it is essential to understand what motivates collegiate athletes in their dual roles and how collegiate athletes set up create and implement their goals.
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Presta, Valentina, Costanza Vitale, Luca Ambrosini, and Giuliana Gobbi. "Stereopsis in Sports: Visual Skills and Visuomotor Integration Models in Professional and Non-Professional Athletes." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 21 (October 27, 2021): 11281. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182111281.
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Visual skills in sport are considered relevant variables of athletic performance. However, data on the specific contribution of stereopsis—as the ability to perceive depth—in sport performance are still scarce and scattered in the literature. The aim of this review is therefore to take stock of the effects of stereopsis on the athletic performance, also looking at the training tools to improve visual abilities and potential differences in the visuomotor integration processes of professional and non-professional athletes. Dynamic stereopsis is mainly involved in catching or interceptive actions of ball sports, whereas strategic sports use different visual skills (peripheral and spatial vision) due to the sport-specific requirements. As expected, professional athletes show better visual skills as compared to non-professionals. However, both non-professional and professional athletes should train their visual skills by using sensory stations and light boards systems. Non-professional athletes use the visual inputs as the main method for programming motor gestures. In contrast, professional athletes integrate visual information with sport expertise, thus, they encode the match (or the athletic performance) through a more complex visuomotor integration system. Although studies on visual skills and stereopsis in sports still appear to be in their early stages, they show a large potential for both scientific knowledge and technical development.
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Ma, Ying. "Modeling Social Network of Professional Sports Athletes Based on Machine Learning Algorithms." International Transactions on Electrical Energy Systems 2022 (September 5, 2022): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/6283618.
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With the progress of society and the development of science, the competition of competitive sports has become extremely fierce, and the talents of competitive sports have gradually shown their strong vitality. Elite athletes are an important group for the development of China’s competitive sports industry. To continue to progress and develop, it is inseparable from the careful training of elite athletes. In order to closely integrate the needs of China’s socialist modernization and the training of elite athletes, sports schools that focus on cultivating elite athletes need to strengthen their sense of urgency and mission. It is necessary to meet new challenges at the height of social development and constantly optimize the construction of the curriculum system and the reform of the teaching operation mechanism. The discussion and research of the current elite athlete’s talent training model has become a real problem faced by sports colleges, education departments, and sports departments. This paper conducts an experiment on the modeling of the sports athlete’s social network based on machine learning, and the experimental data are shown as follows: among the athlete social network pictures optimized by machine learning, there are 1,200 male athletes, accounting for 48%, and 1,000 female athletes, accounting for 40%. Before the optimization, male athletes accounted for 70.58% and female athletes accounted for 16.3%, which was a decrease of 22.58% for male athletes and an increase of 23.7% for female athletes. From the above data, it can be seen that after the research on the social network of sports athletes through machine learning, it has a positive effect on the development of the social network of athletes.
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Kyselova, O. "Peculiarities of disciplinary responsibility of professional athletes." Analytical and Comparative Jurisprudence, no. 5 (December 30, 2022): 172–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2788-6018.2022.05.31.
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The article is devoted to the study of the peculiarities of the disciplinary responsibility of professional athletes. The article reveals the meaning of the concept of disciplinary responsibility, the features of a professional athlete's disciplinary offense, and the specifics of bringing an athlete to disciplinary responsibility. Within the framework of the article, the issue of the admissibility of applying certain types of sanctions, particularly a fine, will also be investigated, and attention will be paid to the point of responsibility for violation of the sports regime. The issue of disciplinary responsibility of this category of employees is relevant and necessary to study in connection with the lack of a clear understanding of the specifics of the mentioned institute, the lack of distinction between disciplinary responsibility and other types of legal responsibility, as well as some other problems that arise when applying disciplinary sanctions to athletes professionals’ Legal regulation must be effective and meet the requirements of the time. The completeness of the liability rules is a guarantee of ensuring the constitutional rights of subjects of labor relations. Detailing the rules on disciplinary responsibility allows for the definition of clear boundaries of acceptable behavior for the employer and necessary behavior for the employee. The disciplinary responsibility of athletes is fully established depending on the specific sport by disciplinary statutes, regulations, regulations rules of the relevant international sports federations, national sports federations, clubs, and associations. Therefore, the legal regulation of the activities of professional athletes differs from the general regulation, has its characteristics, and requires special attention from the legislator. In particular, the article focuses attention on the need to introduce special disciplinary responsibilities for professional athletes, in particular through the adoption of a special law regulating the professional activity of athletes. The article proposes other measures to improve the current labor legislation.
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Lebel, Katie, and Karen Danylchuk. "Facing Off on Twitter: A Generation Y Interpretation of Professional Athlete Profile Pictures." International Journal of Sport Communication 7, no. 3 (September 2014): 317–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsc.2014-0004.
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This study investigated how professional athletes present themselves in their Twitter profile pictures and how athlete self-presentation is interpreted by a Generation Y audience (N = 206). Goffman’s theory of self-presentation guided the analysis with a specific focus on the notions of front- and backstage performances as they relate to impression-management strategies. Participants assessed a sample of profile photos of the most followed male and female athletes on Twitter by providing their first impressions of each athlete’s image and then evaluating photo favorability and effectiveness. This research provides evidence to suggest that individuals invest meaning in the social cues provided in athlete profile pictures. Athletes who highlighted a sport context were consistently ranked most favorably and effectively and were linked with positive word associations. These findings underscore the importance of a strategic alignment between social-media profile content, profile photos, and the brand established by athletes.
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Drahota, Jo Anne Tremaine, and D. Stanley Eitzen. "The Role Exit of Professional Athletes." Sociology of Sport Journal 15, no. 3 (September 1998): 263–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ssj.15.3.263.
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Previous research on the role transition of ex-athletes to a new career is somewhat limited because the studies have applied theories that do not fit the unique characteristics of athletes. This research uses another approach, Ebaugh’s role exit theory to understand the role exit process of professional athletes. Ebaugh claims that her theory, is applicable to all role exits. We found that Ebaugh’s theory applies to athletes, but with modification. Data were collected from interviews with 27 former professional athletes. The experiences of these athletes generally fit within Ebaugh’s 4 stages. However, the athletes paths are not entirely accounted for by the model. Thus, the model is modified to include: (a) a new stage of “original doubts” that precedes becoming a professional athlete; (b) the difference by the era in which the athlete played; (c) the significance of the type of involuntary exit; and (d) the “withdrawal” behaviors associated with leaving sport.
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Agergaard, Sine, and Tatiana V. Ryba. "Migration and Career Transitions in Professional Sports: Transnational Athletic Careers in a Psychological and Sociological Perspective." Sociology of Sport Journal 31, no. 2 (June 2014): 228–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ssj.2013-0031.
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With rising globalization and professionalization within sports, athletes are increasingly migrating across national borders to take up work, and their athletic and nonathletic development is thereby shaped and lived in different countries. Through the analysis of interviews with female professional transnational athletes, this article contextualizes and discusses arguments for developing an interdisciplinary framework to account for lived experiences of the close intertwining between transnational migration and career development in professional sports. By combining our psychological and sociological perspectives, we identify three normative career transitions for transnational athletes. First of all, transnational recruitment that draws on social networks as well as individual agency. Secondly, establishment as a transnational athlete that is connected to cultural and psychological adaptation as well as development of transnational belonging, and thirdly, professional athletic career termination that for transnational athletes is connected to a (re)constitution of one’s transnational network and sense of belonging.
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Ramaeker, Joey, and Trent A. Petrie. "Athletic Trainers’ Perspectives on Sport Psychology: Professional Roles, Training, and Referrals." Sport Psychologist 29, no. 3 (September 2015): 278–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/tsp.2014-0079.
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We explored athletic trainers’ (ATs) beliefs regarding the roles of fellow ATs and sport psychologists (SPs) when working with athletes, and assessed where ATs’ typically refer athletes with psychological concerns. ATs’ beliefs and referral preferences across three hypothetical sport performance scenarios also were evaluated. ATs viewed aiding athletes’ psychological recovery from injury as their most acceptable role followed by teaching mental skills and counseling regarding personal issues. ATs rated SPs’ roles similarly. Regarding the scenarios, ATs were most likely to refer to a SP when performance was affected by mental factors. Considering performance difficulties attributed to interpersonal concerns, ATs were most likely to refer to a counselor. When recovering from physical injury, ATs viewed referring to a sport psychologist and assisting on their own as equally viable options. ATs’ views regarding their roles and referral preferences likely reflect educational and clinical experiences. Collaboration between athletic training and sport psychology professional organizations and individual professionals is warranted to enhance athlete care.
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Zaborovskyy, V. V. "Provision of legal assistance by a lawyer to professional athletes in negotiating and concluding of contracts." Analytical and Comparative Jurisprudence, no. 1 (May 29, 2023): 127–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2788-6018.2023.01.21.
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This article is devoted to the disclosure of some features of providing legal assistance to professional athletes in relation to the representation of their interests at the stage of negotiations and conclusion of contracts. Other possible activities of a lawyer in the field of sports are also analyzed. Within the framework of this article, attention is focused on the fact that, despite the significant range of types of possible lawyer activity, when the client of the lawyer is a professional athlete, in many cases such activity is limited to help (support) in concluding contracts of the professional athlete primarily with his future club (employer). Attention is focused on the importance of such a contract, taking into account the fact that regardless of whether it is the first contract in the athlete's professional career or the current one, in many ways it determines the further sports future of the professional athlete. This article also examines the special legal nature of a sports contract and draws attention to different points of view regarding its definition (some scholars hold the position that a contract with a professional athlete is an employment contract, others a civil contract and some point out that it has dual legal nature). It is concluded that the contract with the athlete is a type of employment contract, and between the parties, there is an employment relationship, not forgetting the need to take into account its features, based on the specifics of the professional activity of athletes. The position is also argued (based on the variety of sports and the ways athletes participate in competitions) about the possible civil-law nature of relations regarding the participation of professional athletes in competitions (for example, regarding the participation of professional tennis players who are self-employed and represent themselves at competitions).
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He, Kai. "Prediction Model of Juvenile Football Players’ Sports Injury Based on Text Classification Technology of Machine Learning." Mobile Information Systems 2021 (June 10, 2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/2955215.
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As the level of soccer in our country has improved rapidly, the level of skill has gradually improved, and the requirements for training of athletes have increased. Due to changes in athlete training methods, it has been decided that athletes must bear a great risk of sports injuries. Accurate prediction of injuries is very important for the development of youth soccer. Based on this, this paper proposes a text classification algorithm based on machine learning and builds a sports injury prediction model that can accurately predict athlete injuries, reduce athlete injuries during training, and be effective. We put forward various sports suitable for young athletes, and put forward some measures to prevent and alleviate athletes’ injuries. This article selects 48 football players from a college of physical education of a university for testing. The athletes participating in the experiment use professional equipment to collect exercise volume and exercise load data, and real-time records of each athlete's physical fitness data within half a year, through the athlete's exercise volume, exercise load, body metabolism, and physical indicators to predict their sports injury. Experiments show that from the degree of injury, it can be seen that the severe injury is the least, with 5 cases of muscle injury, 2 cases of fascia ligament injury, and 1 case of joint injury. There were 25 cases of mild injuries, accounting for 41.0% of the total. This is because the athlete’s sports injury prediction model has better prediction capabilities, allowing athlete coaches and therapists to optimize training courses, ultimately preventing injuries, improving training levels, and reducing rehabilitation costs.
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Citta Dewi, Kadek Pratita, and Rojuaniah Rojuaniah. "Coach Leadership and Achievement Motivation on Women Basketball Athletes Performance." Mutiara: Multidiciplinary Scientifict Journal 1, no. 10 (January 12, 2023): 625–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.57185/mutiara.v1i10.94.
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This study aims to determine the effect of coach leadership and achievement motivation on the performance of professional women's basketball athletes. This research is expected to contribute to the knowledge of organizational management and also make a practical contribution to clubs for the successful planning and implementation of improving athlete performance through coach leadership and motivation factors. This study uses a survey method. Respondents in this study were professional women's basketball athletes from six basketball clubs who participated in the 2021 Srikandi Cup, namely 1) Merpati Bali, 2) Friends of Semarang, 3) Flying Wheel Makassar, 4) GMC Cirebon, 5) Jakarta Scorpio and 6) Tanago Friesian Jakarta with a total sample of 120 athletes. The analysis technique uses SEM-PLS analysis. The results of the study show that the coach's leadership has an impact on achievement motivation and the performance of professional women's basketball athletes. The existence of support from good coach leadership will increase the athlete's achievement motivation. High achievement motivation makes athletes have big goals to achieve, so that athlete performance becomes better. Achievement motivation mediates the influence of coach leadership on athlete performance. The results of this study have implications that coaches need to provide more support to athletes so that they are more motivated to excel, so that they are expected to bring out their best performance for the team.
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Bukstein, Scott. "Practical Strategies for Thought Leaders in College Athletics and Higher Education: Developing a “Meaningful Education and Career Preparation as Compensation” Model." Journal of Higher Education Athletics & Innovation, no. 1 (December 13, 2016): 61–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.15763/issn.2376-5267.2016.1.1.61-72.
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Recent discussion amongst scholars and practitioners related to current issues in National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I college athletics has focused on areas such as the widespread commercialization of amateur sports, consistent corruption within athletics departments at NCAA member institutions, extensive exploitation of student-athletes and the necessity of a “pay for play” employee compensation model for student-athletes (see, for example, Benedict & Keteyian, 2014; Branch, 2011; Huma & Staurowsky, 2012; Nocera & Strauss, 2016; Southall & Staurowsky, 2013; Staurowsky, Maxcy, Karcher, Southall, Berri, & Otto, 2015). However, there has been minimal scholarly and industry discourse on how to leverage some of the revenues generated at the NCAA, conference and individual athletics program levels in order to develop innovative and sustainable higher education solutions that would prepare all student-athletes for career and personal success after participation in college athletics. The primary objective of this journal article is to encourage a more informed conversation about important issues in college athletics in part by proposing several practical strategies that would improve the overall student-athlete experience and further align participation in college athletics with the core goals of institutions of higher education. This research note provides an overview of the college athletics business model at Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS) institutions within Division I of the NCAA. In addition, this article reviews the current NCAA Division I governance structure. An accurate knowledge of the business and governance realities within college athletics is essential to understanding that paying student-athletes an hourly wage or annual salary is actually not one of the main system issues or central student-athlete wellbeing priorities of advocates for student-athletes, athletics leaders and higher education administrators. This article analyzes the primary issues and areas in which key college athletics stakeholders presently seek change and improvement. This article also spotlights innovative, culturally relevant student-athlete career and professional development programs recently developed by the University of Central Florida, Oregon State University and Vanderbilt University. Finally, this article provides a series of recommendations for all stakeholders involved in college athletics to optimize the student-athlete academic and athletic experience and to improve the level of career preparedness of all student-athletes.
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Khorram, Mohammad Hasan. "Goal orientation based relationship between coaching efficiency, athlete satisfaction, and team cohesion." Scientific Journal of Sport and Performance 2, no. 1 (December 22, 2022): 70–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.55860/xaqq9577.
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In this study, the mediating role of goal orientations in the relationship between a coach-athlete relationship (CAR) and collective effectiveness (CE), based on the results between the coaching efficiency variables, athlete satisfaction, and team cohesion was investigated. Participants were 252 professional athletes from four different sports. Data were obtained using questionnaires on coaching performance, athlete satisfaction, and team cohesion. Structural equation modelling showed that CAR has a positive indirect effect on athlete satisfaction and a positive direct effect on team cohesion. Athletes' satisfaction also had both direct and indirect positive effects on team cohesion. Also, the coaching effectiveness had the greatest effect on group cohesion. Coaches can use strategies and stimuli that create a sense of satisfaction in athletes and lead them to appropriate, professional, and athletic behaviour. The results show that a good quality CAR increases athletes' focus on their goals and develop their individual skills, thus improving team performance.
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Buckley, Patrick S., Michael C. Ciccotti, Meghan Bishop, Patrick Kane, Stephen Selverian, Dominique Exume, John D'Angelo, et al. "Youth Single-Sport Specialization in Professional Baseball Players." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 8, no. 3 (March 1, 2020): 232596712090787. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967120907875.
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Background: An increasing number of youth baseball athletes are specializing in playing baseball at younger ages. Purpose: The purpose of our study was to describe the age and prevalence of single-sport specialization in a cohort of current professional baseball athletes. In addition, we sought to understand the trends surrounding single-sport specialization in professional baseball players raised within and outside the United States (US). Study Design: Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: A survey was distributed to male professional baseball athletes via individual team athletic trainers. Athletes were asked if and at what age they had chosen to specialize in playing baseball at the exclusion of other sports, and data were then collected pertaining to this decision. We analyzed the rate and age of specialization, the reasons for specialization, and the athlete’s perception of injuries related to specialization. Results: A total of 1673 professional baseball athletes completed the survey, representing 26 of the 30 Major League Baseball (MLB) organizations. Less than half (44.5%) of professional athletes specialized in playing a single sport during their childhood/adolescence. Those who reported specializing in their youth did so at a mean age of 14.09 ± 2.79 years. MLB players who grew up outside the US specialized at a significantly earlier age than MLB players native to the US (12.30 ± 3.07 vs 14.89 ± 2.24 years, respectively; P < .001). Additionally, MLB players raised in the US recalled a significantly higher incidence of sustaining an injury attributed to specializing in baseball than MLB athletes raised outside the US (27.7% vs 20.6%, respectively; P = .05). Conclusion: This study challenges the current trends toward early youth sport specialization, finding that the majority of professional baseball athletes studied did not specialize as youth and that those who did specialize did so at a mean age of 14 years. With the potential cumulative effects of pitching and overhead throwing on an athlete’s arm, the trend identified in this study toward earlier specialization within baseball is concerning.
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Doewes, Rumi Iqbal, Singgih Hendarto, Pomo Warih Adi, Hendrig Joko Prasetyo, and Manshuralhudroli Manshuralhudroli. "Anthropometry and Physical Condition Profile of Bhayangkara FC Professional Football Athletes." Jp.jok (Jurnal Pendidikan Jasmani, Olahraga dan Kesehatan) 5, no. 1 (December 30, 2021): 40–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.33503/jp.jok.v5i1.1676.
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The purpose of this study was to investigate the anthropometry and physical condition profile of Bhayangkara FC professional football athletes. The research was conducted by survey. The research sample amounted to 19 athletes. Data were collected through anthropometric measurements including weight, height, and leg length as well as physical condition tests including 30 meter sprint, illinois, sit and reach, vertical jump, Yo Yo Fitness test. The data were analyzed by T-score and then categorized on a scale of very good to very poor. The results showed that the anthropometric profile of Bhayangkara FC professional football athletes were mostly in the moderate category (8 athletes/42.11%), while the others were in the poor category (5 athletes/26.32%), good (3 athletes/15.79%), good once (2 athletes/10.53 %), and less than once (1 athlete 5.26 %). The study also showed that the physical condition profile of Bhayangkara FC professional football athletes were mostly in the moderate category (10 athletes/52.63%), while the others were in the good category (4 athletes/21.05%), less (3 athletes/15.79%), very good (1 athlete/5.26 %), and very poor (1 athlete/5.26 %). In conclusion, the mean anthropometric profile of Bhayangkara FC professional football athletes showed a moderate category and the mean physical condition profile of Bhayangkara FC professional football athletes showed a moderate category.
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J.A. Agyemang, Kwame. "Toward a framework of “athlete citizenship” in professional sport through authentic community stakeholder engagement." Sport, Business and Management: An International Journal 4, no. 1 (March 4, 2014): 26–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/sbm-12-2011-0088.
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Purpose – While there is extant research regarding corporate citizenship, the literature negates the micro level of analysis as it only concentrates on macro and/or meso levels. Utilizing sport as a context, more specifically, professional athletes, the purpose of this paper is to introduce a concept termed athlete citizenship. The author defines athlete citizenship as the manner in which a professional athlete conducts himself or herself (on and away from competition) and makes a positive impact on society. The author centralizes community stakeholder engagement as one method of exemplifying athlete citizenship qualities. In doing so, the author attempts to provide professional athletes and their managers with a framework to engage community stakeholders. Design/methodology/approach – Given the scope of what is asked of professional athletes in the current age, the author adopts Sequeira and Warner's (2007) framework on how organizations can engage community stakeholders and applies it to professional athletes. Findings – The author argues that by carrying out authentic community stakeholder engagement, professional athletes can witness strategic benefits such as eliminating resentment, building a positive reputation, attaining revenue-generating ventures, and enhancing their brand. Originality/value – This paper is the first to discuss stakeholder engagement among professional athletes, the notion of athlete citizenship and how these can produce strategic benefits.
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Albion, Majella J., and Gerard J. Fogarty. "Career Decision Making for Young Elite Athletes: Are We Ahead on Points?" Australian Journal of Career Development 14, no. 1 (April 2005): 51–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/103841620501400108.
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A comparison is made between the career decision making of secondary school students who are also elite athletes and a sample of non-athlete students. The 226 athletes (111 females, 115 males) in the study were on sporting scholarships with the Australian Institute of Sport or state/territory institutions. Measures used included the Career Decision Difficulties Questionnaire and the Athletic Identity Measurement Scale. The non-athlete data were obtained from 272 secondary school students (149 females, 123 males). Only three athletes indicated a singular focus on a career in professional sport. There were significant relationships between athletic identity and career decision difficulties, especially in relation to dysfunctional myths, and there was only one difference between the difficulties reported by athletes and non-athletes. Tentative conclusions are drawn about the factors that impact on career decision making among elite athletes and possible directions for future research.
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Su, Shaohui. "Statistical Calculation Method and Analysis of Athletes’ Biorhythm State and Sports Injury." Mobile Information Systems 2021 (June 16, 2021): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/8313185.
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In recent years, attention has been focused on the prevention and treatment of sports injuries. However, no athlete injury prevention system has been established. Athletes’ injury prevention has become an important research field, but it is still used in current sports injury statistics. Traditional calculation methods are difficult to meet the requirements of modern halo. In order to understand the relationship between the athlete’s biorhythm state and the statistical calculation method of sports injury and to reduce the damage caused by sports injury to athletes, we have carried out statistics on various physical parameters of athletes in a certain university in this city through example analysis and creatively introduced the statistical calculation method of the fault tree, and the corresponding results provide a certain research foundation for the subsequent research. The research results in this article prove that formulating a suitable sport mode for athletes can improve their athletic ability by more than 10%, reduce damage to athletes, and extend their professional life. Generally speaking, athletes’ injuries can be reduced by more than 15%. This shows that appropriate injury statistics calculation methods and research on sports injury prevention in advance are extremely important for athletes.
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Cui, Shuqin, Mingyou Gao, Yang Xun, Sai-Fu Fung, Yujiao Tan, Yu Zhang, Chenghao Wang, Huanqing Wang, and You Xiong. "Research on the Structure and Characteristics of the Overall Social Network of Professional Athletes." Complexity 2021 (May 7, 2021): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6484098.
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This study chooses Chinese athletes as the research object and constructs the overall network of its social support network and discussion network. From the micro-, meso-, and macrolevels of the social network structure, the structure and characteristics of the athlete’s overall social network are analyzed. Through research, we found that there is embeddedness, that is, the relevance, between society support networks, between society discussion networks, and between society support networks and society discussion networks. At the same time, in the athletes’ social support network and social discussion network, some athletes have no contact with other players; they have no “power” in the group as well, so it is difficult to obtain network resources. We also found that there are small-world characteristics in the social network of Chinese professional athletes. The above findings will provide a deeper understanding of the peculiarities of athlete groups and have certain practical significance for improving athletes’ daily training and life management conditions.
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Emerson, Dawn M., Toni M. Torres-McGehee, Susan W. Yeargin, Kyle Dolan, and Kelcey K. deWeber. "Collegiate and Professional Ice Hockey Athletic Trainers’ Hydration Practices and Knowledge: Part 1." International Journal of Athletic Therapy and Training 25, no. 2 (March 1, 2020): 86–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijatt.2018-0133.
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Despite cool environments, ice hockey athletes are predisposed to hypohydration due to extensive equipment, high intensity activity, and high sweat rates. The purpose of this study was to determine hydration practices and awareness of fluid recommendations among athletic trainers (ATs) working with NCAA Division I, NCAA Division III, and professional ice hockey teams. Most professional ATs (90.1%) utilized at least one hydration status measure, while 61.7% of collegiate ATs did not measure hydration. Compared to Division I, more Division III ATs did not have electrolyte supplements (p < .001) and believed they did not have adequate access through budget/sponsorship (p < .001). Both professional (72.0%) and collegiate (53%) ATs reported athletes had open access to electrolyte supplements or gave them to any athlete who asked. Athletic trainers provided patient education and had fluids accessible to athletes. Areas to improve clinical practice include monitoring electrolyte supplement access and collegiate ATs assessing hydration status.
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Lebria, Mathew Gerald D. C., Cymond R. Ochoa, Jasmin Marie P. Tionloc, Ardvin Kester S. Ong, and Josephine D. German. "Determining Factors Influencing Collegiate Players’ Intention to Pursue a Professional Career." Sports 12, no. 4 (March 30, 2024): 98. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sports12040098.
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The rise of professional careers in playing sports has been seen in the recent generation. Ranging from traditional sports to recent e-games, it can be seen that student athletes are not only considering these as motivational factors for education, but also as future career paths. This study aims to fill the knowledge gap about the factors influencing college athletes’ aspirations to play professionally. The study examines the complex web of athlete decision-making by utilizing the extended Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) and analyzing the roles of motivational factors, self-efficacy, affective behavior, and behavioral domains. With the use of structural equation modeling, the study deciphers the intricate links, emphasizing the critical role that attitude plays in affective behavior. It emphasizes how much optimism and self-efficacy shape an athlete’s behavior and subsequent pursuit of professional careers. The current research provides a benchmark for future studies exploring student athletes’ career goals. This research adds understanding to the knowledge gap regarding the complex decision-making procedures of aspiring professional athletes. Both theoretical and practical implications are provided based on the results of the study, which stakeholders and institutions may consider for student athletes wanting to pursue a professional sports career.
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Larkin, Ben, Brendan Dwyer, and Chad Goebert. "Dehumanization of Professional Athletes and Implications for Brand Attachment." Sport Marketing Quarterly 32, no. 3 (September 1, 2023): 223–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.32731/smq.323.092023.04.
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A growing amount of attention has been paid to the topic of dehumanization of professional athletes in recent years, both in mainstream media and in academic literature. Even professional athletes themselves have begun speaking out on the issue. Nevertheless, the academic scholarship on this phenomenon remains sparse, with scholars yet to provide empirical evidence that sport fans do, in fact, dehumanize professional athletes. The current research fills this void by exploring fans’ implicit tendencies to view professional athletes as both machines and animals, with a particular emphasis on the marketing implications of this phenomenon. The results of the implicit association test (IAT) support the idea that participants view professional athletes as animals and displayed a negative association with athlete brand attachment. The findings advance multiple research lines and provide practical implications for sport teams and athlete brand managers.
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Rojo, Jeferson Roberto, Wycliffe Wekesa Simiyu Njororai, Giovana Xavier de Moura, Francielle Ferreira da Rocha, and Fernando Augusto Starepravo. "I feel at home: an analysis of the perception of Immigrant East African road runners in Brazil." Retos 54 (March 11, 2024): 389–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.47197/retos.v54.101571.
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The present study aimed to analyze the perception of road runners of East African origin about the reception and hospitality extended to them by local athletes during the period in which they lived and competed in Brazil. A qualitative approach was used, appropriating sources acquired through interviews conducted by the authors of the study and documentary research. Among other findings, it was established that there was a distinction between personal relationships and the positioning of professional interests between Brazilian and East African athletes. In other words, as much as foreigners feel well received in Brazil, when they enter the professional part, Brazilian athletes express discontent with the presence of these foreign athletes in the country. The interview results and documentary analysis point to a contradiction. East African runners are considered athletic superstars and are admired by Brazilian runners. However, when it comes to professional relationships, Brazilians worry about financial losses related to race prizes when competing with top-performing African athletes. Key words: Qualitative research, Kenyan runners, Ethiopian runners, Brazil, Athlete Migration.
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Teng, Qiuling, and Xianjin Wang. "More is less? The curvilinear impact of coach competency on athlete psychological engagement." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 48, no. 4 (April 7, 2020): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.8730.
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We explored the impact of coach professional and emotional-healing competency on athlete psychological engagement. We tested our predictions with a sample of 418 athletes. The results showed there was an inverted U-shaped relationship between coach professional competency and athletes' psychological engagement, and a positive relationship between coach emotional-healing competency and athletes' psychological engagement. We also found that coach emotional-healing competency moderated the inverted U-shaped relationship between coach professional competency and athlete psychological engagement. The findings provide the critical practical implication that coaches should not neglect to foster the competency of emotional healing as they concentrate on the promotion of their professional competency in the process of working with athletes.
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Nikjoo, Nazfar, and Heydar Sadeghi. "Comparison of the ground reaction force, center of mass to center of pressure changes and time to stabilization during landing jump in young professional and semiprofessional karate girls." Scientific Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine 10, no. 5 (March 6, 2022): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.32598/sjrm.10.5.11.
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Background and Aims Since, there is a direct relationship between achieving the best athletic performance and minimizing the damage potential with people's ability to perform the technique, this study aimed to compare the selected biomechanical variables during subsequent jump-landings between professional and semi – professional karate athlete. Methods The data of 18 young girls karate athlete and member of the national team camp (professional-9 people) and selected karate athlete of Mazandaran province (semi- professional-9 people) were collected and statistically analyzed. Results The results in the left foot of both groups were higher than in the right foot. There was a significant difference between the earth's reaction force and the change of mass center to the center of pressure (stress) in the internal-external non – professional karate athletes and the left foot of the professional and non – professional. There was a significant difference between the earth's reactions force in the posterior-anterior direction between the right and left foot of the professional group and the right and left foot of the non – professional group and the right and left foot of the both group in the change of mass center to the center of pressure between the right and left foot of these two groups. But there was no significant difference between the time to achieve stability. Conclusion According to the results, the variables of the earth's reaction force and change in the mass center to the center of pressure and the time needed to achieve stability for karate athletes can be used as an index to evaluate the level of ability performance and detect the potential of damage occurrence in professional and semi-professional karate athletes.
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Stiles, Deborah A., Daniel J. Sebben, Judith L. Gibbons, and Deane C. Wiley. "Why Adolescent Boys Dream of Becoming Professional Athletes." Psychological Reports 84, no. 3_suppl (June 1999): 1075–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1999.84.3c.1075.
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A review of studies which investigated drawings of the ideal man and the occupational aspirations of boys (ages 11–18 years) from several countries indicated that becoming a professional athlete was a popular but unrealistic aspiration for many adolescent boys. Boys who were athletes and nonathletes from diverse ethnic groups and nationalities dreamed of becoming professional athletes. In two additional studies in the United States of America, adolescents were asked why they thought boys most often selected professional athlete as a possible future occupation. Adolescents perceived professional athletes as rich, famous, and glorified. Enhancement of status and financial gain were ranked as more important than the desire to play sports.
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Henning, April, and Jörg Krieger. "Dropping the Amateur: The International Association of Athletics Federations and the Turn Toward Professionalism." Sport History Review 51, no. 1 (May 1, 2020): 64–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/shr.2019-0024.
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When the International Association of Amateur Athletics (IAAF) changed its name to International Association of Athletics Federations in 2001, it was more than an acknowledgment of the organization’s acceptance of professional athletes. Rather, this change symbolized a shift in thinking about the nature of athletics, what athletics competitions represented, and the commercialization of the sport that had been decades in the making. This article will consider the IAAF’s pursuit to maintain control over global athletics through its transition from an amateur sport federation to a professional sport governing body. Drawing on official documents and personal archives of IAAF officials, the authors trace the internal views and debates, beginning with the IAAF’s fight to maintain amateurism against collective pushback over issues of athlete pay, to the full acceptance of professionalism. The main focus of this article lies in the transition period in the 1980s and 1990s. The authors show how dropping the amateur from the name reflected not only the new embrace of professional athletes, but also the organizational turn away from amateur athletics. The authors will identify the processes that finally forced the breakdown of amateurism and ushered in a new era of professional athletics.
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Ng, Kwok, and Tatiana Ryba. "The Quantified Athlete: Associations of Wearables for High School Athletes." Advances in Human-Computer Interaction 2018 (October 1, 2018): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/6317524.
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The adoption of wearable technology in competitive sports can be an advantage to performance and training. Athletes who use personalised data to quantify their performances with the possibilities of sharing with others may use wearables to reinforce the athletic identity. Despite these changes, few studies have actually examined the associations between wearables and developing athletes in their quest for professional sports. Student athletes (n = 437, age = 17y) still in high schools completed a web-based survey about their professional aspirations, athletic identity, and the association with wearables. Wearables were measured by ownership and usage of apps, fitness trackers, or sports watches. Odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were reported. Most high school athletes had apps (64.3%) or fitness trackers (65.2%) and over half of the athletes (58%) had aspirations for professional sport. Athletic identity was positively associated with ownership and usage of apps and fitness trackers. The OR was greater for professional sport aspiration with fitness trackers owners (OR = 2.60, CI = 1.44-4.73) and users (OR = 4.04, CI = 2.09-7.81) than athletes without fitness trackers. Wearables were common among high school athletes and it was part of their athletic identity. For professional aspiring athletes, wearables have the potential to help provide data to support suitable training and competition schedules at a time when students may be overloaded with academic pressures.
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Driller, Matthew W., Ian C. Dunican, Shauni E. T. Omond, Omar Boukhris, Shauna Stevenson, Kari Lambing, and Amy M. Bender. "Pyjamas, Polysomnography and Professional Athletes: The Role of Sleep Tracking Technology in Sport." Sports 11, no. 1 (January 5, 2023): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sports11010014.
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Technological advances in sleep monitoring have seen an explosion of devices used to gather important sleep metrics. These devices range from instrumented ‘smart pyjamas’ through to at-home polysomnography devices. Alongside these developments in sleep technologies, there have been concomitant increases in sleep monitoring in athletic populations, both in the research and in practical settings. The increase in sleep monitoring in sport is likely due to the increased knowledge of the importance of sleep in the recovery process and performance of an athlete, as well as the well-reported challenges that athletes can face with their sleep. This narrative review will discuss: (1) the importance of sleep to athletes; (2) the various wearable tools and technologies being used to monitor sleep in the sport setting; (3) the role that sleep tracking devices may play in gathering information about sleep; (4) the reliability and validity of sleep tracking devices; (5) the limitations and cautions associated with sleep trackers; and, (6) the use of sleep trackers to guide behaviour change in athletes. We also provide some practical recommendations for practitioners working with athletes to ensure that the selection of such devices and technology will meet the goals and requirements of the athlete.
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Yashin, T. A., Zh V. Grishina, A. I. Kadykova, V. S. Feshchenko, A. V. Zholinsky, and T. A. Pushkina. "Features of compiling metabolic correction programs for professional athletes and the possibility of their optimization using digital technologies." Sports medicine: research and practice 12, no. 2 (October 31, 2022): 5–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.47529/2223-2524.2022.2.8.
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To compile a personalized program for correcting the metabolism of a professional athlete, it is necessary to take into account many factors, including age, gender, sports specialization, individual characteristics, the pathologies in the anamnesis, the stage of the athlete’s training cycle, etc. When drawing up such programs for athletes of sports national teams of the Russian Federation, a scheme for assessing the characteristics of the athlete’s body is used, the basis for which is information obtained during in-depth medical examinations of athletes conducted on the basis of clinics of the FMBA Russia. To improve the quality of personalized programs of metabolic correction in the future, it is possible to use professionally oriented reference intervals of laboratory blood parameters, as well as the results of genetic screening based on the strategy of complete exomic sequencing of the athlete’s genome. One of the ways to increase the efficiency of metabolic correction of professional athletes is the introduction of modern information technologies and the development of a modern information system based on them. The introduction of such an information system will increase the speed of primary processing of initial information about the health status of the athlete and the peculiarities of his metabolic processes, as well as partially automate the formation of individualized recommendations regarding the diet and hydratation, and the choice of metabolic correction at various stages of the sports season.
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Wang, Dean, Leigh J. Weiss, Madeline Abrams, Ronnie P. Barnes, Russell F. Warren, Scott A. Rodeo, and Samuel A. Taylor. "Athletes With Musculoskeletal Injuries Identified at the NFL Scouting Combine and Prediction of Outcomes in the NFL: A Systematic Review." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 6, no. 12 (December 1, 2018): 232596711881308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967118813083.
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Background: Prior to the annual National Football League (NFL) Draft, the top college football prospects are evaluated by medical personnel from each team at the NFL Scouting Combine. On the basis of these evaluations, each athlete is assigned an orthopaedic grade from the medical staff of each club, which aims to predict the impact of an athlete’s injury history on his ability to participate in the NFL. Purpose: (1) To identify clinical predictors of signs, symptoms, and subsequent professional participation associated with football-related injuries identified at the NFL Combine and (2) to assess the methodological quality of the evidence currently published. Study Design: Systematic review; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: A systematic review was conducted in accordance with the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines. We reviewed all studies that examined musculoskeletal injuries identified among athletes at the NFL Combine and associated outcomes. Data on signs, symptoms, and subsequent NFL participation were collected, and the methodological quality of the studies was assessed. Results: Overall, 32 studies, including 30 injury-specific studies, met the inclusion criteria. Twenty studies analyzed data collected at the NFL Combine from 2009 and later. When compared with matched controls, athletes with a history of a cervical or lumbar spine injury, rotator cuff repair, superior labrum anterior-posterior repair, anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction, full-thickness chondral lesions of the knee, or Lisfranc injury played in significantly fewer games early in their NFL careers. Additionally, athletes with a history of a cervical or lumbar spine injury, rotator cuff repair, and navicular injury had decreased career lengths versus controls. Defensive players and linemen were found to have decreased participation in the NFL for several injuries, including prior meniscectomy, anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction, and shoulder instability. Career length follow-up, measures of athletic participation, and matching criteria were highly variable among studies. Conclusion: For medical professionals caring for professional football athletes, this information can help guide orthopaedic grading of prospects at the NFL Combine and counseling of athletes on the potential impact of prior injuries on their professional careers. For future studies, improvements in study methodology will provide greater insight into the efficacy of current treatments and areas that require further understanding.
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Caron, Jeffrey G., Gordon A. Bloom, Karen M. Johnston, and Catherine M. Sabiston. "Effects of Multiple Concussions on Retired National Hockey League Players." Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 35, no. 2 (April 2013): 168–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsep.35.2.168.
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The purpose of this study was to understand the meanings and lived experiences of multiple concussions in professional hockey players using hermeneutic, idiographic, and inductive approaches within an interpretative phenomenological analysis. The interviewer was an athlete who had suffered multiple concussions, and the interviewees were five former National Hockey League athletes who had retired due to medically diagnosed concussions suffered during their careers. The men discussed the physical and psychological symptoms they experienced as a result of their concussions and how the symptoms affected their professional careers, personal relationships, and quality of life. The former professional athletes related these symptoms to the turmoil that is ever present in their lives. These findings are of interest to athletes, coaches, sport administrators, family members, sport psychology practitioners, and medical professionals, as they highlight the severity of short- and long-term effects of concussions.
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Macpherson, Margaret Catherine, Róisín Harrison, Dannette Marie, and Lynden K. Miles. "Investigating coaches’ recognition of symptoms of eating disorders in track athletes." BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine 8, no. 3 (August 2022): e001333. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjsem-2022-001333.
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ObjectiveTo determine the extent to which athletics coaches can identify evidence of an eating disorder in track athletes and what treatment advice they would provide.MethodsVignettes depicting athletes portraying symptoms consistent with anorexia nervosa (AN) and bulimia nervosa (BN) were developed and used to survey 185 UK and Irish athletics coaches (and a community sample of 105 non-coaches) regarding their ability to recognise and respond to symptoms of an eating disorder.ResultsCoaches were no more likely than the community sample to correctly identify an eating disorder but were more likely to suggest professional treatment for an athlete experiencing symptoms of AN (OR 1.82, 95% CI 1.02 to 3.29). For both eating disorders, higher levels of mental health literacy (AN: OR 1.06, 95% CI 1.02 to 1.11, BN: OR 1.08, 95% CI 1.04 to 1.14) and more years of coaching experience (AN: OR 1.12, 95% CI 1.03 to 1.24, BN: OR 1.07, 95% CI 1.01 to 1.16) also increased the likelihood of suggesting professional help. When considering the whole sample, participants were more likely to correctly identify an eating disorder (OR 4.67, 95% CI 2.66 to 8.20) and suggest professional treatment for AN than BN (OR 1.76, CI 1.04 to 2.97). Further, symptoms of AN were more likely to be correctly identified in female than male athletes (OR 2.26, 95% CI 1.28 to 4.06).ConclusionsAlthough coaches were more likely than community members to recommend professional treatment to an athlete exhibiting symptoms of an eating disorder, they were no more likely to correctly identify an eating disorder in the first instance. Further work is required to enhance coaches’ capacity to identify symptoms of eating disorders to ensure athletes receive appropriate interventions.
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Houston, John M., David Carter, and Robert D. Smither. "Competitiveness in Elite Professional Athletes." Perceptual and Motor Skills 84, no. 3_suppl (June 1997): 1447–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1997.84.3c.1447.
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This study examined sport and interpersonal competitiveness between 92 tennis club players and 155 professional players (131 active and 24 retired) and also considered sex differences, differences in stage of career, and performance. Analysis indicated that tennis professionals scored higher on both sport and interpersonal measures of competitiveness than amateur tennis players and that competitiveness remains stable across stages of career. In addition, female tennis professionals scored higher on sport competitiveness than males. Neither measure of competitiveness was significantly related to professional ranking.
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E.S., Naboychenko, and Noskova M.V. "PSYCHOLOGICAL AND PEDAGOGICAL CONDITIONS FOR FORMING PROFESSIONAL-IMPORTANT QUALITIES IN ATHLETES." “Educational bulletin “Consciousness” 23, no. 3 (March 30, 2021): 30–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.26787/nydha-2686-6846-2021-23-3-30-38.
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The study of the conditions for the formation of professionally important qualities in athletes is due to the fact that every year in sports of the highest achievements the level of physical complexity and psychological endurance rises, new records are set, the requirements for professional training and the personality of an athlete increase. The article discusses the issues of psychological and pedagogical conditions in the formation of professionally important qualities in athletes. The aim of the study is to identify the psychological and pedagogical conditions for the formation of professionally important qualities in athletes. The content of the article includes a theoretical analysis of the psychological and pedagogical literature of the concepts of "condition", "pedagogical conditions", "psychological conditions". The author's vision on the definition of the concepts of "psychological and pedagogical conditions in sports", "professional qualities of an athlete" is given, as well as the characteristics of these conditions that contribute to the formation of professionally important qualities in athletes, and provide psycho-emotional stability. According to the authors, the professionally important qualities of an athlete (PVK) are individual psychological and physiological qualities that affect his effectiveness in sports activity. These include psychoemotional stability, self-reflection, motivation, resilience, concentration of attention, self-regulation, self-control, locus control (localization of control of volitional effort), etc. The main result of the study is the concretization of conditions that contribute to the formation of professionally important qualities necessary for the implementation of successful sports activity. The authors refer to the psychological and pedagogical conditions: ensuring a favorable socio-psychological climate in the team, relationships and the creation of psychological safety; ensuring the consistency of the athlete's psychological training; providing psychological and pedagogical debriefing; improvement of educational and methodological, scientific and methodological support of the psychological training of an athlete; psychological and pedagogical competence of a trainer through refresher courses; organization of scientific and practical conferences, symposia, forums; implementation of digitalization in sports.
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Serhata, N., M. Sergaty, and O. Kyi. "Health risks in professional sports." Scientific Journal of National Pedagogical Dragomanov University. Series 15. Scientific and pedagogical problems of physical culture (physical culture and sports), no. 3(162) (March 30, 2023): 357–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.31392/npu-nc.series15.2023.3k(162).74.
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The main causes of occupational diseases of athletes are analyzed in the article. The necessity of medico-biological control over the training of athletes, especially in professional sports, is shown. It was determined that the training process is a physical stimulus that actively affects almost all functional systems of the body. Physical training with a large volume and high intensity of the performed work - causes sharp changes in the body and in the absence of medical and biological control and improper construction of the training process can lead to the breakdown of compensatory mechanisms and irreversible violations of physiological functions. It is noted that the main pathogenetic mechanism of the development of a chronic professional disease of an athlete is physical overstrain, and repeated, systematic, long-term traumatization and microtraumatization of various organs and systems of the body. Many sports injuries are caused by force impacts that exceed the limits of the physiological resistance of human tissues and lead to a violation of their structure and function.
The external and internal causes that cause occupational diseases of athletes are shown, namely deficiencies and errors in the methodology of conducting classes, deficiencies in the organization of classes and competitions, inferior material and technical support, unfavorable hygienic and meteorological conditions, improper behavior of athletes, violations of medical requirements and congenital characteristics of the athlete, as well as changes in his condition that occur during training and competitions under the influence of adverse external or other factors. The most common health disorders associated with occupational risk factors in sports are analyzed. Emphasis is placed on the danger of sudden death during various sports and the reasons for its occurrence are given. The obtained data can be used for further research on the problem of occupational risks for the health of athletes in high-performance sports and the need for a detailed individualized study of the causes and pathogenesis of diseases and injuries of athletes. On the basis of such individualization, it is important to regulate sports loads and develop preventive and restorative measures.
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Clement, Annie. "Professional Female Athletes." Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance 58, no. 3 (March 1987): 37–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07303084.1987.10609540.
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Callahan, Matthew P., Craig R. Denegar, and Craig A. Segree. "The Effects of Vacuum-Molded Orthotics on Lower Extremity Overuse injuries." Journal of Sport Rehabilitation 2, no. 4 (November 1993): 251–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsr.2.4.251.
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Orthotics are commonly prescribed for the treatment of lower extremity injuries secondary to hyperpronation. However, the efficacy of vacuum-molded orthotics has not been established. We assessed the effects of vacuum-molded orthotics on pain and level of function in athletes suffering from plantar fasciitis, medial tibial stress syndrome, or knee pain secondary to hyperpronation. Fourteen athletes assessed their pain and level of function during athletic activity before being fitted for orthotics (Professional Rx, SuperFeet In-Shoe Systems Inc.) and weekly for 7 weeks following break-in. Five athletes (36%) reported complete pain resolution and eight (57%) reported substantial improvement. Eight athletes (57%) reported full return to athletic participation and five (36%) reported substantial improvement in athletic function. One athlete failed to respond to treatment. Results indicate that vacuum-molded orthotics are an effective treatment for lower extremity overuse injuries secondary to hyperpronation.
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Zdziebło, Katarzyna, Urszula Łapińska, Ewelina Machała-Ćwikła, Piotr Zdzieblo, Piotr Ćwikła, Anna Zdziebło, Anna Bieniasz, Dominika Machała, and Kamila Machała. "Fatigue fracture of the second rib in a professional athlete." Quality in Sport 17 (July 17, 2024): 52924. http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/qs.2024.17.52924.
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A fatigue fracture, also known as stress fracture or overuse fracture, is caused by the summation of micro-injuries resulting from a chronic state of bone overload. It affects 1.4 %- 4.4 % of professional athletes. The most common site of fatigue fractures are the lower limbs. This is related to the heavy load caused by body weight and performing dynamic activities like jumping, running. Typical fractures are fractures of the fifth metatarsal bone, fibula and tibia, and less common fractures of the femur. Fractures involving the bones of the upper limbs and thorax are less commonly reported in the literature. It affect athletes in strength sports and athletes who perform dynamic and repetitive movements with their upper limbs, most often boxers, weightlifters, wrestlers, judokas, swimmers, golfers, rowers. Fractures in the thorax most often involve the first rib. Fractures of ribs II through XII are extremely rarely described. We present an unusual case of a second rib fracture in a professional athlete. A 26-year-old athlete training in racewalking reported increasing pain in the left scapula area 7 days before competing in the European Championships. Immediately after the competition, the pain changed location to the anterior thorax area, making movement of the upper limb and breathing much more difficult. A chest tomography was performed and it revealed a fatigue fracture of the second rib on the left side. The case report presents an atypical fracture in a female racewalking athlete and presents the uncharacteristic symptoms accompanying this fracture. Incorrect initial diagnosis and application of physiotherapy procedures without performing basic diagnostic tests, delay the diagnosis and initiation of proper treatment, and thus the athlete's recovery.
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Zaborovskyy, V. V., and V. V. Berch. "Some aspects of providing legal assistance to professional athletes." Analytical and Comparative Jurisprudence, no. 3 (July 18, 2023): 389–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2788-6018.2023.03.70.
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This article reveals the specifics of advocacy when the lawyer’s clients are professional athletes. The general features of professional sports are studied, as well as the main sources of regulatory regulation in this field are analyzed.Within the framework of this article, attention is focused on clarifying the specifics of a lawyer’s professional activity in the field of sports, in particular, through the prism of highlighting possible types of such activity. It is concluded that in many cases such activity is not limited to providing legal assistance to professional athletes, that is, a lawyer must act not only as a lawyer, but also as an agent of a professional athlete, representing his legal, financial and other interests. Therefore, the need for a lawyer to possess not only the skills of his professional activity, but also the need to acquire qualifications in many areas of law, taking into account the specifics of the activities of professional athletes, and in some cases to master the skills of sports agents, is argued.It is concluded that the proper provision of assistance to one’s clients - professional athletes, in many cases requires the cooperation of a lawyer with experts in other fields (accountants, financial analysts, and insurance agents), or the expansion of one’s practice to the areas of providing such services, in order to provide qualified assistance at all stages of a professional athlete’s career.In order to achieve the set goal and stipulated tasks, the author used the methods characteristic of legal science, and the research itself was conducted using primarily the dialectical method of learning legal reality, as well as comparative legal and systemic structural methods.
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Lindeman, Alice K. "Self-Esteemml: Its Application to Eating Disorders and Athletes." International Journal of Sport Nutrition 4, no. 3 (September 1994): 237–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsn.4.3.237.
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Self-esteem, a hierarchical and multifactorial perception, can be described as the extent to which a person feels positive about himself or herself. Social factors such as life satisfaction, sex, age, and strongly held values can affect self-esteem. Low self-esteem Is a well-recognized trait of those with eating disorders and may be associated with a heightened self-awareness. Body dissatisfaction, common among women in Western society, may enhance this awareness. Athletes, especially those with eating disorders, are perfectionists and have acute body awareness and a sense of loss of control Control is a crucial issue with these athletes. Before any nutrition counseling starts, readiness to listen should be assessed in conjunction with a mental health professional. Various tools are available to assess the eating disordered athlete's self-esteem, body image, and eating behavior. Nutrition counseling can help the athlete overcome an eating disorder by clarifying misconceptions and focusing on the role of nutrition in promoting health and athletic performance.
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McLarnon, Michael, Jane Thornton, Gail Knudson, Nigel Jones, Danny Glover, Andrew Murray, Michael Cummings, and Neil Heron. "A Scoping Review of Transgender Policies in the 15 Most Commonly Played UK Professional Sports." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 4 (February 17, 2023): 3568. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20043568.
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Introduction: There has been much debate recently on the participation of transgender and gender-diverse (TGD) athletes in sport, particularly in relation to fairness, safety and inclusion. The 2021 IOC Framework on Fairness, Inclusion and Non-discrimination acknowledges the central role that eligibility criteria play in ensuring fairness, particularly in the female category, and states that athletes should not be excluded solely on the basis of their TGD identity. Aims: To identify policies that address TGD athlete participation in the 15 major United Kingdom (UK) sporting organisations and to summarise the evidence for each of these policies. Methods: A scoping review of TGD policies from the 15 major UK sporting organisations. Results: Eleven of the governing bodies had publicly available TGD policies. Most of the sporting associations drew guidance from the official 2015 IOC Consensus Meeting on Sex Reassignment and Hyperandrogenism, particularly with regard to physiological testosterone levels. Many organisations referenced their policies as a guide for decision making but stated that they ultimately made case-by-case decisions on an athlete’s eligibility. Relevant considerations not addressed in most policies included pre- versus post-pubertal athletes, justification for testosterone thresholds, the length of time out of competitive action (if any) for transitioning athletes, the irreversible advantage from male puberty (if any), the responsibility for and frequency of follow up for hormonal testing and the consequences for athletes outside set testosterone limits. Conclusions: There is a lack of consensus among the top 15 UK sporting organizations relating to elite sport participation for TGD athletes. It would be useful for sport organizations to work together to develop greater standardization/consensus for TGD athlete policies, taking into consideration fairness, safety and inclusion in each sport.
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von Rosen, Philip, Linda Ekenros, Guro Strøm Solli, Øyvind Sandbakk, Hans-Christer Holmberg, Angelica Lindén Hirschberg, and Cecilia Fridén. "Offered Support and Knowledge about the Menstrual Cycle in the Athletic Community: A Cross-Sectional Study of 1086 Female Athletes." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 19 (September 21, 2022): 11932. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191911932.
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Many female athletes perceive that symptoms related to the menstrual cycle such as dysmenorrhea, premenstrual symptoms, amenorrhea or side-effects of hormonal contraceptives negatively impact their training, performance, and general well-being. Knowledge and communication about female athletes’ health is therefore important in the sport community. The aims of this study were to explore the level of knowledge and communication about menstrual cycle issues and use of hormonal contraceptives in the athletic community and to describe the kinds of medical support offered to female athletes. A total of 1086 Swedish and Norwegian athletes from 57 different sports responded to a web-based questionnaire. Of these, 58% (n = 627) practiced team sports and 42% (n = 459) individual sports. Twenty-six percent (n = 278) of the athletes perceived their knowledge about female athlete health to be poor/very poor and the knowledge was most often acquired from medical staff. Fifty-three percent (n = 572) of the athletes perceived the knowledge acquired of their coaches as poor/very poor, even though a significantly (p < 0.001) higher proportion of athletes with a female coach (30%, n = 31) rated their coach’s knowledge as very good/good, compared to athletes with a male coach (5%, n = 31). Only 11% (n = 116) of the athletes discussed female health issues with their coach. The majority (81%, n = 842) of the athletes partly to strongly agreed that female athlete health is considered a taboo topic in the athletic community. Forty-seven percent (n = 510) of the athletes had access to a physiotherapist, while only three percent (n = 29) had access to a gynecologist. Low perceived knowledge, lack of communication and support demonstrate the need for a multi-professional medical team and enhanced educational efforts focused on female athlete health in the athletic community.
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Bondarev, Sergei, Evgeny Achkasov, Alessandro Zorzi, Alexandr Safaryan, Francesca Graziano, and Alexey Sizov. "Intrinsic Sinus Node/Atrioventricular Node Dysfunction Requiring Pacemaker Implantation: Role of Former Professional Sport Activity." Journal of Clinical Medicine 13, no. 1 (December 29, 2023): 203. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm13010203.
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Background: Sinus bradycardia and first degree or second degree Mobitz type I atrioventricular (AV) block in an athlete are considered adaptive and reversible phenomena; however, some evidence suggests that they may persist after detraining and become pathological. The aim of the study was to investigate the characteristics of a group of former professional athletes who required pacemaker (PM) implantation for intrinsic (idiopathic) sinus node (SN) dysfunction or AV block in comparison to control groups of sedentary individuals. Methods: We included all patients who underwent PM implantation during 2022. Three groups were compared: group 1 including 18 former professional athletes who received a PM for SN dysfunction/AV block in the absence of heart disease; group 2 including the first 20 sedentary individuals without heart disease who underwent PM implantation; and group 3 including all other 323 patients who received PM, the majority with underlying heart diseases. Results: Compared to the non-athlete control group 2, the mean age at diagnosis and at the time of PM implantation of former professional athletes did not show statistically significant differences. However, subgroup analysis revealed significant differences depending on the type of sports discipline: the age at diagnosis and at PM implantation was significantly lower in former endurance athletes than former strength/mixed athletes, control non-athletes, and all other patients. Moreover, former endurance professional athletes exhibited a higher prevalence of second or third degree AV block (78%) as the reason for PM implantation compared to power/mixed athletes (44%). The other clinical characteristics, including echocardiographic parameters, did not differ between former athletes and non-athletes. Conclusions: Former professional endurance athletes with idiopathic SN dysfunction/AV block manifested the disease earlier in the life course compared to former power/mixed athletes and non-athletes. This suggests that bradycardia/AV block caused by intense and prolonged endurance sports may not always be benign and adaptive phenomena.
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Houle, James L. W., and Annette S. Kluck. "An Examination of the Relationship Between Athletic Identity and Career Maturity in Student-Athletes." Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology 9, no. 1 (March 2015): 24–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jcsp.2014-0027.
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This study explored the extent to which athletic identity, belief of financial sustainability through participation at the professional level, scholarship status, and career decision-making self-efficacy predicted career maturity in college athletes. In addition, whether the relationship between athletic identity and career maturity differed depending upon scholarship status, belief of sustaining oneself financially as a professional athlete, and career decision-making self-efficacy was explored. Participants were 221 student-athletes from a large southeastern university. Participants provided demographic information and completed the Athletic Identity Measurement Scale, Career Decision Self-Efficacy Scale—Short Form, and Career Decision Scale. Hierarchical regression analyses revealed that athletic identity was inversely related to career maturity. In addition, career decision-making self-efficacy was related to career maturity, with high career decision-making self-efficacy associated with higher career maturity. Future research is needed to further explore psychological variables that may explain the relationship between athletic identity and career maturity.
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Ginevičienė, Valentina, Audronė Jakaitienė, Algirdas Utkus, Elliott C. R. Hall, Ekaterina A. Semenova, Liliya B. Andryushchenko, Andrey K. Larin, Ethan Moreland, Edward V. Generozov, and Ildus I. Ahmetov. "CKM Gene rs8111989 Polymorphism and Power Athlete Status." Genes 12, no. 10 (September 25, 2021): 1499. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes12101499.
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Multiple genetic variants are known to influence athletic performance. These include polymorphisms of the muscle-specific creatine kinase (CKM) gene, which have been associated with endurance and/or power phenotypes. However, independent replication is required to support those findings. The aim of the present study was to determine whether the CKM (rs8111989, c.*800A>G) polymorphism is associated with power athlete status in professional Russian and Lithuanian competitors. Genomic DNA was collected from 693 national and international standard athletes from Russia (n = 458) and Lithuania (n = 235), and 500 healthy non-athlete subjects from Russia (n = 291) and Lithuania (n = 209). Genotyping for the CKM rs8111989 (A/G) polymorphism was performed using PCR or micro-array analysis. Genotype and allele frequencies were compared between all athletes and non-athletes, and between non-athletes and athletes, segregated according to population and sporting discipline (from anaerobic-type events). No statistically significant differences in genotype or allele frequencies were observed between non-athletes and power athletes (strength-, sprint- and speed/strength-oriented) athletes. The present study reports the non-association of the CKM rs8111989 with elite status in athletes from sports in which anaerobic energy pathways determine success.
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Demus, Ya. "INTERACTION OF PSYCHOLOGIST AND COACH IN THE PROCESS OF PROFESSIONAL ACTIVITY." Aesthetics and Ethics of Pedagogical Action, no. 23 (August 4, 2021): 54–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.33989/2226-4051.2021.23.238253.
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To achieve success, each sport requires an excellent state of formation of physical and mental qualities. In the case when the sports training of athletes is at the same level, the main and decisive moment for winning the competition is psychological readiness.
Athletes are trained in different areas, but very often the inability to cope with their emotions can lead to defeat, despite years of training. With the active participation of a psychologist in the training process, it becomes possible to characterize the individual characteristics of the athlete, the formation and development of mental qualities necessary for victory. One of the activities of a sports psychologist is the timeliness of determining the features of the psyche, the development of an individual plan for the development of abilities, strategies for pre-competitive and competitive behavior.
Psychodiagnostics plays an important role in the development of the athlete's personality and further activities of the coach. Thanks to psychodiagnostics there is a formation of psychological and pedagogical and psychohygienic recommendations, planning of system of actions on athletes. Psychodiagnostics aims to study the athlete. In this process, the coach helps to objectively assess the personality of the athlete. Psychohygienic recommendations of a psychologist and a coach are closely related. After all, in the system "coach-athlete-psychologist" they directly affect the mental state of the athlete.
There are many examples in the history of sports when a timely word, pause, gesture, support decided the fate of persistent confrontation. Every athlete in his professional career goes through crisis periods, which are caused by various reasons: defeat in the competition, transition to another team, change of coach, problems in personal life.
Diversity in the work of the coach, the importance of a number of auxiliary functions in the work of the latter (administration, regulation, management) does not allow to adequately assess the problems and troubles of the athlete as a person. This is the task of a sports psychologist - to create an atmosphere of complete trust and mutual understanding, to establish contact with the athlete to reveal personal problems, which will effectively affect his condition, help the athlete understand their problems, find a way out of difficult situations sports achievements.