Academic literature on the topic 'Professional-Family Relations'

The article examines the issues of gendered relations, the improvement of the status of women and social progress, analyzes the issue of the gender division of labor, the gender gap indicator, the gap between women and men, analyzes the current position of women in the family and in society, examines the problems of rational organization and use of female labor with taking into account its morphophysiological and psychological characteristics, creating optimal conditions for a harmonious combination by women professional and family functions, issues of interrelation and mutual influence of professional employment and social status of women.

Family life in Europe has undergone many changes in the twentieth century. These include the lifestyle of women, their legal freedom, family relations, relations with partners, relations with the older generation, and relations with children. The position of women in society has also undergone many transformations. Problems remain, however, in the social and family policy of the state, as women engaged in the working process give preference to their own plans and their need for self-fulfilment. Th e main goal of state family policy in the twenty-first century is, then, to ensure a harmonious balance between professional activity and family life.

In the present paper we discuss the results of the study specifics of intergenerational relationships in the family and nonfamily spheres among students with a characteristic character of professional development. We assumed that the experience of harmonious family intergenerational relations will contribute to the establishment of constructive relationships with representatives of other generations outside the family; the nature of professionogenesis (crisis and prosperous) will affect the specifics of intergenerational relationships. We also suggested that in the period of late adolescence and early adulthood, the stage of professional training is one of the central processes, and teachers are important figures in social interaction. Participants were 176 students aged 17-25 from Saint-Petersbur; 3 groups were defined: crisis, prosperous and a group with an acute crisis in the learning process. As a result, according to the results of the study, we studied the ambiguous impact of intergenerational relationships on the process of professional self-determination in a situation of crisis development. We have identified markers that indicate the experience of an acute crisis of professional development at the initial stage of professional training. We found a significant role of the teacher in the formation of the character of professionogenesis in young people, and revealed the contribution of family intergenerational relationships to the professional development of the student

Annotation: family is a key concept of the family law. However, today there are different views with regard to the questions of what a family is and whether a family or its individual members are subjects of legal relations (including property relations) in the professional literature and in the legislation. At the same time, the answers to these questions are of scientific and practical importance, since without having a clear understanding of the subjects of property relations in the family it is impossible to understand the mechanism of their legal regulation. The subjects of legal relations significantly determine their features. Interacting with the participants of social relations, the law forms the specific nature of legal relations based on their participants. The doctrinal approaches to understanding of characteristics of the family as a legal phenomenon are analyzed; the problem of determining the legal personality of the family is discussed; the conclusion that the family is not an independent legal subject, but is a legal fiction that makes it possible to unite individual subjects of property relations in the family, i.e. family members, is made and explained in the article.

The article raises the issue of the relationship of parent-child relationships and professional preferences in pedagogical dynasties. Particular attention is paid to the role of the family in the professional development of the individual. It has been suggested that there is a relationship between parent-child relationships and professional preferences.

Professional families - the development of the relationship between a professional mother and the child in the context of the mother's status A professional family is an organizational form of institutional care which is used mainly in residential children's homes. By considering the psychological development of the child and by providing a supportive environment, the professional family provides systematic, purposeful and professional care and education for the child. It attempts to respect age differences and developmental disorders in the child. The professional family provides this care and education continually for a specific period of time. The process of forming a relationship between the parents and the children being cared for is very problematic. There is a significant lack of clarity and many problems exist in this field and to make it worse the status of the professional parents, mainly the professional mother are not clearly defined. We attempted to define this status through qualitative research using the theory of object relations by Donald Wood Winnicott.

The paper considers the analysis of reciprocity principle in reproduction of social relations and functioning of mutual aid practices within local communities. The reciprocity is considered as the principle of interpersonal and social relations implying clear and latent mutual obligations among participants. The study covers the empirical diagnostics of such parameters as family, friends, neighbors, and professional networks of mutual aid as intensity and regularity of functioning and orientation of resource transfer (receiving/rendering), nature of reciprocity of obligations, motivation of resource interchange. It is shown that children characterize the resource interchange with parents and adults by the highest degree of intensity. At the same time, the majority of participants of such exchanges do not rely on the equivalent volume of reciprocal services, and these interactions are generalized and reciprocal. Towards “weak” links (with neighbors, fellow workers, acquaintances) there is a focus on balanced reciprocity: when receiving help, from 50% to 57% of respondents count on equivalent return. In motivating the mutual aid, the balanced reciprocity is most obviously expressed in professional and neighbor networks of mutual aid. In relations with friends, it is counterbalanced with emotional, valuable and existential motives, which are dominating in family relations. The regulatory importance of the reciprocity principle and its backbone character in various types of networks of mutual aid is justified. At the same time, it is confirmed that the reciprocity in family relations, first of all, has emotional, psychological and valuable background, while in other networks of mutual aid the balanced nature of resource interchange serves a condition of their stability..

This study investigates the professional experiences of female heirs in a variety of family businesses located in three states of the Brazilian Southeast. The aim is to analyze both how the family and business structures affect the daughters' visibility in managerial positions and the resulting gender relations. Twelve open-ended, in-depth interviews were conducted. The responses were analyzed, and pathways were classified according to the Gersick, Davis, Hampton, and Lansberg (1997) three-dimensional development model of family businesses. Three groups were formed to describe the daughters' experiences: invisible, professional, and anchor.

The division of labor within married couples in ministerial professions is a special case of gender-specific division of labor. Since their relationship is marital and professional at the same time, the divisions of professional and familiar tasks are interconnected. Previous research demonstrates that, in such cases, gender roles may override professional status, which implies that clergywomen may easily fall into the traditional role of the pastor’s wife. Through semi-structured in-depth interviews with female members of ministerial couples in Hungary, we explore the professional and family roles, divisions of labor, and power relations that characterize relationships where both spouses are clergy. Based on these interviews, we identify three different career strategies which clergywomen use to cope with the tension between their emancipatory role as clergywomen and the traditional expectations of a clergyman’s wife: (1) the Conformist Strategy, (2) the Conformist with a Second Career Strategy, and (3) the Co-equals Strategy. Our results also demonstrate that unequal relations in professional and family tasks are reinforced by traditional gender roles typical for Hungary in general and for Hungarian clergy in particular.

Communication with healthcare providers (HCP’s) at the end-of-life (EOL) is a crucial process that can make a difference in the quality of the EOL experience for patients and their families. Targeting EOL communication interventions between patients, their families, and HCP’s is better informed from an understanding of what family members perceive as good and bad communication. The purpose of this study was to explore experiences related to communication with HCP’s in central Massachusetts during EOL care. Data from the parent study (n = 373) included responses from an open ended question at the end of the survey. The larger, qualitative descriptive study, from the parent study, (n = 218 ) that examined the open ended question revealed communication as the overarching theme. A secondary analysis of this open ended survey data using qualitative content analysis was used to describe next of kin’s perspectives of communication with HCP’s during the decedents’ end-of-life experience (n = 171). Family members (children = 38.4% and spouse = 22.0%) comprised the majority of the sample. Decedents were mostly 80 or older (47.6%), died in an acute care setting of mostly cancer (33.0 %) and cardiovascular disease (32.3%). Accessing information, emerged as the overarching theme. Continuum of information, healthcare provider sensitivity, having the answers and raising awarenesswere revealed as subthemes. The majority of respondents reported good aspects versus bad aspects of communication at the EOL. The framework for a good death (Emanuel & Emanuel (1998) under-girded the study but was not supported as it relates to these findings. The framework was useful in capturing the multidimensional process that each patient and their family could experience during the EOL process. The findings from this study provide insight for HCP’s about which aspects of communication are helpful at the EOL. Continuing education of the health care team on these identified helpful communication aspects will provide better access for patients and families for a quality EOL experience.

Background: When the patient is critically ill the family is in a vulnerable position. The nurse's role is to support and help the family to find meaning in the difficult situation and to provide realistic hope. Balancing between the patient's and the family's needs is difficult. Knowledge about how nurses experience difficulties in the interaction with family is required in order to grant good care too critically ill patients and their family-members. Aim: To describe nurses' perceived difficulties in the interaction with family-members of critically ill patients. Method: The study is a qualitative literature-based study based on qualitative research. Results: The analysis resulted in four main themes; difficult disunion, environmental constraints, interpersonal difficulties and communicative difficulties. Conflicts, disagreement and expectations in the interaction with family-members are difficult. There are environmental constraints in the form of family's presence, lack of space and time constraints. Nurses find it difficult to manage their emotions, family who get to close and to support the family. Information, comprehension, knowledge, language barriers and cultural differences represents communicative difficulties. Conclusion: There is a lack of knowledge among nurses about how to handle difficult situations where family is involved. Doctors and nurses need to collaborate more. Conflicts, disagreements and expectations can put severe pressure on the nurse. It is difficult for the nurse to strike a balance between being professional and being personal. Environmental constraints are an organizational problem which creates difficulties for the nurse in the interaction with family.

Atualmente, já é consolidada a idéia de que as condições de saúde-doença dos membros da família e a família enquanto unidade influenciam-se mutuamente. A Entrevista de 15 minutos foi desenvolvida como uma forma condensada do Modelo Calgary de Avaliação e Intervenção com famílias, objetivando contribuir para o estabelecimento de um relacionamento entre enfermeiro e família de modo que, mesmo em uma breve interação, possibilite intervenções que promovam saúde e alívio de sofrimento. O Programa/Estratégia Saúde da Família (PSF) foi implantado em 1994 para reorganizar o Sistema Único de Saúde no Brasil, preconizando que a família e seu espaço social sejam eleitos como núcleo básico de abordagem no atendimento à saúde. Esse estudo objetivou conhecer a experiência de enfermeiros do Programa de Saúde da Família no uso da Entrevista de 15 minutos nas visitas domiciliares realizadas no período puerperal. Para tanto, foi realizada uma pesquisa qualitativa que ocorreu em três etapas: Etapa 1 treinamento dos participantes, Etapa 2 utilização da Entrevista de 15 minutos pelos enfermeiros, Etapa 3 entrevistas com os enfermeiros. Os dados foram coletados por meio de entrevistas semi-estruturadas, totalizando oito participantes, e foram analisadas através de Análise Temática. Dois temas centrais foram evidenciados: VIVENDO O DESAFIO DE UMA NOVA EXPERIÊNCIA e AVALIANDO A EXPERIÊNCIA. Ao enfrentar o desafio de utilizar a Entrevista de 15 minutos em sua prática profissional o enfermeiro do PSF percebe o impacto positivo dessa nova ferramenta em seu relacionamento com as famílias atendidas, ampliando seu olhar sobre elas como uma unidade e aprofundando o vínculo entre família e profissional. Esse olhar ampliado contribui para uma avaliação mais precisa das necessidades e anseios da família, facilitando a implementação de novas intervenções, como o uso de elogios e orientações. Por outro lado, o profissional vivencia dificuldades ao construir os genogramas e ecomapas e também ao perceber que aquele momento não é adequado para a realização da entrevista com a família. Esse trabalho evidencia que a Entrevista de 15 minutos pode atuar como um contexto que facilita o aprofundamento das relações entre enfermeiros e famílias no PSF, o que aproxima a preconização da família como foco de atenção no atendimento à saúde da sua concretização.
The idea that the conditions of health-illness of the members of a family influence one another mutually is widely known nowadays. The 15 minute family interview was developed as a condensed form of the Calgary Family Assessment and Intervention Models, aiming to contribute to the establishment of a therapeutic relationship between nurse and family and the implementation of interventions to promote health and the relief of suffering, even in a brief interaction. The Family Health Program (FHP) was implemented to reorganize the National Health System in Brazil, recommending that the family and their social space to be elected as the nucleus of approach in health care. This study investigated the experience of nurses from the Family Health Program in the use of the 15 minutes family interview on home visits in the postpartum. Thus, a qualitative study was conducted and took place in three stages: Stage 1 Participants Training Program, Stage 2 Utilization of the 15-minute family interview by participants and Stage 3 Interviews with participants. The data were collected through semi-structured interviews with the nurses, a total of eight participants, and were analyzed using thematic analysis. Two main themes were highlighted: Living the challenge of a new practice and Evaluating the assignment. Facing the challenge of using the 15-minute family interview in his/her practice, the nurse realizes the positive impact of this new tool in his/her relationship with the families, broadening his/her view of them as a unit and deepening the bond with the families. This expanded view of the family contributes to a more accurate assessment of the familys needs and wishes, facilitating the implementation of new interventions, as the use of commendations and orientations. On the other hand, the professional also experiences difficulties in constructing genograms and ecomaps and when realizes that that moment is not suitable for the 15-minute family interview. This work shows that the 15-minute family interview can serve as a context that facilitates the deepening of relations between nurses and families in the FHP, which approximates the proposal of the family as the focus of attention in health care of its fulfillment.

 

The purpose of this study was to investigate registered nurses experiences about giving support to relatives to patients within palliative home care. This study was descriptive with qualitative approach. The data collection was made in the form of semi structured qualitative interviews which took place in a Swedish city of medium size, in an area for palliative homecare. Six registrated nurses were interviewed which all gave informed consent. The study suffered no losses and permission from the director of the concerned department had been given prior to the start of this study. The interviews were transcribed and analyzed whereupon three themes followed by seven categories entered.

In the main results difficulties appeared, such as when the family of a patient was unwilling to realize the situation. However the results also showed opportunities, for example the importance of the support which the nurses constituted. Many informants witnessed about the individual needs that existed among the relatives.  Foremost emphasize was on the importance of relatives and how the contact with them took place. Finally the study shows a picture of the supporting aspects that exists, for example to be able to sense the relatives needs and se their unspoken demands.

 

 

Syftet med studien var att undersöka sjuksköterskors upplevelser av att ge stöd till anhöriga till patienter inom palliativ hemsjukvård. Studien var deskriptiv med kvalitativ ansats. Datainsamling skedde i form av semistrukturerade intervjuer utifrån ett intervjuschema, intervjuerna spelades in på band. Detta ägde rum i en medelstor svensk stad i en verksamhet för palliativ hemsjukvård. Sex legitimerade sjuksköterskor intervjuades, varav samtliga lämnade informerat samtycke. Studien erfor inget bortfall och tillstånd från berörd verksamhetschef hade erhållits innan studiens start. Intervjuerna transkriberades och analyserades vartefter tre teman med sju kategorier kom fram.

I huvudresultatet framkom svårigheter som när anhöriga har en ovilja att inse situationen. Även möjligheter, till exempel betydelsen av det stöd som sjuksköterskorna utgjorde för de anhöriga belystes.   Många informanter vittnade om individuella behov bland de anhöriga. Framförallt betonades vikten av anhöriga och hur kontakten med dem skede. Slutligen gavs en bild av vilka stödjande aspekter som fanns till exempel sjuksköterskornas förmåga att kunna känna av de anhöriga och se deras osagda behov.

 

Este estudo teve como objetivos: compreender o processo de cuidar de famílias de idosos em situação de final de vida para a equipe da Estratégia Saúde da Família (ESF), identificar os significados que a equipe da ESF atribui à experiência de cuidar dessas famílias e construir um modelo teórico representativo da experiência. Utilizou-se a abordagem qualitativa, tendo como referencial teórico o interacionismo simbólico e como método a teoria fundamentada nos dados. O estudo foi realizado em unidades da ESF de Botucatu/SP. Os dados foram obtidos por meio de foto imagem e entrevistas abertas com 14 integrantes das equipes da ESF. A análise comparativa identificou que oferecer o cuidado à família e ao idoso, durante o processo de morrer, significa o profissional superar desafios para acolhê-los com honestidade, comunicação aberta, disponibilidade e manutenção do vínculo conquistado. O processo de cuidar é composto por quatro sub-processos: Identificando a problemática da situação, Planejando uma nova estratégia para o cuidar, Manejando o cuidado e Avaliando a sua trajetória de cuidado. A articulação desses sub-processos permitiu identificar a categoria central SUPERANDO OS DESAFIOS PARA ACOLHER A FAMÍLIA E O IDOSO DURANTE O PROCESSO DE MORRER, a partir da qual propõe-se um modelo teórico explicativo da experiência. O processo vivenciado pela equipe mostra que ela enfrenta as dificuldades para alcançar seu melhor desempenho profissional, acolhendo as necessidades biológicas e emocionais das famílias e buscando oferecer dignidade aos idosos em situação de final de vida, ampliando assim o seu acesso à saúde. Os resultados permitem o avanço do conhecimento sobre o processo de morrer no contexto da atenção primária à saúde.
The aims of this study were to understand the caregiving process for families of the elderly at the end of life for the Family Health Strategy (FHS) team; identify the meanings that the FHS team attributes to the experience of caregiving for these families and construct a theoretical model representing this experience. A qualitative approach was used with the symbolic interactionism as theoretical framework and the grounded theory as methodological reference. The study was carried out in units of FHS in Botucatu/SP. Data were collected using photo image and open interviews with 14 team members of the FHS. The comparative analysis identified that providing care to the family and to the elderly during the dying process means professionals overcoming challenges to embrace them with honesty, open communication, availability and maintenance of the bond established. The caregiving process encompasses four sub-processes: identifying the problem-situation; planning a new strategy for caring, managing of care and assessing the trajectory of care. The articulation of these sub-processes allowed identification of the core category: OVERCOMING CHALLENGES TO EMBRACE THE FAMILY AND THE ELDERLY DURING THE DYING PROCESS. Based on it, a theoretical model which explains the experience is proposed. The process experienced by the team shows that it has faced the difficulties to achieve their best professional performance, embracing biological and emotional needs of families and seeking to provide dignity to the elderly at the end of life, and therefore, expanding their access to health. The results allow the advancement of knowledge about the dying process in the context of primary health care.

AbstractThis chapter explores the European legal platform for alleviating the main barriers in the labor market integration of dependent family migrants in the EU. Namely, the chapter looks at the work of the European Court of Justice (ECJ) in relation to cases that involve recognition of professional qualifications and establishment of residence status. The study looks at how family reunification provisions, EU citizen status and in particular provisions for EU citizens and their family members when they move to another Member State, affect indirectly the status situation of third country nationals and their labour market integration by facilitating or hampering the recognition of their skills. This chapter is based on desk research, notably literature review (including published reports from the SIRIUS research) and analysis of legislative documents (EU Directives and ECJ case-law). We specifically look at the ECJ case-law on status and recognition and at related Directives involving family migrants. We study conditions under which the ECJ makes a decision in favour of the migrant-plaintiff. The discussion of our findings shows a complex interplay between family migration, gender bias and European law.

In the scientific work, the authors provided a critical and constructive analysis of Draft Law No. 5644 “On Amendments to Some Legislative Acts of Ukraine on Improving the Regulation of Notarial Activities.The authors began this analysis with the Explanatory Note to Draft Law No. 5644, where the necessity of its adoption in the version in which it passed the first reading is substantiated. Attention was drawn to inaccurate and incomplete data regarding the historical excursion and stages of development of the notary of Ukraine, which are referred to in the Explanatory Note, and revealed the pitfalls that the Ukrainian notary went through and all the negative consequences that occurred as a result of ill-conceived changes, in particular, access to the profession, etc.The provisions of the draft law on the transfer from the Ministry of Justice of Ukraine to the Notary Chamber of Ukraine of all powers of control over the organization and notarial activity, raising the professional level of notaries and their compliance with the rules of ethics were analyzed, and an opinion was expressed regarding the expediency of such changes.In addition, agreeing with the conclusion of the Main Expert Department about the danger of corruption in the case of the liquidation of state notary offices and the acquisition by state notaries who will be subject to the release of the preferential right to lease state or communal property for the placement of a notary office in the notary district belonging to the list of notary districts in which the number of notaries is insufficient.A reasoned opinion on the inexpediency of granting notaries additional powers to establish the facts of family relations between natural persons, the fact of ownership of legal documents to a person, which currently belong to the powers of the court, and warnings are made regarding negative consequences, or possibly abuses and criminal offenses that will occur in the case of certification such facts by notaries.Emphasis is placed on the expediency of improving such notarial proceedings as the provision of evidence, regulation of the methods and procedures of such provision in the legislation on notaries.The provisions of the legislation are given, which testify to the imperfection of the notarial procedure and its influence on the protection of the rights of subjects of civil relations and the responsibility of notaries. An analysis of court practice regarding notary offenses is provided.Other important issues proposed in the Draft Law were analyzed, in particular, the expediency of introducing an electronic notary and its coordination with archives on paper media in order to ensure the rights of individuals to receive a certain notarial act in the event of its loss.A thorough analysis of the concept of “Notary in Ukraine” proposed in the Draft Law and other violations of the legislative technique is provided. It was concluded that Draft Law No. 5644 needs substantial revision.

AbstractGender equality is an increasingly topical issue, but it has deep historical roots. The principle of gender equality found its legitimacy, even if limited to salary, in the 1957 Treaty of Rome, establishing the European Economic Community (EEC). This treaty, in Article 119, sanctioned the principle of equal pay between male and female workers. The EEC continued to protect women’s rights in the 1970s through equal opportunity policies. These policies referred, first, to the principle of equal treatment between men and women regarding education, access to work, professional promotion, and working conditions (Directive 75/117/EEC); second, to the principle of equal pay for male and female workers (Directive 76/207/EEC); and finally, enshrined the principle of equal treatment between men and women in matters of social security (Directive 79/7/EEC). Since the 1980s, several positive action programmes have been developed to support the role of women in European society. Between 1982 and 2000, four multiyear action programmes were implemented for equal opportunities. The first action programme (1982–1985) called on the Member States, through recommendations and resolutions by the Commission, to disseminate greater knowledge of the types of careers available to women, encourage the presence of women in decision-making areas, and take measures to reconcile family and working life. The second action programme (1986–1990) proposed interventions related to the employment of women in activities related to new technologies and interventions in favour of the equal distribution of professional, family, and social responsibilities (Sarcina, 2010). The third action programme (1991–1995) provided an improvement in the condition of women in society by raising public awareness of gender equality, the image of women in mass media, and the participation of women in the decision-making process at all levels in all areas of society. The fourth action programme (1996–2000) strengthened the existing regulatory framework and focused on the principle of gender mainstreaming, a strategy that involves bringing the gender dimension into all community policies, which requires all actors in the political process to adopt a gender perspective. The strategy of gender mainstreaming has several benefits: it places women and men at the heart of policies, involves both sexes in the policymaking process, leads to better governance, makes gender equality issues visible in mainstream society, and, finally, considers the diversity among women and men. Among the relevant interventions of the 1990s, it is necessary to recall the Treaty of Maastricht (1992) which guaranteed the protection of women in the Agreement on Social Policy signed by all Member States (except for Great Britain), and the Treaty of Amsterdam (1997), which formally recognised gender mainstreaming. The Treaty of Amsterdam includes gender equality among the objectives of the European Union (Article 2) and equal opportunity policies among the activities of the European Commission (Article 3). Article 13 introduces the principle of non-discrimination based on gender, race, ethnicity, religion, or handicaps. Finally, Article 141 amends Article 119 of the EEC on equal treatment between men and women in the workplace. The Charter of Fundamental Rights of the Nice Union of 2000 reaffirms the prohibition of ‘any discrimination based on any ground such as sex’ (Art. 21.1). The Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union also recognises, in Article 23, the principle of equality between women and men in all areas, including employment, work, and pay. Another important intervention of the 2000s is the Lisbon strategy, also known as the Lisbon Agenda or Lisbon Process. It is a reform programme approved in Lisbon by the heads of state and governments of the member countries of the EU. The goal of the Lisbon strategy was to make the EU the most competitive and dynamic knowledge-based economy by 2010. To achieve this goal, the strategy defines fields in which action is needed, including equal opportunities for female work. Another treaty that must be mentioned is that of Lisbon in 2009, thanks to which previous treaties, specifically the Treaty of Maastricht and the Treaty of Rome, were amended and brought together in a single document: the Treaty on European Union (TEU) and the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU). Thanks to the Lisbon Treaty, the Charter of Fundamental Rights has assumed a legally binding character (Article 6, paragraph 1 of the TEU) both for European institutions and for Member States when implementing EU law. The Treaty of Lisbon affirms the principle of equality between men and women several times in the text and places it among the values and objectives of the union (Articles 2 and 3 of the TEU). Furthermore, the Treaty, in Art. 8 of the TFEU, states that the Union’s actions are aimed at eliminating inequalities, as well as promoting equality between men and women, while Article 10 of the TFEU provides that the Union aims to ‘combat discrimination based on sex, racial or ethnic origin, religion or belief, disability, age, or sexual orientation’. Concerning the principle of gender equality in the workplace, the Treaty, in Article 153 of the TFEU, asserts that the Union pursues the objective of equality between men and women regarding labour market opportunities and treatment at work. On the other hand, Article 157 of the TFEU confirms the principle of equal pay for male and female workers ‘for equal work or work of equal value’. On these issues, through ordinary procedures, the European Parliament and the Council may adopt appropriate measures aimed at defending the principle of equal opportunities and equal treatment for men and women. The Lisbon Treaty also includes provisions relating to the fight against trafficking in human beings, particularly women and children (Article 79 of the TFEU), the problem of domestic violence against women (Article 8 of the TFEU), and the right to paid maternity leave (Article 33). Among the important documents concerning gender equality is the Roadmap (2006–2010). In 2006, the European Commission proposed the Roadmap for equality between women and men, in addition to the priorities on the agenda, the objectives, and tools necessary to achieve full gender equality. The Roadmap defines six priority areas, each of which is associated with a set of objectives and actions that makes it easier to achieve them. The priorities include equal economic independence for women and men, reconciliation of private and professional life, equal representation in the decision-making process, eradication of all forms of gender-based violence, elimination of stereotypes related to gender, and promotion of gender equality in external and development policies. The Commission took charge of the commitments included in the Roadmap, which were indirectly implemented by the Member States through the principle of subsidiarity and the competencies provided for in the Treaties (Gottardi, 2013). The 2006–2010 strategy of the European Commission is based on a dual approach: on the one hand, the integration of the gender dimension in all community policies and actions (gender mainstreaming), and on the other, the implementation of specific measures in favour of women aimed at eliminating inequalities. In 2006, the European Council approved the European Pact for Gender Equality which originated from the Roadmap. The European Pact for Gender Equality identified three macro areas of intervention: measures to close gender gaps and combat gender stereotypes in the labour market, measures to promote a better work–life balance for both women and men, and measures to strengthen governance through the integration of the gender perspective into all policies. In 2006, Directive 2006/54/EC of the European Parliament and Council regulated equal opportunities and equal treatment between male and female workers. Specifically, the Directive aims to implement the principle of equal treatment related to access to employment, professional training, and promotion; working conditions, including pay; and occupational social security approaches. On 21 September 2010, the European Commission adopted a new strategy to ensure equality between women and men (2010–2015). This new strategy is based on the experience of Roadmap (2006–2010) and resumes the priority areas identified by the Women’s Charter: equal economic independence, equal pay, equality in decision-making, the eradication of all forms of violence against women, and the promotion of gender equality and women’s empowerment beyond the union. The 2010–2015 Strategic Plan aims to improve the position of women in the labour market, but also in society, both within the EU and beyond its borders. The new strategy affirms the principle that gender equality is essential to supporting the economic growth and sustainable development of each country. In 2010, the validity of the Lisbon Strategy ended, the objectives of which were only partially achieved due to the economic crisis. To overcome this crisis, the Commission proposed a new strategy called Europe 2020, in March 2010. The main aim of this strategy is to ensure that the EU’s economic recovery is accompanied by a series of reforms that will increase growth and job creation by 2020. Specifically, Europe’s 2020 strategy must support smart, sustainable, and inclusive growth. To this end, the EU has established five goals to be achieved by 2020 and has articulated the different types of growth (smart, sustainable, and inclusive) in seven flagship initiatives. Among the latter, the initiative ‘an agenda for new skills and jobs’, in the context of inclusive growth, is the one most closely linked to gender policies and equal opportunities; in fact, it substantially aims to increase employment rates for women, young, and elderly people. The strategic plan for 2010–2015 was followed by a strategic commitment in favour of gender equality 2016–2019, which again emphasises the five priority areas defined by the previous plan. Strategic commitment, which contributes to the European Pact for Gender Equality (2011–2020), identifies the key actions necessary to achieve objectives for each priority area. In March 2020, the Commission presented a new strategic plan for equality between women and men for 2020–2025. This strategy defines a series of political objectives and key actions aimed at achieving a ‘union of equality’ by 2025. The main objectives are to put an end to gender-based violence and combat sexist stereotypes, ensure equal opportunities in the labour market and equal participation in all sectors of the economy and political life, solve the problem of the pay and pension gap, and achieve gender equality in decision-making and politics. From the summary of the regulatory framework presented, for the European Economic Community first, then for the European Community, and finally for the European Union, gender equality has always been a fundamental value. Interest in the issues of the condition of women and equal opportunities has grown over time and during the process of European integration, moving from a perspective aimed at improving the working conditions of women to a new dimension to improve the life of the woman as a person, trying to protect her not only professionally but also socially, and in general in all those areas in which gender inequality may occur. The approach is extensive and based on legislation, the integration of the gender dimension into all policies, and specific measures in favour of women. From the non-exhaustive list of the various legislative interventions, it is possible to note a continuous repetition of the same thematic priorities which highlights, on the one hand, the poor results achieved by the implementation of the policies, but, on the other hand, the Commission’s willingness to pursue the path initially taken. Among the achievements in the field of gender equality obtained by the EU, there is certainly an increase in the number of women in the labour market and the acquisition of better education and training. Despite progress, gender inequalities have persisted. Even though women surpass men in terms of educational attainment, gender gaps still exist in employment, entrepreneurship, and public life (OECD, 2017). For example, in the labour market, women continue to be overrepresented in the lowest-paid sectors and underrepresented in top positions (according to the data released in the main companies of the European Union, women represent only 8% of CEOs).

This article analyses the novel Aitaren etxea (lit. ‘The Father’s House’, self-translated into Castilian Spanish as La casa del padre), by Karmele Jaio. The book, which is dedicated to “all new men”, explores the gender dynamics underlying family relations, professional advancement in the cultural field, and the Basque national struggle. As a thesis novel, it calls on men to take stock of the ways in which they have perpetrated patriarchal structures so that they may be open to new attitudes.

Abstract Health care is one of the few professions where it is socially acceptable to ignore your family, your nonwork life, yourself. Gabbard and Menninger theorized many years ago with respect to physicians as to why this is so: Whether their theory is correct or not, care must be taken not to be driven in one’s career to the extent that everything else loses value and accordingly does not receive the attention it should. Although being a healing professional is a wonderful way to devote oneself, unless care is taken to ensure that the rest of one’s life is fulfilling as well, one’s life becomes too narrow, limited, and eventually distorted. This can have a negative impact not only on oneself but also on family life and other interpersonal relations.

This chapter discusses the role that family and community played when it came to health and medicine. People were rarely left alone to struggle with physical afflictions. They were surrounded by both immediate and more distant relations as well as neighbours, among whom there was usually no shortage of home-grown specialists or concerned advisers. They had the choice to seek relief from practices based on folk beliefs or those founded upon conventional medicine. Early modern medicine prioritized the decisions taken by the patients themselves. Doctors subordinated their judgement to their patients' narratives, and were expected to pay more attention to the sick person's interpretation of their own illness. There are four basic 'grades' of action in case of ailments: ignoring them; taking a home-made remedy or tried and trusted medication; treatment by a healer; and, if all else failed, consultation with a medical professional. The choice of treatment procedure depended on a range of factors: the severity of the illness, the patient's personality, their familiarity with treatment methods and the range of remedies stocked in the medicine cupboard at home, the availability of official and unofficial medical or paramedical services, and the financial standing of the patient and those in his or her immediate circle.

Family group conferences (FGC) in child welfare (CW) services is a working model that has received much attention since the early 2000s. The basic idea in the model is that the families themselves should find solutions to challenges in their children’s care situation, so that professional CW workers act more as facilitators than decision-makers. In academic literature, FGC have been linked to discourse ethics – the idea that shared knowledge and arguments for and against alternative courses of action should underlie decisions, so that power relations and roles are downplayed. At the same time, the link between discourse ethics and FGC has not been discussed in depth. The aim of the chapter is to explore the link further. I first argue that discourse ethics is incompatible with FGC if CW workers use normative CW principles to lay down premises for what counts as ‘good’ courses of action or ‘appropriate’ information and arguments. However, FGC can be used in a more neutral way that better fits discourse ethical ideals. This can be done if legitimate use of power or professional intervention happens independently of the dialogue in FGC. In fact, this possibility is acknowledged in FGC guidelines that allow CW workers to set aside families’ preferences if they conflict with principles of safety for children. I argue, more generally, that discourse ethics can often be an ideal for professional communication and cooperation in FGC. Discourse ethics can help prevent and solve conflicts, and help exploit the potential of dialogue towards agreement. At the same time, there are tensions between discourse ethics and some forms of CW work, which make it problematic to implement discourse ethics as a general ideal in FGC and other forms of communication with families.

Abstract Aunting and uncling were familial relations most people participated in, even if they were also parents. Aunts and uncles interacted directly with nieces and nephews and in concert with parents, but they were not merely surrogate parents. Throughout the second half of the Sharp siblings’ lives, being aunts and uncles was an essential element of family interactions. Similar to parenting, aunting and uncling were shaped by social class and gender, but they held fewer expectations—for example, aunts and uncles were not blamed if children misbehaved or were not fully prepared for their adult roles. Sharp aunting and uncling also connected with concerns over infertility as well as to ideas about nation and race. Aunts and uncles were expected to support parents’ efforts to launch children into appropriately gendered professional and social networks, but their activities were less prescribed; aunts and uncles had the potential for more innovation and freedom in relations with their nieces and nephews. Over their lifetimes the Sharp nieces’ relations to their aunts and uncles evolved to become more like that of much feted younger sisters. The importance of aunting and uncling is thrown into high relief when observing the unmarried Sharps, but it was not exclusive to them. Even for those who became parents, being an aunt or uncle was an integral part of Sharp family life.

Chapter 4 covers the latter half of the 1960s, a time during which the group consolidated its reputation as an opera company, not only in Cape Town, but also elsewhere in South Africa. The chapter illustrates how operatic activities were pursued with immense energy and dedication as members sacrificed time, family relations, and job opportunities to be able to participate in opera production. During this time, they remained hopeful that acknowledgment as professional artists on a par with their white counterparts would be forthcoming. This period, however, also saw the tightening grip of apartheid starting to take its toll as the system relentlessly continued to foil the group’s aspirations.

This paper traces the digital transformation occurring as a result of the application of computer information and communication technologies. Digital transformation is the digitization of the economy, complete change of the organization's structure, its relationships with the environment in which it operates, and the products and services it creates. Digitalization and related transformative processes lead to the creation of pervasive connectivity between people and institutions, diversification of activities, resources and data in the online space and parallel work in the digital and real worlds. The main goals of the paper are to show that the digital transformations enter all areas of the economy, social life, civil society, which also changes people's quality of life. Digital transformations enable people, businesses and governments to operate efficiently and at lower costs. This creates a huge potential for a large number of enterprises, banks, telecommunications companies, companies providing payment services; start-ups; retailers, as well as institutions in the fields of education, culture, healthcare, politics, etc. Today, even the smallest organization has the opportunity to function as a global one, carrying out cross-border activity in some form. The digital networks that connect everything and everyone span ever larger spaces, so companies, communities and individuals are challenged to rethink what it means to function globally connected. Digital networks are important for the development and promotion of business and communication both at work and in leisure. Therefore, their management is time-consuming and requires both technical and marketing knowledge.The analysis in this article was made within the framework of the project "Quality of Life and well-being in the context of professional communities and their activity" КП-06-ПН80/12, funded by the National Science Fund. The research work is theoretically based on already conducted empirical surveys that track the digital skills of employees in different economic sectors and professions. Five professional communities are studied - teachers; computer specialists and programmers; researchers and university lecturers; technical staff; people employed in trade and services. On the basis of nationally representative surveys for the respective professions, the level of basic and specific digital skills possessed by employees in these professions and the level that the current development of information and communication technologies and the needs of the respective profession require as necessary for the performance of professional activities were identified. On this basis, the need for up-skilling training and the importance of the company's training offerings for enhancing employees' digital skills is highlighted. The role of enhancing employees' digital skills in improving their quality of life is outlined in terms of creating better opportunities for professional and career development, higher incomes and achieving a better balance between work and leisure and work and family life. The article also traces the risks and prospects that digitization creates and that the economy and society face. The main conclusion is that digital technologies contribute to improving the quality of life, as well as to a more economical and efficient use of available resources.

The aim of the article is to reveal what social assistance is provided to relatives caring for a person with Alzheimer's disease at home, and what opportunities are available. The study sought to uncover the problems faced by relatives caring for a person with Alzheimer�s at home. In accordance with the methodological provisions of social constructivism, the Qualitative Research Method was applied. Semi-structured interview participants were selected according to pre-defined criteria, and the study included 14 individuals caring for a relative with Alzheimer�s at home (the study participants were women). The research revealed that relatives of the patient search for information about the disease, its course, treatment and nursing process on the Internet, ask a doctor and a social worker. The relatives often care for the sick person by overestimating their possibilities and underestimating the workload, fearing that they will treat the nurse wrong, having a sense of shame, not knowing about support options, frustrated with support providers, not wanting to put a loved one in hospital, help. Excessive nursing workload, without long-term professional help, negatively and severely affects family members. In order to facilitate the work of family members, it is suggested to use day care groups, short-term care groups, and to use the professional help of nurses in nursing at home. The daily or occasional involvement of social care staff in caring for a patient at home can greatly facilitate the work of family members and at the same time protect them from fatigue. This assistance is very effective if nursing is needed without interruption for the entire 24 hours.

This study analyzed the perspectives of students of the Accounting Sciences course at the Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC) in relation to their future professional career. The objective was to understand the expectations of these students regarding the job market and their career choices. The research was classified as quantitative and descriptive with a cross-sectional approach, using a sample of 86 students from a universe of 766. A questionnaire structured in four blocks of questions was the data collection instrument, which were obtained both by institutional e-mail and in person in classrooms. The main objective was to analyze the expectations of UFSC Accounting students in relation to their future professional career, identifying motivations, influences and perspectives for action. The research had a quantitative and descriptive approach, applying a questionnaire to a sample of 86 students. Data were collected through institutional e-mail and in person in the classrooms. The analysis considered demographic aspects, motivations for choosing the course, family influences, professional experiences and future career expectations. The results showed that the majority of students (41.58%) are in the age group of 21 to 25 years, with a significant increase in students over 30 years compared to previous studies. About 60.4% of the students attended high school in public schools. The Accounting course was the first choice for 61.39% of the students, and most of them were satisfied with their choice and with the course. In terms of professional performance, 89.11% of the students are employed, mainly as employees governed by the CLT and interns. However, many do not work directly in the accounting area, reflecting a varied satisfaction with remuneration. As for career prospects, students showed interest in taking public exams, doing specializations and working in specific areas such as auditing and business accounting. The study revealed that, despite a strong interest in specific areas of accounting and in civil service examinations, many students are employed outside the accounting sector, indicating a possible disconnect between academic training and available job opportunities. The results suggest the need for greater alignment between the course curriculum and market demands. The survey also highlighted the importance of expanding future studies to include more institutions and regions in order to better map the profile and expectations of accounting professionals in training.

The way we perceive and react to a chronic disability is the result of our personality and psycho-emotional structure, but also the result of our professional training. A disability affects not only the life of the person in question, but also that of those around them, it involves the appearance and adaptation to physical, psychological, social and environmental changes. The occurrence of a disability in a family member has an impact on the entire family system, and the evolution of the disease is influenced by the way in which the family members act and adapt to the stress caused by the disease and the needs of the disabled one. This paper highlights the role of psychosocial education in increasing the quality of life of people with chronic disabilities following a stroke. The results highlighted the predictive role of certain individual, familial and extra-familial characteristics in relation to the dimension of psychosocial adaptation among their caretakers.

Teaching statistics to future statisticians should take into account both statistical knowledge and personal skills needed in the statisticians’ professional life. Based on a questionnaire designed to assess competencies actually needed by statisticians in the workplace, this paper aims to detect if the competence framework helps to better understand the transition from university to work. With this objective, three metric profiles are proposed to locate knowledge, “relational skills” and actually performed activities, and graduate scores. The graduates in Statistical Sciences from ”Sapienza” University of Rome from March 2000 to March 2001 were acquired as emblematic cases in Spring 2004. There were 146 respondents out of the total of 296 graduates in the time period. The Rasch analysis is applied to analyze the data and to build on the profiles. In particular the analysis was performed applying the Rasch family response models to polytomous items. The item parameters and the latent trait value for each respondent are estimated by the joint maximum likelihood method. The analysis results could be useful in order to design curricula for university degrees in Statistics that would make the university-workplace transition process easier.

While extensive research has investigated why students drop out of university, most of this research has focused on campus-based training in the first year of university, or on some of the many elements that influence a student's life and learning pathway. Based on theoretical models of distance education dropout, we identified similar variables to those for on-campus learning but with effects that differ in importance. The objective of this research was to determine whether socio-demographic characteristics (e.g., age, gender, marital and family status), academic variables (e.g., study regime, parents’ levels of education), environmental characteristics (e.g., support from family and friends, financial and work situations), learning strategies (e.g. planning, performance, and reflection), the pedagogical organization of courses (e.g. technological tools, learning activities, and learning aids) and support for learning (e.g. interactions with tutors and peers) influenced students’ propensity to drop a course or their program of study in distance and online learning (DOL). This study used a questionnaire, a course analysis grid, and focus groups. For our sample of 791 students enrolled in a francophone DOL institution in Quebec, Canada, socio-demographic and academic variables largely explained their propensity to drop out. Learning strategies did not seem to be associated with dropping out of the course but were associated with not re-enrolling in the institution. For students who did not re-enrol after two sessions of study, the analysis of learning strategies in relation to socio-demographic, academic, and environmental variables identified thirteen predictive variables. The fewer learning strategies used by a student, as reported in the reflection phase of the study, the greater the likelihood that the student would drop out of their institution. Analyzing courses’ pedagogical organization allowed us to group the courses into five course models; the course model, when taken out of context, could not explain the propensity of students to drop out of a course, but it did contribute when we controlled for the socio-demographic and academic variables of the sample. For example, the study found that marital status and family status are two student-specific factors associated with the risk of course drop-out, but only in courses closer to course type 2 (oriented to formative assessment activities and Web site visits) and 4 (oriented to formative assessment activities and video viewing). For the other types of courses (1, 3 and 5), which are oriented towards reading text and practical exercises, these variables do not play a determining role in explaining dropout.Analyzing learning support showed that the support received is, on the whole, appropriate for the students. However, they are not fully satisfied. Some of the students would like to have more opportunities to interact with tutors in the form of individualized support and with their peers to reduce isolation and study stress. These exchanges would encourage greater perseverance, depending on the family and professional situation of certain students. For example, students who work full time and have a family have less need for interaction in their courses than those who do not work.

This paper aims to identify and to analyze the positive outcomes of social media tools for e-learning platforms. Social media has endless benefits as youngsters today are permanently connected to new technology and applications. Young generation is connected online worldwide making new friends, interacting with new business contacts or just keeping in touch with family and relatives. In this way, people share information in real time. Although Facebook is a global phenomenon whose main mission is to develop social networking among people, it cannot be overlooked that its main purpose is a complementary indicator to add value to e-learning strategies. Until now, Facebook has proven that this kind of social network enhance support for e-learning because virtual classmates connect with each other and may build professional relationships, but also in sharing study of information in a pleasant and easy manner. This research will be focused on the advantages of integrating Facebook into e-learning experiences. The reasons of incorporating Facebook in web learning sessions stand as it follows: Facebook is a tool everyone nowadays is familiar with, it encourages social learning by sharing free content, it is not expensive in terms of costs and passive members of e-learning platforms become more motivated and popular in expressing opinions and ideas. Facebook environment has created an online community not only to be updated to latest news and events, but also has expanded rapidly towards education and training. This fact demonstrates that students at this moment adapt and develop more friendly methods of learning.

Deaths that occur up to 27 days of life are related to maternal and child health. However, the health of the mother-child binomial is built from the beginning of family planning, the responsibility of prenatal care; the technical conduction of childbirth and postpartum with a sensitive observation of the first hours of life. In professional practice, death is classified as earlyand late depending on the postpartum survival time, with Brazilian indicators revealing 53.2% of occurrences related to the first 6 days of life. Given the negative context, this study aimed to reveal the epidemiological profile of neonatal mortality in the state of Rio de Janeiro and relate the causes that may have corroborated the occurrences. This was a descriptive cross-sectional study with cuts between the years 2008 to 2018 (11 years) which, after the data collected from the federal platform TabNet, were distributed in frequency tables for descriptive statistical analysis using the SPSS software version 24.0. From the data collected, it can be stated that the largest proportion of deaths occurred in the early neonatal stage, especially in the city of Rio de Janeiro, which over the years had the highest number of occurrences of all states, but with a pending period of average investigation of the last triennium of 16%. The majority of deaths occurred in the hospital environment, in premature male babies, born by cesarean delivery, low birth weight, of brown race/color with causes of death from conditions originating from the perinatal period such as pneumonia, born to women aged between 20 to 29 years, with study time of 12 years or more. Maternal and child health is a priority within public health policies, however, the population suffers from the reduction or stagnation of investments that optimize the strengthening of the policy by expanding the network of access to consultations, tests, treatment, andmonitoring of puerperal needs. The overload of health professionals working in the unit can also make it difficult to provide care since there is productivity to be achieved, which can interfere with the quality and time of listening and observation of consultations. Given the detailed work, it is concluded that municipal health policies should use their finances to mitigate risk events from prenatal care, turning their eyes to the quality of access to health that it provides in relation to the physical structure, diagnostic equipment, waiting for time and updating of health professionals.