Journal articles: 'Profit and Loss Account'

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Roberts, D. "Profit and loss account." BMJ 303, no. 6816 (December 14, 1991): 1549. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.303.6816.1549-a.

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Marley, J. E. "Profit and loss account: Author's reply." BMJ 303, no. 6816 (December 14, 1991): 1549. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.303.6816.1549-b.

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Susser, Asher. "Peace with Israel; Jordan’s profit and loss account." Middle Eastern Studies 57, no. 3 (April 16, 2021): 443–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00263206.2021.1898382.

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Man, Mariana, and Liana Gădău. "The Profit And Loss Account In Different Approaches. Advantages And Disadvantages." Annales Universitatis Apulensis Series Oeconomica 1, no. 12 (June 30, 2010): 152–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.29302/oeconomica.2010.12.1.13.

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GADAU, Liana. "THE ADAPTATION OF PROFIT AND LOSS ACCOUNT TO THE CURRENT REQUIREMENTS REPORTING OF THE PERFORMANCES." Annals of "Spiru Haret". Economic Series 16, no. 3 (September 25, 2016): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.26458/1637.

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The financial performance - a very complex notion and high informational load forusers of accounting information is reflected best by the financial statements, the profit andloss account and the situation of equity variations. The last situation can be presented as astatement of comprehensive income, including beside the result of profit and loss account, thegains and losses directly recognized in equities without passing through the profit and lossaccount.The development of increasingly complex activities emphasizes the utility, thenecessity of the profit and loss account in the financial reporting by increasing the interest inthe enterprise performance, especially for the dynamic information that this situation canprovide.Meanwhile, there is a declining interest in the historical costs and static information.Although the balance sheet contains information on performance, it does not prevent theachievement of its forecasts.In this paper we propose to approach the profit and loss account in view of tworepresentative referential, namely in terms of IAS 1 standard “The preparation andpresentation of the financial statements” and the national regulation, the Finance Order no.1802/2014 regarding the Approval of the Accounting Regulations on the annual individualand consolidated financial statements, aiming to emphasize the advantages, but also thelimits provided by this models. This way, will see which of these models of profit and lossaccount respond best to users’ needs.

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Anggraeni, Anggraeni, and Yulis Maulida Berniz. "The effect of asset quality, profit and loss sharing on Sharia Banking Liquidity in Indonesia." Technium Social Sciences Journal 27 (January 8, 2022): 423–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.47577/tssj.v27i1.5500.

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This study aims to determine the effect of asset quality variables (Non-Performing Financing), Profit and Loss Sharing (profit-loss sharing investment and profit-sharing investment account), capital adequacy ratio, bank size, return on assets, and gross domestic product on Islamic banking liquidity in Indonesia. The analysis was conducted using a sample of 7 Islamic commercial banks from the period March 2015 to December 2019. This study uses 2 multiple regression models of panel data with the results showing that Non-Performing Financing, profit-loss sharing investment, bank size, gross domestic product affect the liquidity of Islamic banks. , then for-profit sharing investment account, capital adequacy ratio, return on assets, does not affect the liquidity of Islamic banks.

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Witczak, Izabela. "Profit and loss account as the source of open pension funds efficiency." Zeszyty Naukowe Uniwersytetu Szczecińskiego Finanse, Rynki Finansowe, Ubezpieczenia 2015 (June 30, 2015): 505–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.18276/frfu.2015.75-41.

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Cipta, Hendra. "PERKEMBANGAN TRANSAKSI MUDHARABAH DI PERBANKAN SYARIAH." ASY SYAR'IYYAH: JURNAL ILMU SYARI'AH DAN PERBANKAN ISLAM 2, no. 1 (June 30, 2017): 171–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.32923/asy.v2i1.597.

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Mudaraba is a joint venture agreement between two parties, where the first party provides the entire capital is called shahibul mall and the second as the manager of the capital called mudharib. In other words, mudaraba is a term for the act of a person who entrusts his property to others to merchantability and split the profits for the two based on their agreement while losses to be borne by the property owner. Mudaraba concept was applied by sharia banks on savings accounts products, general investment accounts through deposits, special investment accounts, financing with the principle of profit sharing and mudaraba sukuk.Mudaraba as a principle of profit sharing is still practiced by Islamic banks in Indonesia with revenue sharing not lead to a profit and loss sharing. Here we can see that Islamic banks are still not ready to share profits and losses with the customer, but every effort will face profit and loss. However, we hope that in the future Islamic banks could apply the concepts of profit and loss sharing.

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Marginean, Radu, Delia Corina Mihaltan, and Nicolae Todea. "Structure Ratios of Profit and Loss Account – Source of Information for Performance Analysis." Procedia Economics and Finance 26 (2015): 396–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s2212-5671(15)00790-x.

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Fuller, Barry J. "Organ preservation: The profit and loss account of using hypothermia to maintain viability." Transplantation Reviews 13, no. 2 (April 1999): 55–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0955-470x(99)80047-0.

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Ciuhureanu, Alina-Teodora. "Instruments and Fianancial Performance Indicators or The Capitalization of Accounting Information from The Profit and Loss Account – Meanings Useful to Management." International conference KNOWLEDGE-BASED ORGANIZATION 23, no. 2 (June 25, 2017): 36–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/kbo-2017-0084.

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Abstract For the capitalization of accounting information in view of financial performance analysis of the company, management must operate at least based on intermediate management balance, the cash flow, breakeven point and earnings per share, indicators established, first, by using the information in the statement Profit and Loss Account. Based on these considerations, the paper addresses, by the exploratory research, the main constructions based on financial accounting information presented in the profit and loss account, the objective being to show the opportunities and limitations of information generated for management.

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Турищева, Tatyana Turishcheva, Лобачев, and A. Lobachev. "Internal Management Control of Organizational Performance Index According to the Profit and Loss Account." Auditor 2, no. 10 (October 25, 2016): 11–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/22269.

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The article is devoted to the four-step model of internal management control of organizational performance index, performing passenger traffic, according to the income statement in the current conditions in the Russian Federation.

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JONES, STEWART, and MAX AIKEN. "The Significance of the Profit and Loss Account in Nineteenth-Century Britain: A Reassessment." Abacus 30, no. 2 (September 1994): 196–230. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6281.1994.tb00350.x.

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Marilena, Zuca, and Tînţă Alice. "The Profit and Loss Account–Major Tool for the Analysis of the Company's Performance." Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 62 (October 2012): 382–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.09.061.

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Giner, Begona, and Carmelo Reverte. "The value relevance of earnings disaggregation provided in the Spanish profit and loss account." European Accounting Review 8, no. 4 (December 1999): 609–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/096381899335736.

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Arena, Marika, Antonio Conte, and Marco Melacini. "Linking environmental accounting to reward systems: the case of the Environmental Profit and Loss Account." Journal of Cleaner Production 108 (December 2015): 625–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.07.068.

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Daykin, C. D., and G. B. Hey. "Modelling the operations of a general insurance company by simulation." Journal of the Institute of Actuaries 116, no. 3 (December 1989): 639–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002026810003674x.

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1.1 The traditional approach to examining the financial status of a company is to look at the balance sheet and the profit and loss account. Such information is usually publicly available, it is certified by the auditors as having been drawn up according to relevant accounting standards and it is generally presumed to communicate reliable information.1.2 In the case of a manufacturing or trading company the profit and loss account records purchases and sales and the balance sheet will include a valuation of stock in hand, since it is anticipated that this will give rise to future sales income. Working capital is required because products have to be manufactured or purchased before they can be sold. Profit is realized when the product is sold for more than it cost to buy it or to make it.

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Warmansyah, Julio. "Analysis of Standard Operational Procedure Hotel Using AHP to Get the Best Ranking Order." Teknois : Jurnal Ilmiah Teknologi Informasi dan Sains 11, no. 2 (November 30, 2021): 31–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.36350/jbs.v11i2.111.

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Standard Operating procedure accounting system, controlling model management of hotel administration credit approval to facilitate the supervision of companies that will apply for credit. Credit meetings to be able to control the account provided by the credit facility. Direct meeting to ensure that all booking or activities that result in billing are billed directly to avoid. Credit card procedure to make sure the financial controller is responsible for developing a system and following procedures are placed. Foreign currency loss/gain, not front office to make sure all profit and loss associated with foreign exchange transaction must be reflected in profit and loss account unless the management contract states otherwise. Collection to make a sure timeline of billing accuracy of data and effective method and follow up. Use the collection agencies/attorney to ensure the issuing billing is carried out the control so that there are no arrears. Collection letters to maintain a highly professional business image through consistent verbal and written collection efforts. Accounts receivable balancing to ensure the accuracy of the records and can avoid billing errors and causes of loss of revenue. Payment receivable to avoid data error regard payment made posting to city ledger establish debt bad provision to maintain provision for bad debt to cover.

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Kudryashova, Yu N., T. G. Lazareva, T. N. Makushina, and Yu V. Chernova. "The organization of management accounting as a mechanism to improve the efficiency of agricultural enterprises." BIO Web of Conferences 17 (2020): 00028. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20201700028.

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The article discusses a comparative analysis of full cost systems, “direct cost” and “standard cost”. A comparative characteristic and features of using the accrual method and the cash basis method in management accounting are given. A practical example illustrates the advantages of using the cash method and the accrual method in calculating marginal income. The necessity of reflecting the marginal profit on a separate account 92 “Marginal profit (loss)” is substantiated and, in accordance with this, correspondence of accounts on the formation of marginal income using various methods is proposed. A new methodology for calculating CVP analysis indicators is proposed.

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ARCHER, SIMON, and RIFAAT AHMED ABDEL KARIM. "ON CAPITAL STRUCTURE, RISK SHARING AND CAPITAL ADEQUACY IN ISLAMIC BANKS." International Journal of Theoretical and Applied Finance 09, no. 03 (May 2006): 269–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219024906003627.

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Islamic banks do not pay interest on customers' deposit accounts. Instead, customers' funds are placed in profit-sharing investment accounts (PSIA). Under this arrangement, the returns to the bank's customers are their pro-rata shares of the returns on the assets in which their funds are invested, and if these returns are negative so are the returns to the customers. The bank is entitled to a contractually agreed share of positive returns (profits) as remuneration for its work as asset manager; however, if the returns are zero or negative, the bank receives no remuneration but does not share in any loss. In the case of Unrestricted PSIA, the investment account holders' funds are invested (i.e., commingled) in the bank's asset pool together with the bank's shareholders' own funds and the funds of current account holders. In that case, the bank's own funds that are invested in the asset pool are treated the same as those of Unrestricted PSIA holders for profit and loss sharing purposes; however, the shareholders also receive as part of their profit the remuneration earned by the bank as asset manager (less certain expenses not chargeable to the PSIA holders). This remuneration (management fees) represents an important source of revenue and profits for Islamic banks. From a capital market perspective, this arrangement presents an apparent anomaly, as follows: shareholders and Unrestricted PSIA holders share the same asset risk on the commingled funds, but shareholders enjoy higher returns because of the management fees. On the other hand, competitive pressure may induce the bank to forgo some of its management fees in order to pay a competitive return to its PSIA holders. In this way, some of the PSIA holders' asset risk is absorbed by the shareholders. This phenomenon has been termed "displaced commercial risk" [2]. This paper analyzes this phenomenon. We argue that, in principle, displaced commercial risk is potentially an efficient and value-creating means of sharing risks between two classes of investor with different risk diversification capabilities and preferences: wealthy shareholders who are potentially well diversified, and less wealthy PSIA holders who are not. In practice, however, Islamic banks set up reserves with the intention of minimizing any need to forgo management fees.

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Lahrech, Nada, Abdelmounaim Lahrech, and Youssef Boulaksil. "Transparency and performance in Islamic banking." International Journal of Islamic and Middle Eastern Finance and Management 7, no. 1 (April 14, 2014): 61–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/imefm-06-2012-0047.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to assess whether Islamic banks are transparent regarding profit (and loss) sharing to investment account holders. Another objective is to appraise whether Islamic banks' performance affects management incentives to distribute profit (and loss) to investment account holders. Design/methodology/approach – To investigate the research issue, the authors conducted an empirical study. Data of 25 global operating Islamic banks have been collected and analyzed for the period 2006-2010. The authors also developed a mathematical model based on the generalized least-squares principle. Findings – The research results showed that enhancing transparency will prevent Islamic banks from shadowing their profit allocation practices and place investment account holders in a better position to manage their invested funds. The study also showed that bettering Islamic banks’performance will induce them to manager profit-sharing investment account holders’ funds under bonafides. Research limitations/implications – The main limitation is data availability. The maximum number of Islamic banks that disclose financial data covering the period of 2006-2010 limited the scope of the study to 25 banks. Practical implications – The findings are very valuable for designing policies and standards as well as for the enforcement of these standards to improve transparency in Islamic banking. Originality/value – The study outcome is vital to many parties involved in the Islamic banking field and can be taken as a strong foundation to make appropriate actions that would help grow and sustain Islamic banking development globally.

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Wang, Yuzhen, and Li Xu. "Dynamics and Control on a Discrete Multi-Inventory System." Journal of Control Science and Engineering 2019 (May 12, 2019): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/6926342.

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In this paper, a discrete two item inventory model for deteriorating items with a linear stock dependent demand rate without regular supply is given first; then, regular supply is taken into account, which may be regarded as feedback control. An objective function is formed to calculate the net profit with respect to possible profits and possible loss. A necessary criterion for the steady state optimal control problem for optimizing the objective function subjected to the constraints given by the difference equations of the inventory is obtained. At last, an improved model is put forward.

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Paul, Sujan Chandra, Mohammad Rakibul Islam, and Sharmin Akter Mitu. "Nexus Unclassified Loans, Classified Loans, and Profitability." International Journal of Finance & Banking Studies (2147-4486) 10, no. 4 (November 23, 2021): 99–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.20525/ijfbs.v10i4.1334.

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This study investigates the impact of some variables such as total revenue, total assets, total liabilities, total deposits, total unclassified loans, total classified loans, standard loans, special mention account loans, sub-standard loans, doubtful loans, and bad and loss loans on profit before tax. Unbalanced Panel Data were collected from the website of 45Commercial Bank of Bangladesh from the year 2010 to 2018. Ordinary Least Square (OLS), Pooled Ordinary Least Square (POLS), Driscoll-Kraay (DK), Second Stage Least square (2SLS), Generalized Methods of Moments (GMM) methods are used in this study. This research found that total revenue had a significant positive relationship with profit before tax in all the models except DK and GMM models. Total unclassified loans had a significant positive relationship and total liabilities had a significant negative relationship with profit before tax in all the models. Special mention account loans had a significant positive relationship with profit before tax in OLS and DK models and total classified loans had a significant positive relationship with profit before tax in GMM model.

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Lauesen, Linne Marie. "Sustainable investment evaluation by means of life cycle assessment." Social Responsibility Journal 15, no. 3 (May 7, 2019): 347–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/srj-03-2018-0054.

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Purpose Sustainability investors are in need of updated standards, indexes and in general better tools and instruments to facilitate company information on its impacts on people, planet and profit. Such instruments to reveal reliable, independent metrics and indicators to evaluate companies’ performances on sustainability exist, however, in research fields that previously have not been used extensively, for instance, life cycle assessments (LCAs). ISO 14001:2015 has implemented life cycle perspective, however, without being explicitly clear on which methodology is preferred. This paper aims to investigate LCA as to improve companies’ transparency towards sustainability investors through a literature review on sustainable investment evaluation. Design/methodology/approach The literature review is conducted through the search engine Google Scholar, which to date hosts the most comprehensive academic database across other databases such as Scopus, ISI Web of Knowledge, Science Direct, etc. Search words such as “Sustainable finance”, “Sustainable Investments”, “Performance metrics”, “Life cycle assessment”, “LCA”, “Environmental Management Systems”, “EMS” and “Environmental Profit and Loss Account” were used. Special journals that publish research on LCA such as International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, Journal of Cleaner Production and Journal of Industrial Ecology were also investigated in-depth. Findings The combination of using LCA in, for instance, environmental profit and loss accounts studied in this paper shows a comprehensive and reliable tool for sustainability investors, as well as for social responsibility standards such as ISO 14001, ISO 26000, UN Global Compact, GIIN, IRIS and GRI to incorporate. With a LCA-based hybrid input-output account, both upstream and downstream’s impact on the environment and society can be assessed by companies to attract more funding from sustainability investors such as shareholders, governments and intergovernmental bodies. Research limitations/implications The literature review is based on publicly disclosed academic papers as well as five displayed company Environmental Profit and Loss accounts from the Kering Group, PUMA, Stella McCartney company, Novo Nordisk and Arla Group. Other company experiences with integration of LCA as a reporting tool have not been found, yet it is not to conclude that these five companies are the only ones to work extensively with LCA. Practical implications The paper may contribute to the clarification of LCA-thinking and perspective implementation in both ISO 14001 and ISO 26000, as well as in other social responsibility standards such as the UN Global Compact, the Global Impact Investing Networks, IRIS performance metrics, the Global Reporting Initiative and others. Originality/value The paper is one of the first that evaluates LCA and environmental profit and loss accounts for sustainability investors, as well as for consideration of implementation in social responsibility standards such as the ISO 14001 and ISO 26000, as well as in other social responsibility standards such as the UN Global Compact, the Global Impact Investing Networks, IRIS performance metrics and the Global Reporting Initiative.

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Petersen, M. A., J. Mukuddem-Petersen, B. De Waal, M. C. Senosi, and S. Thomas. "Profit and Risk under Subprime Mortgage Securitization." Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society 2011 (2011): 1–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/849342.

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We investigate the securitization of subprime residential mortgage loans into structured products such as subprime residential mortgage-backed securities (RMBSs) and collateralized debt obligations (CDOs). Our deliberations focus on profit and risk in a discrete-time framework as they are related to RMBSs and RMBS CDOs. In this regard, profit is known to be an important indicator of financial health. With regard to risk, we discuss credit (including counterparty and default), market (including interest rate, price, and liquidity), operational (including house appraisal, valuation, and compensation), tranching (including maturity mismatch and synthetic) and systemic (including maturity transformation) risks. Also, we consider certain aspects of Basel regulation when securitization is taken into account. The main hypothesis of this paper is that the SMC was mainly caused by the intricacy and design of subprime mortgage securitization that led to information (asymmetry, contagion, inefficiency, and loss) problems, valuation opaqueness and ineffective risk mitigation. The aforementioned hypothesis is verified in a theoretical- and numerical-quantitative context and is illustrated via several examples.

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Mandigma, Ma Belinda S. "A Model Social Profit and Loss Account as a Measurement Tool for Social Sustainability of Community Development Programs." International Journal of Interdisciplinary Social and Community Studies 12, no. 3 (2017): 27–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.18848/2324-7576/cgp/v12i03/27-39.

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Jung, Minhyuk, Shira You, Seokho Chi, Ilhan Yu, and Bon-Gang Hwang. "The Relationship between Unbilled Accounts Receivable and Financial Performance of Construction Contractors." Sustainability 10, no. 8 (July 31, 2018): 2679. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10082679.

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Operating profit is one of the most important measures in financial statements to evaluate a organizational performance. In the construction industry, however, the profit has a possibility to be misestimated as a loss and can be included in Unbilled Accounts Receivable (UAR) and shown as a profit; this is due to the uncertainty of predicting a total construction cost and project progress on which the calculation of profit is based. UAR results from the different perceptions regarding project progress between clients and contractors and can include costs related to loss that cannot be acknowledged as a progress. Therefore, UAR can be a significant clue to understanding estimation errors of a contractor’s financial performance data. This study investigated the possibility of estimation error of contractors’ operating profit by analyzing the relationship between UAR and other relevant financial performance measures. The accounting data of 41 Korean major contractors was collected and analyzed based on the correlation analysis. The results of this study implies that the profit of construction companies has the possibility to contain estimation errors, causing a significant variance in the process of adjusting the evaluation errors at the end of projects, which can cause unexpected losses to investors. In addition, this study found that the UAR containing estimation errors could be different depending on market in which contractors operate; therefore, when dealing with contractors’ financial performance data, it is necessary to discern whether their profit data contains distortion and, in the case that errors are included, appropriate data preprocessing should be conducted for more reliable and sustainable construction investment and project management.

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김정은 and Dong-Wuk Kim. "A Study on the Earings Management Behavior of Individual Profit and Loss Account Before and After the Financial Crisis." Journal of Business Education 33, no. 3 (June 2019): 53–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.34274/krabe.2019.33.3.003.

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Козменкова, Svetlana Kozmenkova, Грушин, and Ilya Grushin. "Accounting operations of non-state pension provision." Vestnik of Kazan State Agrarian University 8, no. 3 (October 24, 2013): 27–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1320.

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The article considers the accounting of pension reserves in one of the core activities on state pension provision. In view of the upcoming reform of the pension, the question of safety of funds of depositors of non-state pension fund is becoming increasingly important. Pension reserves will be a guarantee of a sound, reliable and accounting will increase the transparency of operations with data and tools will enhance the credibility of non-state pension fund from potential participants. It should be noted that in the pension law the concept of “income” and “net financial result” is not disclosed to the extent that would definitely say that the result of the financial activities of non-state pension fund can be both profit and loss. Moreover, the interpretation of the concepts of “profit” and “loss” are absent in the pension legislation, and regulations on accounting, they also , in our opinion, is not disclosed to the fullest. Thus, we believe that the concept of “income” from the point of view of the special pension legislation, we believe that can be interpreted not only in the narrow sense, as the economic benefits , but also more broadly - as the financial results of non-state pension fund. The article assesses the use of the account 96 “Provisions for future expenses”. This recommendation is due to the lack of adapted chart of accounts for the non-state pension fund and is flawed and does not meet modern requirements of the law. The solution to this problem would be the formation of the adapted model chart of accounts in the preparation of which would be taken into account specifics of the non-state pension fund, as well as the opinions of experts in the field or making additions to the Ministry of Finance №110n. In our opinion the accounting for pension reserves must allocate a separate synthetic account with sub-accounts for these types of reserves.

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Juwita, Nourma, and Heri Ispriyahadi. "Model Trade-Off Likuiditas dan Profitabilitas dalam Manajemen Modal Kerja pada Perusahaan Ritel yang Tercatat di Bursa Efek Indonesia (BEI)." Jurnal Ekobis : Ekonomi Bisnis & Manajemen 8, no. 1 (January 16, 2020): 62–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.37932/j.e.v8i1.17.

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Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memberikan gambaran tingkat modal kerja, likuiditas, dan profitabilitas, serta mengetahui proporsi modal kerja yang efisien pada perusahaan ritel yang terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia tahun 2009-2013. Aplikasi model trade-off dilakukan dengan menggunakan persamaan goal programming model yang terdiri dari rasio target dan batasan tiap variabel. Rasio target mencakup current ratio, working capital turnover ratio, fixed assets turnover ratio, dan profit margin. Variabel-variabel yang dimaksud meliputi cash, marketable securities, account receivable, inventory, current liabilities, fixed assets, sales, dan profit. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat 6 perusahaan ritel yang sudah menggunakan modal kerja secara efisien dibanding rata-rata industri, dengan menghasilkan opportunity loss bernilai negatif. Terdapat 7 perusahaan ritel masih kurang efisien dalam menggunakan modal kerjanya dengan menghasilkan opportunity loss positif. Penelitian ini juga memberikan rekomendasi terhadap masing-masing perusahaan terkait proporsi modal kerja yang sesuai dengan target industri

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Sahoo, Bharata Bhusan, and Alok Kumar Pramanik. "Value Added: Technique for Corporate Performance Measurement under Social Perspective." KINERJA 21, no. 1 (April 10, 2017): 109. http://dx.doi.org/10.24002/kinerja.v21i1.1038.

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Financial Analysts consider as profit the most important measure of business performance. Profit may be expressed in terms of money value and measured as sales margin percentage or be calculated as return of investment. These, in any form, are used as basis for measure of business performance. In recent years, considerable interest have been shown in the use of value added as an alternative or additional approach to measure the operational efficiency and profitability of a business. A lot of discussion have been going on about reporting the performance of an organization in terms of value added rather than conventional profit or loss. The information disclosed by the Statement of Value Added, based on Value Added Accounting and reporting is considered to be much more useful than that disclosed by the conventional profit and loss account in providing a realistic basis for measuring the economic performance of an organization. The concept has received great attention in accounting practices with the emergence of large corporations having significant bearing on the society and finally on the economy for multi-dimensional impact over and above the owners. Value added system is a very useful measure of judging the performance of an enterprise for managerial decision-making and for inter-firm comparison.Keywords: Value Added; Value Added Accounting and Reporting, Value Added Statement, Annual Report.

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Janiszewski, Sławomir. "Principals of Financial Modelling." Foundations of Management 3, no. 2 (January 1, 2011): 75–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10238-012-0043-6.

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Principals of Financial ModellingThe financial statements submitted by each company annually reflect their financial performance in the past but are also utilized to forecast the future results in quantitative and realistic frames. The aim of the following elaboration is to thoroughly research all the issues related to financial modelling. The author step by step introduces the reader with theoretical and practical assumptions related to forecasting of respectively, the profit & loss account, balance sheet account and cash flow statement. All of the issues are illustrated with excel spreadsheets that were prepared exclusively for this article purposes.

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ISTRATE, Costel. "A Measure of Tax Burden for the Companies Listed on the AeRo Segment of the Bucharest Stock Exchange." Audit Financiar 19, no. 161 (March 2, 2021): 172–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.20869/auditf/2021/161/006.

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Tax pressure can be calculated at the macroeconomic level, but also at the microeconomic level, by analysing the data provided by companies in their financial statements, or by authorities giving official statistics. In this study, the authors adapt a formula for the calculation of the effective tax rate, proposing, at the denominator, the taxes reported explicitly by companies in their profits and loss account, to which they added the reconstituted value of social and fiscal contributions of the employees. Also, unlike the literature so far, they divided these tax expenses to the sales (revenues) and not to any other indicators from the profit and loss account. The population analysed is represented by the companies listed on the AeRo market of BSE, in the period 2010- 2019, a total of almost 3,000 observations. The results allowed them to notice a systematic increase in the share of the tax burden in sales, over the period taken into account. In verifying the effects of some variables proposed by the literature on the tax burden, the authors found that large firms have a lower tax burden, more profitable firms are more taxed than others, the tax burden is lower for more leveraged firms, and increasing the share of fixed assets in the balance sheet leads to an increase in the tax burden. In addition to the literature, they introduced a new variable - audit opinion - and found out that firms that receive modified audit opinions have a higher tax burden.

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Gürkan, Serhan, and Yasemin Köse. "DİĞER KAPSAMLI GELİR KALEMLERİ İLE İŞLETMENİN PİYASA DEĞERİ ARASINDAKİ İLİŞKİ." Business & Management Studies: An International Journal 1, no. 3 (January 30, 2014): 269. http://dx.doi.org/10.15295/bmij.v1i3.22.

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Other comprehensive income is the difference between net income as in the Income Statement and comprehensive income, and represents the certain gains and losses of the enterprise not recognized in the Profit or Loss Account. Value relevance of other comprehensive income is under discussion and considering other comprehensive income items all together might be misleading for financial performance. In the view of such information, discussing the value relevance of each other comprehensive income item, judgements are made.

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Ben Jedidia, Khoutem. "Profit- and loss-sharing impact on Islamic bank liquidity in GCC countries." Journal of Islamic Accounting and Business Research 11, no. 9 (May 28, 2020): 1791–806. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jiabr-10-2018-0157.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to empirically assess the impact of the principle of profit- and loss-sharing (PLS) on the exposure to liquidity risk of Islamic banks in Gulf Corporation Council (GCC) countries. The Islamic bank activity is distinguished by a PLS principle, which is likely to involve specificities in the bank liquidity issue. Design/methodology/approach This paper investigates the determinants of Islamic bank liquidity over the period 2005–2016 using a panel of 23 Islamic banks in GCC. The system of generalized method of moment estimators is applied. Findings The findings reveal that while profit-sharing investment accounts (PSIAs) are inversely proportional to Islamic bank liquidity, the PLS investment does not seem to act as a determinant of the bank liquidity. The fact that PSIAs are globally short-run accounts, but finance long-run projects leads to a substantial maturity mismatches, which limits the availability of liquidity buffer and exacerbates the bank’s exposure to liquidity risk. Moreover, capital adequacy ratio has significant and positive association with bank liquidity, as a strong capital ratio helps to strengthen the liquidity control. However, return on assets has a negative significant impact on bank liquidity. For instance, if the bank holds more cash, it deprives itself from placing funds and earning returns, which causes its profitability to decline. Practical implications This paper gives further insights to better improve the liquidity risk management in a context of scarcity of Shariah-compliant instruments. Islamic bank needs to determine the PLS purpose and goals to be consistent with the “bank’s financing policy” and convince its depositors to use their deposits for medium and long-run investments. Originality/value Unlike previous empirical research, this investigation tries to better grasp the Islamic bank liquidity issue by focusing on the PLS impact on liquidity risk. It aims to fill in the gap in the empirical literature on this topic.

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Yi, Shiming, Liying Yu, and Ziyuan Zhang. "Research on Pricing Strategy of Dual-Channel Supply Chain Based on Customer Value and Value-Added Service." Mathematics 9, no. 1 (December 23, 2020): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math9010011.

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Considering customer value and value-added services provided by the online retail platform, this paper studies the differential pricing of a dual-channel supply chain consisting of one manufacturer and one online retail platform. Taking customer value into account in the dual-channel supply chain, this paper constructs separate and unified pricing of the direct sales channel and online retail platform’s distribution channel, and discusses each pricing model under a decentralized decision scenario and centralized decision scenario respectively. The results show that the total profit of a supply chain under the centralized decision scenario is better than the decentralized decision scenario in different ways, and the customer value of the two channels is also higher. Compared with the unified pricing of the two channels, the profit of the manufacturer is larger while the profit of the online retail platform is smaller under the separate pricing of the two channels. Moreover, the benefit of value-added services remains important to maximize the profit of the online retail platform and the customer value at the same time. Whether it is under separate pricing or unified pricing of the two channels, the antinomies effect always exists between the customer value and the profit per unit product. In order to further improve each party’s profit in the dual-channel supply chain under the decentralized decision scenario, it is necessary to improve the customer perception of profit as much as possible, and reduce the customer perception of loss as much as possible.

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Saraev, Alexander L., and Leonid A. Saraev. "Equations of nonlinear dynamics of development of industrial enterprises, taking into account the amount of its maximum profit." Vestnik of Samara University. Economics and Management 12, no. 2 (August 5, 2021): 154–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.18287/2542-0461-2021-12-2-154-170.

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In the published article, new modifications of economic and mathematical models of the dynamic development of enterprises are proposed, the production of which is being restored due to the introduction of their own investments. The developed models are presented in the form of systems of differential equations for an arbitrary number of production factors. Stationary solutions of these systems of equations correspond to the equilibrium states of the operation of enterprises and represent the limiting values of the factors of production. Two versions of systems of differential balance equations for enterprises, describing the growth of factors of production and output, have been established. In the first case, the growth of resources and output is limited by the limiting values of the factors of production. In the second case, the growth of resources and output is limited by the pre-calculated values of the factors of production that correspond to the value of the maximum profit of the enterprise. It is shown that the growth of production factors of the enterprise should not exceed the values corresponding to the value of the maximum profit. Otherwise, the company starts to operate at a loss. In the presented models, proportional, progressive and digressive depreciation deductions are considered. Theconstructed models make it possible to describe various modes of operation of enterprises. Such regimes include a stable output of products by enterprises, a temporary suspension of the work of enterprises during its technical re-equipment, and a temporary partial curtailment of production.

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Frolova, Nataliia. "Assessment of the international competitiveness of the corporate profit tax in Ukraine." Economy and forecasting 2021, no. 1 (May 30, 2021): 116–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/econforecast2021.01.116.

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The article is devoted to assessing the international competitiveness of the corporate profit tax system based on the approach of the US Tax Foundation, which develops International Tax Competitiveness Index of the corporate profit tax (ICI) and takes into account the level of profit tax rates, cost recovery, tax incentives and complexity of tax law. According to the analysis of the international ranking of OECD countries, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and Hungary had the highest ICIs in 2019-2020. The main factors that have had a positive effect on their competitiveness are the low top marginal income tax rate, unlimited loss carryback and carryforward, no restrictions on the list of assets subject to depreciation, as well as the use of accelerated depreciation, which allows companies to compensate for a larger share of the initial value of assets, LIFO inventory or at least inventory by the weighted average cost method, no Patent Box; no tax credit for R&D, and low corporate profit tax complexity. The calculation of the ICI for Ukraine, based on the approbation of the methodological approach of the Tax Foundation, found that in 2019-2020 Ukraine with a total score of 55.07 took 24th place out of 35 OECD countries. The author characterizes the main components of Ukrainian corporate profit taxation in terms of their impact on international competitiveness; in addition, ways to increase ICI are substantiated.

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Rahayu, Ketut Eny, C. Ardina, and M. Sumartana. "Analysis of Uncollectible Receivables and Their Impact on Profitability at The Legian Bali." Journal of Applied Sciences in Accounting, Finance and Tax 3, no. 2 (October 30, 2020): 152–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.31940/jasafint.v3i2.2144.

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The application of a credit system is one strategy that could be used by a company to increase sales. Sales made on credit will automatically increase account receivable and if accounts receivable not appropriately managed, it can become uncollectible accounts. This study aims to determine the condition of uncollectible accounts and their impact on profitability at The Legian Bali. The data used in this research are credit sales, account receivable aging schedule, accounts receivable policy data, and profit/loss data. The data collected by conducting interviews, documentation and observation. The analysis technique used descriptive/qualitative analysis techniques using financial ratio formulas. The results of this study indicate the number of account receivables that are due and not yet collected is still relatively large. The large number of uncollectible accounts results in less turnover of accounts receivable into cash and this causes the average collection days for accounts to be longer. The longer time for collecting accounts receivable will produce a higher risk of bad debts due to the increasing number of outstanding accounts receivable and lowering the hotel receivables collection ratio. In 2017, 2018, and 2019 the arrears ratio calculation results are 8%, 12%, and 11%. Meanwhile, the results of the calculation of the billing ratio in 2017, 2018, and 2019 are 92%, 88% and 89%. The existence of uncollectible accounts which is quite large from year to year has a bad effect on profitability because of the inefficient collection of accounts receivable by hotels which causes the capital invested in receivables to be higher.

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Pakaya, Sukriyanto. "Analisis Struktur Aktiva, Beban Pajak dan Struktur Keuangan pada Sektor Industri Tekstil dan Garmen yang Go Publik di Bursa Efek Indonesia." Journal of Technopreneurship on Economics and Business Review 2, no. 1 (December 31, 2020): 33–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.37195/jtebr.v2i1.53.

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Structure of asset is determination of how much allocation for each component asset, either in current assets or in fixed assets. Tax expense is sum combined current and deferred taxes that are taken into account in determining the profit and loss for a period. Financial structure is way companies finance their assets. This study aims to know and analyze structure of assets, tax burden and financial structure in textile and garment industry sector Go Public in Indonesia Stock Exchange. Results showed that textile and garment industry sector has a high asset structure and tax burden.This high asset structure is seen in high fixed assets in this sector, so that is used as collateral for corporate debt. The high tax burden on this industry, greater profit from use of debt. Financial structure of this industry very high, because with use of debt as a very large capital, so risky for investors.

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Karpac, Dusan, and Viera Bartosova. "Sensitivity analysis of Economic Value Added as a dominant indicator of concept of economic profit." SHS Web of Conferences 129 (2021): 03014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/202112903014.

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Research background: The modern goal of enterprises, value creation, is achieved through the concept of economic profit. Profit, as part of profit or loss, is one of the most important flows, pointing to how efficiently corporate capital is used in an entity (Coatney & Poliak, 2020). The article deals with the difference between accounting and economic profit, the selected form of economic profit - the EVA indicator. The economic value added (EVA) indicator is one of the best-known modern indicators of a company's performance (Siekelova et al., 2019). It shows whether the given entity increases its value or only earns for its economic survival. The benefit of this indicator is the valuation of equity and taking into account the risk. It is difficult to express the economic profit itself, therefore the article also addresses the issue of its calculation (Shah et al., 2016). The company needs to know its financial status and the direction it is heading, so we decided to calculate a selected form of economic profit. Purpose of the article: The company needs to know its financial status and the direction it is heading, so we decided to calculate a selected form of economic profit. When expressing the value of the economic value added indicator, it is also important to know the items and components of the calculation that have the strongest meaning and effect on the possible amount of the indicator. Given this, we decided to use a sensitivity analysis, which points to the effect of individual variables that participate in the construction of the EVA calculation. Methods: In this work, the methods of induction, deduction, and comparison were used to obtain a true picture of the subject issue. Methods of synthesis and analysis of the researched issues were also used. Findings & Value added: In the paper there is pointed out the intensity of the impact of individual variables that entered into the calculation of the economic value added indicator as a dominant indicator of concept of economic profit.

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Hürlimann, Werner. "Analytical Evaluation of Economic Risk Capital for Portfolios of Gamma Risks." ASTIN Bulletin 31, no. 1 (May 2001): 107–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2143/ast.31.1.996.

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AbstractBased on the notions of value-at-risk and expected shortfall, we consider two functionals, abbreviated VaR and RaC, which represent the economic risk capital of a risky business over some time period required to cover losses with a high probability. These functionals are consistent with the risk preferences of profit-seeking (and risk averse) decision makers and preserve the stochastic dominance order (and the stop-loss order). Quantitatively, RaC is equal to VaR plus an additional stop-loss dependent term, which takes into account the average amount at loss. Furthermore, RaC is additive for comonotonic risks, which is an important extremal situation encountered in the modeling of dependencies in multivariate risk portfolios. Numerical illustrations for portfolios of gamma distributed risks follow. As a result of independent interest, new analytical expressions for the exact probability density of sums of independent gamma random variables are included, which are similar but different to previous expressions by Provost (1989) and Sim (1992).

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Rohrer, Felix, Aresh Farokhnia, Hubert Nötzli, Frederik Haubitz, Tanja Hermann, Brigitta Gahl, Andreas Limacher, and Jan Brügger. "Profit-Influencing Factors in Orthopedic Surgery: An Analysis of Costs and Reimbursements." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 7 (April 4, 2022): 4325. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19074325.

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The aging population and the associated demand for orthopedic surgeries are increasing health costs. Although the Diagnostic Related Groups (DRG) system was introduced to offer incentives for hospitals, concerns remain that reimbursements for older and frail patients do not cover all hospital expenses. We investigated further: (1) Does age influence net financial results in orthopedic surgery? (2) Are there patient or surgical factors that influence results? This retrospective, monocentric study compares costs and reimbursements for orthopedic patients in a tertiary care hospital in Switzerland between 2015 and 2017. The data of 1230 patients were analyzed. Overall, the net results for the hospital were positive, despite 19.5% of patients being treated at a loss. We did not find any correlation between age and profitability (p = 0.61). Patient-related factors associated with financial losses were female sex (p < 0.001) and diabetes (p = 0.013). Patients free of serious comorbidities (p = 0.012) or with a higher cost weight (p < 0.001) were more often profitable. A longer length of stay was associated with higher losses (p < 0.001). This is the first study to address the Swiss DRG reimbursement system in a broad orthopedic population, while also analyzing specific patient and surgical factors. Overall, the reimbursement system is fair, but could better account for certain interventions.

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Dutta, Madan Mohan. "Health insurance sector in India: an analysis of its performance." Vilakshan - XIMB Journal of Management 17, no. 1/2 (December 2, 2020): 97–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/xjm-07-2020-0021.

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Purpose Health insurance is one of the major contributors of growth of general insurance industry in India. It alone accounts for around 29% of total general insurance premium income earned in India. The growth of this sector is important from the perspective of overall growth of general insurance Industry. At the same time, problems in this sector are also many which are affecting its performance. Design/methodology/approach The paper provides an understanding on performance of health insurance sector in India. This study attempts to find out how much claims and commission and management expenses it has to incur to earn certain amount of premium. Methodology used for the study is regression analysis to establish relationship between dependent variable (Profit/Loss) and independent variable (Health Insurance Premium earned). Findings Findings of the study indicate that there is significant relationship between earned premium and underwriting loss. There has been increase of premium earnings which instead of increasing profit for the sector in fact has increased underwriting loss over the years. The earnings of the sector is growing at compounded annual growth rate of 27% still it is unable to earn underwriting profit. Originality/value This study is self-driven based on secondary data obtained from insurance regulatory and development authority site.

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AlShattarat, Wasim K., and Muhannad A. Atmeh. "Profit-sharing investment accounts in islamic banks or mutualization, accounting perspective." Journal of Financial Reporting and Accounting 14, no. 1 (July 4, 2016): 30–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jfra-07-2014-0056.

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Purpose Islamic banks use Mudarabah contract to replace the interest-bearing deposits with profit-sharing investment accounts. The purpose of this paper is to explore the challenges and problems associated with the employment of Mudarabah contract by Islamic banks. Design/methodology/approach The study critically analyzes the Mudarabah contract used by Islamic banks. It reviews the evolution of the contract from its traditional type to more complicated types such as compound, unrestricted, commingled and continuous Mudarabah. The paper investigates the problems that have emerged from implementing such types in current business settings. Findings The paper proves that implementing the Mudarabah contract by banks imposes several problems among which are the following: difficulty in the determination of total profit resulting from Mudarabah and in allocating this profit to the multiple parties involved in Mudarabah; usage of reserves to cater against future losses may undermine the concept of Mudarabah profit-loss sharing and lead to earnings management; corporate governance is also a major problem in Mudarabah contract, as the depositors are exposed to risks but have no governance rights; and Mudarabah may also lessen the fair presentation of financial reporting. Research limitations/implications The paper examines the evolving Mudarabah contract and its implementation challenges, based on available literature (no empirical analysis was conducted). Practical implications The implications are significant for the future development of Islamic contracts and Islamic accounting treatments. Originality/value Many studies explored the Mudarabah contract from a Shariah or law perspective. However, this paper investigates the Mudarabah contract with a focus on the implication on accounting and financial reporting because of the lack of studies in this area. Furthermore, it demonstrates the persistent flaws in the Mudarabah contract, and it proposes a new model for mobilizing funds, i.e. mutual fund.

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Suryanto, Dony, and Eko Sumartono. "ANALISIS FINANSIAL USAHA KERAMBA JARING APUNG DI PERUSAHAAN PERSEORANGAN DOBRO." Jurnal AGRISEP 15, no. 1 (March 6, 2016): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.31186/jagrisep.15.1.1-14.

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This research is intended to know factors influencing fish production, financial performance and business security of private company Dobro. Data which are analyzed including production data (production, feed, seed and worker) for fish production factors analysis, balancing and profit/loss statement 2006 - 2009 for financial performance and business security analysis. The production factors analysis in this research uses regression method with Cobb-Douglas production function approach. The financial performance and business security use financial statement comparison and ratio analysis. Ratios that be researched are liquidity (ratios that be researched are current and quick ratio), solvability (ratios that be researched are total debt to total asset ratio and total debt to equity ratio), efficiency (ratios that be researched are inventory turnover, account receivable turnover, fixed asset turnover and total asset turnover) and profitability ratio (ratios that be researched are gross profit margin, operating profit margin, net profit margin and return on investment). Business security analysis use Altman Z” score to detect company position in Altman area of bankruptcy. The result of this research could be concluded that fish production is simultaneous and individually influenced by feed, seed and worker. Financial analysis shows company liquidity in good condition with positive average growth values. Solvability is also in good condition with negative average growth values. Commonly efficiency and profitability have normal values, but have negative average growth value. Based Altman Z” score, company exists in area which secure from bankruptcy threat. Keywords: Production, financial, bankruptcy

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Szybowski, Daniel. "THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AS THE BASIC SOURCE OF ASSESSMENT OF THE ENTERPRISE. LEGAL AND ECONOMIC ASPECTS." International Journal of Legal Studies ( IJOLS ) 4, no. 2 (December 30, 2018): 483–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.0030.

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The legal basis for the preparation of the financial statements is the Accounting Act (Journal of Laws of 2016 item 1047 with later amendments).It specifies in particular when and for what period financial statements should be prepared. In what language, in which currency, what elements should be included, what scope of information should be included in each of these elements, and whether the financial statements are subject to mandatory auditing by the auditor before its approval.The complete financial statements consist of the following parts: Introduction to the financial statements; Balance; Capital structure analysis; Profit and Loss Account; Cash flow statement; Additional information and explanations.

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Hawkshaw, Michael, and Carl Walters. "Harvest control rules for mixed-stock fisheries coping with autocorrelated recruitment variation, conservation of weak stocks, and economic well-being." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 72, no. 5 (May 2015): 759–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-2014-0212.

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Dynamic programming is used to construct harvest control rules that account for persistent changes in productivity, exploitation rate constraints that prevent extinction of nontarget weak stocks, and an economic objective that recognizes moderate income to be more important to fishermen than maximization of total profit. Persistent productivity changes imply downward adjustment in spawning abundance targets during periods of low productivity, while conservation constraints simply imply upper limits on exploitation rate at high stock sizes. When the economic objective is to maximize the logarithm of net income (diminishing marginal utility or welfare from higher incomes), the optimum control rule shifts from a fixed escapement form to a curve where exploitation rate increases smoothly from zero at the minimum stock size that can be fished profitably to the upper limit set by a conservation constraint. This policy is not the fixed-exploitation rate form that has been historically suggested as a way of stabilizing harvests without major loss in profits. Application of harvest control rules constructed using dynamic programming in a mixed-stock salmon fishery in fact results in total profits close to those obtainable with fixed escapement policies but without the frequent low catches or closures implied by fixed escapement policies.

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Bawani, Anak Agung Gek Sri, I. Gusti Ayu Astri Pramitari, and Ketut Nurhayanti. "The Analysis of Accounting Treatment of Account Receivable Based on PSAK No. 50 and PSAK No. 55 at PT Wahana Boga Nusantara." Journal of Applied Sciences in Accounting, Finance, and Tax 4, no. 2 (October 13, 2021): 105–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.31940/jasafint.v4i2.105-110.

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The purpose of this study is to analyse and compare the accounting treatment of account receivable applied by PT Wahana Boga Nusantara with PSAK No. 50 and No. 55 revisied in 2014. This study uses descriptive data analysis techniques with a qualitative approach. The data collection method used is an interview with the Manager of the Financial Department and the Head of Account Receivable section on receivables accounting policy. The treatment of receivables accounting, non participant observations, and documentation with the documents used are financial position statements, profit and loss statements, receivables age lists, recapture of credit sales data during 2020. This study showed that the recognition of receivables has been by PSAK number 55 the revised the year 2014 because receivables are recognized when goods have been shipped and received by customers. Meanwhile, the measurement and presentation of receivables are not appropriate because they are not measured and presented at fair value.

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Shu, Yadong, Ying Dai, and Zujun Ma. "Pricing Decisions in Closed-Loop Supply Chains with Competitive Fairness-Concerned Collectors." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2020 (November 17, 2020): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/4370697.

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Based on the Shapley value fairness concern framework, a fairness concern utility system is established for the closed-loop supply chain (CLSC) with one manufacturer, one retailer, and two competitive collectors. Under the five models (one centralized and four decentralized), the influence of competitive strength and fairness concern degree of collectors on the pricing decisions is analyzed. The following conclusions can be obtained: (1) When the manufacturer considers the fairness concern of the collectors, fairness concern is a way for the collectors to obtain more profit. Whether the manufacturer “proactively” considers the fairness concern of the collectors is an approach to benefiting the collectors but only in the case of “active” consideration, there is less self-loss to the manufacturer. (2) When the collectors’ fairness concern cannot be considered by the manufacturer, the equilibrium recycling price sets lower for the purpose of achieving more profit by the collectors. At this point, the profit of the collectors and the manufacturer is the lowest, and so is the return rate of the CLSC. (3) When the collectors do not care about whether they are being fairly treated but the manufacturer “actively” takes the fairness of the collectors into consideration, the collectors get “unexpected” attention from the manufacturer, which makes the performance of the collectors more positive than it is when their fairness concerns are taken into account. The profit increased by the collectors is more than that lost by the manufacturer, so the profit of the CLSC is the largest. Additionally, our findings provide some managerial insights on the pricing decision in the case where the collectors consider fairness concern.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Profit and Loss Account'

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