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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Profit and loss accounting'
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Carvalho, Francisco Albino de. "What is the best accounting method for financial assets?" Master's thesis, NSBE - UNL, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/9592.
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A Work Project, presented as part of the requirements for the Award of a Masters Degree in Finance from the NOVA – School of Business and EconomicsThe possibility to fulfill the lack of studies comparing methods for financial assets accounting at fair value in terms of value relevance for investors is the main contribution of this research. Such contribution is emphasized by the importance of assessing how well accounting amounts reflect information used by investors. This study compares available for sale financial assets with financial assets at fair value through profit or loss in terms of value relevance for investors. The results evidence that although accounting differently both methods provide equally strong explanatory power of security prices which favors fair value accounting.
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Nwagbo, Alfred. "Strategies to Minimize Profit Loss From Small Business Enterprise Credit Rejections." ScholarWorks, 2018. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/5919.
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Institutional policies or terms and conditions of credit allocation complicate the demand and supply of small business enterprise (SBE) credit, causing lost profits. Banks leaders losing 28% of profitable projects because of the high rejection rate of credit applications for SBE loans is a concern. The purpose of this multiple case study was to explore strategies Southeastern Nigerian state bank leaders use to minimize lost profit from SBE credit rejections. The conceptual framework that grounded this study was credit rationing focused on the lender-borrower relationship. Data collection involved reviews of company documents and face-to-face semistructured interviews of 6 participants from 3 banks in the Southeastern Nigerian state. Based on the Schorr's modified data analysis approach, 5 themes emerged (a) credit rationing depends on sufficient information (b) business accounts statements are a fall back for credit availability (c) character may be more important than collateral (d) government policies are challenges to the formal banking system (e) profits may be a hedge for high-interest rates. Findings may be used to enhance the profitability of banks in the Southeastern Nigerian state. Implications for positive social change may include the support of community projects for individuals living at or below the poverty level in the region.
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Silva, Cleiton Almeida da. "Integração do método do custeio variável à demonstração financeira de resultados: um estudo de caso em uma indústria de médio porte." Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3136/tde-16122014-160043/.
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Esta pesquisa aborda as conflitantes diferenças entre os diversos métodos de custeio apresentados pela literatura em contabilidade gerencial e gestão da produção, destacando a questão dos conflitos de entendimento que são gerados entre o mundo da contabilidade financeira e o mundo da gestão de produção, visto que geralmente os números apresentados e analisados por ambas se mostram discrepantes. Tais conflitos podem muitas vezes ocasionar uma má gestão, com reflexos muitas vezes em decisões de curto prazo inadequadas. A pesquisa tem como objetivo principal integrar o método gerencial de custeio variável à demonstração financeira sem prejudicar os resultados agregados; propõe-se para tanto a utilização de um modelo híbrido de análise econômico-financeira que apresenta ao mesmo tempo os resultados determinados pelos critérios gerenciais do custeio variável e os resultados apresentados pela contabilidade financeira baseada no método do custeio por absorção. Como objetivos secundários, busca-se evidenciar os aspectos teóricos que definem os conflitos e limites que permeiam o tema custos quando colocados sob as perspectivas financeira e gerencial e pesquisar a literatura especializada sobre os métodos de custeio, identificando suas principais diferenças. É, portanto efetuada uma revisão geral da literatura relacionada a sistemas, métodos e artefatos de custeio e gestão econômica da produção a fim de proporcionar um quadro geral que delineie o contexto mencionado, incluindo, mas não se limitando, às questões normativas que permeiam o tema. A pesquisa é construída e baseada em um estudo de caso com abordagem qualitativa, onde se busca capturar, além da questão das diferenças numéricas, as nuances de gestão e compreensão de resultados vivenciados por uma empresa real. Proporciona-se uma visão integrada do processo de custeio que traz visibilidade tanto à tomada de decisão gerencial, quanto aos impactos causados nos resultados agregados finais apresentados pela contabilidade financeira.This research deals with the conflicting differences among the diverse costing methods presented by the literature in management accounting and production management, focusing on the question of the understanding conflicts which are created between the accounting world and the production management world since the figures presented and analyzed by both are usually disparate. Such conflicts may sometimes drive to a poor management, with reflex many times in inadequate short term decision making. The research has as main objective to integrate the management method of variable costing to the financial statement without impairing the aggregated results. It is proposed for it the utilization of a hybrid model of analysis that presents at the same time the results determined from management criteria of direct costing and the results determined from the financial accounting, based on absorption costing. As secondary objectives it pursues to evidence the theoretical aspects that define the conflicts and limits which permeate the costing topic when put under the management accounting and the financial accounting perspectives and to raise specialized literature about costing methods, identifying their main differences. Thus, it is performed a general revision on the literature related to systems, methods and tools for costing and economic production management, aiming at providing a general framework that delineates the mentioned context, including, but not limiting to, the questions that permeate the subject. The research is constructed and based on a case study with qualitative approach, where it seeks to capture, besides the numeric differences question, the nuances of managing and understanding the results experienced by a real company. It provides an integrated view of the costing process that enlightens both the management decision making and the impacts caused in final aggregated results from financial accounting.
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Nakládalová, Petra. "Zjišťování výsledku hospodaření." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-150129.
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This thesis deals with the way to identify profit or loss in accordance with Czech accounting legislation and in accordance with IAS/IFRS. It defines the basic elements of the income statement, the criteria for their recognition, basic principles and rules applied in detection income. It focuses on the processes and activities to determine results and the form of the profit and loss account. It quantifies the main differences between Czech accounting legislation and IAS/IFRS.
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Pavlů, Radka. "Vliv vybraných rozdílů mezi českým finančním účetnictvím a IFRS na výsledek hospodaření vybrané společnosti." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta podnikatelská, 2019. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-399659.
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The master thesis is focused on selected differences between the Czech accounting legislation and the International Financial Reporting Standards IAS / IFRS.The theoretical part is focused on methodological procedures under Czech Accounting Legislation and on requirements according to the IAS / IFRS. The differences between these two approaches are subsequently compared. Within the analytical part of the thesis, significant varieties are selected, based on the found differences and due to company’s specifities. The mentioned varieties have the key role and impact on the economical outcome of the selected company.
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Levá, Petra. "Porovnání výkazu zisku a ztráty podle ČÚS a IFRS." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-191734.
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The diploma thesis deals with comparing profit or loss statement prepared according to IFRS and Czech accounting regulations. The theoretical part presents requirements and chosen parts (especially revenue, depreciation, borrowing costs, government grants, provisions and employee benefits) which are related to profit or loss statement of both accounting standards. The differences are highlighted right in the text, illustrative examples and tables are added as well for better understanding. Subsequently, the practical part is focused on analyzing profit reported according to both accounting standards, which includes an exposure of main reasons why the standards resulted in different profit amount. The main source of information is an annual report of ČD Cargo, a.s. in 2012 that includes financial statements assembled according to both standards, IFRS and Czech accounting standards.
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Pšurný, Adam. "Podnikatelský záměr rozvoje firmy." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta podnikatelská, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-224249.
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The thesis is focused on the business plan the future development of MESIT Fimes a.s. Thesis is divided into two main parts, the theoretical basis and practical part. The theoretical part is to serve as a source indicator for the creation of practical, which aims to analyze in detail the actual current condition for the creation of the greatest and most effective future development.
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Soukupová, Monika. "Didaktická analýza učiva o účetní uzávěrce a závěrce ve druhém koncentrickém okruhu předmětu Účetnictví na OA." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-198055.
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The thesis deals with didactic analysis of curriculum of final accounts and financial statements in the second concentric circle. The aim of the thesis is to propose didactic analysis, which corresponds with professional knowledge of Business Academy students. The theoretical part is dedicated especially to incorporate the curriculum into the subject of accounting didactic methods and didactic techniques and also the issue of IAS/IFRS. The next part is focused on didactic analysis. There is a process of interpretation suggested in the individual chapters which includes clear schemes, tables, own examples and also didactic elaboration of IAS/IFRS. It is designed in the way to be most understandable for Business Academy students. The conclusion includes a survey results. This part shows how the teachers of the Business Academies teach this certain issue. The result is verification if the didactic analysis corresponds with the teaching in practice.
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Buřič, Zdeněk. "Aplikace IAS/IFRS v akciové společnosti." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta podnikatelská, 2009. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-264835.
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The master’s thesis compares Financial Statements under Czech accounting systems with Financial Statements under IAS/IFRS. The master’s thesis shows the main differences between these two reporting systems, and their presentation in Financial Statements.
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Nečasová, Eliška. "IFRS a česká účetní legislativa." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta podnikatelská, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-224025.
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The subjekt of the master´s thesis is the comparsion of the financial statements prepared in compliance with Czech accounting legislativ and in compliance with International Financial Reporting Standards (IAS/IFRS). The thesis deals with the differences in reporting according to Czech accounting legislation and IAS/IFRS lected company and subsequently evaluate the impacts on the financial statements.
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Macíková, Nela. "Účetní zobrazení vybraných operací ve vlastním kapitálu." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2017. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-359194.
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This thesis deals with accounting and reporting of selected operations in Equity. The object of interest are three balance sheet items: Reserve fund, Advance for a profit share and Other profit and loss of previous years. The theoretical part is focused on general characteristic of Equity, its basic items and structure of related Financial statements. The indispensable component of this part is also more detailed specification of these three items. Attention is mainly focused to the payments and settlement of advances for a profit share, or accounting view corrections of mistakes from previous years and changes in accounting methods. The practical part is focused on an analysis of the annual reports of the capital companies in 2013-2015. The result is the evaluation of the frequency of occurrence, the use and justification of the analysed items in the annual reports of the companies.
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Skulinová, Michaela. "Konsolidovaná účetní závěrka vybrané obchodní korporace." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2017. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-359710.
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The aim of this diploma thesis is to prepare the consolidated Balance Sheet and consolidated Profit and Loss Statement. The theoretical part of the thesis describes the way in which are the consolidated statements created, including the elimination of mutual relationships within the group. The practical part of the thesis is both focused on the calculations of the individual items which are essential for the preparation of consolidated statements and also its creation.
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Ryšavá, Ilona. "Vybrané rozdíly v aplikaci účetnictví dle US GAAP a současně platným zákonem o účetnictví v ČR na příkladu vybrané firmy." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta podnikatelská, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-223993.
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This thesis deals with the compilation and comparison of financial statements in accordance with U.S. accounting principles and U.S. GAAP currently valid law on accounting in the Czech Republic. The aim is to characterize the balance sheet and income statement under both systems show the procedure of reporting the selected firm and preparing proposals or recommendations for optimizing the current situation
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Stojánková, Radka. "Audit účetní závěrky vybraného zemědělského podniku." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta podnikatelská, 2016. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-241315.
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The thesis is focused on the audit on an agricultural entity. There is a historical development of audit and basic information. The thesis describes the regulation in the European Union, the procedure itself in accordance with International Standards on Auditing and the specifics of the audit at the agricultural company. In the analytical part is the procedure shown on a particular entity. The aims are to describe legislative regulation and procedure of audit in the Czech Republic.
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Kaňová, Marie. "Vliv vybraných rozdílů mezi českým finančním účetnictvím a IFRS na výsledek hospodaření vybrané společnosti." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta podnikatelská, 2019. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-402017.
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The diploma thesis is focused on comparison of selected differences in accounting and reporting of items in statutory financial statements which arise between Czech accounting legislation and International Financial Reporting Standards. Based on the selected differences, the effect of applying IAS / IFRS requirements on assets, liabilities and company's financial statements is described there. At the end of the thesis, the selected indicators of financial analysis are calculated, showing the performance of the company and its financial position.
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Saeed, Muhammad Mohsin, Muhammad Qasim, and Tanzeel Ur Rehman. "Islamic Microfinance "Monitoring of Profit & Loss Sharing Loans"." Thesis, Blekinge Tekniska Högskola, Sektionen för management, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:bth-1184.
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Islamic finance is entering into a new pattern. It is deemed that Islamic finance should take initiative to meet the increasing needs of microfinance with aim of alleviating poverty and to help the poor people in their distress. Concept of Islamic Microfinance is being used to fulfill the demands of microfinance in the developing countries. Different models of Islamic finance are proposed to be used in microfinance activities to help the poor people for betterment of their personal life and to initiate the small business for the overall growth of the economy. But profit and loss sharing (Mudarabah) model is being criticized due to high risk involvement. Due to high risk factor, proper monitoring is deemed necessary for the smooth running of the contract. Our current research tends to investigate the underlying risk attached with Profit and Loss sharing project. As per theory of Profit and loss sharing financing all the risk is to be borne by the investor of the capital i.e. microfinance institution. But monitoring itself is not risk free and can result in expenses that would surpass the original price of the sanctioned loan. In the long run and at very end, we are hopeful that our research findings would play an important role to overcome the issue of monitoring in profit and loss sharing loans in microfinance.Islamisk finansiering går in i ett nytt mönster. Det anses att islamisk finansiering bör ta initiativ för att möta de ökande behoven av mikrofinansiering med syfte att minska fattigdomen och att hjälpa fattiga människor i deras nöd. Begreppet islamiska Mikrofinans används för att uppfylla kraven från mikrofinansiering i utvecklingsländerna. Olika modeller för islamisk finansiering föreslås att användas i mikrofinansieringsverksamhet att hjälpa de fattiga för förkovran i deras personliga liv och att inleda ett litet företag för den totala tillväxten i ekonomin. Men vinst och förlust delning (Mudarabah) modell är att bli kritiserad på grund av hög risk engagemang. På grund av hög riskfaktor är korrekt övervakning anses nödvändigt för att fungera väl i kontraktet. Vår nuvarande forskning tenderar att undersöka den underliggande risken fäst med Resultaträkning dela projekt. Per teori av vinst och förlust dela finansieringen alla risker skall bäras av investeraren av kapitalet, dvs mikrofinansiering institution. Men övervakningen i sig inte är riskfritt och kan resultera i kostnader som skulle överträffa det ursprungliga priset på sanktionerade lånet. I det långa loppet och på slutet, vi hoppas att våra forskningsresultat kommer att spela en viktig roll för att lösa frågan om övervakning i resultaträkningen dela lån mikrofinansiering.
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Bača, Václav. "Hodnocení výkonnosti stavebního podniku." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2018. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-371871.
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This thesis concentrates on a development of financial analysis of the company KOMA Modular, Ltd. Vertical and horizontal analysis is conducted based on selected financial statements that are used as the main source of information for the analysis. Furthermore, one of the golden rules of financial accounting, financial ratios, and aggregate indexes are executed. The thesis is concluded with the commentary on results of financial analysis. Moreover, the company is given certain financial suggestions.
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Qiang, X. (Xiaomin). "Earnings management in small profit firms during financial crisis of 2008–2009." Master's thesis, University of Oulu, 2013. http://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:oulu-201304051161.
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Purpose: This paper examines empirically the managerial earnings management practices undertaken by small profits firms, and seeks whether these practices changed during the recent global financial crisis. Previous studies on small but positive earnings are normally in whether earnings management causes the discontinuity around zero in earnings distribution. There few studies combined discontinuity around zero with different macroeconomic conditions.
Design: The association between earnings management and small profit firms is investigated by three measures. First, earnings distribution of scaled earnings by lagged market value in different scaled earnings level during financial crisis is portrayed. Second, distribution of accumulated discretionary accruals which is the proxy for earnings management in different scaled earnings level is exhibited. Third, based on the qualified firm-year observations, discretionary accruals regressed on several earnings management controlling variables are tested. Due to the limited number of qualified firm-year observations, two measures of small profit firms are used.
Data: The sample is selected from all listed firms in United States. Financial crisis period is confined in Year 2008 and 2009 when the stock price was in the bottom in recent decades. In these two years, the incentives from capital markets are restricted in the low level.
Findings: Without considering financial crisis, there is income-increasing earnings management in small profit firms which is consistent with previous studies. After considering financial crisis, the practices of earnings management is changed to income-decreasing, which provides the direct evidence on that the constitution of small profits firms are those ex-ante profit firms during the crisis and also provides the indirect evidence on that the constitution of small profits firms are small losses or losses firms in other periods. Both earnings distribution and accumulated discretionary accruals in financial crisis have the same consequence.
Practical Implications: This paper shows profit firms employ income-decreasing earnings management during the bad economic situation. The good financial performance from these firms in the post-crisis period need to be questioned whether the business actually revived.
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Němec, Petr. "Věrný a poctivý obraz obchodní korporace v účetní závěrce." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta podnikatelská, 2018. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-383549.
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The diploma thesis deals with the issue of the fair and true view of business unit in the financial statements. The basic statements of the financial statements comprise the balance sheet, the profit and loss statement and the annexe to the financial statements explaining methods used for accounting of the accounting cases. The practical part of the diploma thesis is focused on analysis of the financial statements of particular entity and applied accounting procedures. The analysis of this unit was carried out focusing on achievement of fair and true view of this unit in the financial statements. The financial position and performance of the selected business unit was evaluated on the basis of selected financial indicators according to the unit's data and its own calculations. The results were compared and evaluated.
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Pence, Diana Kay. "An Examination of the Accounting Debate over the Determination of Business Income: 1945-1952." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1996. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc279147/.
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George O. May's (1952) prescient statement that "if accounting had not already become, it was well on its way to becoming a political phenomenon" provides the motivation for this study. Changing socioeconomic relationships in the post-World War II period make it an ideal period to examine the politicalization of accounting. Keynesian economic policies justified active government intervention in the economy to manage demand and ensure full employment. No longer could it be assumed that competitive market forces would ensure that corporations produced goods and services at a socially optimal level or that income would be distributed equitably. Claims that accounting profit provides a measure of managerial efficiency are based on these premises. This dissertation examines the political dynamics of one particular accounting measurement debate--the debate over the determination of business income. Policies, such as wage/price controls, the excess profits tax, and the undistributed profits tax, brought the accounting income determination debate to center stage. The perseverance of the historic cost allocation model in the face of significant economic changes presents a fascinating glimpse of the important role accounting played in justifying continued reliance on the private property rights paradigm. I use retrodiction (reasoning from present to past) to examine why the historic cost allocation model has been so enduring. In my examination, I use personal correspondence, transcripts of Congressional hearings, published financial statements, and relevant journal articles. My analysis indicates that, while accountants empathized with managers who claimed that inflation distorted reported earnings and recognized that a serious measurement scale issue existed, they also recognized that abandonment of historic cost would not be politically feasible. If accountants had adopted a strongly partisan position that favored management with respect to bargaining with labor, this could have undermined the profession's claim to neutrality and opened the standard-setting process to closer political scrutiny. Accountants responded to management in a less visible way. Standard setters adopted techniques that gave managers maximum flexibility in managing income while retaining the aura of objectivity that attached to historic cost.
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Horton, Joanne. "Accounting for shareholders' profits in long-term insurance business." Thesis, Aberystwyth University, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.297322.
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McCallig, Michael John. "The valuation of loss making firms and accounting conservatism." Thesis, Lancaster University, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.418858.
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Edholm, Gustav. "Anomaly Detection and Revenue Loss Estimation in Accounting Data." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för elektroteknik och datavetenskap (EECS), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-291773.
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Loss of revenue due to erroneous invoicing is a serious problem for many companies in the repair and maintenance industry. Revenue loss can occur in many ways, for example by consistently charging the wrong hourly price for services. If a company is experiencing revenue loss, it is incredibly important to detect it, find where it is happening, and estimate the size of it in order to treat it. The goal of this work is to find statistical methods for detecting incorrectly charged services in a dataset of invoices, and estimate the loss of revenue in the same dataset. The dataset used comes from a real company experiencing revenue loss through incorrectly charged prices for services, and thus represents a real world instance of this problem. Multiple machine learning methods with different levels of supervision are tested for detecting anomalous invoice items and estimating revenue loss using raw invoice data. Neural network regression, and different decision tree regression methods, as well as an ensemble of these are tested and compared. The dataset has ground truth labels for each price, thus results are compared to real world targets. It is found that an ensemble using a weighted average of predictions from neural network regression and gradient boosted decision tree regression to predict the charged prices in an invoice dataset performs anomaly detection most reliably. On the top 1000 anomaly candidates, this method flags anomalies correctly 87% of the time, catching 45% of all anomalies. Moreover, in terms of estimating revenue loss, using a neural network to perform regression, a revenue loss error of just 13% is achieved.Förlorad omsättning till följd av felaktig fakturering ar ett alvarligt problem for vissa företag i service- och reparationsbranchen. Detta kan uppstå på manga satt, till exempel genom konsekvent felaktig prissättning av tjänster. Om ett företag har stor förlust av omsättning ar det otroligt viktigt att upptäcka det, hitta var det sker, och uppskatta storleken av förlusten for att kunna behandla den. Malet med detta arbete ar att hitta statistiska metoder for att identifiera felaktigt prissatta tjänster i ett dataset av fakturor, och uppskatta förlorad omsättning i datasetet. Datasetet som används kommer från ett företag som förlorar omsättning på grund av just felfakturerat pris på tjänster, och representerar därför en verklig instans av detta problem. Ett flertal maskininlärningsmetoder, med olika grader av vägledning, används for att upptäcka felaktiga fakturarader och uppskatta förlorad omsättning i omärkt fakturadata. Regression med neuronnät, och olika beslutstradmetoder såväl som en ensembel av dessa testas och jämförs. Datasetet har sanningsenliga ettiketter till varje rad, därmed kan resultaten jämföras och utvärderas mot korrekta priser. Vi finner att en ensembel av ett neuralnät och ett gradientförstärkt beslutstrad for regression identifierar felaktiga prissättningar mest pålitligt. Pa de 1000 mest sannolika felen har denna metod ratt på 87%, vilket fångar 45% av alla fel. Vidare, med hänsyn till förlorad omsättning finner vi att ett neuralnät som utför regresssion uppnår ett fel på endast 13% i sitt estimat av förlorad omsättning.
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Laude, Marcelo Rzewuski. "A contabilidade na incorporação e construção civil consegue gerar informações corretas para avaliação de empreendimentos no longo prazo?" reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/149312.
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O presente trabalho tem como objetivo estudar a contabilidade no segmento de Incorporação e Construção Civil, como geradora de informações para a avaliação de empreendimentos no Longo Prazo, comparando o método contábil e o econômico. O estudo faz o levantamento do cenário econômico, inserindo o segmento em questão, apresentando as regras de negócios. Na etapa posterior busca-se de forma breve, traçar um histórico da contabilidade no mundo e no Brasil, inserindo-a no segmento, com a aderência as normas internacionais e seus impactos. São apresentadas as análises dos demonstrativos contábeis com a escolha de determinados indicadores para o estudo de caso, na seção posterior são apresentados os métodos de análise de investimentos, abordando o custo de oportunidade e duas opções para mensuração desse custo, evidenciando as diferenças entre os lucros contábil e econômico. Na penúltima seção há a apresentação de um estudo de caso para comparação dos resultados.The present thesis studies the Accounting policies in Brazilian Real State Market, as an information predictor for the evaluation process and decision making for long-term projects, comparing the accounting method with the economic one. The essay brings up characteristics of economic environment in this specific segment, presenting the usual business guidelines. In a second moment, a brief study from historical facts of national and international accounting methodologies and their consequences are placed in Brazilian Real State, according to international standards. The financial statement analysis are presented by the optic of financial performance ratios and, in a subsequent section, the methodology for performance analysis is brought out, focused on two different methods for measure the opportunity cost . The differences between accounting and economic profits are pointed. In the end, a case study compares the results.
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Lim, Chu Yeong. "Three empirical essays on bank accounting." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2013. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/three-empirical-essays-on-bank-accounting(4cbd4150-4bdb-4947-8759-9bbc9f415563).html.
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This thesis presents new empirical evidence on three important aspects of financial reporting by banks. The thesis consists of an introductory chapter that explains how the three issues are related to each other, three empirical chapters and a final summary chapter. The first empirical chapter studies the effects of accounting conservatism on the pricing of syndicated bank loans. I provide evidence that banks more timely in loss recognition charge higher spreads for the same loan provision. I go on to consider what happens to this relationship during the financial crisis. During the crisis, banks more timely in loss recognition increase their spreads to a lesser extent than banks less timely in loss recognition. The policy implication is that banks more timely in loss recognition exhibit more prudent and less pro-cyclical debt pricing behaviour. The second empirical chapter examines the relationship between the value relevance of fair value gains and losses and bank risk in an international bank sample. One possibility is that, as risk increases, the scope for subjectivity in fair value estimates increases thereby potentially rendering the numbers less useful. However another possibility is that the relevance of faithfully reported fair value gains and losses increases as risk increases. The study provides evidence that the value relevance of fair value gains and losses is positively associated with bank risk prior to the crisis. During the crisis there is also evidence of a similar positive relationship, but it is not possible to draw firm conclusions for reasons discussed in the chapter. My research also shows that the fair value gains and losses of banks that elect to use the fair value option for assets that could have been accounted for using amortized costs are more value relevant and persistent. This study provides information to policy makers on the situations when fair values are most useful to investors. The third empirical chapter examines if the market rationally prices the loan loss provisions, and the reported fair value gains and losses of US banks. The chapter models the discretionary components of loan loss provisions and fair value gains and losses, and tests if the discretionary components are priced differently from their non-discretionary counterparts. The results provide little evidence that the market misprices operating cash flows, non-discretionary loan loss provisions, or fair value gains and losses (discretionary or otherwise). However there is evidence of significant mispricing of discretionary loan loss provisions. The lack of evidence on the mispricing of fair value gains and losses is consistent with the finding on the value relevance of fair value gains and losses in the second empirical chapter.
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Ranganathan, Krishnan Ayengar. "Impact of the Gain/Loss Provisions of Financial Accounting Standard No. 88 on Benefit Settlements." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1991. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc332784/.
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This research analyzes the relationship between specific firm characteristics and firms' settlement/replacement plan decisions under Statement of Financial Accounting Standard No. 88 (FAS88). I examined firms that effected either (i) a settlement of their pension obligations without a benefit plan termination or (ii) a partial termination with a replacement benefit plan or (iii) a complete termination with no replacement of a benefit plan.
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Smith, David M. 1961. "The Effect of Different Forms of Accounting Feedback, Cost Aggregation and Pricing Knowledge on Profitability and Profit Estimation." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1997. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc278233/.
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This study extends a research stream calling for further research regarding pricing and accounting feedback. Marketing executives rely heavily on accounting information for pricing decisions, yet criticize accounting feedback usefulness. To address this criticism, this research integrates the cognitive psychology and accounting literature addressing feedback effectiveness with pricing research in the marketing discipline. The research extends the scope of previous accounting feedback studies by using a control group and comparing two proxies of subject task knowledge; years of pricing experience and a measure of the cognitive structure of pricing knowledge. In addition, this research manipulates task complexity by using two different accounting systems. These systems vary in the number of cost pools used in allocating overhead, resulting in differentially projected cost and profit information. A total of 60 subjects participated in a computer laboratory experiment. These subjects were non-accountants with varying amounts of pricing knowledge. Subjects were randomly assigned to six experimental groups which varied by feedback type (no accounting feedback, outcome feedback only, or a combination of outcome and task properties feedback) and task complexity (high or low number of overhead cost pools). The subjects attempted to (1) maximize profits for a product during 15 rounds of pricing decisions, and (2) accurately estimate their profit for each round. The experimental results indicate no difference in performance between the three feedback types examined. However, increases in both subjects' pricing knowledge and the number of cost pools do influence feedback effectiveness. This study suggests that the amount of the users' task knowledge may influence the effectiveness of current accounting reports. In addition, increasing the number of cost pools in accounting systems may be beneficial for all users.
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Mann, Baylee. "A Study of the Potential Implementation Obstacles of the Expected Loss Model in East Tennessee." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2018. https://dc.etsu.edu/honors/442.
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The Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) has recently introduced a new Accounting Standards Update (ASU) that will require financial institutions to measure their loan losses using a new Expected Loss Model (ELM) that emphasizes forward looking financial decisions. Numerous financial journals hypothesize that large financial institutions will face difficulties when implementing the new ASU. This research explores the potential implementation issues that small, local financial institutions, specifically Eastman Credit Union (ECU), will encounter as they begin the implementation process.
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Mashoka, Tareq Zaki. "Earnings management and loss reversal." Thesis, Brunel University, 2010. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/4619.
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This research aims to detect and measure earnings management using a newly modified version of the standard Jones model (Jones, 1991). The standard model is extended to include a measure of discretionary accruals as an additional regressor instead of using the residuals. The variable used to measure discretionary accruals is a composite variable that consists of two components, one that represents the incentive and the other represents the tool of manipulation. The model is applied to detect earnings management in loss reversal companies for listed companies in Jordan and examine the market reaction to the loss reversal. The model is also applied on loss reversal companies for listed companies in the UK and the US. In chapter three, the new model is applied on listed companies in Amman Stock Exchange (ASE). The ASE is structured into two markets: the first market and the second market. Companies are motivated to be listed or remain listed in the first market since it only lists profitable companies. Companies reporting losses more frequently are listed in the second market. Results provide evidence of earnings management for companies listed in the first market. Companies that report a loss in a previous period manipulate in the following period to report profits. As a result of loss reversal, they preserve their place in the first market and avoid dropping back to the second market. This research conducts statistical simulation tests to compare the extended Jones model with the standard model. Results show that the extended model detects earnings management better than the standard one. This new model also separates discretionary accruals from measurement error (i.e. residuals) and makes it possible to accurately measure the whole amount of manipulation. Chapter four examines the investor reaction to the manipulation taking place in the first market. Results show that the market is pricing the discretionary accruals (the manipulation) as a component of net income, although they result only from earnings management. In chapter five, the model is applied on loss reversal firms listed in the UK and in the US. Results show that the companies manipulate to reverse losses and the manipulation depends on to the presence of R&D activities and the changing level in these activities.
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Rowles, Thomas (Tom), and n/a. "Development of Concepts of Capital and Income in Financial Reporting in the Nineteenth Century." RMIT University. Accounting and Law, 2007. http://adt.lib.rmit.edu.au/adt/public/adt-VIT20080808.142536.
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The study is concerned with the conception of capital and income in the changing economic circumstances of the late nineteenth century. This issue arises as a matter of interest from the confusing accounting for capital assets then followed, and which has become the subject of a small but significant literature. Methodologically the issue, and the literature it has provoked, provide a 'set' in which an accounting calculation is identified, its context considered and consequences evaluated. It introduces the idea that accounting had macroeconomic implications, and meets Hopwood's (1983) injunction that accounting ought to be considered in the context in which it arises. The study illustrates the significance of a flawed accounting founded on an inadequate definition of capital to adversely affect economic life by reference to the legal debate and litigation in English courts about the definition of profit available for distribution as dividends that occurred at the end of the nineteenth century. The study explores nineteenth century understanding of the concept of capital in economic philosophy on the basis that it would be in that body of philosophic literature that such ideas would have to be examined. The study finds that, for most of the nineteenth century, understanding of the nature of capital and income derived from the works of William Petty and Adam Smith. It held that capital and income were separate states of wealth. This conception of capital continued in the work of David Ricardo, Marx and J. S. Mill, and is evident also in the work of Alfred Marshall. The modern, twentieth century, understanding of capital and income as antithetical states of wealth is identified in the study as deriving from the work of the American economist Irving Fisher in 1896. The contribution of this thesis is to Establish that the crisis in late nineteenth century financial reporting derived from the prevailing conception of capital and its relationship to income, note that the conception in legislative requirements determining profit were consistent with that definition, and identify the origin of the modern, twentieth century understanding of capital and income as antithetical states of wealth. The study provides an in-principle view that nineteenth century capital accounting had the capacity to cause misallocation of resources within an economy.
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Downs, Brian. "A Case Study in the For-Profit Postsecondary School Industry: Market and Student Success." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2013. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/710.
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Education is the best investment for human capital. The demand for higher education has created a complex milieu with interesting players. One of the most interesting developments is the growth of the for-profit postsecondary sector. A perennial misfit beside the established non-profit institutions, it has become one of the dominate forces in the world of higher education.
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Seidner, Blake. "The Balance Between Financial and Quality Performance in For-Profit Hospitals versus Non-Profit Hospitals." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2018. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/1950.
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Recent trends of financial distress for non-profit hospitals and the uptick in acquisition of these hospitals by for-profit entities indicate different focuses from the management of each type of hospital. Using data on hospital quality and basic financial measures, this study examines shift in the balance of financial and quality performance. The dataset focuses on private non-profit and for-profit hospitals with low bed counts, ranging from 50-200 total beds. Results indicate a positive relationship between for-profit status and basic financial performance measures, such as profitability, and a negative relationship with patient experience, cost reduction for the patient, and overall quality. This signals a tradeoff between financial performance and quality, especially measures relating to the customer. For-profit hospital management places more of an emphasis on the financial performance while non-profit hospital management demonstrates a balance between financial performance and high quality performance. Without being involved in hospital management decision-making, examining hospital outcomes is the best way to give insight into how hospital management is shifts performance priorities by different types of ownership.
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Karkazienė, Daiva. "Finansinės ir mokestinės apskaitos suderinamumo modelis." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2014. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2007~D_20140626_161843-74784.
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Finansinė ir mokestinė apskaitos dėl reglamentų neatitikimų, informacijos vartotojų skirtingų poreikių tapo dvi skirtingos sistemos, turinčios skirtingus tikslus. Tačiau praktiniu požiūriu toje pačioje įmonėje negali būti kelių apskaitos sistemų. Įmonėje taikant atitinkamus apskaitos būdus ir metodus, turi būti parengta apskaitos politika, kad būtų suderinti finansinės ir mokestinės apskaitos tikslai. Įmonės tvarkydamos apskaitą ir rengdamos finansinę atskaitomybę vadovaujasi standartais, o apskaičiuojant apmokestinamąjį pelną turi nepažeisti Pelno mokesčio įstatymo nuostatų. Svarbiausi skiriamieji finansinės ir mokestinės apskaitos bruožai: finansinė apskaita skirta įmonės finansinei būklei įvardinti, naudojantis finansinėmis ataskaitomis, o mokestinė apskaita skirta mokesčių bazei apskaičiuoti ir mokesčių sumos teisingumui įrodyti. Įmonių finansinėje ir mokestinėje apskaitoje apskaičiuoti veiklos rezultatai- visai skirtingi dalykai. Jie neturi ir negali būti tapatinami. Tačiau tvarkant apskaitą, būtina atitinkamai atvaizduoti finansinės ir mokestinės apskaitos skirtumus. Tyrimo objektas: Finansinė ir mokestinė apskaitos sistemos. Tikslas. Sukurti finansinės ir mokestinės apskaitos suderinimo modelį. Minėtam tikslui pasiekti iškelti šie uždaviniai: • Pagrindinių reglamentų, kurių reikia laikytis tvarkant apskaitą ir sudarant finansinę atskaitomybę, įvardinimas; • Išanalizuoti apskaitos politikos sąvoką ir jos aspektus; • Įvardinti mokestinės apskaitos politikos aspektus ir... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]Financial and taxing accountings became two separate systems having different aims due to the nonconformities of regulations and different needs of information users. But, practically, one and the same enterprise cannot have a couple of accounting systems. While applying appropriate ways and methods of accounting, the enterprise should prepare accounting policy which combines the goals of financial and taxing accounting. Enterprises administering their accounting and preparing financial accountability follow the standards, while during calculation of taxable profit – they should not violate provisions of Corporation tax law. The major and distinctive features of financial and taxing accounting are as follows: financial accounting is meant for naming the financial state of the enterprise by using financial reports, while taxing accounting is intended for calculating the tax base and prove the correctness of tax sum. Activity results calculated in the financial and taxing accounting of the enterprise – are completely different things. They should not and cannot be identified. But, the differences of financial and taxing accounting should be properly showed during keeping of accounting. Research object: Financial and taxing accounting as two different systems and their compatibility. Goal. Prepare a compatibility model for financial and taxing accounting. The following tasks have been set to achieve this goal: • Stating the major regulations which should be followed while... [to full text]
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Zajíčková, Andrea. "Oceňování podniku." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta podnikatelská, 2010. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-222599.
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This master´s thesis evaluates the economic situation of HAL-KON, s. r. o. in the years 2006 – 2008. There is in accordance with theoretical knowledge performed evaluation of company with a few of valuation methods.
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De, La Cruz Marquez Michelle. "Management Control Systems in Not for Profit Organization." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2008. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-10850.
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The diploma thesis is about management control system. The first part contains the analysis of the subject, the factors, components and tools of management control. In the second part is about the difference of management control in profit and non-profit organizations.
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Phelan, Mark. "Loss and line flow allocation in a competitive environment." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape11/PQDD_0028/MQ50651.pdf.
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Ozili, Peterson Kitakogelu. "Bank income smoothing and loan loss provisioning practices in Africa." Thesis, University of Essex, 2017. http://repository.essex.ac.uk/20804/.
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The primary objective of the thesis is to investigate whether African banks use loans loss provisions estimates to smooth reported earnings, and to determine the factors that influence the extent of earnings smoothing among African banks. Earnings smoothing via loan loss provision has been examined in several regions, but the case of Africa remain unexplored in the literature. In the thesis, earnings smoothing is viewed as an earnings management practice while loan loss provisions estimate is considered to be the tool used by African banks to smooth reported earnings. Using African bank data obtained from Bankscope database, I test the earnings smoothing hypothesis for 370 African banks during the 2002 to 2014 period using the specific-accrual approach. The specific-accrual approach estimates a specific discretionary accrual as a function of its non-discretionary determinants and other factors that influence the manipulation of the specific accrual. The model specification expresses discretionary loan loss provisions as a function of earnings before provisions and tax, its non-discretionary determinants and other factors that influence the decision regarding the level of bank provisions for each period. The findings indicate that African banks manipulate loan loss provisions estimates to smooth reported earnings and this behaviour is influenced by bank differences, accounting disclosure differences and institutional differences across African countries. The primary contribution to knowledge of the thesis is its extension of our understanding of the role of discretionary accruals in the bank financial reporting, focusing on African banks - a context that has not been extensively examined in the literature. Also, the thesis extends the bank earnings smoothing debate to the African context and the findings of this study are useful to bank regulators in Africa in their evaluation of whether bank loan loss provisions solely reflect credit risk considerations or whether bank loan loss provisions estimates reflect opportunistic considerations of African bank managers. Finally, the findings are useful to local accounting standard setters in the region in their evaluation of several accounting numbers that bank managers might use to manipulate reported earnings.
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Ourtani, Mahjouba. "En jämförande studie mellan islamiska banker, räntefria banker och andra banker." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Avdelningen för ekonomi, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-20228.
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Syftet med denna studie är att visa och jämföra hur olika banker genererar sina intäkter samt att redogöra för vilka skillnader det finns gällande bankernas syn på vinst. Dessutom kommer studien att undersöka olika faktorer för att jämföra bankernas skillnader med avseende på Affärsmodell. Därtill kommer studien att undersöka på vilket sätt bankerna genererar sin vinst och hur deras syn på vinst ser ut. Studien har genomförts genom en fallstudiemodell med flerfallsdesign där de olika fallen består av olika banker. Studien omfattar kvantitativ data och dess natur är generativ. De data som undersökts i studien består dels av bankernas årsredovisningar. Utöver detta har kontakter tagits med relevanta banker och intervjuer har utförts. Studiens empiriska data har analytiskt granskats mot tidigare forskning som funnits relevant tillsammans med vedertagna teorier. Studiens resultat har påvisat att det finns likheter och skillnader i hur de olika bankerna ser på sina intäkter och på det sätt de gör sin vinst. Alla banker har hög kostnadsandel för sin rörelseverksamhet som uppgår till 292.3% för Nordea, 433.1% för JAK medlemsbank och 703.7% för Kuveyt Türk. För samtliga banker visar studien att löne- och personalkostnader är den främsta anledningen. Islamiska banker gör ingen vinst på ränta men både Nordea och JAK medlemsbank redovisar en vinst på sin ränteverksamhet där kostnadsandelen för Nordea är 47.9% och för JAK medlemsbank 5.8%. Dessutom visade studien att både Kuveyt Türk och Nordea gör vinst på sin provisionsverksamhet. Studien har visat att Kuveyt Türks provisionsintäkter på 93.6% av bankens totala intäkter kommer från PLS-arrangemang som banken anordnar tillsammans med sparare och delar på den genererade vinsten på ett islamiskt acceptabelt sätt. Kooperativa bankers mål är inte att göra vinst men denna studie har påvisat att JAK medlemsbank trots sina kapitalreserver skapar vinst och där 76.8% av intäkterna kommer från ränteverksamhet. Studien har skapat nya frågeställningar som ytterligare kan utveckla forskningsområdet. En fråga som har dykt upp under studien är vilken effekt Riksbankens idag negativa reporänta, som har påverkan på bankernas räntor, får på konventionella bankers möjlighet att attrahera sparare. Kommer dess sparare att välja andra sparformer, som till exempel JAK medlemsbank eller islamiska banker den dag de startar i Sverige?
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Česonienė, Nomeda. "Pelno (nuostolių) ataskaitos informacijos formavimas ir jos tobulinimo galimybės." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2014. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2014~D_20140603_134632-18060.
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Magistro baigiamajame darbe išanalizuota ir įvertinta pelno (nuostolių) ataskaitos informacijos formavimas ir ataskaitos tobulinimo galimybės. Iškelta pelno (nuostolių) ataskaitos informatyvumo įvairiems jos vartotojams problema bei pateikti siūlymai, kaip šią problemą spręsti. Pirmoje dalyje išanalizuoti ir susisteminti įvairių Lietuvos ir užsienio autorių teoriniai pelno koncepcijos aspektai bei pelno ataskaitų reglamentavimas nacionaliniu ir tarptautiniu lygiu. Antroje dalyje atlikta pelno (nuostolių) ataskaitos informacijos pateikimo pagal nacionalinį ir tarptautinį reglamentavimą analizė, nustatyti vartotojai, kuriems yra aktuali pelno (nuostolių) ataskaita. Trečioje dalyje vertinamas pelno (nuostolių) ataskaitos tobulinimo būtinumas, ekspertinio vertinimo metodu nustatomi ataskaitos vartotojų poreikiai, lyginama pelno (nuostolių) ataskaitos informacija su nustatytais vartotojų poreikiais ir pateikiamas naujai sudarytas ataskaitos modelis.Final Master Thesis analyzes and assesses formation of profit (loss) statement information and possibilities for improvement of the statement. The issue of informativeness of the profit (loss) account to different users thereof is raised and solutions for solving such issue are presented. Theoretical aspects of the concept of profit by different Lithuanian and foreign authors as well as regulation of profit statements at national and international level are analyzed and systemized in the first chapter. The second chapter analyzes presentation of information in profit (loss) statement in accordance with national and international regulations, and identifies the users subject to the profit (loss) statement. Assessment of necessity for improvement of profit (loss) statement, determination of the needs of statement users using experimental assessment method, comparison of information in profit (loss) statement with the determined needs of the users and a new accounting model are provided in the third chapter.
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Chase, Bruce W. "An Empirical Investigation of a Choice of Accounting Method for Investments by Colleges and Universities: Positive Accounting Theory Applied in a Not-For-Profit Environment." VCU Scholars Compass, 1991. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/4409.
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The reasons why managers make certain accounting method choices have been explored by accounting researchers for some time. For over ten years, much of this research has been driven by positive accounting theory, which is based on the underlying assumption that managers act rationally to maximize their own personal wealth when making accounting method choices. This study is an initial attempt to extend positive accounting theory research to a not-for-profit setting; specifically, the choice of accounting method for endowment investments by colleges and universities is examined.
The three objectives of this study are: 1) to determine if the findings of previous research in positive accounting theory hold in the college and university industry, 2) to determine if other institutional characteristics are associated with the accounting method used for endowment investments, and 3) to provide information to policymakers regarding the accounting for long-term investment by not-for-profit organizations.
Data were obtained from 162 four-year colleges and universities. Two regression models were developed to explain the variation in the accounting method used for investments. The first model contained five variables related to positive accounting theory and the second model contained five variables related to other institutional characteristics.
The results of the first model indicate that the choice of accounting method for endowment investments is related to the factors suggested by positive accounting theory. Government regulations and bonus plan provisions factors were significant and of the expected sign. The political costs factor was also significant but not of the expected sign. The debt covenants factor was not significant.
The results of the second model indicate that the choice of accounting method for endowment investments is related to other institutional characteristics. Specifically, the model found that location, asset allocation in equity investments, and the institution's auditor had a statistically significant influence on the choice of accounting method.
The research indicates that there are systematic differences in the choice of accounting method for not-for-profit organizations similar to those explained by positive accounting theory for for-profit organizations. Additional institutional characteristics were also found to influence accounting choice, which warrant further research.
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Hsiung, Sanna. "The organizing and the balance between profession and profit in the Big Four accounting firms." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för ekonomistyrning och logistik (ELO), 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-31574.
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Title: The organizing and the balance between profession and profit in the Big Four accounting firms Introduction: Globalization has lead to a world with increasing similarities and a larger market where only efficient organizations survive why information is important for survival and success. Accounting firms fulfill an important role by securing information and contribute to the prosperity of society through an efficient market. But they differ both from non-PSF and among each other due to the need of managing the balance between profession and profit. The current research on accounting firms is limited and lacking. This thesis contributes to the current research by providing a new perspective to the existing research on accounting firms. Purpose: The purpose of this thesis is to understand how the Big Four accounting firms organize in order to manage the balance between profession and profit. Method: The thesis uses a qualitative research method in which data and information is collected from financial statements and websites that is compiled into multiple case studies on the Big Four accounting firms to give a detailed description of how they organize to manage the balance between profession and profit. Conclusions: The result demonstrates that there are similarities between how the Big Four accounting firms organize to manage the balance between profession and profit. The thesis moreover shows that there are connections between the factors of organizing (goal, environment, strategy and structure latter of which is divided in organizational structure, partnership, knowledge, reward system, informal and formal management processes and responsibility distribution) and the balance between profession and profit which indicates that the Big Four accounting firms considers the balance between profession and profit in the organizing for the survival and success in the market.
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El-Segini, Sabri. "The accounting for transfer pricing and profit shifting in multinational companies : the case of Egypt." Thesis, University of Warwick, 1992. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/2308/.
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There has been much discussion in the literature concerning the potential conflict over transfer pricing techniques used by MNCs to shift profits outside the borders of a host country. This happens whereby MNCs artificially lower their profits by manipulating transfer prices with their subsidiaries. They can achieve substantial benefits by adopting effective pricing policies. Careful planning of intra-company prices can take full advantages of differences among such things as corporation tax rates, tax incentives and reliefs and customs duties. The decade of the 1970s produced important economic changes in the Egyptian economy as a result of the economic open door policy. Since then Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) grew rapidly which reflects confidence in the Egyptian economy. Despite initiatives undertaken by the Egyptian government to attract greater inflows of FDI, greater efforts should be devoted to streamline and simplify the relevant administrative procedures of the government. Governmental policies and regulations could encourage multinationals to engage in transfer pricing manipulation more often in developing countries than in more developed countries. This is rarely due to the ignorance of the governments of developing countries to transfer pricing issues at the international level. Also, authorities concerned with the the issue are poorly equipped. The purpose of this study has been to investigate transfer pricing and profit shifting practices by MNCs doing business in Egypt. The case study approach has been used in the empirical work, including eleven companies. The investigation involved governmental authorities and an accounting firm that has an interest in the transfer pricing issue. The empirical study focused on factors influencing transfer pricing strategies which represent a motive to shift more profits from Egypt.
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Zainol, Zairani. "Profit/loss sharing and risk in the Islamic banking system with a special reference to Malaysia." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/25356.
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Although the concept of profit/loss sharing is generally considered the most appropriate form of Islamic contract, its application to the Islamic banking system has provoked some criticism. Islamic banks need to make a profit if they are to compete with conventional banks, which focus exclusively on profit maximization. The profit generated by Islamic banks would allow them to offer higher remuneration to their shareholders and depositors and to invest in product innovation and technology. This study explores various aspects of Islamic banking, especially its basis of the Shari’a. Te discussion includes a look at the history of banking, the development of financial intermediaries and the importance of Islamic banks in this role to cater for the needs of Muslims, and the basic principles of Islamic economics. To understand why Islamic banks do not operate fully according to the principles of profit/loss sharing, particularly in Malaysia, it is necessary to analyse the reasons for this situation. The main challenge to Islamic banking in modern society is risk. Unlike conventional banks, Islamic banks are constrained by the Shari’a prohibition of riba on investments and financing, so risk management is top priority. This thesis examines risk in detail: how its concept is viewed by scholars and financial organizations around the world and its management in practice with special reference to the financial systems in Malaysia, using Bank Islam (M) Berhad, its first Islamic bank, as a case study. Uing historical and modern evidence, the thesis analyses the possible means of managing risk in Islamic banking so that the Islamic banks comply with the Shari’a, yet to be fully competitive with their conventional counterparts.
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Gabrhelíková, Zdeňka. "Transformace IFRS do českých účetních standardů - některé problémy aplikované do podmínek vybrané fi." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta podnikatelská, 2007. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-221397.
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Diploma work inquires processing of financial statements according International Financial Reporting Standards IFRS and also according current legal adaptation of financial statements in Czech Republic. The work reveals crucial differences in financial reporting of concrete Small Enterprises Company. It demonstrates the influence of financial reporting on income. The work points out necessity of harmonization of national accounting standards with IFRS.
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Tuzarová, Simona. "Využití IFRS pro zdanění." Doctoral thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2017. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-358989.
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Tato práce popisuje rozdíly dvou systemů - účetnictví a korporátního zdanění a take mapuje současné vědění o vzájemné intenzitě mezi oběma disciplínami. Díky analýze vědeckých prací, které byly doposud napsány, lze říci, že najít ideální vztah mezi oběma veličinami je nemožné a optimální krajně složité. Vztah mezi účetnictvím a zdanění je v České republice řízen pomocí zákona o daních z příjmů. Díky evropské harmonizaci účetnictví přijaly kótované společnsoti IFRS, které ale pro zdanění nesmí být aplikovány. Hlavním cílem této práce je zhodnotit přijetí IFRS také pro zdanění. Pro naplnění tohoto cíle byly použity informace a data získané osobním pohovorem s dotčenými společnostmi. Výsledky výzkumu ukazují, že IFRS jsou použitelné pro zdanění a drtivou většinou respondentů by takový krok byl vítán.
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Godring, Björn, and Lisa Wåhlin. "Business Restructurings and Transfer Pricing in Germany and Sweden : The concepts of profit/loss potential and indemnification." Thesis, Jönköping University, JIBS, Commercial Law, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-7779.
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Business restructurings within multinational enterprises (MNEs) are regular occurrences. Such restructurings are often carried out in order to increase the MNE‟s competitiveness on the market by making the supply chain and management more efficient in order to ac-quire benefits due to economies of scale. There is a risk that such cross-border business re-structurings will transfer the profit/loss potential that is associated with the assets, risks and/or functions that are transferred, to low-tax jurisdictions in order to minimize the MNEs tax burden. Germany amended its tax act in order to prevent such profit potential from being transferred out of the country. This amendment came into effect on the 1st of January 2008. The OECD, which is the normative body on the international tax arena, re-leased a Discussion Draft for the public in September 2008 with the purpose to highlight the transfer pricing aspects of business restructurings and to serve as an interpretation of the application of the Transfer Pricing Guidelines on business restructurings. In this thesis, the concepts of profit/loss potential and indemnification, as they are pre-sented in the Discussion Draft, will be analyzed. The interpretation of the OECD will then be contrasted with the German and Swedish regulation of these concepts. The OECD defines a business restructuring as a transfer including a bundle of assets, risks and/or functions which are transferred across borders within a MNE. If this transfer in-volves the shift of profit/loss potential it shall be included in the valuation of the transfer price of the transactions. The profit/loss potential shall only be included if it can be identi-fied as belonging to a specific asset, risk or function of the bundle. In Swedish legislation there is only one rule which tax authorities can use in order to adjust the income of related parties. This regulation is not a specific rule for business restructurings as such but a gener-al rule for all transfer pricing matters. Sweden has traditionally followed the OECD guide-lines and the Swedish courts and tax authorities will most likely apply the guidance set out by the OECD on business restructurings as well.
Germany views a business restructuring as a transfer package which consist of assets, risks and/or functions which are transferred a cross borders within a MNE. The concept of business opportunities, i.e. the profit potential of the combined assets, risks and/or func-tions of the transfer package, shall be included in the valuation of the transfer package. In the valuation of the transfer package synergy effects for the MNE and location savings as a whole shall be included. This concept deviates from the view of the OECD. The OECD states that only local synergy effects and location savings shall be included in the valuation of the transfer package. The German approach leads to an inherent risk of overvaluation of the transfer package. The way of valuing the transfer package in Germany could lead to
taxation without realization, i.e. profits that would never have been or never could be rea-lized in Germany will be taxed. This contradicts the principle of realization. The OECD, in the Discussion Draft, gives an account for the possibilities for an indemni-fication for the transferor. A business restructuring can sometimes be compared with the breach of a contractual relationship. In such a situation, associated parties would be entitled to an indemnity if independent parties would be indemnified. Such an approach will be dif-ficult to apply in practice since indemnification is closely linked to nations national com-mercial legislation. The matter of indemnifying a party shall be decided on the merits of each case, and it can thereby be complicated to formulate a general regulation. The ques-tion regarding which authority shall be competent to govern such a matter must thereby al-so be resolved.
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Choi, Diana. "The Effect of Bank Audit Committee Financial Experts on Loan Loss Provision Timeliness." The Ohio State University, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1531825061474902.
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Navrátilová, Marie. "Reporting a controlling v nadnárodní společnosti." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2008. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-10533.
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The thesis on the topic of "Reporting and controlling in a multinational company" deals with the role reporting and controlling play in the decision-making of the company's management and in the evaluation of business performance. The aim is to describe the reporting and controlling methods as applied in practice of a multinational group of companies, to analyze the categories and the indicators used and to assess their information value with regards to the management decision-making process. Once the concept and function of reporting and controlling theoretically defined, the reporting process and its outcomes are described with the company Alcatel-Lucent as an example. Furthermore, the thesis focuses on the structure of a profit and loss statement as used for management purposes in Alcatel-Lucent and the content and information value of all P&L accounts. Finally, a few examples of reports provided on demand to the top management are presented.
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Turbide, Johanne. "Management accounting systems and the exercise of interpersonal power in organizations : observations from an 'accounting free' zone : the case of not-for-profit performing arts organisations." Thesis, University of Warwick, 1997. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/36335/.
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This thesis has two main concerns. First it attempts to shed new light on the ways in which alternative "critical" approaches have developed within management accounting research, over the past two decades, to challenge approaches which depict accounting in organizations as a rational, objective and value-free device. My literature review analyses the range of issues covered by the new approaches, and their boundaries, and suggests that, to date, the more significant contributions have taken place at the theoretical level, although an increasing amount of empirical research is coming through. My second and major objective is to contribute to the critical project in two ways: empirically, by undertaking a field study in an area where management accounting systems (hereafter MAS) are not necessarily accepted in a taken-for-granted way, the not-for-profit performing arts sector, and theoretically, by developing and validating, via this field study, a conceptual framework adapted from organization theory, which may help shed light on a theoretical issue which seems to have been somewhat overlooked, the reciprocal way in which individuals interact with MAS, as a problem .of power relations. The play of relations which I wish to scrutinize is best expressed in the following two questions: How do the actions of individuals affect the power of MAS? How does the power of MAS affect the actions of individuals? Methodologically, the conceptual framework is designed to enable me to analyse action in terms of the interactions between "individuals", "concrete systems of action" and the social, economic and cultural "environment". I aim to identify the relative influence on power relations of MAS, when compared with other "concrete systems of action", bearing in mind three types of constraint: those arising in the "immediate" environment, and others deriving from the "politicaleconomic" and "cultural-aesthetic" environments. My objective is to examine the extent to which MAS are appropriated as a resource by individuals in search of, or in the exercise of, power within not-for-profit based theatres. I have undertaken comparative field research in two countries, in order to see what regularities and differences there may be within and between countries. Data were gathered through direct observation and interviews, plus written documentation from two theatres in Montreal, Canada, and two in the English Midlands. Given the qualitative nature of my research, and in order to maintain a formal separation of observations and interpretation, I first present the detail of my findings using a simple narrative format, before presenting the interpretation based on my conceptual framework. My findings suggest that, even though many organizational actors still perceive an incompatibility between MAS and artistic objectives, artistic activity is heavily shaped by accounting-related activities, across all departments, in all theatres. Accounting discourse in general, and the MAS in particular, does affect actions and represents an indispensable resource in negotiations with outside actors, e.g. sponsors, funding bodies, formal Boards. At the same time, my comparative data suggest that an MAS which is structured to allow individuals to participate actively and positively in day-to-day accounting work will be more positively perceived by managers, even in a not-for-profit, performing arts contexts, as a helpful and constructive means of reconciling the aesthetic and economic objectives which are required for their organization's survival and success.
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Noibi, Mansur Adetokunbo. "Banking regulation in Nigeria : a case study for the regulation of interest-free profit and loss sharing banking." Thesis, SOAS, University of London, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.412410.
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