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Mańkowski, Dobrosław Jerzy. "SPORT ORGANIZATIONS AND ENVIRONMENTAL PRESSURES: AN INSTITUTIONAL ANALYSIS." Society Register 2, no. 1 (August 10, 2018): 155–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/sr.2018.2.1.09.
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Capitalism plays a significant role in the process of commercialization of sport. The bureaucratization, professionalization, politics and policy change legitimate organizational activities (Oliver 1992). The external process of bureaucratization, which is ‘the organizational manifestation of the rationalization of social life’ (Slack & Hinings 1994: 806) transforms sport organizations. The new environment of sport organizations moves them from voluntary organization to formal organizations with professional staff. This work identifies impact of external processes such as bureaucratization, professionalization and commercialization on sport organization. The focus is on the environmental pressures which change practices (procedures) in sport organizations. The article shows the changes in the field of sport and the processes of excluding voluntary, non-profit sport organization from competitions in elite sport. The last section of the article presents an alternative point of view on volunteers in sport industry.
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Willie, Paul A. "Revenue management for Canadian professional sports organizations." Worldwide Hospitality and Tourism Themes 9, no. 4 (August 14, 2017): 451–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/whatt-04-2017-0021.
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Purpose This paper aims to recommend opportunities for professional sport leagues in the USA and Canada to apply the art and science of revenue management in order to minimize potential losses and maximize profits. Design/methodology/approach The evolution of current key revenue management concepts is presented from their initial stages to their current level of implementation. In addition, the literature regarding the strongest business models is reviewed and examined in the context of current successes and challenges across the major sport leagues in North America. Findings Five revenue streams in sports organizations are identified and analysed. Five key elements for revenues are highlighted as strategic tools used to maximize effectiveness in achieving revenue management goals. A series of recommendations is made to best use revenue management including careful negotiation of television contracts, the use of dynamic pricing models, maximization of partnerships and sponsorships, acceptance of new approaches to food and beverage and accessibility of sport merchandise to customers. Practical implications At the regional, national and international levels, sports organizations should review their current business practices to identify areas to improve their revenue management in light of the recommendations in this paper. Originality/value Although the use of the concept of revenue management in sectors of tourism has evolved since early 1970s, its application in professional sports is relatively new. Therefore, this paper provides value to professional sports organizations to optimize their profitability.
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Banu-Lawrence, Marissa, Stephen Frawley, and Larena Hoeber. "Women and Leadership Development in Australian Sport Organizations." Journal of Sport Management 34, no. 6 (November 1, 2020): 568–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsm.2020-0039.
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There has been growing interest in gender diversity and the leadership development of women in recent years within the broader field of management studies. Understanding leadership development processes is important for the sport industry, in which organizations are becoming increasingly professional and commercially focused. Despite the increased attention on gender diversity and leadership development within the sport industry to date, the scope and application of organizational gender and leadership development theory within an Australian sport context has been limited. As such, the purpose of this study was to explore the leadership development practices adopted by key stakeholders of the Australian sports industry, with the intention to uncover how they impact the role of women in different organizations. Specifically, the research investigated the practices of three organizations that have a major stake in Australian professional sport.
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Khimenes, Khrystyna, Ludmyla Kharchenko-Baranetska, and Oleksandr Edeliev. "Organizational efficiency of modern competition systems in professional sport games." Scientific Journal of National Pedagogical Dragomanov University. Series 15. Scientific and pedagogical problems of physical culture (physical culture and sports), no. 8(139) (August 20, 2021): 117–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.31392/npu-nc.series15.2021.8(139).21.
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Professional sport have been developing dynamically in the last few decades. This is evidenced in particular by the growth of its income. The last one is directly related to a quality product produced by a professional sport – a spectacular competition. In particular, in the last few decades, the system of competitions in professional sport has acquired an updated form, significantly changed both quantitative and qualitative indicators of it held. Purpose. To identify key factors in the organizational effectiveness of modern competition systems in professional sports (for example, North American (NFL, NBA, NHL, MLB, MLS), European (UEFA, FIBA / ULEB) and global organizations (ITL/ATP, PGA)). Methods: data analysis and generalization; theoretical interpretation and explanation; analysis of documentary materials, system analysis. Results. Modern systems of professional sports competitions in North America (NFL, NBA, NHL, MLB, MLS) operate according to similar rules. Changes within these systems today are primarily due to public demand. In some leagues (NFL, NHL, MLS,) there has been and continues to be an expansion of teams. In fact, all of these organizations today focus on competitions and in the international sports arena, although until recently the domestic market was more important for them. Due to the development of technology, the leadership of the leagues is increasingly focused on the e-sports market. They develop their own competition systems in a virtual environment and use the latest technologies in conducting and broadcasting real matches, bringing the viewer and the player closer. In Europe, organizations such as UEFA, FIBA/ULEB are also experimenting with changes in the number of teams (increasing in some and decreasing in other competitions) and the format of key tournaments. The professional sports organizations such as ITL/ATP and PGA also impresses with the number of tournaments today. In addition, these organizations are characterized by unique systems of competition, which were also formed as a reaction to external factors (economic, social, informational, etc.). Conclusions. The key factors of organizational efficiency of modern competition systems in professional sports are the level of economic development, technology and information spheres, the level of interest of the international community in kind of sport, the social position of leagues, and most importantly today - development in a pandemic condition.
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Appleby, Karen M. "Sport Psychology: History, Professional Organizations & Professional Preparation." Eye on Psi Chi Magazine 12, no. 1 (2007): 22–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.24839/1092-0803.eye12.1.22.
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Ward, Patrick, Johann Windt, and Thomas Kempton. "Business Intelligence: How Sport Scientists Can Support Organization Decision Making in Professional Sport." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 14, no. 4 (April 1, 2019): 544–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2018-0903.
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The application of scientific principles to inform practice has become increasingly common in professional sports, with increasing numbers of sport scientists operating in this area. The authors believe that in addition to domain-specific expertise, effective sport scientists working in professional sport should be able to develop systematic analysis frameworks to enhance performance in their organization. Although statistical analysis is critical to this process, it depends on proper data collection, integration, and storage. The purpose of this commentary is to discuss the opportunity for sport-science professionals to contribute beyond their domain-specific expertise and apply these principles in a business-intelligence function to support decision makers across the organization. The decision-support model aims to improve both the efficiency and the effectiveness of decisions and comprises 3 areas: data collection and organization, analytic models to drive insight, and interface and communication of information. In addition to developing frameworks for managing data systems, the authors suggest that sport scientists’ grounding in scientific thinking and statistics positions them to assist in the development of robust decision-making processes across the organization. Furthermore, sport scientists can audit the outcomes of decisions made by the organization. By tracking outcomes, a feedback loop can be established to identify the types of decisions that are being made well and the situations where poor decisions persist. The authors have proposed that sport scientists can contribute to the broader success of professional sporting organizations by promoting decision-support services that incorporate data collection, analysis, and communication.
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Frawley, Stephen, Daniel Favaloro, and Nico Schulenkorf. "Experience-Based Leadership Development and Professional Sport Organizations." Journal of Sport Management 32, no. 2 (March 1, 2018): 123–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsm.2017-0124.
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In recent years, there has been a significant interest around leadership development practices within the field of management. Leadership development is particularly important within the highly competitive sport industry, where leadership performance is under constant and ever-increasing scrutiny. For sport organizations, strong leadership can be a source of significant competitive advantage, and hence, increased focus on leadership and investment into the development of talent has occurred. However, there has been a surprising lack of scholarly research into leadership and the associated processes within the sport management field, particularly from an Australian perspective. This paper addresses this gap as it examines the nature of experience-based leadership development practices within three of Australia’s leading professional sport organizations. Following a qualitative multicase study approach, the thematic analysis of 15 in-depth semistructured interviews with members of the senior executive of each case organization suggested that the national sport organizations placed significant emphasis on experience-based opportunities as a way of developing their workforce. Via the adoption of McCall’s experience-based leadership development framework, four main themes emerged: the importance of experience-based opportunities for leadership development; leadership development through involvement and exposure to experiences; networking opportunities gained from experienced-based exposure; and the relationship between on-the-job experience and formal leadership education. These findings extend our knowledge of current leadership development and practices implemented in national sport organizations and highlight the importance of effective leadership within highly competitive sport markets. Based on these findings, implications are provided for current practice illustrating the benefits that an experience-based approach to leadership development within sport organizations can have.
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Dajnoki, Krisztina, György Norbert Szabados, and Éva Bácsné Bába. "A Case Study on Human Resource Management Practice of a Sport Organization." International Journal of Engineering and Management Sciences 3, no. 4 (September 30, 2018): 410–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.21791/ijems.2018.4.34.
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Human resource with the adequate ability and skills is of decisive importance in all organizations, irrespective of the field of activity in which they operate. It is no different with the life of sports organizations. The human resource management of sports organizations is peculiar which is influenced by, on the one hand, the operating form of an organization, on the other hand, the nature of employment. Those well-known jobs can be also found in the sport organizations which are necessary to operate an organization and carry out the general tasks, at the same time, the amateur or professional athletes turn up as specific human resources. Aim of the study is to explore the specific characteristics of the human resource management of a particular organization, namely Debreceni Egyetem Atlétikai Club Sport Nonprofit Közhasznú Kft. (University of Debrecen Athletic Sport Non-profit Public Benefit Purpose Ltd., hereinafter: DEAC Ltd.), primarily focusing on the traditional HR functions. After reviewing the domestic and international specialized literatures, the practice of the examined sport organization will be described by means of case study, document analysis and managerial interview methods. Based on the results, it can be determined that there is no separate HR manager in case of the examined sport organization, due to its size, but the managing director carries out the tasks as an economic and HR manager in one person. From the aspect of organizational operation, the practice of HR functions is similar to the practice of other SME business organizations, at the same time, the management of athletics as human resources means its specific characteristic where the managements of labour supply, career and talent has other interpretation.
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McCullough, Brian P., Jamee Pelcher, and Sylvia Trendafilova. "An Exploratory Analysis of the Environmental Sustainability Performance Signaling Communications among North American Sport Organizations." Sustainability 12, no. 5 (March 4, 2020): 1950. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12051950.
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Sport organizations across North America promote and claim deep commitments to environmental issues through sustainability performance signaling. These signals are conveyed through external associations or memberships (e.g., Green Sports Alliance) or internally (e.g., environmental reports and communications). However, researchers have not explored this communication strategy as it relates to environmental initiatives in sport nor compared environmental communications of sport organizations from the major professional sport leagues in North America. We analyzed the websites of 147 North American sport organizations and their associated venue websites for environmental performance signaling communications. We found that only one sport organization featured an environmental report on its website, and 42 sport organizations highlighted environmental initiatives through dedicated webpages on the respective team or venue’s website. Predominately, these communications focused on fan engagement initiatives (i.e., awareness, participation) but lacked goal setting, measurement metrics, or performance summaries. We discuss these themes, the implications, and recommendations for how sustainability performance signaling can be better leveraged in the North American sport sector.
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Smith, Natalie L., and B. Christine Green. "Examining the factors influencing organizational creativity in professional sport organizations." Sport Management Review 23, no. 5 (November 2020): 992–1004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.smr.2020.02.003.
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Bradish, Cheri, and J. Joseph Cronin. "Corporate Social Responsibility in Sport." Journal of Sport Management 23, no. 6 (November 2009): 691–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsm.23.6.691.
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Over the past decade, there has been a groundswell of support within the sport industry to be “good sports”, as evidenced by a growing number of, and commitment to, “giving” initiatives and “charitable” programs. Consider the following examples:• In 1998, the “Sports Philanthropy Project” was founded, devoted to “harnessing the power of professional sports to support the development of healthy communities.” (Sports Philanthropy Project, 2009) To date, this organization has supported and sustained over 400 philanthropic-related organizations associated with athlete charities, league initiatives, and team foundations in the United States and Canada.• In 2003, “Right To Play” (formerly Olympic Aid) the international humanitarian organization was established, which has used sport to bring about change in over 40 of the world's most disadvantaged communities. Of note is their vision to “engage leaders on all sides of sport, business and media, to ensure every child's right to play” (www.righttoplay.com).• In 2005, the Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) became one of the first sport organizations to create an internal corporate social responsibility unit, and soon thereafter committed a significant percentage of their revenues to related corporate social responsibility programs (FIFA, 2005).
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Petersen, Jeffrey, and David Pierce. "Professional Sport League Assessment of Sport Management Curriculum." Sport Management Education Journal 3, no. 1 (October 2009): 110–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/smej.3.1.110.
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Undergraduate sport management curriculum continues to be debated amongst this discipline’s educators. Curricular content impacts professional sport organizations as program graduates become employees. This study gathered the input of human resource professionals from NFL, MLB, and NBA franchises regarding curricular topics via an existing, modified questionnaire. The questionnaire included a five-point scale assessment of 61 curricular topics. A 34.8% response rate was proportionally distributed between the leagues. An ANOVA of means for ten curricular areas revealed significant differences with the following rank order: Field Experience 4.38; Communication 4.23; Legal Aspects 4.02; Ethics 3.98; Management and Leadership 3.97; Marketing 3.96; Economics 3.68; Budget and Finance 3.59; Governance 3.25; and Socio-Cultural Aspects 3.25. An ANOVA of topics revealed seven significant between-league differences including: Sport Sociology, Ethics, Market Shares/Ratings, Business Writing, Labor Relations, Stadium/Arena Economics, and Risk Management/Liability. These results can inform the development or modification of curricula to better prepare students for professional sport needs.
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Hansen, Hal, and Roger Gauthier. "Marketing Objectives of Professional and University Sport Organizations." Journal of Sport Management 6, no. 1 (January 1992): 27–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsm.6.1.27.
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The heads of marketing and promotion for major professional and university sport organizations were asked to rate the relative importance of 19 marketing objectives on a 5-point Likert scale; 164 responded. Factor analysis resulted in the creation of six factors: player quality, community image of team, entertainment value of sport, team marketing, team as a contender, and attractiveness of game location. ANOVA, Tukey, and student t tests used on the data resulted in significant differences between leagues for the two factors of community image of team and entertainment value of sport. Professional teams favored 5 of 6 objectives over university teams: value of ticket price, entertainment value of the sport, image of the team, community-oriented nature of the team, and availability of athletes for community events.
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Bower, Glenna G. "Group Mentoring as an Alternative Model for Women." Women in Sport and Physical Activity Journal 18, no. 2 (October 2009): 80–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/wspaj.18.2.80.
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Women continue to be underrepresented in leadership positions within sport. As the number of women entering sport increases, a growing number of professionals recognize the inherent benefits of the mentoring relationship across a range of professional settings including sport (Bower, Hums, & Keedy, 2006; Grappendorf, Burton, & Lilienthal, 2007). Unfortunately, mentors are not always a viable option for women wanting to advance within leadership positions in sport. A primary reason for limited opportunities is the shortage of female in leadership positions within sport organizations creating a dearth of potential female mentors (Weaver & Chelladurai, 2002). Therefore, this paper explored the dynamics of the mentoring relationship between one professional organization (NAGWS) and potential career outcomes for women in sport. Specifically, how does NAGWS use group mentoring initiatives for girls and women in sport which may lead to potential advancement opportunities?’
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Brewer, Benjamin D. "Commercialization in Professional Cycling." Sociology of Sport Journal 19, no. 3 (September 2002): 276–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ssj.19.3.276.
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The rediscovery in the past three years of the widespread and highly organized use of performance-enhancing drugs—known as “doping”—in professional cycling has thrown the sport into a period of turmoil. Through a critical historical analysis, the article argues that profound institutional changes introduced into professional cycling by the sport’s governing body both facilitated and reflected the increasing commercial penetration of the sport. These institutional transformations put new pressures on team managers and racers, leading to significant changes in team organizations and rider preparation, in part fostering a new social organization of doping practices.
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Jeong, Yunduk, Euisoo Kim, Minhong Kim, and James J. Zhang. "Exploring Relationships among Organizational Culture, Empowerment, and Organizational Citizenship Behavior in the South Korean Professional Sport Industry." Sustainability 11, no. 19 (September 30, 2019): 5412. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11195412.
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The purpose of this study was to examine the structural relationships among organizational culture, empowerment, and organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) of professional sports organizations in South Korea. In particular, this study emphasized the mediating effect of empowerment on the relationship between organizational culture and OCB. Research participants were 606 employees affiliated with 42 professional sports teams. The validity and reliability of the involved measures were examined through conducting confirmatory factor, Cronbach’s alpha, and correlation analyses. A structural equation modeling analysis with maximum likelihood estimation was conducted to test the relationships among the research variables. The findings revealed that all of the sub-factors of organizational culture (i.e., clan culture, adhocracy culture, and market culture), with the exception of hierarchy culture, were positively influential of perceived empowerment, which was in turn positively influential of OCB. The path coefficients were statistically significant. The findings further revealed that perceived empowerment partially or fully mediated relationships between the sub-factors of organizational culture and OCB. Unlike previous studies, our study focused on studying organizational culture at a specific managerial level, an underdeveloped area of research in sport management. In particular, the findings of this study contribute to sport management practices by uncovering the mediating function of empowerment on the relationship between organizational culture and OCB, indicating the importance of empowering employees when managing professional sports organizations.
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Finch, Bryan. "Boston sport organizations and community disaster recovery." Disaster Prevention and Management 25, no. 1 (February 1, 2016): 91–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/dpm-08-2015-0183.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the role played by sport organizations in the community recovery efforts in Boston following the 2013 marathon bombings. Design/methodology/approach – Interview questions were created following initial site visits and content analysis of 40 media reports specifically dealing with social recovery efforts following the attacks. Six semi-structured interviews with professional team and organizational leaders were completed and analyzed to gain insight into the leader’s perspectives of the relief process. Finally, the media reports and interviews were reviewed and specific recovery efforts were classified into tangible, emotional, or informational support categories. Findings – The findings of this case study are specific to the disaster relief efforts in Boston, Massachusetts following the 2013 marathon bombings and therefore cannot be generalized beyond this scope. This paper provided focussed analysis of the reactions of several Boston area sport organizations during the immediate disaster recovery period. The long-term impacts of these efforts require further investigation. Practical implications – The examination of the viewpoints of the sport organization leaders following the disaster may provide insight for other sport organization leaders and civic officials as they prepare for future challenges. Originality/value – This paper provides a detailed examination of several sport organizations responses following the community disaster in Boston. It also provides unique perspectives from the sport organization leaders.
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Dong, Honggang, Brian Yim, and James J. Zhang. "Organizational Structure, Public-Private Relationships, and Operational Performance of Large-Scale Stadiums: Evidence from Local Governments in China." Sustainability 12, no. 19 (September 28, 2020): 8002. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12198002.
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The financial sustainability of large-scale sport stadiums has become a challenging issue for sport organizations in China due to increasing market competition, lack of professional sport franchises to tenant the facilities, and gradual slow-down in Chinese GDP growth. Previous findings about operational performance of sport organizations identify organizational structure and public-private partnership (PPP) as important predictors. The aim of the current study was (a) to propose a predictive model for operational performance of large-scale stadiums in China and (b) to examine the relationships among organizational structure, PPP, and operational performance. We conducted a literature review to establish a theoretical framework for the proposed model, selected Yangzhou Sports Park and Xuzhou Olympic Sports Center to examine the relationships, and conducted expert interviews to examine the research questions. We found that Xuzhou’s operational performance was more effective due to several mechanisms related to both organizational structure and PPP: incentive, supervision, and assessment. Notably, using built-in benchmark monitoring procedures, Xuzhou managers identified a variety of constraints early on to address onsite problems while maintaining efficient communication among key PPP stakeholders.
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Pierce, David, Jeffrey Petersen, and Donghun Lee. "Time Allocation of Sales Activities in Professional Sport Organizations." Journal of SPORT 2, no. 1 (2013): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.21038/sprt.2013.0211.
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Schneider, Robert. "Developing the Moral Integrity of College Sport through Commercialism." Physical Culture and Sport. Studies and Research 49, no. 1 (October 1, 2010): 30–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10141-010-0011-3.
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Developing the Moral Integrity of College Sport through CommercialismDespite criticisms that commercialism corrupts college sports (Duderstadt, 2003, Roberts 2008, Zimbalist 2006), commercialism, if executed appropriately can strengthen and develop the moral integrity of sport. A utilitarian approach to the commercialization of sport can be used to strengthen its moral integrity. From a utilitarian standpoint, John Stuart Mill's greatest happiness principle and Jeremy Bentham's hedonic calculus can be used to help determine specific approaches to the commercialization of sport. The interests of the sporting community including sport participants, coaches, administrators, fans, and community members, must be considered when commercializing sport to a moral end. Thoroughly understanding a morally grounded mission in a sport organization is a prerequisite to the effective negotiation of terms of commercial agreements that mutually support the mission of the commercial entity and sport organization. The commercialization of sport includes but is not limited to television contracts, venue signage, licensing of merchandise, and corporate sponsorships. Identifying a professional "fit" between the sport organization and commercial entity is imperative. The use of common sense, and experience as outlined by Mill and Bentham (as cited in Beauchamp 1982) and understanding human nature as outlined by Hume (1739/1964) are useful when attempting to determine how particular commercialism efforts may consciously or subconsciously develop or reduce the moral integrity of sport. Beyond sport, the influences and risks of commercialism can be understood by observing its effect on non-sport organizations. Threats to the moral integrity of sport arise when entering into revenue generating commercial agreements. Sport's overreliance on revenue from a commercial entity is a factor that can potentially cause deviation from a sport organization's morally based mission. Excessive expansion and lavish funding of sport organizations can contribute to overreliance on revenue from commercial entities. Personal greed can also play a role in detracting from the moral integrity of the mission.
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Hindman, Lauren C., and Nefertiti A. Walker. "Sexism in Professional Sports: How Women Managers Experience and Survive Sport Organizational Culture." Journal of Sport Management 34, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 64–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsm.2018-0331.
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Women remain the minority in sport organizations, particularly in leadership roles, and prior work has suggested that sexism may be to blame. This study examines women’s experiences of both overt and subtle sexism in the sport industry as well as the impact such experiences have on their careers. Based on interviews and journal entries from women managers working in a men’s professional sports league, the findings suggest that the culture of sport organizations perpetuates sexism, including the diminishment and objectification of women. Sexism occurs in women’s everyday interactions with their supervisors and coworkers, as well as others that they interact with as part of their jobs. Such experiences result in professional and emotional consequences, which women navigate by employing tactics that enable their survival in the sport industry.
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Bouchet, Adrien, Michael Troilo, and Brian R. Walkup. "Dynamic pricing usage in sports for revenue management." Managerial Finance 42, no. 9 (September 12, 2016): 913–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/mf-01-2016-0017.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the extent to which dynamic pricing is utilized in North American professional sports. While industries such as airlines and travel services have employed dynamic pricing for decades, professional sports is only now starting to adopt it. Design/methodology/approach The authors survey and interview high ranking executives and managers in North American sports organizations. A total of 72 managers and executives from the four major North American professional sports leagues as well as other sport properties were surveyed. Descriptive statistics and a basic regression provide insight into perceptions v. actual practice among sports organizations. Findings While most sports organizations perceive high usage of dynamic pricing within their organization, current procedures lag. Nearly 70 percent of respondents believe that their organizations frequently or always apply business analytics to dynamic pricing, but only 30 percent update their prices daily. Fully 50 percent of organizations do not automate decision-making processes, which is a hallmark of dynamic pricing. The perception of constant use of analytics in dynamic pricing intensifies as job title increases. Originality/value As one of the initial surveys looking at the usage of dynamic pricing in North American professional sports, this study provides a glimpse into both the perception and the reality. It suggests that there is still ample room for improvement.
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Kikulis, Lisa M., Trevor Slack, Bob Hinings, and Alan Zimmermann. "A Structural Taxonomy of Amateur Sport Organizations." Journal of Sport Management 3, no. 2 (July 1989): 129–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsm.3.2.129.
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The theoretical rationale underlying this study was that a variety of structural design types exist in amateur sport organizations and that their structural characteristics may be effectively measured, scaled, and compared. Characteristics were defined along three dimensions of organizational structure: specialization, standardization, and centralization. The approach used to identify the structural design types was the creation of an organizational taxonomy. Based on the measurement of 15 structural scales for 59 provincial sport organizations, Ward’s hierarchical fusion algorithm clustering technique was used to partition these data into homogeneous subsets. Analysis revealed 8 structural design types. The results, while providing support for the idea that there is a trend toward a more professional and bureaucratic form for amateur sport organizations, also suggest that it is important to consider the potential variety in the structural design of these organizations.
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Sage, George H. "Patriotic Images and Capitalist Profit: Contradictions of Professional Team Sports Licensed Merchandise." Sociology of Sport Journal 13, no. 1 (March 1996): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ssj.13.1.1.
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The professional team sports industry has consistently worked at constructing a symbiotic relationship in the collective American mind linking professional team sports with United States patriotism. Professional team sports organizations use a variety of advertising images, rituals, and ceremonies to reinforce this association. One means by which the organizations perpetuate this association is through league logos, all of which use only the colors red, white, and blue—the precise color combination found on the flag of the United States. League logos are prominently displayed on all their licensed merchandise, merchandise that generates about $10 billion in annual revenue for professional team sports. This paper focuses on the contradiction or paradox that exists between the imagery of All-American patriotism professional team sports construct and the fact that much of their licensed merchandise is manufactured in foreign countries by exploited labor. The analysis centers on meaning-production by deconstructing and critiquing the managed image of professional team sport organizations.
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Carlson, Jamie, and Aron O'Cass. "Optimizing the Online Channel in Professional Sport to Create Trusting and Loyal Consumers: The Role of the Professional Sports Team Brand and Service Quality." Journal of Sport Management 26, no. 6 (November 2012): 463–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsm.26.6.463.
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How professional team-based sport organizations can optimize their e-service platform and manage their brand in an increasingly multichannel marketing environment is a critical issue. This study examines how sports consumers’ (i.e., fans’) perceptions of e-service quality, brand strength, and image congruency between the sport brands’ offline image and online image affects the development of consumers’ trust in the team’s website. In addition, the study explores the role of team website trust in developing team website loyalty, as well the role of loyalty in actual purchase frequency from the teams’ website. Data were collected via an online survey of sports consumers of e-services delivered by professional sport teams. The results indicate that sport team brand strength, followed by teams website e-service quality and brand image congruency between the teams online and offline activity are significant determinants of trust in the teams’ website, with online trust strongly influencing website loyalty intentions.
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Haggerty, Terry R. "The Administrative Use of Computers in Professional Sport Organizations." Journal of Organizational and End User Computing 3, no. 2 (April 1991): 2–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/joeuc.1991040101.
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Kikulis, Lisa M., Trevor Slack, and Bob Hinings. "Does Decision Making Make a Difference? Patterns of Change Within Canadian National Sport Organizations." Journal of Sport Management 9, no. 3 (September 1995): 273–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsm.9.3.273.
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The theoretical rationale underpinning this study was that decision making structures are tightly coupled to the core values of organizations and thus have a high impact on organizational design change. Taking a fine-grained approach to the analysis of decision making, the purpose of this study was to determine whether amateur sport organizations have shifted away from the dominant paradigm of volunteer-led decision making in favor of professional staff authority and autonomy over strategic decisions. Data from a population of 36 Canadian national sport organizations were used to show that changes in decision making have occurred. However, the shift in control from volunteers to professionals has not been established. In addition, change in decision making varied according to the direction of change, the decision making dimension, and the decision topic.
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Black, Sarah, Kevin Black, Aman Dhawan, Cayce Onks, Peter Seidenberg, and Matthew Silvis. "Pediatric Sports Specialization in Elite Ice Hockey Players." Sports Health: A Multidisciplinary Approach 11, no. 1 (October 5, 2018): 64–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1941738118800446.
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Background: Pediatric sports specialization, defined as intense year-round training in a single sport as a result of excluding other sports for more than 8 months per year, is common in the United States. There are demonstrated physical and social risks to early pediatric sports specialization (defined as before age 12 years). While thought to be needed to acquire appropriate experience and excel in a given sport, there remains little information on when athletes at the highest levels of their sport specialized. This study aimed to define when professional and collegiate ice hockey players specialized. Hypothesis: Early sports specialization before age 12 years will not be common among elite-level (professional and collegiate) ice hockey players. Study Design: Retrospective cross-sectional survey study. Level of Evidence: Level 3. Methods: Male professional and collegiate ice hockey players within 1 National Hockey League organization and 2 National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) organizations who were 18 years of age or older completed a survey at training camp detailing their history of sports participation and specialization. Results: A total of 91 athletes participated in the study (mean age, 22.8 years; range, 18-39 years). The mean age at the start of any sports participation was 4.5 years, and the mean age of sports specialization was 14.3 years. The mean age of specialization in the professional group, the NCAA Division I group, and the NCAA Division III group was 14.1, 14.5, and 14.6 years, respectively. Conclusion: Early pediatric sports specialization is not common in elite-level (professional and collegiate) ice hockey players. Clinical Relevance: Early pediatric sports specialization before age 12 years is not necessary for athletic success in professional and collegiate ice hockey. This study provides further evidence supporting the recommendations of the American Medical Society for Sports Medicine, American Academy of Pediatrics, and American Orthopaedic Society for Sports Medicine against early sports specialization.
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Armstrong, Ketra L. "A Quest for a Market: A Profile of the Consumers of a Professional Women’s Basketball Team and the Marketing Implications." Women in Sport and Physical Activity Journal 8, no. 2 (October 1999): 103–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/wspaj.8.2.103.
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Women’s sports is at an all-time high, as evidenced by the emergence of a number of professional women’s sport leagues (such as basketball, baseball, and fast-pitch softball). Notwithstanding the growth and popularity of women’s sports, these leagues will have to compete with other forms of leisure for consumers’ discretionary time and resources. Since financial stability is vital to the longevity of the developing women’s leagues, the competition for consumers will require a greater need for the marketers of women’s professional sport organizations to understand the variety of factors that influence sport consumers’ behavior and shape the composition of their respective markets. Presented in this article are the results of a study in which the consumers of one of the professional women’s basketball teams that competed in the American Basketball League (ABL)were investigated. The teams’ spectators are profiled as sport consumers, factors that influenced their attendance, are identified and implications for effective marketing strategies are noted.
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Vojinovic, Jugoslav, Nebojsa Maksimovic, Dragan Kokovic, Aleksandar Raic, Radenko Matic, and Dragan Doder. "Predicting the future of sports organizations." Motriz: Revista de Educação Física 21, no. 2 (June 2015): 107–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1980-65742015000200001.
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The current crisis of sport in Serbia justifies its prediction of real potential future of sport organizations. Sample of respondents (N=277) was divided in two subsamples: 113 professional persons involved in the management of sports clubs ("experimental" sample) and 164 individuals ("control" sample). The results of structural analysis showed that experimental sample based its vision on the staff as a determinant of the system, which is providing creativity as a characteristic of the organizational culture of the club. Control subsample of respondents could indicate some characteristic variables to predict the future of clubs, but can't say a clear prediction system based on a long sequence of reasoning. We can conclude that the mentioned two sub-samples are differerent in terms of the ability to orient to predict the future of their clubs on the basis of assessment of the key variables that shape the future scenarios.
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Wolanin, Andrew T. "Clinical Sport Psychology Services Based in a Doctoral Training Clinic." Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology 1, no. 3 (September 2007): 270–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jcsp.1.3.270.
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Sport psychology has become an increasingly popular area of interest for psychologists and psychology students. In addition, it has become an integral part of many collegiate and professional organizations that rely on psychological services for both performance enhancement purposes as well as mental health services. A model for delivering sport psychology services through a doctoral training clinic from a practitioner-scientist perspective will be discussed, as well as the challenges that are faced from an organizational and professional perspective.
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Dietl, Helmut M., Anil Özdemir, and Nicolas Schweizer. "Outsourcing sports sponsorship activities: a multi-theoretical approach." Sport, Business and Management: An International Journal 7, no. 1 (March 13, 2017): 77–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/sbm-09-2014-0041.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to understand and explain why some professional sports organizations outsource their sponsorship-related activities to sports marketing agencies, whereas others purposely retain these activities in-house. Design/methodology/approach The paper applies transaction cost economics (TCE) and the resource-based view (RBV) to outsourcing of sports sponsorship activities. It examines the extent determinants descending from these theories influence the sourcing choice of professional sports organizations. Findings This paper argues that determinants derived from TCE and the RBV are useful to understand the factors likely to influence an outsourcing decision and to analyze which sponsorship-related activities are more or less likely to be outsourced. However, these determinants are insufficient to shed light on why sports organizations arrive at different conclusions about their internal and external environments. With recourse to contingency theory, the authors propose two additional contingencies that affect the sourcing decision: a sport organization’s size and its degree of professionalism. This integrative conceptual framework improves the understanding of sports sponsorship outsourcing, makes several propositions, and paves the way for future empirical research in sports sponsorship. Originality/value This is the first paper to apply classical theoretical concepts to outsourcing sports sponsorship activities. As a conceptual paper, it hopes to stimulate further research on outsourcing in sports sponsorship and on the relationship between sports organizations and sports marketing agencies.
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Cousens, Laura. "From Diamonds to Dollars: The Dynamics of Change in AAA Baseball Franchises." Journal of Sport Management 11, no. 4 (October 1997): 316–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsm.11.4.316.
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Sport franchises are challenged to operate within the fast-changing environment of the professional sport industry. The purpose of this paper is to ascertain the extent to which these organizations are changing and to understand why some organizations have embraced the competitive strategies and institutional beliefs of their contemporary environment, while others have remained relatively unchanged. The concept of archetypes was used to create two templates for professional sport franchises: The sport-centered archetype and the business-centered archetype. Data were then collected from interviews with representatives of five AAA baseball franchises, documents were retained from the league's public relations firm and the franchises themselves, and information was assembled from newspapers and trade magazines. The results of the research indicated that one organization was in the sport-centered archetype, three were in the business-centered archetype, and one was between the two archetypes. It was found that a trigger for change and the ownership of the franchise impacted heavily on the ability of the franchises to adapt to their contemporary environment.
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Silva, John M. "Toward the Professionalization of Sport Psychology." Sport Psychologist 3, no. 3 (September 1989): 265–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/tsp.3.3.265.
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The application and professionalization of sport psychology has attracted increased attention from various sources including colleagues in the field, sport science and psychology departments, collegiate, Olympic, and professional sport organizations, and the media. Unfortunately, the attention generated has not resulted in significant organizational progress on issues crucial to the integrity of a developing specialization such as sport psychology. These crucial professional issues include the orderly growth of the field, requirements for the establishment of a recognized profession in sport psychology, the training of future sport psychologists, and the process and procedures required to develop and implement the certification of sport psychologists. The present paper was written to address these critical issues, identify progressive steps currently being taken, and recommend subsequent actions that can advance the field toward the professionalization of sport psychology without compromising the integrity of the academic subdiscipline.
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Messner, Michael A., and Michela Musto. "Where Are the Kids?" Sociology of Sport Journal 31, no. 1 (March 2014): 102–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ssj.2013-0111.
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Huge numbers of children participate in sports. However, kids and sports are rarely seen, much less systematically studied by sport sociologists. Our survey of the past decade of three major sport sociology journals illustrates a dearth of scholarly research on children and sport. While noting the few exceptions, we observe that sport studies scholars have placed a disproportionate amount of emphasis on studying sport media, and elite amateur, college, and professional athletes and sport organizations, while largely conceding the terrain of children’s sports to journalists and to a handful of scholars whose work is not grounded in sport sociology. We probe this paradox, speculating why sport scholars focus so little on such a large and important object of study in sport studies. We end by outlining a handful of important scholarly questions for sport scholars, focusing especially on key questions in the burgeoning sociological and interdisciplinary fields of children and youth, bodies and health, and intersectional analyses of social inequality.
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Cuneen, Jacquelyn, and M. Joy Sidwell. "Interns in Professional Sport: An Investigation of Gender Parity on the Job." Sport Management Education Journal 3, no. 1 (October 2009): 92–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/smej.3.1.92.
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Internships permit sport management students to link classroom learning to the professional environment. Since internships provide students with opportunities to learn on-the-job and test their skills in the marketplace, the experiences should be uniformly beneficial to all students regardless of gender. This study was conducted to describe internship work conditions (i.e., opportunities to perform in essential marketplace functions) for male and female sport management interns assigned to ‘Big Four’ professional sport organizations. Participants were 74 sport industry professionals who supervised a total of 103 interns over a one-year period. A X2 Test of Independence found that male and female interns working in professional sport had comparable opportunities to perform and learn on the job. Differences in opportunity, hiring practices, and on-the-job benefits emerged primarily as a function of job specialization (e.g., operations, marketing, venue management), league/association, or gender of the internship supervisor rather than gender of the interns.
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DeFrancesco, Charmaine, and Joseph J. Cronin. "Marketing the Sport Psychologist." Sport Psychologist 2, no. 1 (March 1988): 28–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/tsp.2.1.28.
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There is a significant need for identifying marketing techniques and strategies to enhance the career opportunities of the sport psychologist. Unfortunately, few sport psychologists have the entrepreneurial skills needed to reach alternative target markets. Professional service marketing can help the sport psychologist identify and develop strategies for employment and career opportunities. This paper examines current issues concerning the sport psychology profession, the role of marketing in professional service organizations, and a six-step marketing procedure for creating a professional marketing plan for the sport psychologist. The six steps of the marketing process include (a) situational analysis, (b) identification of service availability, (c) market assessment, (d) identification of decision-making roles, (e) marketing plan, and (f) evaluation process.
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Krane, Vikki, and Diane E. Whaley. "Quiet Competence: Writing Women Into the History of U.S. Sport and Exercise Psychology." Sport Psychologist 24, no. 3 (September 2010): 349–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/tsp.24.3.349.
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To read the written history of U.S. sport and exercise psychology, one easily could assume that women were absent from the field. Yet, indisputably women have assumed influential leadership roles through their research, leadership in professional organizations, editing major journals, and mentoring graduate students and novice professionals. Based on life history interviews, grounded in standpoint and feminist cultural studies perspectives, we present the collective contributions of 8 women who greatly affected the development of the field of sport and exercise psychology in the U.S. Although traveling different paths and having varied strengths and weaknesses, certain attributes distinguished their journeys; most notably, they were driven, selfless, dignified, humble, competent, and passionate about developing the field. Their legacy includes generations of students who have carved their own careers in sport and exercise psychology; lines of research that have established the field as rigorous, theory-based, practical, and relevant; and caring and competent leadership in our professional organizations.
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Manuti, Amelia, Giuseppe Mininni, and Stefania Attanasio. "From professional identity to organizational membership and back." Qualitative Research Journal 16, no. 1 (February 1, 2016): 51–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/qrj-11-2014-0057.
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Purpose – Narrative is believed to be a crucial component of sense-making in organizations, and previous research in the field suggests that multiple levels and forms of narrative are inherent to the definition of professional identities (Clarke et al., 2009; Ybema et al., 2009; Brown and Lewis, 2011). For example, narrative can be found in the stories told by organizational actors as they informally interact in the workplace, in the formalized basic assumptions that support organizational strategy-making, in the accounts people give of their work, and in the artifacts they produced and experienced while engaged in accomplishing tasks. The purpose of this paper is to consider narrative as a way of giving sense to organizational membership, of constituting an overall and possibly shared sense of direction, of focussing one’s professional identity, and of enabling and/or constraining the ongoing activities of actors. The context of the research was given by a group of sport federations enrolled within the Italian National Olympic Committee (CONI), which is the national most authoritative network of professional local sport organizations. Design/methodology/approach – Participants involved in the study were 42 professional referees belonging to this network and active in different sport disciplines and 12 people from the CONI management. In-depth narrative interviews were collected in the aim to investigate the narrative cues revealing the organizational sense-making processes that animate the representation of this professional identity both at a subjective and at an organizational level. Data have been explored adopting the semiotic square and diatextual analysis as to highlight the strict relationship between text, context and interlocutors. Findings – Data have been explored adopting the semiotic square and diatextual analysis as to highlight the strict relationship between text, context and interlocutors. Results showed that there was an evident gap between what the management formally defined as strategic vision, mission and cultural guidelines that actually shape the organizational identity of the CONI and what was concretely experienced by its actors, in this case the referees. Originality/value – Most of the studies conducted in sport organizations focussed either on an intra-organizational level investigating the specific features of given professional categories such as athletes and/or coaches, or at an inter-organizational level, paying attention mostly to the marketing and networking strategies oriented toward stakeholders. On the other hand, most studies conducted on referees have devoted attention strictly to performance assessment, that, in line with a positivist approach, considered the latter as an output of situational and psychological variables (e.g. Marie, 1999; MacMahon et al., 2007). Conversely, the findings coming from the present study contributed to support the promotion of an alternative organizational approach, more specifically based on the strategic relevance of horizontal (within the federations) and vertical (between the federations and the center of the network) communication as to enhance the identification process which give sense to the organizational basic assumptions.
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Jurak, Gregor, Wladimir Andreff, Stevo Popović, Damjan Jakšić, and Jakob Bednarik. "The impact of the global economic crisis on the finances of non-governmental sport organizations in Slovenia remains to be seen." Motriz: Revista de Educação Física 20, no. 2 (June 2014): 131–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1980-65742014000200002.
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This paper examines the impact of the global economic crisis on revenues on all non-governmental sport organizations (sport NGOs) in Slovenia, as a small European economy. Five types of operating revenues of all sport NGOs from 2007 to 2010 have been analyzed. We found that the overall trend of sport NGOs revenues does not correspond exactly to the trends of the Slovenian economy. The greatest financial impacts were experienced in grassroots sport, while professional sport NGOs have increased their operating revenues, mostly due to increases of public revenues. The findings suggest that the true impact of the recession on Slovenian sport NGOs remains to be seen. We conclude that the ongoing recession will affect grassroots sport the least, while semi-professional and professional sport NGOs will be under financial threat. Because of the synergistic effects of different types of NGOs, this could affect the sustainability of Slovenian sport.
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Lee, Cindy, Hyejin Bang, and David J. Shonk. "Professional Team Sports Organizations’ Corporate Social Responsibility Activities: Corporate Image and Chosen Communication Outlets’ Influence on Consumers’ Reactions." International Journal of Sport Communication 14, no. 2 (June 1, 2021): 280–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsc.2020-0298.
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As professional sport teams’ involvement with corporate social responsibility (CSR) activities are prevalent and expected by the public, there has been more attention on the factors that can influence consumers’ reactions to CSR activities. This study investigated the influence of two factors—corporate image and organization choice of communication vehicle—on individuals’ responses, perceived motive, and change of attitude to a professional team sports organization’s CSR activities. A total of 225 usable surveys were collected from a university located in the southern region of the United States for data analyses. The study showed that corporate image had a main effect on perceived motives, Munfavorable = 5.07, Mfavorable = 5.60, F(1, 216) = 6.38, p < .05, , and attitudes, Munfavorable = 4.64, Mfavorable = 5.49; F(1, 216) = 18.34, p < .05, , toward the team due to CSR activities, while there was no main effect for the professional team sports organization’s chosen communication vehicle, F(2, 217) = 1.09, p > .05, for their CSR activities. The importance of building good corporate image and communicating CSR activities to the fan base are also discussed.
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Et al., Mlashu Tsegay. "The Status and Challenges of Women’s Sport Leadership In Ethiopia National Sport Organizations." Psychology and Education Journal 58, no. 1 (February 4, 2021): 4140–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/pae.v58i1.1478.
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Leadership is the process of influencing an organized group toward accomplishing common set of goals, and it can also be defined as the ability of an individual to establish direction for a working group of individuals who gain commitment from this group of members to this direction and who then motivate these members to achieve the direction’s outcomes. The purpose of the Current study was to investigate the status and challenges of women leaders in national sport organizations. Data were collected through questionnaires, in-depth, face to face semi structured interviews, observations and document analysis from 216 men and women leaders and experts in organizations. Qualitative and quantitative data was used to determine the challenges of Women’s leadership s in Ethiopia national sport organization.data analysis focused on the groups that emerged from the collected data. Therefore, thematic analysis was used to accomplish main goals. And descriptive statistics was used in data analysis. This entails the use of frequency distribution tables and percentages to summarize data on the closed ended items in the questionnaire. Analysis of data employed Statistical Package for Social Scientists (SPSS) version 20 softwarewere used to describe the results. The findings showed that the status of women’s in the organization is very low. Challenges that hinder women’s participation in national sport organization includepersonal limitations; lack of professional networks, lack of budget,family responsibilities, socio-cultural factors consisting of traditional practices and society’s perceptions on women’s..
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Gillett, Alex G., and Kevin D. Tennent. "Shadow hybridity and the institutional logic of professional sport." Journal of Management History 24, no. 2 (April 9, 2018): 228–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jmh-11-2017-0060.
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Purpose Existing studies of the finance of English Association Football (soccer) have tended to focus on the sport’s early years, or on the post-1992 Premiership era. The authors examine a case from the turbulent 1980s charting the struggle for economic survival of one club in a rapidly changing financial, economic, political and demographic landscape. The purpose of this paper is to examine not only the financial management of a football club during this time, but also the interventionist role of the local authority during this turbulent period. Design/methodology/approach The authors investigate the financial difficulties of a sport business, Middlesbrough Football and Athletic Company Limited, examining the broader economic context, drawing on unseen archival sources dating from the 1980s to analyze the relationship between club, local and national government and the regional economy. Findings They not only examine the financial management of the football club but also analyse the interventionist role of the local authority in supporting the club which had symbolic value for the local community. Practical implications This paper is relevant to policymakers interested in the provision of local sports facilities and the links between elite sport and participation. Originality/value The authors show that professional sports clubs are driven by a different institutional logic to state organizations and the findings enable them to define these differences, thereby refining Thornton et al.’s (2012) typology of institutional orders. Furthermore, the case study highlights practices involving informal partnership between state and sport that the authors label as shadow hybridity.
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Naraine, Michael L., Henry T. Wear, and Damien J. Whitburn. "User engagement from within the Twitter community of professional sport organizations." Managing Sport and Leisure 24, no. 5 (June 21, 2019): 275–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23750472.2019.1630665.
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Rhee, Sang Don. "The Study of Perceived Marketing Effectiveness by Professional Team Sport Organizations." Journal of Sport and Leisure Studies 33 (August 31, 2008): 231–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.51979/kssls.2008.08.33.231.
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Ross, Craig M., and Terese Schurger. "Career Paths of Campus Recreational Sport Directors." Recreational Sports Journal 31, no. 2 (October 2007): 146–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/rsj.31.2.146.
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The purpose of this study was to examine the job profiles and career paths taken by directors in campus recreational sport. Using a Web-based survey of 52 closed-ended and 2 open-ended items, the study results provided a rich overview of the perceptions, issues, and patterns that 145 current directors identified as relevant factors contributing to successful career paths in campus recreational sport administration. Overall, the results of the study revealed that future campus recreational sport directors must gain diverse practical experiences, be actively involved in professional organizations, learn how to network effectively with professionals both at the institutional and nationwide levels, and be passionate about recreational sport management.
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Swanson, Steve, and Samuel Y. Todd. "Workplace Dynamics in Professional Sport: A Case Study of Identification, Political Skill, and Personal Control." Case Studies in Sport Management 8, S1 (January 1, 2019): S28—S32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/cssm.2018-0028.
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This case is based on a collection of real-life scenarios encountered by employees working for professional sport organizations. The workplace in this environment contains circumstances distinct to the sport context which this case aims to highlight. A small work group of three individuals with diverse backgrounds representing key departments in a professional basketball club are brought together to lead a difficult challenge in the community. Over the course of the season, several meetings and personal interactions play out which present difficulties in productivity due to individual differences in human relations capacity and varying psychological connections with the environment. In combination with the teaching notes, the case is designed to highlight (1) the special nature of employee identification in the professional sport setting, (2) an array of political skills which are relevant and useful to the sport workplace, and (3) the role of perceived personal control in sport organizations. An overview of theory and its specific application to the case is provided along with discussion questions and answers to aid instructors in effectively engaging with students around the topical areas.
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Mendizabal, Xabier, Leire San-Jose, and Jose Domingo Garcia-Merino. "Understanding and mapping stakeholders of sport clubs: particularities." Sport, Business and Management: An International Journal 10, no. 3 (May 5, 2020): 359–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/sbm-04-2019-0029.
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PurposeProfessional basketball clubs generate value not only for shareholders, but also for other stakeholders. These organizations create a broader social value for a wide range of stakeholders, and thus, it is useful to consider these stakeholders' perceptions of social value creation. Therefore, under the generic framework of grounded theory, this paper aims to create a stakeholder map of professional basketball clubs, taking into account the common coopetition context in sporting competitions.Design/methodology/approachIn total, 49 qualitative semi-structured interviews were conducted in collaboration with the representatives of two Spanish basketball clubs to establish the particularities of the stakeholders of these organizations compared with non-sport businesses (NsP) to confirm the stakeholder map. The Bryson process was used to develop the stakeholder map.FindingsThe map shows that there are three kinds of stakeholders of professional basketball clubs compared with non-sport organizations: similar, singular and entirely different. The perception of different social value dimensions confirm the findings of the stakeholder map, emphasizing that these organizations should take into account multidimensional stakeholder-value creation (functional, social, emotional and epistemic).Originality/valueThis study provides evidence from a holistic point of view that economic performance is not a unique indicator for measuring basketball clubs as efficient organizations, proving the usefulness of the stakeholder map.
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Barcelona, Bob. "Examining the Importance of Recreational Sport Management Competencies Based on Management Level, Agency Type, and Organizational Size." Recreational Sports Journal 28, no. 1 (May 2004): 45–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/rsj.28.1.45.
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While jobs in the recreational sport and fitness industry are gaining in popularity, research related to the specific knowledge base and competency areas required of recreational sport managers has been limited (Barcelona, 2001; Toh, 1997). The purpose of this study was to examine the differences in the perceived importance of recreational sport competencies based on managerial level, agency type, and organizational size. Data from 295 respondents reveals significant differences in the importance placed on competencies needed for upper-and entry-level recreational sport personnel. Results also indicate significant differences in the importance of competencies for full-time personnel in campus and public recreation settings, as well as between small organizations (those with 0-1 full-time recreational sport staff member) and large organizations (those with four or more full-time recreational sport staff members). Where significant differences existed, effect sizes (η2) were generally small. Achieving greater understanding of the nature and importance of recreational sport management competencies can help the field become more accountable for its programs in academic preparation, professional training, and continuing education.
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Moore, Mark E., Bonnie L. Parkhouse, and Alison M. Konrad. "Women in sport management: advancing the representation through HRM structures." Gender in Management: An International Journal 25, no. 2 (March 16, 2010): 104–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/17542411011026285.
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PurposeThe aim of this paper is to examine the effects of organizational characteristics, philosophical support, and substantive human resource management (HRM) programs on promoting gender equality within sport management.Design/methodology/approachA questionnaire is developed to collect data on philosophical support and HRM practices within sport organizations and sent to 500 collegiate and professional sport organizations in the USA; 196 respondents (39 percent) returned their completed survey forms.FindingsFindings indicate significant confirmatory paths between experiencing a gender discrimination lawsuit and philosophical support (t=−3.14, p<0.05), philosophical support and substantive HRM programs (t=9.56, p<0.05) and philosophical support and representation of female managers (t=2.36, p<0.05). The paper concludes that philosophical support of top managers leads to the development of substantive HRM programs to promote gender equality in sport management and greater female manager representation.Originality/valueThe paper provides useful insights into the effect of philosophical support from top managers on HRM programs that promote gender equality in sport management.