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1
Bisht, Ishwari Singh, Jai Chand Rana, and Sudhir Pal Ahlawat. "The Future of Smallholder Farming in India: Some Sustainability Considerations." Sustainability 12, no. 9 (2020): 3751. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12093751.
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The biodiverse, predominantly crop-livestock mixed-farming in India is key to ensuring resilience to climate change and sustainability of smallholder farming agroecologies. Farmers traditionally grow diverse crops as polyculture, and agriculture is mainly organic/biodynamic with spirituality in food systems deeply ingrained. Job-driven out-migration of rural youths, the family labor force, and globalization of contemporary food choices under corporate industrial agriculture both adversely affect sustainability of traditional farming landscapes and compromise the nutrition and health of rural farming communities. Besides documenting information on general agri-food system policy inputs, our paper presents the results of an exploratory study of four crucial community-level initiatives conducted in four distinct agroecological landscapes of India, aimed at bringing sustainability to traditional farming and food systems. The driving force for fundamental change in agri-food system, and in society, is the question of sustainability. The organic and local food movements are but specific phases of the larger, more fundamental sustainable agri-food movement. While it is very critical to increase farmer livelihood, it is even more important to increase overall rural economy. It was found that four important interventions viz. linking organic agriculture to community-supported agriculture (CSA) initiatives; linking small-holder farming to school meal (MDM) programmes; enhanced market access and value chain development for local agricultural produce; and creation of employment opportunities at community level for rural youths and reducing over-dependence of rural population on agriculture as source of income can make traditional farming more profitable and sustainable. The transition to more sustainable methods of farming by selling the farm produce “locally” helps both consumers and farmers alike and is considered a future strength of smallholder Indian agriculture.
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Gupta, Anjali, Rahul Yadav, Ashish Nair, Abhijnan Chakraborty, Sayan Ranu, and Amitabha Bagchi. "FairFoody: Bringing In Fairness in Food Delivery." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 36, no. 11 (2022): 11900–11907. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v36i11.21447.
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Along with the rapid growth and rise to prominence of food delivery platforms, concerns have also risen about the terms of employment of the ``gig workers'' underpinning this growth. Our analysis on data derived from a real-world food delivery platform across three large cities from India show that there is significant inequality in the money delivery agents earn. In this paper, we formulate the problem of fair income distribution among agents while also ensuring timely food delivery. We establish that the problem is not only NP-hard but also inapproximable in polynomial time. We overcome this computational bottleneck through a novel matching algorithm called FairFoody. Extensive experiments over real-world food delivery datasets show FairFoody imparts up to 10 times improvement in equitable income distribution when compared to baseline strategies, while also ensuring minimal impact on customer experience.
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Ratuela, Celvin Friskie, Mauna Th B. Maramis, and Dennij Mandeij. "Analysis of the Influence of the Tourism Sector on Original Regional Income (PAD) in Minahasa Regency for the 2008-2022 Period." Formosa Journal of Applied Sciences 3, no. 2 (2024): 713–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.55927/fjas.v3i2.8218.
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Objective: To find out how many hotels, restaurants and returning visitors contribute to the regional income of Minahasa Regency in 2008–2022 is the aim of this research. The Minahasa Regency Tourism and Culture Office and the Central Statistics Agency provided time series data which is a type of secondary data used in this research. One type of analysis method is multiple linear regression analysis. Research findings show that the initial regional income of Minahasa Regency is greatly influenced and profitable by the number of visitors. In Minahasa Regency, the number of hotels has a negative and very large impact compared to local revenue. In Minahasa Regency, the amount of income in the area is influenced significantly and profitably by restaurants. During 2008–2022, the large number of hotels, restaurants and tourists had a major impact on the local economy in Minahasa Regency.
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Chambers, David, Christophe Spaenjers, and Eva Steiner. "The Rate of Return on Real Estate: Long-Run Micro-Level Evidence." Review of Financial Studies 34, no. 8 (2021): 3572–607. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/rfs/hhab028.
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Abstract Real estate—housing in particular—is a less profitable investment in the long run than previously thought. We hand-collect property-level financial data for the institutional real estate portfolios of four large Oxbridge colleges over the period 1901–1983. Gross income yields initially fluctuate around 5%, but then trend downward (upward) for agricultural and residential (commercial) real estate. Long-term real income growth rates are close to zero for all property types. Our findings imply annualized real total returns, net of costs, ranging from approximately 2.3% for residential to 4.5% for agricultural real estate.
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Anderson, Anders, Howard Jones, and José Vicente Martinez. "Measuring the Added Value of Stock Recommendations." Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis 55, no. 6 (2019): 1915–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022109019000413.
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Using data from the Stockholm Stock Exchange (SSE), we study the value added by (as distinct from the abnormal returns to) analysts’ recommendations. Recommending brokers’ clients trade profitably around positive recommendations at the expense of other brokers’ clients. Significant profits come from transactions before recommendation dates. Value added is greatest for upgrades to large caps, and largely insignificant for downgrades and recommendations of small caps, despite high abnormal returns. Brokers making profitable recommendations generate abnormally high commission income, recouping much of their clients’ abnormal profits, and their abnormal commission income varies in line with the abnormal profits for their clients.
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Ghimire, Pranish, Milan Bhattarai, Prabhat K.C., Lakshya Deep Devkota, and Pratik Gurung. "Maximizing Profits and Resource Efficiency in Large Cardamom Farming: Insights from Lamjung, Nepal." Asian Journal of Economics, Business and Accounting 25, no. 3 (2025): 349–56. https://doi.org/10.9734/ajeba/2025/v25i31715.
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Large cardamom is a highly valued cash crop among the farmers in hilly areas of Nepal. Considering the research gap in optimum resource utilization, and trend for resource use among the producers, the study aimed to assess the resource use efficiency of large cardamom production. The study was conducted among of 91 large cardamom growers in the Lamjung district using a simple random sampling method. Cost-return analysis, Cobb-Douglas production function, and the marginal value product-marginal factor cost (MVP-MFC) approach were used to estimate the profitability and resource use efficiency of large cardamom in the study area. Results revealed the profitable business of large cardamom with a benefit-cost ratio of 1.32. The return to scale value was estimated at 1.103, indicating increasing returns to scale. Labor and saplings were found to have significant effects on the gross income of large cardamom production. Resource use efficiency analysis showed labor, manure, and plant protection chemicals were underutilized, while saplings and fixed resources were overutilized. Aligning the current resource utilization practices with optimal levels of resource utilization, the development of basic infrastructures like irrigation, market information systems, and policy efforts on enhancing the scheme of crop insurance is recommended for profitable large cardamom production.
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Nurlette, Hartono. "Business Economic Feasibility and Fishermen Bagan Perahu (Lift Net) in Pelita Jaya Bay of Maluku Province." Jurnal Perikanan dan Kelautan 27, no. 2 (2022): 201. http://dx.doi.org/10.31258/jpk.27.2.201-208.
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Bagan Perahu (Lift Net) is a fishing business that requires a large investment value. The income of this business is uncertain because it relies heavily on catches and the fish season. The risk of uncertainty will affect business income and fishermen's income. This study aims to analyze the economic feasibility of fisheries and fishermen's businesses in Pelita Jaya Bay West Seram Regency, Maluku. The method used in this study is a survey. The results showed that the business carried out is still very profitable, seen from the business income earned by the owner, which is Rp68,548,000/year. Financial analysis shows the value of NPV over the next ten years amounting to Rp241,568,753; the value of IRR is still above the current bank interest rate of 42.98% and the net value of B/C>1, which is 2.58. The average monthly fishermen's income amounted to Rp1,288,311, and the existing income is still far below the UMR of Maluku Province. This is certainly not economically viable
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Bornás Huerta, Rafael V. "CARIBBEAN VENEER COMPANY." Cuadernos de difusión, no. 3 (April 30, 1993): 95–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.46631/jefas.1993.n3.06.
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Case study of a small company founded in 1987 by «amateur" entrepreneurs who entrusted their management to operational executives used to «command done» without considering the importance of a plan and without basic technical information. The objective is to apply operational research to a production process of a company seeking to establish a level of input-process-product combination that maximizes the company's income or profit and /or minimizes its operating costs. Simple and easily interpreted mathematical models are used. The case claims the importance of guiding the production manager towards basic analytical information that allows him to identify the current state of the company and its resources in order to make technically feasible and economically profitable decisions. It shows that the application of the operational investigation does not imply the modification of the installed capacity of the company; on the contrary, their solutions correct the greater or lesser use of that capacity, bringing the input-output relationship closer to the maximum usable, which implies greater profits.
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Dr., Mukund N. Haladkar. "A Critical Analysis on Need of Professional Management in Entrepreneurship Development in India." International Journal of Advance and Applied Research 10, no. 6 (2023): 136–39. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8318575.
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Promotes economic development and creates new jobs. Encourages innovation by bringing new ideas, products and services to market. Contributes to social change by developing products or services that reduce people's dependence on outdated technologies. Entrepreneurship development provides people with incentives and business skills that help them establish a successful enterprise. It is all about building a business from scratch by developing new ideas and turning them into profitable businesses. With an entrepreneurial management plan, you can decide where to spend your resources before you commit. This ensures that you are using all your available resources and using them in the best way possible. Good management makes difficult work easier by avoiding wastage of scarce resources. It improves the standard of living. This increases the profit which is beneficial to the business and the society will get maximum production at minimum cost and create employment opportunities which will generate income in hand.
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van der Meer, P. J., H. Tata, D. Rachmanadi, Y. F. Arifin, A. Suwarno, and P. van Arensbergen. "Developing sustainable and profitable solutions for peatland restoration." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 914, no. 1 (2021): 012032. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/914/1/012032.
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Abstract Over the past decades, a large area of peat swamp forests in Indonesia has been cleared of the original forest cover and developed as agricultural lands. Several important issues are associated with the clearing and drainage of peat forest areas, including loss of biodiversity, increased emission of Green House Gases (GHGs), and smoke/haze pollution. Moreover, the development of large-scale oil palm plantations did not always improve local livelihoods. We describe how the restoration of degraded peat areas through paludiculture and inclusive value chains development could result in sustainable livelihoods and climate-resilient peat areas in Indonesia. We illustrate this by describing business cases of seven valuable native peat swamp forest species which could provide income for local forest communities. An analysis of the sago value chain shows that sago cultivation has a positive contribution in providing economic benefits to all actors, including local farmers, although improvements could be made for better value sharing. Paludiculture has important environmental benefits in comparison to existing drainage-based peat cultivation systems. The combination of environmental and economic benefits is an important incentive to develop the paludiculture system further to improve current peat management systems and assist further peat restoration in Indonesia. The development and implementation of paludiculture systems, particularly species selection, should have more community participation to ensure the sustainable restoration of degraded peat areas.
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Irwandi, Redy Badrudin, and Melly Suryanty. "ANALISIS PENDAPATAN DAN EFISIENSI USAHA PEMBESARAN IKAN NILA (Oreochromis Niloticus) DI DESA MEKAR MULYA KECAMATAN PENARIK KABUPATEN MUKOMUKO." Jurnal AGRISEP 3, no. 2 (2015): 237–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.31186/jagrisep.14.2.237-253.
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This research aims to understand the Income and the Efficiency of tilapia farming ( Oreochromis niloticus ) in Desa Mekar Mulya Kecamatan Penarik Kabupaten Mukomuko. Respondents in this research is determinated by using the method the census. Respondents taken is 24 farmers enlargement tilapia. The collection of data used data on primary and secondary data. The analysis method uses profitability and R / C ratio. The result showed large operating income enlargement tilapia in the village of Mekar Mulya Subdistrict Penarik District Mukomuko get the average income received by farmers tilapia as much as Rp.9.652.038,62 per season stocking or Rp.48.535,38 per square meters. Eatimated R / C ratio is 1,25 meaning that the actual enlargement of the tilapia of in the village of Mekar Mulya Subdistrict Penarik District Mukomuko is Profitable and efficient. Keywords: tilapia, provitability, efficiency
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Putri, Afrina, Darwis Darwis, and Chicka Willy Yanti. "Analysis of Productivity and Income of Floating Net Cage Businesses in the Koto Panjang Hydroelectric Reservoir, Riau." Jurnal Perikanan dan Kelautan 30, no. 2 (2025): 188–93. https://doi.org/10.31258/jpk.30.2.188-193.
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The development of fish farming in floating net cages (KJA) in the Koto Panjang Hydroelectric Power Plant Reservoir is a strategic alternative to overcome the limitations of capture fisheries production. This study aims to analyze the productivity and income of KJA businesses based on business scale (small, medium, and large). The study was conducted from September to August 2024 at the Koto Panjang Hydroelectric Power Plant Reservoir, Riau Province. The research method involved a survey with primary data collection through interviews using questionnaires and secondary data from supporting literature. Data analysis included total productivity, gross income, net profit, production costs, and the income-to-cost ratio (R/C). The study results indicate that business productivity increases with scale, with an R/C ratio of 1.52 for small-scale businesses, 1.68 for medium-scale businesses, and 1.73 for large-scale businesses. Business income and profits also show significant increases at larger business scales. The average profit per period for small-scale businesses was IDR 331,771,000, for medium-scale businesses IDR 1,341,124,000, and for large-scale businesses IDR 6,472,092,000. An R/C ratio greater than one indicates that all scales of KJA businesses at the Koto Panjang PLTA Reservoir are economically profitable. This study recommends increasing the utilization of water resources and information technology to enhance efficiency and increase the income of fish farmers
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Yuliana, Vivi Ayu, Fembriarti Erry Prasmatiwi, and Muhammad Irfan Affandi. "KELAYAKAN FINANSIAL DAN PENDAPATAN USAHA BUDIDAYA IKAN PATIN STUDI KASUS DI CV XYZ KECAMATAN BUMI RATU NUBAN KABUPATEN LAMPUNG TENGAH." Jurnal Ilmu-Ilmu Agribisnis 9, no. 2 (2021): 146. http://dx.doi.org/10.23960/jiia.v9i1.4979.
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Patin fish culture requires a large amount in terms of cost in its implementation. This study aims to analyze business performance financial, production, and marketing aspects. The research method used is a case study in CV XYZ in Central Lampung District conducted in May-June 2019. Measurement of business performance from a financial aspect uses NPV, IRR, Net B / C, Gross B / C, and Payback Period with 12% interest rate. Measurement of business performance from the aspect of production uses the calculation of productivity and income during season one and season two. The study concludes that the patin fish culture business per 1,000 m2 was profitable to run, seen from the IRR value at 13.06%, NPV at 22,671,483.98, Net B/C at 1.05, Gross B/C at 1.01, and Payback Period at 7.67. The patin fish culture business from the aspect of production has been profitable based on the productivity obtained, namely per pond of 1.000 kg in season one and 750 kg in season two, per hectare at 50,000 kg in season one and 37,500 kg in season two.Key words: financial, income, patin fish
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Patriquin, Mike N., John R. Parkins, and Richard C. Stedman. "Bringing home the bacon: Industry, employment, and income in boreal Canada." Forestry Chronicle 85, no. 1 (2009): 65–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc85065-1.
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Questions about the contribution of forestry to the socio-economic status of Canadian boreal communities have risen to the fore as debates have emerged about extending areas of protection in the region. Our previous research showed that boreal communities tend to be worse off socio-economically than other Canadian rural communities, and that labour income from the forest industry is relatively small. Because boreal development and protection initiatives are likely to be province-specific, this paper uses 2001 Statistics Canada data to examine the socio-economic status of boreal communities and the relationship between forest dependence and status—by province. We find a generally positive relationship between forest sector employment and employment income across the boreal region, but no such positive relationship between forest employment and unemployment rates, suggesting that the particular indicator chosen to represent wellbeing is a crucial consideration. Further, we see a great deal of inter-provincial variation in the relative importance of resource industries, suggesting the utility of province-specific and joint national initiatives. Finally, although the forest sector looms large in the collective psyche of the boreal region, we find diversified employment: other sectors (i.e., energy, agriculture, and hospitality) make a significant contribution to the economy of boreal communities. Key words: community status, well-being, forest dependence, forest policy, triad land management, boreal forest
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Osarenren, C. O., J. O. Ejuetueyin, and K. I. Eweka. "Socio-economic characteristics of registered cocoa farmers in Edo State, Nigeria." Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management 20, no. 2 (2016): 261–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jasem.v20i2.5.
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This study examined the socio-economic characteristics of registered cocoa farmers in Edo State; Nigeria. Primary data was collected using a well structured questionnaire administered to 180 registered cocoa farmers selected using a multi-stage sampling technique. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and budgetary technique. Results showed that 88.9% of cocoa farmers were male with a mean range of 46 years with 75% being married and 88.8% having formal education. The budgetary technique was used to determine the profitability of cocoa production, which was found to be profitable in the study area at a gross margin of N66, 350, Net Farm Income of N59, 200, and net return on investment of N 1.11.The Benefit Cost Ratio and Expense Structure Ratio of 2.11 and 0.12 respectively indicated that cocoa production was economically profitable and viable since the BCR is greater than 1 and the Gross Ratio (GR) of cocoa production is 0.47. From these profitability ratios, it shows that cocoa production is a profitable business in the study area. Inadequate finance to operate on large scale was found to be the major constraint to the cocoa farmers in the study area. The study concludes that cocoa production is profitable and was recommended that production could be improved and sustained through provision of soft loans to the farmers.Keywords: socio-economics, characteristics, registered cocoa farmers
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Mumu, Waraney Fichrates, Gene H. M. Kapantow, and Jelly Ribka Danaly Lumingkewas. "Analisis Pendapatan Usahatani Cabai Rawit Di Desa Tambelang Kecamatan Maesaan Kabupaten Minahasa Selatan." AGRI-SOSIOEKONOMI 19, no. 1 (2023): 433–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.35791/agrsosek.v19i1.46438.
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This study aims to analyze the income of cayenne pepper farming in Tambelang Village, Maesaan District, South Minahasa Regency. This research was conducted for 2 months, from August to September 2022. The data collection method used in this research is the documentation method, which is a method that aims to obtain data related to research variables through various sources of literature and institutions. The data analysis method used in this study is to use descriptive analysis. The data used are primary data and secondary data. Primary data were obtained from direct interviews with cayenne pepper farming owners in the research destination villages. Secondary data was obtained through documentation of data that has been published by various agencies and literature related to this study. The results showed that the income of cayenne pepper farming in Tambelang Village, Maesaan District was very profitable with an income of Rp. 17,531,094 / planting season and if it is calculated per month, it is found that the average income per month has a very large income.
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Kamran, Muhammad. "A Probabilistic Stochastic Income Distribution Model of Coal Mining Industry." JEBA (Journal of Economics and Business Aseanomics) 6, no. 1 (2021): 30–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.33476/j.e.b.a.v6i1.1924.
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Coal mining is a profitable enterprise. It creates job opportunities, generates revenue, and attract the foreign investment of a country. However, coal mining faces some challenges. To address the allocation of capital related to coal mining, an approach has been made to improve the impact of coal mining industry on the economy of one of Indonesia most important coal producing region, south Kalimantan. A total of seven households of large-scale and small-scale mining are analyzed in the study. Various copula-based prediction probability models were established, and the exponential distribution function of household income distribution was obtained with maximum range by utilizing the application of Monte Carlo simulation. Moreover, this research spells out the importance of income distribution of various household dynamics which will help the policy maker in economic analysis and financial decisions related to various household categories
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Suleiman, N. J., Mani, J. R., Hudu, M. I., Baba, D., and Yusuf, M. "COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS OF TOMATO PRODUCTION AMONG SMALL-SCALE FARMERS IN KANO RIVER IRRIGATION PROJECT AREA OF KANO STATE, NIGERIA." Journal of Agripreneurship and Sustainable Development 2, no. 1 (2019): 39–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.59331/jasd.v2i1.48.
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This study was aimed on analysis of tomato production in Kano State of Nigeria, with specific objectives of finding the profitability of tomato production among small, medium and large scale farmers in the study area. A total of 60 tomato growers were sampled study area through application of stratified and random techniques in an appropriate statistical procedure. Well-structured questionnaires were used for the data collection. Farm budgeting and cost concept techniques as used in India were used to analyze the primary data. The study reveals an average Net Income generated for tomato production in the study area as N779,168/ha. A sample average Benefit Cost Ratio (BCR) for the different farm groups in the study areas was revealed as; 1:3.6. The study indicated that, tomato production and marketing is highly profitable in the study area. It can be concluded that tomato production is profitable at all small, medium and large scale of production in the study area. It was therefore, recommends that the farmers should continuously create efficiency of resource use, which is, avoiding wastages so as to sustainably make more margins in the study area.
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BEHERA, U. K., C. M. YATES, E. KEBREAB, and J. FRANCE. "Farming systems methodology for efficient resource management at the farm level: a review from an Indian perspective." Journal of Agricultural Science 146, no. 5 (2008): 493–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859608007995.
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SUMMARYFarming systems research is a multi-disciplinary holistic approach to solve the problems of small farms. Small and marginal farmers are the core of the Indian rural economy constituting 0·80 of the total farming community but possessing only 0·36 of the total operational land. The declining trend of per capita land availability poses a serious challenge to the sustainability and profitability of farming. Under such conditions, it is appropriate to integrate land-based enterprises such as dairy, fishery, poultry, duckery, apiary, field and horticultural cropping within the farm, with the objective of generating adequate income and employment for these small and marginal farmers under a set of farm constraints and varying levels of resource availability and opportunity. The integration of different farm enterprises can be achieved with the help of a linear programming model. For the current review, integrated farming systems models were developed, by way of illustration, for the marginal, small, medium and large farms of eastern India using linear programming. Risk analyses were carried out for different levels of income and enterprise combinations. The fishery enterprise was shown to be less risk-prone whereas the crop enterprise involved greater risk. In general, the degree of risk increased with the increasing level of income. With increase in farm income and risk level, the resource use efficiency increased. Medium and large farms proved to be more profitable than small and marginal farms with higher level of resource use efficiency and return per Indian rupee (Rs) invested. Among the different enterprises of integrated farming systems, a chain of interaction and resource flow was observed. In order to make farming profitable and improve resource use efficiency at the farm level, the synergy among interacting components of farming systems should be exploited. In the process of technology generation, transfer and other developmental efforts at the farm level (contrary to the discipline and commodity-based approaches which have a tendency to be piecemeal and in isolation), it is desirable to place a whole-farm scenario before the farmers to enhance their farm income, thereby motivating them towards more efficient and sustainable farming.
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Marhawati, Marhawati. "Analisis Karakteristik dan Tingkat Pendapatan Usahatani Jeruk Pamelo Di Kabupaten Pangkep." JEKPEND: Jurnal Ekonomi dan Pendidikan 2, no. 2 (2019): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.26858/jekpend.v2i2.9969.
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This study aims to determine the characteristics of Pamelo orange farmers as well as the level of income and efficiency value of Pamelo orange farming in Ma'rang District, Pangkep Regency. The sampling method used was random sampling (random) with a total of 124 farmers. The method of data collection is done by observation, interview and documentation. The data analysis technique used to calculate the income and the efficiency level of the siam farming uses the R/C Ratio analysis tool. The results showed that the Pamelo orange farming was feasible and profitable to be cultivated at all business scales. For a small scale business with an area of less than 0.5 hectares gives 1.99 times the cost of production incurred, a medium scale business with an area of 0.5 hectare to 1 hectare gives an income of 2.05 of the production costs incurred and the scale large businesses with more than one hectare of land give 2.37 of the production costs incurred
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Pendong, Lina Tini, Oktavianus ,. Porajouw, and Lyndon R. J. Pangemanan. "ANALISIS USAHATANI LABU KUNING DI DESA SINGSINGON RAYA, KECAMATAN PASSI TIMUR, KABUPATEN BOLAANG-MONGONDOW." AGRI-SOSIOEKONOMI 13, no. 2 (2017): 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.35791/agrsosek.13.2.2017.16542.
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This study aims to analyze the cost and income of pumpkin farming in Singsingon Raya Village, East Passi District. The study was conducted from January to February 2017. The data used were primary and secondary data. Primary data through interviews using questionnaires to 15 respondents and secondary data obtained from Singsingon Raya Village Office. This analysis uses descriptive analysis. The results showed that the cost used for the largest pumpkin laboratory is labor cost and transportation cost of 87.28 %. In the marketing of pumpkin, farmers get large enough revenue so that farmers earn substantial income. The results can be seen from the total average production cost of Rp 4,012,238.00 / Ha with average revenue of Rp 21,159,420.00 / Ha of farmers earning income of Rp 17,147,182.00 / Ha. Analysis of return cost ratio get value > 1 so that pumpkin profitable for farmers and break even point analysis results showed that pumpkin farming is at break even point.
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Alda Eliya, Nasirwan Nasirwan, Syahrina Zahara, and Tiffany Aprilia. "Analisis Sistem Agribisnis Nira Aren di Desa Sei Jernih, Kecamatan Percut Sei Tuan, Kabupaten Deli Serdang." Profit: Jurnal Manajemen, Bisnis dan Akuntansi 3, no. 3 (2024): 120–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.58192/profit.v3i3.2253.
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In Indonesia, sugar palm plants have high economic potential and are widespread in various regions, especially humid areas. The aim of this research is to determine the income of the palm sap management business in Sei Jernih village, Deli Serdang Regency. The research method used is field research with primary and secondary data collection. The research results show that the sap processing business in Sei Jernih Village generates quite a large income and the income cost ratio (R/C) shows that the business is feasible and profitable. Marketing is carried out through two channels: directly from farmers to consumers and through retailers/agents. The conclusion of this research is that the palm sap processing site in Sei Jernih village has good economic potential and is worthy of further management. This includes increased productivity, further training and education, and efficient business management. By implementing this proposal, it is hoped that the palm palm sap processing business can develop and provide further benefits to farmers and local communities.
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Ahmad, Sareer, Muhammad Naeem Akram Abbasi, and Anayat Ullah. "Is the Tobacco Production Profitable in District Swabi: An Empirical Analysis." Human Nature Journal of Social Sciences 3, no. 3 (2022): 1–11. https://doi.org/10.71016/hnjss/1setge52.
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Tobacco is the country’s most valuable cash crop, contributing for a large portion of the country's agricultural output. This study intends to observe to evaluate the cost and benefit of the tobacco production in Swabi district, KP, Pakistan. During 2018-19 academic year, data was collected from three villages in Sikandari, Dagi, and Lahor using a random sampling technique. The total number of samples for analysis was 100. To estimate tobacco production, cost, and profitability, the Cobb-Douglas production function was employed. The total average Cost of per acre tobacco production was Rs. 151370while total revenue per acre was Rs. 457600. It was found that the average marketing costs were Rs. 82360 per acre, fertilizer costs were Rs. 12000 per acre, nursery costs were Rs. 4110 per acre, land rent was Rs. 37000 per acre, land preparation was Rs. 4000 per acre, irrigation costs were Rs. 3200 per acre and cultural costs were Rs. 6000 per acre. In the period of analysis, the average net income (net profit) from tobacco was Rs. 306230 per acre and the gross income was Rs. 343230 per acre. It is recommended that if the farmers use quality seeds, the latest technology, usage of chemical fertilizers, irrigation, insecticides, and weeding the tobacco profitability will be increased and a handsome contribution in our GDP. It is also be noted that in the research area, inputs such as marketing costs and land rent are quite expensive; therefore, the government may compensate farmers by lowering the prices of inputs such as fuel wood, rent, fertiliser, pesticides, and so on.
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Farianto, Aris, Tuti Karyani, and Lucyana Trimo. "Komparasi Pendapatan Usahatani Bawang Merah Berdasarkan Sumber Pembiayaan di Kabupaten Nganjuk." Jurnal Agribisnis Indonesia 9, no. 2 (2021): 88–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/jai.2021.9.2.88-104.
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Shallots in Indonesian society as a complement to spices in cooking, are also needed as raw material for the fried onion industry and have many benefits of high economic value. Shallot consumption has risen year after year, resulting in a rise in shallot commodity development. The scale of onion farming variety from small to large scale; it demands a significant amount of capital gets started. One of the most essential aspects of initiatives to promote a shallot commodity, which is intended to boost farmers' income, is the availability of funding. The purpose of this study was to determine the income between shallot farmers who access credit to formal and informal financial institutions. The research was conducted in Nganjuk Regency because it is one of the centres of shallots in East Java Province. The analysis in this research is analyzing farm income and examining the differences between farms that have access to formal and informal. The results showed that the income of shallot farming in Nganjuk Regency was very profitable and there was a difference between the income of shallot farming who accessed formal and informal financial institutions.
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Firdaus, Evan, and Lieta Chiayu Lestarie. "Implementation of corporate income tax accounting in an efffort to encourage corporate taxpayer compliance." Co-Creation : Jurnal Ilmiah Ekonomi Manajemen Akuntansi dan Bisnis 1, no. 1 (2022): 6–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.55904/cocreation.v1i1.577.
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This paper aims to describe the implementation of tax accounting for corporate income tax and efforts to encourage corporate taxpayer compliance at the West Java Dispenda Big Family Cooperative. The method used is a case study with a quantitative approach, and the data collection used interview technique and documentation. Based on the results of the writing, the West Java Dispenda Big Family Cooperative has far used Final Income Tax calculation rate of 0.5% for Corporate Income Tax. The author has made comparison of Cooperative PHU Report 2018 - 2020 which has been carried out fiscal reconciliation. With the results of the analysis, the rate is more profitable if you use the calculation rate based on PP Number 23 of 2018 concerning Income Tax with a final rate of 0.5% of Taxable Income. So far, KKBD West Java has never been Underpaid and has always been on time in paying its taxes and reporting Tax Returns. Because the West Java KKBD only uses Commercial Financial Statements, the tax fee is quite large, and must make Fiscal Financial Statements. It can be concluded that can be done in order to ease the tax burden by utilizing tax incentives provided by the government.
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T.M, Venter, Antwi M.A, and Oduniyi O.S. "The Right-Sized Cow for Emerging and Commercial Beef Farmers in Semi-Arid South Africa: Connecting Biological and Economic Efficiency." Asian Journal of Agriculture and Rural Development 11, no. 1 (2021): 79–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.18488/journal.ajard.2021.111.79.104.
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The study investigates the right size of cow in terms of both biological and economic efficiency under a typical production system in semi-arid South Africa. Cow size influences biological efficiency of individual animals, which influences herd composition and stock flow on a predetermined resource base. This in turn influences the economic efficiency of the herd. Individual cows were classified as either small, medium, or large and their individual biological efficiency determined. When similar reproduction and growth rates were assumed, large cows were the most biologically efficient, followed by medium and small cows. Income from the herd of small cattle was the lowest, as fewer kilograms of beef were available to sell. Allocated costs for the herd of small cattle were the highest, due to a large number of expenses being charged per head of cattle. Subsequently, when economic efficiency was calculated, the herd of large cattle was more profitable than its smaller counterparts. The herd of large and medium cattle would become less profitable than the herd of small cattle at lower reproduction rates, and these reproduction rates were calculated. Smaller cattle have a faster maturity rate than larger cattle. A faster maturity rate provides the opportunity for early breeding. The effect of limiting feed intake of small, medium, and large cattle was compared and yielded varying results. The study concluded that cattle size influences biological efficiency, biological efficiency influences economic efficiency however there are many more variables that influence biological and economic efficiency other than size, such as reproduction rates.
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Adityas, M. Rizky, Ali Ibrahim Hasyim, and Muhammad Irfan Affandi. "ANALISIS PENDAPATAN USAHATANI DAN PEMASARAN SAYURAN UNGGULAN DI KAWASAN AGROPOLITAN KABUPATEN TANGGAMUS." Jurnal Ilmu-Ilmu Agribisnis 6, no. 1 (2018): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.23960/jiia.v6i1.41-48.
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This study aims to analyze the benefits of vegetable farming and preparation of vegetable farming strategy development. The research was conducted in Agropolitan Area of Tanggamus Regency which was chosen purposively. The respondents were 48 farmers and 18 traders. The first objective is analyzed quantitatively using income analysis and R/C. The second objective is analyzed descriptively by using marketing analysis. The results showed that vegetable farming profit in Agropolitan Area of Tanggamus Regency is feasible and profitable with value of R/C > 1. Chili Vegetable is a superior commodity on the income level of farmers. The marketing system of the vegetable in agropolitan region in Tanggamus Dictritc was not efficient since the margin profit ratio in each marketing organization is not even, and the price difference in each marketing organization is too large. Key words : marketing, profit analysis and vegetable farming
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Lin, Jia, and Ed Vos. "Closely-held corporations participate less in corporate social reporting." Corporate Ownership and Control 4, no. 1 (2006): 160–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/cocv4i1c1p1.
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This study investigates the relationship between corporate social reporting (CSR) disclosures and firm characteristics (such as: financial performance and corporate structure) in 100 multinational companies that list on the main U.S. stock exchanges. By using content analysis method, it evaluates annual reports according to several criteria. The results show that the absolute measure of net income and firm size are significant predictors of CSR disclosures. This association does not hold for the relative measure of income and other variables. However, not surprisingly, closely-held shares percentage variable has a significant negative relationship with corporate social reporting. This reveals that closely-held corporations are expected to conceal more information from the public than others. In sum, the findings confirm that large firm and profitable firms are more likely to disclose their CSR practices, but less so when closely held
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Sari, Andi Rismayanti Fianda. "Kontribusi Usahatani Tembakau Terhadap Pendapatan Rumah Tangga di Desa Pongka Kecamatan Tellu Siattinge Kabupaten Bone." Cassowary 5, no. 2 (2022): 120–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.30862/casssowary.cs.v5.i2.192.
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This research was conducted in Pongka Village, Tellu Siattinge District, Bone Regency in 2020. This study aims to assess the income and contribution of tobacco farming to household income. The population in this study were all tobacco farmers in Pongka Village, Tellu Siattinge District. Tobacco farmers who will be used as respondents were determined by simple random sampling to determine the number of tobacco farmers used as respondents. The population of Tobacco Farmers in Pongka Village is 70 people, which is used as a sample in the study of 20% of the population, while the number of samples in this study is 14 respondents. While the method of analysis using the method of Income Analysis R/C Ratio and Contribution Percentage Analysis. The results of data analysis showed that the average income of respondents to tobacco farmers in tobacco farming in Pongka Village, Tellu Siattinge District, Bone Regency, was Rp. 12,645,000.00 which means profitable and value . The R/C Ratio is 3.55, which means it is feasible to be developed. The contribution of tobacco farming to household income is 34.11%, which means that the contribution of tobacco farming to household income is quite large. so that tobacco farming is very suitable to be developed in Pongka Village, Tellu Siattinge District, Bone Regency.
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Martins, Hyngrid Bhyannk Reis, Luiz Felipe De Oliveira Da Silva, and Thiago Tadeu De Amorim Carvalho. "A REGULARIZAÇÃO DAS APOSTAS ESPORTIVAS NO BRASIL:MEDIDAS PARA PROMOVER O JOGO RESPONSÁVEL." Revista ft 28, no. 140 (2024): 23–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.69849/revistaft/pa10202411281123.
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This work aims to investigate, identify, detail, and delve into the sports betting market in Brazil, with the intention of enhancing the understanding of how this sector operates, its capacity to generate income and employment, legal limitations, and other crucial points. Brazilians are increasingly influenced by sports betting, and this form of gambling is becoming more common in their daily lives. Media and social networks play an important role in bringing individuals closer to sports betting, ensuring more followers. The topic of sports betting has become a prominent issue in recent years, mainly due to its profitable business, reaching billions of reais in transactions. Understanding the interest of Brazilian society in diversifying their investments, progressively exploring new fixed and variable income markets, it is necessary to provide security for people who wish to deposit/invest their money in the betting sector. The arrival of Law 14.790/23 was the main milestone in the regulation of this sector, establishing clear guidelines for its operation. This study aims to present to society sports betting and the entire regulatory framework that has been developed to make this environment a safer and more attractive place. By presenting its data and potential for the country’s economy, the aim is to encourage the population to invest in this sector, which has been taking on indescribable proportions, is in constant expansion and acceptance, including by the government, which realizes that Brazil loses many resources by not regulating the sector and establishing its taxation.
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Kuratov, O. "Seasonal work of the Pechora Uyezd peasants in the early XX century." Proceedings of the Komi Science Centre of the Ural Division of the Russian Academy of Sciences, no. 10 (February 7, 2025): 33–37. https://doi.org/10.19110/1994-5655-2024-10-33-37.
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The paper considers some issues related to peasant seasonal work in the Pechora Uyezd of the Arkhangelsk Province at the beginning of the XX century, based on statistical materials of the Department of Agriculture and State Property. The general tendencies and peculiarities of seasonal work in the volosts of the Pechora Uyezd are revealed. The most profitable type of work was haulage, which was widespread in the most populated volost of the Uyezd - Ust-Tsilma, bringing the highest earnings among all other occupations. Data on the number of peasants of four volosts engaged in the most significant seasonal work and the gender ratio of those who left their villages for seasonal work are considered. The number of issued passports and short-term tickets was analyzed. Men who preferred semi-annual passports prevailed among the seasonal workers, while among women short-term tickets were more popular. The importance of income from the main seasonal work, as well as their “specific weight” in the overall structure of seasonal revenues of peasant households is shown. The conclusion is made about the significance of seasonal work in the economic life of the Uyezd population.
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Yolanda, Ivo, Suyanti Kasimin, Suyanti Kasimin, Mustafa Usman, and Mustafa Usman. "Analisis Pendapatan dan Faktor-faktor yang Mempengaruhi Pendapatan Nelayan Tradisional Di Desa Lamabada Lhok Kecamatan Baitussalam Kabupaten Aceh Besar." Jurnal Ilmiah Mahasiswa Pertanian 2, no. 3 (2017): 106–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.17969/jimfp.v2i3.4218.
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Abstrak -Nelayan tradisional adalah orang yang mata pencahariannya melakukan penangkapan ikan di laut untuk memenuhi kebutuhan hidup sehari-hari dengan menggunakan kapal berukuran paling besar 5 GT (Gross Ton). Nelayan tradisional tidak semuanya memiliki alat tangkap, nelayan yang demikian harus bekerja pada orang lain yang membutuhkan tenaganya. Sistem bagi hasil yang dilakukan para pemilik kapal cenderung kurang menguntungkan nelayan tradisional yang berada di Desa Lambada Lhok Kecamatan Baitussalam Kabupaten Aceh Besar. Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi pendapatan nelayan tradisional yaitu pengalaman, umur, pendidikan, jumlah tanggungan dan biaya operasional. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui usaha nelayan tradisional dapat memberikan pendapatan yang layak atau tidak bagi nelayan tradisional dan mengetahui faktor-faktor tingkat pendapatan nelayan tradisional. Metode analisis yang digunakan adalah analisis pendapatan dan analisis regresi linear berganda. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pendapatan nelayan tradisional sebesar Rp. 1.335.905/bulan. Hasil R/C sebesar 1,67 menunjukkan bahwa pendapatan nelayan tradisonal menguntungkan. Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi pendapatan yaitu jumlah tanggungan, umur, pendidikan, pengalaman dan biaya operasional berpengaruh signifikan terhadap pendapatan nelayan tradisional.Analysis of Income and The Factors That Affect The Income Of Traditional Fishermen In The Village Lambada Lhok The District Baitussalam Of Aceh BesarAbstract - Small fishermen are people whose livelihood is fishing in the sea to meet the needs of everyday life by using large-sized ships least 5 GT (Gross Tonnes). Fishermen traditional not all have fishing gear, fishermen should work with others people who need strength. Profit-sharing system made by ship owners tend to be less profitable traditional fishermen in the village of Lambada Lhok, Aceh Besar District Subdistrict Baitussalam. Factors that affect the income of the traditional fishermen are experience, age, education, number of dependents and operational costs. The study aims to know the bussiness of traditional fishermen can provide decent income or not for traditional fishermen and factors of income level the traditional fishermen. The method of analysis used is the analysis of income and the analysis of the regression of the linear risks. The results showed that the income of the traditional fishermen Rp. 1,335,905 / month. The results of the R / C of 1.67 indicates that the income of traditional fishermen profitable. Factors that affect the income of which is the number of dependents, age, education, experience and operational costs significantly influence the traditional fishermen income.
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Anyaegbu, C. N., U. C. Ibekwe, M. A. C. A. Odii, et al. "Analysis of net farm income and non-farm income of broiler farmers across different scale of production in Imo State, Nigeria." Journal of Agriculture and Food Sciences 18, no. 2 (2021): 98–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jafs.v18i2.7.
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This study analyzed net farm income and non-farm income of broiler farmers across different scale of production in Imo State, Nigeria. Capital accumulation for reinvestment and expansion remains a challenge among broiler farmers in the study area. A multi-stage sampling technique was adopted, and a total of 9 LGAs were purposively selected from the 3 zones (Orlu, Owerri and Okigwe zone). Stratified random sampling was used in selecting 26 small-scale and 9 medium-scale farmers from Owerri Agricultural zone for the study. In Orlu, 15 small-scale, 15 medium-scale and 6 large-scale of broiler farmers were selected, while 15 small-scale, 11 medium-scale and 3 large-scale broiler farmers were selected from Okigwe Zone. This gave a total of 113 broiler farmers selected from the chosen LGA's in the state. Out of 113 broiler farmers selected only a total of 100 responses were found useful for the study. Descriptive statistics, profitability ratio and net income model tools were employed for analyses in this study. The profitability result revealed that the large-scale broiler production has the highest return on naira used with 174% followed by medium-scale production with 47% return on naira used and the least was small-scale production with 33% return on naira expended. The result reveals that broiler farming in the study area is profitable and has the ability to offset its own cost, and still generate substantial return on naira used from every additional N1 spent no matter the scale of operation. The study also shows that net farm income of broiler farmers (N7,690,429.50 for small-scale, N 17,615,997.00 for medium-scale and N 142,674,200.00 for large-scale) is significantly greater than their non-farm income irrespective of scale ofoperation. In an attempt to raise the net-income of broiler farmers vis-a-vis more capital to scale-up broiler production, small and medium-scale operators are encouraged to diversify their productions with other livestock enterprises like layer production enterprise, turkey production enterprise and goat production enterprise.
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Guyalo, Amanuel Kussia, Esubalew Abate Alemu, and Degefa Tolossa Degaga. "Employment effect of large-scale agricultural investment on women empowerment in Gambella Region, Ethiopia." International Journal of Social Economics 49, no. 4 (2022): 612–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijse-08-2021-0448.
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PurposeDespite intense debates about the outcomes of large-scale agricultural investment in developing countries, gender issues and employment effects of such investment on women empowerment are very thin in the literature. The main purpose of this article is, therefore, to examine the effect of women's access to income-earning jobs on their empowerment.Design/methodology/approachThe authors used a quasi-experimental research design and a mixed research approach. The authors collected primary data from 65 employed and 85 unemployed women and ten key informants. Principal component analysis (PCA) and propensity score matching (PSM) techniques were used to construct indexes and assess employment effect.FindingsThe article finds that consistent with the argument of the resource in culture theory, women's employment in large-scale commercial farms does not have an effect on their empowerment level.Practical implicationsThe result implies that the government should strengthen gender sensitization programs and facilitate the formation of well-organized and profitable alternative income generating activities for women in such ways that improve their empowerment.Originality/valueThis article assesses the effect of women employment on their empowerment and contributes to filling gaps in the empirical and theoretical literature. It could also contribute to academic and policy debates in the area of large-scale commercial farming based on the actual evidence.
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Liu, Yang, Qing Zhang, Qingfu Liu, et al. "Different Household Livelihood Strategies and Influencing Factors in the Inner Mongolian Grassland." Sustainability 12, no. 3 (2020): 839. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12030839.
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Household livelihood strategies affect grassland ecosystem services and the herder’s well-being. Understanding different household livelihood strategies and influencing factors is crucial for sustainable development in pastoral areas. We surveyed 241 households in the typical grassland region of Inner Mongolia to classify the different types of household livelihood strategies using income-based cluster analysis and to identify the major influencing factors of household livelihood strategies with partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). Our study has several findings. First, according to household income sources, there are five types of household livelihood strategies in this region, including breeding only small livestock (S), breeding mainly small livestock (SL), breeding mainly large livestock (LS), breeding only large livestock (L), and not breeding livestock (N), with the S strategy as the most dominant household livelihood strategy in this region. Second, among the five types of household livelihood strategies, the LS strategy had the highest household income (323,200 Chinese yuans) while the N strategy had the lowest household income (68,540 Chinese yuans). Third, among the five types of livelihood capitals, manufactured capital and natural capital had more substantial influences on household livelihood strategies. Manufactured capital directly influenced household livelihood strategies, while natural capital affected household livelihood strategies either directly or indirectly through manufactured capital. Our results suggest that the LS strategy would be the most economically profitable among the five household livelihood strategies in the typical grassland region of Inner Mongolia.
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Govindasamy, R., Dhanya Sai Das, and R. Tamilarasi. "An Economic Analysis on Turmeric Cultivation in Coimbatore District of Tamilnadu." Shanlax International Journal of Economics 9, no. 2 (2021): 59–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.34293/economics.v9i2.3747.
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India is agrarian society where sole dependence has been on agriculture since time immemorial trading of agricultural produce began in exchange of money. Agriculture is the primary source of livelihood for about 58 percent of India’s population. Gross Value Added (GVA) by agriculture forestry and fishing was estimated at Rs.19.48lakh Crore (Us$276.37 Billion) in 7y 20(PE). Growth in GVA in agriculture and allied sectors stood at 4 percent in 7Y 20. In 2020-21 Government of India is targeting total food grain production of 298 MT. Indian turmeric is the best in the world due to the presence of Cur cumin content. This study was conducted to assess the cost and profitability of cultivation of turmeric in the Coimbatore district. The data required for this study were collected from primary as well as secondary sources. Tools such as index number, mean, range, standarddeviation and coefficient of variance are used for the present study. Both the Total Variable Cost and Total Fixed Cost were high for large farmers in the Coimbatore district, i.e., 40.17 percent and 13.44 percent respectively. It is concluded that turmeric cultivation is profitable with a Total Cost of production for an acre of Rs. 108794 and gross income from turmeric cultivation were Rs. 214821. The Net Income was Rs. 106027 per acre. The Cost-Benefit Ratio was greater than one. It indicates that the production of turmeric was highly remunerative and profitable for the growers.
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Mohammad, Faiz. "Wealth Effects of the Green Revolution in Pakistan." Pakistan Development Review 25, no. 4 (1986): 489–513. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v25i4pp.489-513.
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It can hardly be denied that since the late Sixties, the introduction of High Yielding Varieties (HYVs) of a number of commodities, along with tube well irrigation and chemical fertilizers, has significantly improved the overall agricultural productivity in Pakistan [12; 15]. However what is still being debated is the effect of this phenomenon, generally termed "Green Revolution", on rural income distribution in a country where ownership and control of productive resources are far from evenly distributed. I Studies by Khan [13] and Chaudhry (7] in particular have generated a great deal of interest in this subject because of their conflicting conclusions. Khan, on the basis of his study of the Punjab and Sind, concludes that the Green Revolution, while generally being beneficial, did not benefit the small farmer as much as it did the large farmer? As a result, it led to a widening of inter-farm and inter-regional income inequalities. According to him, new varieties, which were relatively more profitable, were adopted more widely by large farmers than by the small ones. Similarly, compared with small farmers, large farmers had greater access to, and control of, modern inputs, institutional credit and tractorized farm power; enabling them to gain still more from the new technologies.
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Andini, Gita Dhika Citra Putri, Wuryaningsih Dwi Sayekti, and Suriaty Situmorang. "ANALISIS HARGA POKOK PRODUKSI, PENDAPATAN DAN BAURAN PEMASARAN AGROINDUSTRI TEMPE DI KELURAHAN YOSODADI, KECAMATAN METRO TIMUR, KOTA METRO." Jurnal Ilmu-Ilmu Agribisnis 12, no. 1 (2024): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.23960/jiia.v12i1.5914.
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This study aims to analyze the cost of production, income and marketing mix of tempe agroindustry. This study uses the census method for household clusters according to BPS which are classified into 3 levels, namely small, medium and large. Determination of the research location was chosen purposefully. The population in this study were 19 tempe agroindustries. Respondents in this study were the owners of the tempe agroindustry in Yosodadi, East Metro, Metro City. Field data collecting was carried out in August 2019. The data collected in this study were primary and secondary data. The data was analyzed with quantitative and qualitative descriptive methods. The results showed that the cost of production of tempe agroindustry in Yosodadi, East Metro, Metro City in the small cluster was IDR3,399.40/kilogram, while in the medium cluster was IDR3,521.97/kilogram and in the large cluster was IDR3,351.05/kilogram, tempe agroindustry in Yosodadi Village, East Metro, Metro City is a profitable industry and the marketing mix applied by tempe agroindustry in Yosodadi Village, East Metro, Metro City is not using the cluster method because the types and prices of products in all agroindustries are almost the same.Keywords: agroindustry, cost, income, marketing mix, tempe
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Wu, Guangai, Yingwen Ma, Yanfeng Cao, et al. "Optimization of Well Patterns in Offshore Low-Permeability Thin Interbedded Reservoirs: A Numerical Simulation Study in the Bozhong Oilfield, China." Energies 18, no. 2 (2025): 285. https://doi.org/10.3390/en18020285.
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Offshore low-permeability thin interbedded reservoirs contain significant oil reserves and are crucial for future development. However, due to the high cost and operational challenges associated with offshore fracturing, large-scale fracturing common in onshore fields is uneconomical. Furthermore, offshore low-permeability reservoirs often have sparse well placement and wide well spacing, in contrast to onshore low-permeability fields, which leads to low recovery. Additionally, there is a lack of comprehensive theory on optimizing the well patterns and fracture networks to maximize net income, highlighting the need for further research. This study tackles these issues in a low-permeability thin interbedded reservoir in the Bozhong Oilfield by using reservoir numerical simulation. First, fracture parameters, including fracture half-length and conductivity, are optimized for different well patterns. Subsequently, well pattern optimization is conducted under fractured conditions, targeting maximum net income under various conditions. The results indicate that when fractures are confined to a single reservoir layer and the main reservoir layer accounts for less than 36% of the development section, fractured directional well patterns yield a higher net income. Conversely, when fractures penetrate all reservoir layers, fractured horizontal wells with closer fracture spacing a higher number of fractures are the most profitable option, particularly in offshore fields with large well spacing. The findings provide critical insights into optimizing well patterns and fracture network designs for offshore low-permeability thin interbedded reservoirs.
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Kumar, Anil, Keshav Prasad, and S. P. Singh. "Cost of milk production of beneficiary farmers of organized dairy (cooperative and private) in Lucknow region of Uttar Pradesh." International Journal of Agricultural Invention 1, no. 02 (2016): 225–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.46492/ijai/2016.1.2.18.
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Indian dairy industry emerged as an important sector for income and employment generation, and is contributing as well in the country’s economy besides improving the health standards. The output from dairy sector has increased at more than 4.0 % per annum since 2010-11. The changing economic scenario an entrepreneur has to be very alert and should always keep an eye on the cost and returns of the scarce resources of an entrepreneur in order to keep himself profitable. Dairying in our country dominated by the small holders. Now the producers are scaling up their capacity by incorporating newer technology. One hundred and sixty milk pourer farmers were selected randomly using probability proportional to size (PPS) from the list of producers who were supplying milk to organized dairy (cooperative or private) purely and exclusively from eight village level milk chilling units of Lucknow and Hardoi district purposively selected from Lucknow region. Average variable cost varies from 88.72 small, 88.95 medium, and 92.38 large farmers and rest 11.28, 11.05 and 7.62 were the fixed cost for small medium and large category farmers respectively. The cost of milk production was higher for Rs 18.02, Rs 16.30 and Rs 15.85 per liter for small medium and large farmers respectively. The average milk selling price was found to be almost at par for small Rs 27.77, Rs. 27.31 and Rs. 27.11 for small, medium and large category farmers. Whereas, the average income generated by investing one rupee was found lowest for small Rs. 1.56 followed by medium Rs.1.71 and large Rs. 1.75 farmers respectively. However, the farmers have generated average annual income of Rs 70334.21, Rs. 128671.1 and Rs.230510.8 by small medium and large category farmers respectively.
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Abror, Khoirul, Suhairi Suhairi, and A. Kumedi Ja'far. "The Modus of Beggars in Lampung Urban Area : An Islamic Law Perspective." Justicia Islamica 17, no. 1 (2020): 166. http://dx.doi.org/10.21154/justicia.v17i1.1872.
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The poor and underprivileged are people who must be considered by the Government, but the reality at this time is that there are many poor and underprivileged people who become professions in the city of Bandar Lampung and Metro City, so it is necessary to review the existence and factors that influence it. This review is a field research (field research) conducted in Bandar Lampung City and Metro City; by describing data obtained through observation, in-depth interviews; the method used in analyzing is qualitative analysis presented descriptively; the aim is to find factors that drive the existence of beggars in urban areas, and the mode used by urban beggars. The existence of beggars in the city of Bandar Lampung and the city of Metro both at the intersection of red lights and in the mall yard, the courtyard of the mosque and the home visit is a mode to get easy income, the main factor that drives the existence of beggars in the city of Bandar Lampung and Metro City due to income that is not fulfilling the necessities of life, the attractiveness factor of work that is easy, practical, influenced by the sympathies of potential benefactors, and relatively large income; various modes undertaken by beggars to attract the sympathy of the community, including bringing children who are still toddlers, pretending to be blind and lame, employing elderly parents (elderly), dressing all worn out, and pretending to smear that does not heal ; The existence of beggars in the city of Bandar Lampung and the city of Metro both at the intersection of red lights and in the mall yard, the courtyard of the mosque and the home visit is a mode to get easy income, the main factor that drives the existence of beggars in the city of Bandar Lampung and Metro City due to income that is not fulfilling the necessities of life, the attractiveness factor of work that is easy, practical, influenced by the sympathies of potential benefactors, and relatively large income; various modes undertaken by beggars to attract the sympathy of the community, including bringing children who are still toddlers, pretending to be blind and lame, employing elderly parents (elderly), dressing all worn out, and pretending to smear that does not heal.
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Dewi, Puspa Sari, and Asep Bayu Dani Nandiyanto. "Economic Perspective in the Production of Copper Nanowire using Amino Acids as Capping Agent." International Journal of Energetica 4, no. 2 (2020): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.47238/ijeca.v4i2.111.
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The purpose of this study is to evaluate the economic feasibility of making copper nanowire using amino acids as a capping agent. The evaluation was conducted from two perspectives, namely engineering analysis and economic evaluation using parameters such as gross profit margin, payback period, breakeven points, and net present value. An economic evaluation was also carried out comparing the use of amino acids Glycine, Lysine, Proline, and Alanine to find out which amino acids were more profitable in the production of copper nanowire. Furthermore, the evaluation is done by estimating the ideal situation and several other state assumptions such as changes in raw material prices, labor costs, and also income tax. From the results of this study, Glycine is known as the most profitable amino acid to be used in this process. In addition, by using Glycine as an ideal condition, based on the results of the evaluation of all parameters, this project is classified as prospective to do. Although further studies must be carried out to develop this project, this study can be the basis for developing new methods of making copper nanowire on a large scale.
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Mangare, Virgie. "PENERAPAN TATA CARA PENCABUTAN PENGUKUHAN PKP SESUAI PERATURAN DIITJEN PAJAK NOMOR 12 TAHUN 2014 PADA KPP PRATAMA MANADO." ACCOUNTABILITY 4, no. 1 (2015): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.32400/ja.8413.4.1.2015.63-71.
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Tax is playing important role in economy of the country. Today, number of firms from big to small many have not been listed to KPP Pratama Manado. Directorate General of Taxation Issues rule No.12 Tahun 2014 in order to grouping the sales limit and simplified the administration and controlling. Many business sector listed but have not been revocation and have sales under Rp. 4,8 Billion. The purpose if this research is to knowing that the application of rules Directorate General of Taxation No.12 Tahun 2014. Data analysis method uses is descriptive. To know the limit of the sales it need income statement. Tax fare and calculation method of income tax. The difference of tax which is deposited is quite large. The application of PP No.46 Tahun 2013 is really profitable because income tax which must be deposited is much smaller. Meaning the new rules is much simpler, and to make the government more easier to grouping the sales limit and the revocation of taxable enterprise. To improve service and improve administratif simplification as well as controling. KPP Pratama Manado should be more sosializing the new regulations.
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Yanti, Mariana Eva, Nurhadida Nasution, Octasella Ainani As’ad, and Supriadi Surbakti. "INCOME ANALYSIS OF PEOPLE'S COFFEE FARMERS (COFFEA). IN SIPIONGOT VILLAGE, DOLOK DISTRICT, NORTH PADANG LAWAS DISTRICT." Agripreneur : Jurnal Pertanian Agribisnis 12, no. 2 (2023): 57–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.35335/agripreneur.v12i2.4858.
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North Padang Lawas Regency is one of the largest districts for coffee production centers in North Sumatra, one of which is in Sipiongot Village. Sipiongot Village is the village with the largest coffee production followed by the number of farmers. Sipiongot Village has a small number of farmers. Coffee in Sipiongot Village is relatively low compared to other sub-districts. This can mean that the land area in Sipiongot Village is large, so that to increase the productivity of plants, development can be carried out. In the research, it can also be concluded that coffee production which decreases with decreasing area results in decreasing farmer income. Another cause is the high cost structure of coffee cultivation and post-harvest, resulting in farmers' welfare levels decreasing. Therefore, a problem formulation can be formulated, namely: 1. What is the structure of production costs for coffee farmers in Sipiongot Village. 2. What is the income of coffee farmers in Sipiongot Village? This research uses quantitative methods then income analysis and data analysis. Quantitative analysis is carried out to see the condition of the location, the condition of the farmers. Analyze income channels, and the function of income (marketing). With the research results, the R/C ratio value for cash costs obtained by farmers in Sipiongot Village is IDR. 59,756,078 and the R/C ratio value for total costs is Rp. 68,980,131. This proves that the coffee farming business run by coffee farmers in Sipiongot Village is less profitable.
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Venanda, Yohana Reienha Satyara, and Antoni Antoni. "ANALISIS PENERAPAN TARIF PERBANDINGAN PAJAK PENGHASILAN BERDASARKAN PERATURAN PEMERINTAH 46 TAHUN 2013 DAN UNDANG-UNDANG NO 36 TAHUN 2008 UD. BAROKAH TAHUN 2014 – 2017 DI GRESIK." JEA17: Jurnal Ekonomi Akuntansi 5, no. 2 (2020): 41–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.30996/jea17.v5i2.4277.
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ABSTRACTYohana Reienha, 15013061, Analysis of Application of Comparison of Income Tax Rates Based on Government Regulation 46 of 2013 And Law No 36of 2008 in UD. Barokah of 2014-2017. This research is based on the Government's program in collaboration with DJP that involve UMKM in Indonesia. This study aims to help each another UMKM in completing its tax administration obligations, especially at UD. Barokah Gresik. To find out the Income Tax calculation using PP 46 of 2013 and Law 36 of 2008 and calculate the more profitable company UD. This Barokah. This type of research is descriptive comparative. Data collection techniques carried out in this study were interviews, documentation and observation. The object in this study is accounting in UD. Barokah. The data analysis technique used is analyzing gross circulation and income statements for 2014-2017, calculating and analyzing the reporting of the payable income tax. The results of this study indicate that the results of the comparison of large PPh payable UD. Barokah Gresik in 2014-2017 if using PP 46 of 2013, the result is a tax payable is smaller than using the rules of Law 36 of 2008. Due to PPh rates owed PP 46 of 2013 is directly charged to the monthly turnover of taxpayers, then every month they pay the tax payable not too big.
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Jones, Charles I. "Intermediate Goods and Weak Links in the Theory of Economic Development." American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics 3, no. 2 (2011): 1–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/mac.3.2.1.
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What explains the enormous differences in incomes across countries? This paper returns to two old ideas: linkages and complementarity. First, linkages between firms through intermediate goods deliver a multiplier similar to the one associated with capital in a neoclassical growth model. Because the intermediate goods share of output is about one-half, this multiplier is substantial. Second, just as a chain is only as strong as its weakest link, problems along a production chain can sharply reduce output under complementarity. These forces considerably amplify distortions to the allocation of resources, bringing us closer to understanding large income differences across countries.(JEL: D57, E23, O1O, O47)
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Solodilova, Liubov A., and Larisa I. Kiryushechkina. "Economy and the architectural appearance of the tsarist Russia dwelling." E3S Web of Conferences 457 (2023): 03007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202345703007.
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The architectural appearance of modern residential buildings is distinguished by facelessness and a low artistic component. According to the authors the reason for this situation lies in the facelessness of ownership forms themselves. The relevance of ways to improve the architectural appearance of mass housing is associated with the division of ownership forms and the expansion of the income housing sector of private-state forms of entrepreneurship. With this Aim, the influence of economic factors on the architectural appearance of mass profitable housing widespread in tsarist Russia was analyzed in the article. Rental apartment buildings carried large profits and the customer encouraged any artistic methods that define a rental apartment building as a symbol of the high status of guests and the owner. This contributed to an improvement in the architectural appearance of the development and a quick return on money. Moreover, the imperative for the development of a high-quality housing is supported by the effective self-government in small formats, the landlord faithfully fulfills his duties and pays taxes to the state. The graphoanalytical research methods confirm the conclusions about the influence of economic factors on the architectural appearance of a profitable and self-governing market object, functioning without state subsidies.
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Zająkała, Monika, and Izabela Wielewska. "ANALYSIS OF THE PROFITABILITY OF GROWING HERBS AND THE MOST COMMONLY CULTIVATED AGRICULTURAL CROP SPECIES." Acta Scientiarum Polonorum Agricultura 19, no. 2 (2020): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.37660/aspagr.2020.19.2.2.
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Background. The aim of this study was to determine the profitability index of herbs (evening primrose, glandular plantain, black caraway, garden dill) and to compare it with the index of dominant species in the cropping system in Poland.Material and methods. Economic analyzes were carried out based on accounting books made available by the owners of two farms located in the Koronowo Gmina (community) of the Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship and on data provided by the Kuyavian-Pomeranian Agricultural Advisory Centre. The calculations concern the years 2017–2019 and took into account production value, the amount of gross margin, net agricultural income and profitability index.Results. The calculations carried out confirmed the hypothesis that in most cases growing herbs in the field is more profitable than it is for other plant species. The analysis showed that glandular plantain and garden dill had the highest profitability indices. Herbs from which lower financial results were obtained still enabled an income similar to that from sugar beet, pea or winter oilseed rape. The most profitable among the other species was table potato. A farmer's decision regarding the choice of plants for cultivation on a farm should depend on the possibility of selling the produced raw materials on local markets and on their base of machinery and equipment. The study has shown that growing plants from groups that occupy the largest acreage in the cropping structure is characterized by the need to incur very high overheads.Conclusion. Some selected herbs are characterized by a large profitability index that is even several times higher when compared to commonly cultivated agricultural crop species. While other analyzed herb species allow for an income that is at a similar level compared to crops that occupy the largest acreage in Poland. The selection of herbs for cultivation is an economic opportunity, especially for farms with a small area. Their cultivation enables larger agricultural incomes due to their relatively low overhead costs compared to other species. Herb cultivation, however, is a very specific branch of agriculture that requires more human labour.
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Fumagalli, Andrea, Sara Gandini, and Cristina Morini. "Italian Perspectives on Pandemic Responses: Tracing Early Critiques from Europe’s First Lockdown." Political Anthropological Research on International Social Sciences 1, no. 2 (2020): 288–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/25903276-bja10017.
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Abstract This paper is a translation of three early critiques of the responses of the Covid-19 pandemic in Italy, each addressing a unique facet and different perspective of Europe’s first lockdown. Through bringing together these memorial traces, the article captures the heterogeneity of discussions taking place on the left at the very beginning of the pandemic, destabilizing a totalizing framing of Covid responses through simple binaries such as health vs economics or individual rights vs the collective good. Crisitina Morini addresses the ambivalences around the term ‘care’ (in Italian meaning both ‘attention’ and ‘cure’). Grounded in feminist economics, she argues for the establishment of a self-determination income envisioned as an unconditional and universal income, not linked to working positions. Sara Gandini ponders the possibility of turning anger into a political force and questions what forms this could take. Highlighting the problems related to turning a public health issue into one of national security, Gandini probes the politics of acceptability around Covid-related deaths against non-Covid related deaths, particularly deaths precisely exacerbated by confinement strategies. She speaks also of the silencing and policing of dissent when one tries to raise such issues in the public space. Lastly, Andrea Fumagalli uses the idea of crisis as an opportunity to rethink social and economic issues. These include readjusting the balance between private and public healthcare, (especially as Covid treatments are not very profitable), the implementation of a major European investment plan relating to social infrastructure and the environment, which will relaunch the European economy. Though these critiques were formulated at the start of the pandemic. many of the arguments and questions the authors asked themselves at the time remain highly topical: the role of welfare and income, the regulatory devices (including gender) that risk passing using the fight against the pandemic; all of which are central to maintaining a lucidity of analysis and to be resistant witnesses, politicizing anger to turn it into an agency that takes advantage of this difficult experience to build a slightly better world.
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Pangemanan, L., G. Kapantow, and M. Watung. "ANALISIS PENDAPATAN USAHATANI BUNGA POTONG (Studi Kasus Petani Bunga Krisan Putih di Kelurahan Kakaskasen Dua Kecamatan Tomohon Utara Kota Tomohon)." AGRI-SOSIOEKONOMI 7, no. 2 (2011): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.35791/agrsosek.7.2.2011.86.
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The study entitled "Income Analysis of Cut Flowers Farming (case study of White Chrysanthemumflower farmers at village of Kakaskasen Two, disctrict of North Tomohon)" was conducted to determinehow much farmers’ income from White Chrysanthemum flower farming in village of Kakaskasen Two,disctrict of North Tomohon and is expected to provide information to farmers about the number of farmers'income from White Chrysanthemum flower farming .The study lasted from October 2010 until December 2010 starting from data collecting up to preparationof the report. Areas of research conducted in the village of Kakaskasen Two, district of North Tomohon.The retrieved data are primary and secondary data. Primary data were obtained from 20 respondentsof White Chrysanthemum flower farmers, which is taken directly appoint (purposive sampling) and secondarydata obtained from the office of village of Kakaskasen Two. Income is calculated using the revenueanalysis. This analysis can also determine the level of farming efficiency which is calculated by dividingthe revenues and costs.Advantage of White Chrysanthemum flower farming compared to other farming is the use of land thatis not too large, on a narrow land, White Chrysanthemums flower can be developed. Other advantagescompared to other cut flowers is that White Chrysanthemum flower resistant to dust volcanic Mount Lokon.Chrysanthemum cultivation activities in the village of Kakaskasen Two is the main income source forfarmers to meet the needs of family farmers. This research shows that farmers’ income derived fromfarming of White Chrysanthemum flower is Rp11,132,146 by the efficiency is 4.43. In other words, farmingof White Chrysanthemum flower is profitable for farmers.