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Smoczek, Jarosław, and Janusz Szpytko. "The Application of a Neuro-Fuzzy Adaptive Crane Control System." Journal of Konbin 14-15, no. 1 (January 1, 2010): 247–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10040-008-0182-8.
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The Application of a Neuro-Fuzzy Adaptive Crane Control SystemThe unconventional methods, mostly based on fuzzy logic, are often addressed to a problem of anti-sway crane control. The problem of practical application of those solutions is important owing to come the growing expectations for time and precision of transportation operations and exploitation quality of material handling devices. The paper presents the designing methods of an adaptive anti-sway crane control system based on the neuro-fuzzy controller, as well as the software and hardware equipments used to aid the programming realization the fuzzy control algorithm on a programmable logic controller (PLC). The proposed application of control system was tested on the laboratory model of an overhead traveling crane.
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Wang, H., J. P. T. Mo, and N. Chen. "Hybrid Fuzzy Logic Algorithm for Position Control of Pneumatic Actuator With 3/2-Way Solenoid Valves." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 210, no. 2 (March 1996): 167–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/pime_proc_1996_210_183_02.
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Pneumatic positioning devices are inexpensive and also have the advantages of high speed and cleanliness. However, due to the non-linearity of the working medium, pneumatic actuators are not commonly used in industry for programmable positioning applications. Recent researches in this area are mainly concentrated on using expensive servo valves as the control element. However, the systems generally have the problems of instability and load sensitivity. In this paper, a pneumatic cylinder is controlled by a series of low-cost two-state solenoid valves. The components in the system are taken from commercial stock items that do not have the tight tolerance demanded by traditional control methodologies. The inaccuracies of the components are compensated by a hybrid fuzzy logic algorithm which incorporates additional fuzzy pulse width modulation and small deviation control logics to achieve high accuracy and repeatability at all stroke positions.
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Ali, Abdul-Jabbar, Wael Zayer, and Samhar Shukir. "Fuzzy Logic Controller Based DVR For Power Quality Improvement under Different Power Disturbances with Non-Linear Loads." Iraqi Journal for Electrical and Electronic Engineering 15, no. 2 (December 1, 2019): 50–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.37917/ijeee.15.2.6.
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The power quality problems can be defined as the difference between the quality of power supplied and the quality of power required. Recently a large interest has been focused on a power quality domain due to: disturbances caused by non-linear loads and Increase in number of electronic devices. Power quality measures the fitness of the electric power transmitted from generation to industrial, domestic and commercial consumers. At least 50% of power quality problems are of voltage quality type. Voltage sag is the serious power quality issues for the electric power industry and leads to the damage of sensitive equipments like, computers, programmable logic controller (PLC), adjustable speed drives (ADS). The prime goal of this paper is to investigate the performance of the Fuzzy Logic controller based DVR in reduction the power disturbances to restore the load voltage to the nominal value and reduce the THD to a permissible value which is 5% for the system less than 69Kv. The modeling and simulation of a power distribution system have been achieved using MATLABL/Simulink. Different faults conditions and power disturbances with linear and non-linear loads are created with the proposed system, which are initiated at a duration of 0.8 sec and kept till 0.95 sec.
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Noorsal, Emilia, Saharul Arof, Saiful Zaimy Yahaya, Zakaria Hussain, Daniel Kho, and Yusnita Mohd Ali. "Design of an FPGA-Based Fuzzy Feedback Controller for Closed-Loop FES in Knee Joint Model." Micromachines 12, no. 8 (August 16, 2021): 968. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi12080968.
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Functional electrical stimulation (FES) device has been widely used by spinal cord injury (SCI) patients in their rehab exercises to restore motor function to their paralysed muscles. The major challenge of muscle contraction induced by FES is early muscle fatigue due to the open-loop stimulation strategy. To reduce the early muscle fatigue phenomenon, a closed-loop FES system is proposed to track the angle of the limb’s movement and provide an accurate amount of charge according to the desired reference angle. Among the existing feedback controllers, fuzzy logic controller (FLC) has been found to exhibit good control performance in handling complex non-linear systems without developing any complex mathematical model. Recently, there has been considerable interest in the implementation of FLC in hardware embedded systems. Therefore, in this paper, a digital fuzzy feedback controller (FFC) embedded in a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) board was proposed. The digital FFC mainly consists of an analog-to-digital converter (ADC) Data Acquisition and FLC sub-modules. The FFC was designed to monitor and control the progress of knee extension movement by regulating the stimulus pulse width duration to meet the target angle. The knee is expected to extend to a maximum reference angle setting (70°, 40° or 30°) from its normal position of 0° once the stimulus charge is applied to the muscle by the FES device. Initially, the FLC was modelled using MATLAB Simulink. Then, the FLC was hardcoded into digital logic using hardware description language (HDL) Verilog codes. Thereafter, the performance of the digital FLC was tested with a knee extension model using the HDL co-simulation technique in MATLAB Simulink. Finally, for real-time verification, the designed digital FFC was downloaded to the Intel FPGA (DE2-115) board. The digital FFC utilized only 4% of the total FPGA (Cyclone IV E) logic elements (LEs) and required 238 µs to regulate stimulus pulse width data, including 3 µs for the FLC computation. The high processing speed of the digital FFC enables the stimulus pulse width duration to be updated every stimulation cycle. Furthermore, the implemented digital FFC has demonstrated good control performance in accurately controlling the stimulus pulse width duration to reach the desired reference angle with very small overshoot (1.4°) and steady-state error (0.4°). These promising results are very useful for a real-world closed-loop FES application.
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Jackson, Peter F. "Book Reviews: Programmable Logic Devices and Logic Controllers:." International Journal of Electrical Engineering & Education 34, no. 2 (April 1997): 182–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002072099703400219.
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Berlik, S. A., V. A. Melnikov, A. S. Ivanov, A. G. Sergushev, and A. V. Yakovlev. "Programmable logic controller based on the Russian hardware components." Radio industry (Russia) 30, no. 4 (December 23, 2020): 125–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.21778/2413-9599-2020-30-4-125-144.
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Problem statement. A programmable logic controller is a key tool for automating technological processes and production in the energy sector, transport infrastructure, industry, agriculture, housing and communal services. In the article the development of a programmable logic controller based entirely on domestic hardware components is considered.Objective. To offer circuit solutions that allow developing a programmable logic controller using domestic hardware components exclusively.Results. Schematic solutions and achieved technical parameters of programmable logic controller are presented. The controller was developed entirely on the domestic element base at the enterprise JSC “Avangard” (St. Petersburg). The parameters of the controller correspond to the main indicators of the technical assignment for its development during the implementation of the Comprehensive Project under the State Program of the Ministry of Industry and Trade of the Russian Federation.Practical implications. Production of programmable logic controllers based on the domestic hardware components exclusively solves the national goal of import substitution of devices of this class.
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He, Fang. "The Study on Field Programmable Gate Array Based on PID Controllers in Real Time." Applied Mechanics and Materials 66-68 (July 2011): 1923–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.66-68.1923.
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In the present work PID control and the fuzzy logic based intelligent control is used to control the rectilinear plant vibrations. PID controller in real time mode is implemented on FPGA. For implementation of fuzzy logic based intelligent controller the FPGA is used as real time data acquisition (DAQ) platform and the fuzzy controller is implemented on the host PC. The sole reason for using FPGA as data acquisition platform was that the LabVIEW FPGA software module is not supporting the complex mathematics required for the fuzzy logic control and also the rectilinear plant interface with the traditional DAQ was not available. The comparative study of performance of intelligent controllers like fuzzy PD and fuzzy PI+ fuzzy PD is done with the conventional controllers on the basis of above mentioned performance indices. The result of the fuzzy PI + fuzzy PD controller is found to be the best among all.
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Ivanova, V., N. Rozhentcova, E. Gracheva, and A. Udaratin. "Development of an automated control system for 6/0.4 kV transformer substation with automatic transfer switch using standard IEC 61131-3." E3S Web of Conferences 288 (2021): 01105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202128801105.
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This work is devoted to the development of an automated transfer switch (ATS) for the 6/0.4 kV substation. The work is relevant due to the introduction of automation and the replacement of electromechanical equipment with microprocessor devices in the power systems. At the lower (field) level, automation is driven by the use of programmable logic controllers (PLCs) and various smart sensors. The possibility of using modular PLC in automation systems is considered. Developed are an algorithm and a program for the implementation of automated regulation of the application of automatic transfer switches at a substation using the recommendations of the IEC 61131.3 “Programming languages of programmable logic controllers” standard.
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Wang, Chih-Hsuan, and Hui-Shan Wu. "A novel framework to evaluate programmable logic controllers: a fuzzy MCDM perspective." Journal of Intelligent Manufacturing 27, no. 2 (January 5, 2014): 315–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10845-013-0863-6.
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Azkarate, Igor, Mikel Ayani, Juan Carlos Mugarza, and Luka Eciolaza. "Petri Net-Based Semi-Compiled Code Generation for Programmable Logic Controllers." Applied Sciences 11, no. 15 (August 3, 2021): 7161. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11157161.
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Industrial discrete event dynamic systems (DEDSs) are commonly modeled by means of Petri nets (PNs). PNs have the capability to model behaviors such as concurrency, synchronization, and resource sharing, compared to a step transition function chart or GRAphe Fonctionnel de Commande Etape Transition (GRAFCET) which is a particular case of a PN. However, there is not an effective systematic way to implement a PN in a programmable logic controller (PLC), and so the implementation of such a controller outside a PLC in some external software that will communicate with the PLC is very common. There have been some attempts to implement PNs within a PLC, but they are dependent on how the logic of places and transitions is programmed for each application. This work proposes a novel application-independent and platform-independent PN implementation methodology. This methodology is a systematic way to implement a PN controller within industrial PLCs. A great portion of the code will be validated automatically prior to PLC implementation. Net structure and marking evolution will be checked on the basis of PN model structural analysis, and only net interpretation will be manually coded and error-prone. Thus, this methodology represents a systematic and semi-compiled PN implementation method. A use case supported by a digital twin (DT) is shown where the automated solution required by a manufacturing system is carried out and executed in two different devices for portability testing, and the scan cycle periods are compared for both approaches.
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Milik, Adam, Marcin Kubica, and Dariusz Kania. "Reconfigurable Logic Controller—Direct FPGA Synthesis Approach." Applied Sciences 11, no. 18 (September 14, 2021): 8515. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11188515.
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Programmable logic controllers are commonly used in automation systems. Continuously growing demands result in the growth of control program complexity. The classic approach, based on programmatic serial-cyclic execution, results in an unacceptable extension of response time. To overcome long response time massive parallel program execution is proposed. It utilize direct in hardware program implementation in field programmable devices. The paper brings a formal method of representing control programs using flow graphs and enabling single cycle computations. The developed method accepts ladder diagrams (LD) and sequential function charts (SFC), according to IEC61131-3 standard requirements. It is capable of handling logic and arithmetic computations, enabling its hardware mapping. The intermediate form is optimized using flow graph representation and BDDs for analyzing logic dependencies. The BDD representation of logic dependencies enables direct mapping to lookup tables of a selected FPGA family. All the above steps deliver high-performance and direct hardware implementation of the control program given by standard languages. The controller response time is short, predictable, and independent from logic conditions during program execution.
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Dayev, Zh A., G. E. Shopanova, and B. A. Toksanbayeva. "Experience of fuzzy sets organizing on programmable logic controllers for developing automated control systems." Automation, Telemechanization and Communication in Oil Industry, no. 8 (2020): 45–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.33285/0132-2222-2020-8(565)-45-49.
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Dualibe, Carlos, Paul Jespers, and Michel Verleysen. "Designing Mixed-Signal Programmable Fuzzy Logic Controllers as Embedded Subsystems in Standard CMOS Technologies." Journal of Integrated Circuits and Systems 1, no. 1 (November 16, 2004): 14–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.29292/jics.v1i1.250.
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A digitally programmable analog Fuzzy Logic Controller (FLC) is presented. Input and output signals are processed in the analog domain whereas the parameters of the controller are stored in a built-in digital memory. Some new functional blocks have been designed whereas others were improved towards the optimization of the power consumption, the speed and the modularity while keeping a reasonable accuracy, as it is needed in several analogue signal processing applications. A nine-rules, two-inputs and one-output prototype was fabricated and successfully tested using a standard CMOS 2.4μ technology, showing good agreement with the expected performances, namely: a 2.7% RMSE, from 2.22 to 5.26 Mflips (Mega fuzzy logic inferences per second) at the pin terminals (@CL=13pF), 933 μW power consumption per rule (@Vdd=5V) and 5 bits of resolution. Since the circuit is intended for a subsystem embedded in an application chip (@CL≤ 5pF) up to 8 Mflips may be expected.
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Akbatı, Onur, Hatice Didem Üzgün, and Sirin Akkaya. "Hardware-in-the-loop simulation and implementation of a fuzzy logic controller with FPGA: case study of a magnetic levitation system." Transactions of the Institute of Measurement and Control 41, no. 8 (December 13, 2018): 2150–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0142331218813425.
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This paper presents the design and implementation of a fuzzy logic controller using Very High Speed Integrated Circuit Hardware Description Language (VHDL) on a field programmable gate array (FPGA). First, a Sugeno-type fuzzy logic controller with five triangular and trapezoidal membership functions for two inputs and with nine singleton membership functions for one output is examined. The proposed structure is tested with second- and third-order system model using FPGA-in-the-loop simulation via a MATLAB/Simulink environment. Then, for different kinds of fuzzy logic controllers, a new look-up table (LUT) and interpolation-based controller implementation is proposed to eliminate the computational complexity of the primarily designed structure. As a case study, a magnetic levitation system is controlled with an adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) trained fuzzy logic controller, then it is simulated and implemented using a LUT-based controller. Finally, we provide a comparison of results.
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Huyck, Bart, Hans Joachim Ferreau, Moritz Diehl, Jos De Brabanter, Jan F. M. Van Impe, Bart De Moor, and Filip Logist. "Towards Online Model Predictive Control on a Programmable Logic Controller: Practical Considerations." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2012 (2012): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/912603.
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Given the growing computational power of embedded controllers, the use of model predictive control (MPC) strategies on this type of devices becomes more and more attractive. This paper investigates the use of online MPC, in which at each step, an optimization problem is solved, on both a programmable automation controller (PAC) and a programmable logic controller (PLC). Three different optimization routines to solve the quadratic program were investigated with respect to their applicability on these devices. To this end, an air heating setup was built and selected as a small-scale multi-input single-output system. It turns out that the code generator (CVXGEN) is not suited for the PLC as the required programming language is not available and the programming concept with preallocated memory consumes too much memory. The Hildreth and qpOASES algorithms successfully controlled the setup running on the PLC hardware. Both algorithms perform similarly, although it takes more time to calculate a solution for qpOASES. However, if the problem size increases, it is expected that the high number of required iterations when the constraints are hit will cause the Hildreth algorithm to exceed the necessary time to present a solution. For this small heating problem under test, the Hildreth algorithm is selected as most useful on a PLC.
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Balochian, Saeed, and Eshagh Ebrahimi. "Parameter Optimization via Cuckoo Optimization Algorithm of Fuzzy Controller for Liquid Level Control." Journal of Engineering 2013 (2013): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/982354.
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Cuckoo optimization algorithm (COA) is one of the latest evolutionary algorithms. Finding the best optimal point, rapid convergence, and simplicity in determining algorithm parameters are some merits of COA. In this paper, COA is applied to tuning optimal fuzzy parameters for Sugeno-type fuzzy logic controllers (S-FLCs) which are used for liquid level control. A programmable logic controller (PLC) is used with fuzzy controller. For this purpose, a liquid level control set and PLC have been assembled together. MATLAB/Simulink program has been used to achieve the optimal parameters of the membership functions. The results show clearly that the optimized FLC using COA has better performance compared to manually adjustments of the system parameters for different datasets.
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A-Amir, Ahlam Najm, and Hanan A. R. Akkar. "Artificial Intelligent Fuzzy Logic Controller Applied on 6DOF Robot Arm Using LabVIEW and FPGA." European Journal of Engineering Research and Science 3, no. 5 (May 11, 2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejers.2018.3.5.661.
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In this work an efficient Artificial Intelligent Robotic Fuzzy Logic Controller (AIRFC) system have been constructed to control the robot arm. A serial link Robot manipulator with 6 Degree of Freedom (DOF) from DFROBOT of code ROB0036 is used as a case study. A fuzzy logic type1 controller is implemented on LabVIEW to control each joint of the robot arm for nonlinearity measurements and a fuzzy logic type2 controller is applied which is more suitable for uncertainty. The hardware design is implemented and finally downloaded using the Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) kit named PCI-7833R from National Instrument. By using the LabVIEW FPGA MODEL the target board can be detected for software implementation of the controllers’ systems. The work shows that in case of type2 fuzzy logic the rise time is less than that of type1 fuzzy logic for the shoulder, wrist roll and the gripper angles and it is higher for base, elbow and wrist pitch angles. The settling time is the same in elbow and wrist pitch angles and for the type2 fuzzy controller it is less for other angles.
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Allani, Mohamed Yassine, Jamel Riahi, Silvano Vergura, and Abdelkader Mami. "FPGA-Based Controller for a Hybrid Grid-Connected PV/Wind/Battery Power System with AC Load." Energies 14, no. 8 (April 9, 2021): 2108. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14082108.
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The development and optimization of a hybrid system composed of photovoltaic panels, wind turbines, converters, and batteries connected to the grid, is first presented. To generate the maximum power, two maximum power point tracker controllers based on fuzzy logic are required and a battery controller is used for the regulation of the DC voltage. When the power source varies, a high-voltage supply is incorporated (high gain DC-DC converter controlled by fuzzy logic) to boost the 24 V provided by the DC bus to the inverter voltage of about 400 V and to reduce energy losses to maximize the system performance. The inverter and the LCL filter allow for the integration of this hybrid system with AC loads and the grid. Moreover, a hardware solution for the field programmable gate arrays-based implementation of the controllers is proposed. The combination of these controllers was synthesized using the Integrated Synthesis Environment Design Suite software (Version: 14.7, City: Tunis, Country: Tunisia) and was successfully implemented on Field Programmable Gate Arrays Spartan 3E. The innovative design provides a suitable architecture based on power converters and control strategies that are dedicated to the proposed hybrid system to ensure system reliability. This implementation can provide a high level of flexibility that can facilitate the upgrade of a control system by simply updating or modifying the proposed algorithm running on the field programmable gate arrays board. The simulation results, using Matlab/Simulink (Version: 2016b, City: Tunis, Country: Tunisia, verify the efficiency of the proposed solution when the environmental conditions change. This study focused on the development and optimization of an electrical system control strategy to manage the produced energy and to coordinate the performance of the hybrid energy system. The paper proposes a combined photovoltaic and wind energy system, supported by a battery acting as an energy storage system. In addition, a bi-directional converter charges/discharges the battery, while a high-voltage gain converter connects them to the DC bus. The use of a battery is useful to compensate for the mismatch between the power demanded by the load and the power generated by the hybrid energy systems. The proposed field programmable gate arrays (FPGA)-based controllers ensure a fast time response by making control executable in real time.
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Scheffler, Michael, Riccardo Rovatti, and Alberto Bellini. "A Development Tool for Analog Fuzzy Controllers: Features and Applications." International Journal of Uncertainty, Fuzziness and Knowledge-Based Systems 06, no. 02 (April 1998): 211–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218488598000197.
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This paper describes an integrated development tool for analog fuzzy controllers which exploits analog hardware implementation and fuzzy logic flexibility to allow an easy and extremely low-cost synthesis of non-linear control laws. The core of the final implementation is a modular general-purpose analog fuzzy engine (AFE) with good speed performance and built-in temperature compensation. To ease field prototyping, a digitally-programmable version of AFE is provided with a software layer computing the biasing voltages needed by the circuit to fit numerical data and/or linguistic rules specified by the users. Once that the application is fine-tuned, a further software module is able to generate an optimized version of AFE dedicated to the task. An example application shows that this approach can lead to the implementation of effective analog controllers fulfilling industrial requirements.
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Awtoniuk, Michał, Łukasz Ślizak, and Marcin Daniun. "AUTOTUNING OF PID CONTROLLER BY MEANS OF HUMAN MACHINE INTERFACE DEVICE." Journal of Technology and Exploitation in Mechanical Engineering 2, no. 1 (December 26, 2016): 26–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.35784/jteme.513.
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More and more control systems are based on industry microprocessors like PLC controllers (Programmable Logic Controller). The most commonly used control algorithm is PID (Proportional-Integral-Derivative) algorithm. Autotuning procedure is not available in every PLC. These controllers are typically used in cooperation with HMI (Human Machine Interface) devices. In the study two procedures of autotuning of the PID controller were implemented in the HMI device: step method and relay method. Six tuning rules for step methods and one for relay method were chosen. The autotuning procedures on simulated controlled object and PLC controller without build-in autotuning were tested. The object of control was first order system plus time delay.
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Garrett, M. Truett. "Instrumentation, control and automation progress in the United States in the last 24 years." Water Science and Technology 37, no. 12 (June 1, 1998): 21–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1998.0489.
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A historical overview is presented of instrumentation control and automation as applied in US wastewater treatment plants. A description is given how computer equipment has progressed through direct digital control, distributed control, programmable logic controllers, to the use of personal computers along with PLC's or I/O boards in minimum systems. Software developments have brought systems analysis, expert systems, fuzzy logic control, and artificial neural network control. An instrumentation test house has been organized in the US to improve the odds of purchasing reliable instruments. Technical Conferences on ICA are presented regularly by the American Water Works Association and the Water Environment Association. There is still need for designers to consider a complete system that includes a data base for automatic preparation of reports on the plant for use at other levels as was called for by delegates to the early workshops.
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Urbieta Parrazales, Romeo, María T. Zagaceta Álvarez, Karen A. Aguilar Cruz, Rosaura Palma Orozco, and José L. Fernández Muñoz. "Implementation of a Fuzzy Logic Controller for the Irrigation of Rose Cultivation in Mexico." Agriculture 11, no. 7 (June 23, 2021): 576. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11070576.
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The design and implementation of a fuzzy logic controller (FLC) are presented, offering a solution to improve the irrigation of rose crops. The objective is to reduce the water consumption and operative costs, taking advantage of intelligent controllers and environmental characteristics in a specific region. Considering that the main controllable variables that affect the growth of plants are relative humidity (RH) and temperature (T), in this study, these variables are used to create a system whose aim is to provide an adequate amount of water for a rose crop in the State of Mexico. The Mamdani method was used for the FLC design and the membership functions, while the area centroid was considered as the defuzzification strategy. After implementing the FLC proposal using a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) in a domestic greenhouse, integrated by an array of [5 × 3] rose plants under natural restrictions, a reduction of 0.2 L per week with respect to the traditional manual irrigation system was found. The proposed design highlights the technological advantages of using a fuzzy logic-controlled irrigation system over traditional methods.
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Aldair, Ammar, Adel Obed, and Ali Halihal. "Design and Implementation of Neuro-Fuzzy Controller Using FPGA for Sun Tracking System." Iraqi Journal for Electrical and Electronic Engineering 12, no. 2 (December 1, 2016): 123–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.37917/ijeee.12.2.2.
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Nowadays, renewable energy is being used increasingly because of the global warming and destruction of the environment. Therefore, the studies are concentrating on gain of maximum power from this energy such as the solar energy. A sun tracker is device which rotates a photovoltaic (PV) panel to the sun to get the maximum power. Disturbances which are originated by passing the clouds are one of great challenges in design of the controller in addition to the losses power due to energy consumption in the motors and lifetime limitation of the sun tracker. In this paper, the neuro-fuzzy controller has been designed and implemented using Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) board for dual axis sun tracker based on optical sensors to orient the PV panel by two linear actuators. The experimental results reveal that proposed controller is more robust than fuzzy logic controller and proportional-integral (PI) controller since it has been trained offline using Matlab tool box to overcome those disturbances. The proposed controller can track the sun trajectory effectively, where the experimental results reveal that dual axis sun tracker power can collect 50.6% more daily power than fixed angle panel. Whilst one axis sun tracker power can collect 39.4 % more daily power than fixed angle panel. Hence, dual axis sun tracker can collect 8 % more daily power than one axis sun tracker.
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Batista, Edson A., Moacyr A. G. de Brito, João C. Siqueira, Jeandro C. Dias, Raphael C. Gomez, Maurilio F. R. Catharino, and Matheus B. Gomes. "A Multifunctional Smart Meter Using ANN-PSO Flux Estimation and Harmonic Active Compensation with Fuzzy Voltage Regulation." Sensors 21, no. 12 (June 17, 2021): 4154. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21124154.
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This paper aims to present the analysis and development of a complete electronic smart meter that is able to perform four-quadrant measurements, act as a three-phase shunt active power filter (APF), and control three-phase induction motors by stator flux estimation. A transmission control protocol together with Internet protocol (TCP/IP) communication protocol for the remote access of measurement data is embedded into the application to securely transmit reliable information. An artificial neural network trained with particle swarm optimization is used for stator flux estimation, and a fuzzy logic controller is adopted to regulate the power converter DC bus voltage. The present work gathers knowledge from multidisciplinary fields, and all applied techniques have not been proposed altogether before. All control functions are embedded into a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) device, using VHSIC Hardware Description Language (VHDL), to enhance efficiency taking advantage of parallelism and high speed. An FPGA-in-the-loop cosimulation technique was first applied to prove the control functions’ functionality, and, later, experimental evaluations are conducted to finally prove equipment operation and reliability.
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Al Gizi, Abdullah J. H. "PLC Fuzzy PID Controller of MPPT of Solar Energy Converter." WSEAS TRANSACTIONS ON SYSTEMS AND CONTROL 16 (January 7, 2021): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.37394/23203.2021.16.1.
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Development of the Maximum-Power-Point-Tracking (MPPT) scheme for solar mounts and rectifiers leftovers interesting. We design of high-sensitive fuzzy (HSF) Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PIDC) controller by means of Matlab and Programmable-Logic-Controllers (PLCs) for an adjusted of the MPPT scheme. This proposal is founded on a synergistic mixture of the Radial-Basis-Function-Neural Network (RBF-NN), Genetic Algorithm (GA), and Sugeno-Fuzzy-Logic (SFL) systems. The finest limits of PIDC and MPPT are strong-minded through optimization, wherever RBF-NN is adjusted by means of GA to reach the best key. Also, RBF-NN is rummage-sale to improve the PID limits (got from GA) for scheming HSFL-PIDC of the MPPT scheme. The HSFL-PIDC controller is extra planned to transfer in PLCs (STEP 75.5) for implementing the photovoltaic (PV) scheme. The all-inclusive scheme is extra tuned by solar limits under numerous operational circumstances to advance the solar recital in terms of accusing and correcting. The recital of the planned analog employed MPPT controller is assessed by interfacing it with a hardware prototype of dual photovoltaic (PV) scheme. The mixture controller configured the regulator signal founded on the interaction and in that way reduces the voltage mistake and the oscillation in the voltage regulator process. The achieved scheme is established to be well-organized and robust in refining solar charging and rectifying capability .
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Han, Jian Bing, Shi Zhe Liu, Ping Li, Zong Yao Yao, and Jin Cang Mi. "A PLC-Based Tension Training System Design." Advanced Materials Research 912-914 (April 2014): 563–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.912-914.563.
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The PLC-based tension training system consists of three-phase asynchronous motors, programmable logic controllers (PLC), inverters, touch screen and sensor. Taking PLC as the controller, the system uses two sets of three-phase asynchronous motors to complete the delivery and winding of fibers, uses two inverters respectively to control the operation of the motors, and measures the fiber tension through tension sensor, and then feeds back the result to the PLC. Besides, by the touch screen control interface design, the system can achieve single motors inching, winding, and unwinding, two motors simultaneous operation and other operation modes. PID, fuzzy PID, genetic algorithm based PID and other algorithms can be used in the tests of the system. The PLC-based tension training system is of great help for enhancing the hands-on ability of college students or junior technical staff.
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Muñoz, C., H. Young, C. Antileo, and C. Bornhardt. "Sliding mode control of dissolved oxygen in an integrated nitrogen removal process in a sequencing batch reactor (SBR)." Water Science and Technology 60, no. 10 (November 1, 2009): 2545–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2009.516.
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This paper presents a sliding mode controller (SMC) for dissolved oxygen (DO) in an integrated nitrogen removal process carried out in a suspended biomass sequencing batch reactor (SBR). The SMC performance was compared against an auto-tuning PI controller with parameters adjusted at the beginning of the batch cycle. A method for cancelling the slow DO sensor dynamics was implemented by using a first order model of the sensor. Tests in a lab-scale reactor showed that the SMC offers a better disturbance rejection capability than the auto-tuning PI controller, furthermore providing reasonable performance in a wide range of operation. Thus, SMC becomes an effective robust nonlinear tool to the DO control in this process, being also simple from a computational point of view, allowing its implementation in devices such as industrial programmable logic controllers (PLCs).
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Kocór, Grzegorz, Stanisław Legutko, and Jolanta B. Krolczyk. "The Use of PLC for the Implementation of Technological Operations." Applied Mechanics and Materials 808 (November 2015): 333–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.808.333.
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Programmable Logic Controllers are important part of automation, performed in computer technology. They are applied in many areas of technology. The aim of this study is to present the drilling process of discs on the test rig prepared for the use in industrial conditions. S7-200 controller with operator panel TD200 has been applied to conduct the technological process, and programme STEP was used to support particular commands. It has been shown that the correct operation of the drilling process is dependent on the optimal design of the technological process. The algorithm depends on the programming language dedicated to the controller. The optimal operation of the controller is dependent on the number of input circuits gathering information on the object status and on the appropriate number and type of output devices connected to the actuators, and to the signalling or data transmission elements.
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Oliveira, Duarte L., Lester A. Faria, and Eduardo Lussari. "Design Of An Improved And Robust Asynchronous Wrapper (Aw) For FPGA Applications." Journal of Integrated Circuits and Systems 8, no. 1 (December 27, 2013): 54–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.29292/jics.v8i1.372.
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Contemporary digital systems must be based on the “System-on-Chip – SoC” concept. An interesting style for SoC design is the GALS paradigm (Globally Asynchronous, Locally Synchronous), which can be used to implement circuits in FPGAs (Field Programmable Gate Arrays). However the implementation of asynchronous interfaces (asynchronous wrapper – AW) constitutes a major drawback for this kind of devices. Although there is a typical AW design style, which is based on asynchronous controllers providing communication between modules (called ports), port controllers are subject to essentialhazard when implemented in FPGAs. In this context, this paper proposes a new asynchronous GALS wrapper architecture, suitable for implementations in any kind of FPGAs. The proposed port controllers showed to be essential-hazard-free, not needing any special cares in implementation concerning to LUTs choice. Additional advantages of the proposed architecture are: total autonomy that synchronous modules achieve when interacting with the asynchronous wrapper; the ports can be synthesized in the direct mapping style (so without knowledge of asynchronous logic synthesis); and the ports interact with environment in Ib/Ob Mode, not needing a timing analysis. Simulation results show the applicability of the proposed architecture and lead to its practical implementations in FPGAs.
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Bobyr, M. V., A. E. Arkhipov, N. A. Milostnaya, and M. A. Abdulldgabar. "DEVICE OF CONVERSION VOLTAGE FOR CONTROL COOLING DETAILS BASED ON THE FUZZY LOGIC." Proceedings of the Southwest State University 22, no. 4 (August 28, 2018): 135–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.21869/2223-1560-2018-22-4-135-147.
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Simulation of control parameters calculating process in the problem of cooling the parts surfaces machined on CNC equipment is considered in the article. A fuzzy model for determining the transmitted to the thermoelement current to control surfaces details cooling intensity proposed in the article. The fuzzy model consists of four steps. At the first step, the calculation of the degrees of the membership functions is produced. Input membership functions are having a triangular shape, and the output variable is represented by a singleton function. The second step, the degrees of the premises of the twenty-seven fuzzy rules is calculated. The third step, the eleven levels of conclusions of fuzzy rules is calculated. At the fourth step, defuzzification a crisp value from a simplified fuzzy inference is derived. After that, the scaling ratio and the output voltage level are determined. Also the condition of equality of the collector current for the calculated value is checked. If this condition is not implemented, the level of the output voltage is recalculated, until the set condition is fulfilled. The main problem in the system operation is the voltage calculation at the microcontroller output corresponding to the required current on the thermoelement with the maximum speed. To provide voltage calculating high speed in device was made on a field-programmable gate array (FPGA).Defuzzification in the fuzzy inference is based on a simplified fuzzy inference. The explaining the essence of the proposed technical solution numerical modeling is presented in the article. Timing diagrams of the cooling control device and voltage-current conversion devices in the cooling control system are presented in the article.
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Mohammed, Nabil, Kumeresan A. Danapalasingam, and Ahmed Majed. "Design, Control and Monitoring of an Offline Mobile Battery Energy Storage System for a Typical Malaysian Household Load Using PLC." International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems (IJPEDS) 9, no. 1 (March 1, 2018): 180. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijpeds.v9.i1.pp180-188.
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Battery energy storage system (BESS) is used in many practical applications including uninterruptible power supplies (UPS), portable devices, electrical vehicles and renewable energy systems. To utilize BESS effectively, an efficient control operation is required. Various controllers have been introduced in the open literature. However, they are not considered the best fit due to their limitations. This includes their incapability of handling high-power rating BESS, low noise immunity, short life cycle and limited number of input and output interfaces. In this paper, the programmable logic controller (PLC) is used to control and monitor a 158.8 kWh offline BESS for a typical Malaysian household. TIA Portal V13 software by siemens is used to program the proposed PLC control. Human machine interface(HMI) system is used to monitor and simulate the control performance. The results show that the PLC approach provides an efficient and reliable control of the BESS in which a compact protection against the battery overcharging, under-discharging and overheating is achieved.
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Wu, Huifeng, Junjie Hu, Jiexiang Sun, and Danfeng Sun. "Edge Computing in an IoT Base Station System: Reprogramming and Real-Time Tasks." Complexity 2019 (March 5, 2019): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/4027638.
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There are millions of base stations distributed across China, each containing many support devices and monitoring sensors. Conventional base station management systems tend to be hosted in the cloud, but cloud-based systems are difficult to reprogram and performing tasks in real-time is sometimes problematic, for example, sounding a combination of alarms or executing linked tasks. To overcome these drawbacks, we propose a hybrid edge-cloud IoT base station system, called BSIS. This paper includes a theoretical mathematical model that demonstrates the dynamic characteristics of BSIS along with a formulation for implementing BSIS in practice. Embedded programmable logic controllers serve as the edge nodes; a dynamic programming method creates a seamless integration between the edge nodes and the cloud. The paper concludes with a series of comprehensive analyses on scalability, responsiveness, and reliability. These analyses indicate a possible 60% reduction in the number of alarms, an edge response time of less than 0.1s, and an average downtime ratio of 0.66%.
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Hasan, Mohammad Kamrul, Shayla Islam, Muhammad Shafiq, Fatima Rayan Awad Ahmed, Somya Khidir Mohmmed Ataelmanan, Nissrein Babiker Mohammed Babiker, and Khairul Azmi Abu Bakar. "Communication Delay Modeling for Wide Area Measurement System in Smart Grid Internet of Things Networks." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2021 (July 13, 2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/9958003.
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We present communication frameworks, models, and protocols of smart grid Internet of Things (IoT) networks based on the IEEE and IEC standards. The measurement, control, and monitoring of grid being achieved through phasor measurement unit (PMU) based wide area measurement (WAM) framework. The WAM framework applied the IEEE standard C37.118 phasor exchange protocol to collect grid data from various substation devices. The existing frameworks include the IEC 61850 protocol and programmable logic controllers (PLCs) based supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) system. These protocols have been selected as per the smart grid configuration and communication design. However, the existing frameworks have severe synchronization errors due to the communication delays of IoT networks in the smart grid. Therefore, this article designs the timing mechanism and a delay model to reduce the timing delay and boost real-time measurement, monitoring, and control performance of the smart grid WAM applications. The result shows that the proposed model outperformed the existing WAM system.
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Egoigwe, Sochima Vincent, Chukwudi Chukwudozie, Chikezie Anthony Ohama, Nnamdi Chukwukadibia Echezona, Chukwuemeka Igwe Arize, and Timothy Oluwaseun Araoye. "Application of Neuro-Fuzzy for Improving Volume Control in Water Canning Industry." European Journal of Engineering Research and Science 4, no. 3 (March 21, 2019): 127–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejers.2019.4.3.1202.
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The computation minimization which is associated with neurofuzzy models and controllers may be installed in industrial programmable Logic controllers (PLC). The implementation of thermal sterilization is both model and control in order to validate the pilot plant of water canned industry. Volume control in beverage manufacturing companies requires that a certain measured volume be filled into specific container sizes to conform to already predetermined standard to ensure competitiveness in the industry. However, most industry does not have accurate and reliable monitoring mechanism capable of sensing when the canned bottles are not properly filled. This operational failure can be overcome by designing a model that will monitor and control the filling process thereby improving volume control in water canning industry using feedback Neuro-fuzzy control. MATLAB Software was used to carry out simulations to develop volume control in water canning industry with aims of improving operational mechanism of industry. The result of the research revealed the empirical data collected in Rancor Nig. Ltd., Enugu, Nigeria and feedback Neurofuzzy. This ANN model can then be trained with values generated from an already existing mathematical model to be able to monitor and control the filling of the cans. The result showed that volume control in water canning industry with and without feedback Neuro-fuzzy were 63cl and 50cl respectively. The volume increased by 13cl. With these results, it shows that using feedback Neuro-fuzzy gives a better result in terms of filling to the required volume of the bottle than when feedback Neuro-fuzzy is not used.
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Minchala, Luis I., Jonnathan Peralta, Paul Mata-Quevedo, and Jaime Rojas. "An Approach to Industrial Automation Based on Low-Cost Embedded Platforms and Open Software." Applied Sciences 10, no. 14 (July 8, 2020): 4696. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10144696.
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This paper presents a performance evaluation of the development of the instrumentation, communications and control systems of a two-tank process by using low-cost hardware and open source software. The hardware used for automating this process consists of embedded platforms (Arduino and Raspberry Pi) integrated into programmable logic controllers (PLCs), which are connected to a supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) system implemented with an open source Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) platform. The main purpose of the proposed approach is to evaluate low-cost automation solutions (hardware and software) within the framework of modern industry requirements in order to determine whether these technologies could be enabling factors of IIoT. The proposed control strategy for regulating tank levels combines the classic PID algorithm and the fuzzy gain scheduling PID (FGS-PID) approach. Fault detection capabilities are also enabled for the system through a fault detection and diagnosis module (FDD) implemented with an extended Kalman filter (EKF). The distributed controller’s (DC) algorithms are embedded into the PLC’s processors in order to demonstrate the flexibility of the proposed system. Additionally, a remote human to machine interface (HMI) is deployed through a web client of the IIoT application. Experimental results show the proper operation of the overall system.
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Della Giustina, Davide, Amelia Alvarez de Sotomayor, Alessio Dedè, and Francisco Ramos. "A Model-Based Design of Distributed Automation Systems for the Smart Grid: Implementation and Validation." Energies 13, no. 14 (July 10, 2020): 3560. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13143560.
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The paper aims at describing a model-based approach to design automation logics for fault location and supply restoration in medium voltage distribution networks. The application of automation functions along medium voltage feeders and, in particular, the installation of protection devices in secondary substations mandates the design and the implementation of complex logics to coordinate the operations of this hardware in case of fault occurrences. This synchronization is realized with the exchange of IEC 61850 GOOSE messages, but the correct usage of this information must be implemented in each protection device through dedicated logics, which are not in the common out-of-the-box system configurations. To support the introduction and the design of these logics, an automata-based approach has been proposed and successfully demonstrated in a real environment in the European research project IDE4L. This formal methodology has been introduced to simplify the design phase and to standardize the logics implemented in the protection prototypes realized in the project. The same models have also been used in the implementation phase with a semi-automatic code generation procedure, considering as a target system the software programmable logic controllers (soft-PLCs), available on the protection devices. Based on the test results and the short time to set up the test bench, this approach proved to be a reliable and effective way to implement complex medium voltage (MV) automation logics such those needed in modern smart grids.
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Seok, Byoungjin, Jinseong Park, and Jong Hyuk Park. "A Lightweight Hash-Based Blockchain Architecture for Industrial IoT." Applied Sciences 9, no. 18 (September 7, 2019): 3740. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9183740.
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Blockchain is a technology that can ensure data integrity in a distributed network, and it is actively applied in various fields. Recently, blockchain is gaining attention due to combining with the Internet of Things (IoT) technology in the industrial field. Moreover, many researchers have proposed the Industrial IoT (IIoT) architecture with blockchain for data integrity and efficient management. The IIoT network consists of many heterogeneous devices (e.g., sensors, actuators, and programmable logic controllers (PLC)) with resources-constrained, and the availability of the network must be preferentially considered. Therefore, applying the existed blockchain technology is still challenging. There are some results about the technique of constructing blockchain lightly to solve this challenge. However, in these results, the analysis in perspective of cryptographic performance (area, throughput, and power consumption) has not been considered sufficiently, or only focused on the architecture of the blockchain network. The blockchain technology is based on cryptographic techniques, and the main part is a cryptographic hash function. Therefore, if we construct the blockchain-based IIoT architecture, we have to consider the performance of the hash function. Many lightweight hash functions have been proposed recently for the resource-constrained environment, and it can also be used to the blockchain. Therefore, in this paper, we analyze the considerations of lightweight blockchain for IIoT. Also, we conduct an analysis of lightweight hash for blockchain, and propose a new lightweight hash-based blockchain architecture that can change the hash algorithm used for mining adjust to network traffic.
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Rudas, Imre J. "Intelligent Engineering Systems." Journal of Advanced Computational Intelligence and Intelligent Informatics 2, no. 3 (June 20, 1998): 69–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jaciii.1998.p0069.
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Building intelligent systems has been one of the great challenges since the early days of human culture. From the second half of the 18th century, two revolutionary changes played the key role in technical development, hence in creating engineering and intelligent engineering systems. The industrial revolution was made possible through technical advances, and muscle power was replaced by machine power. The information revolution of our time, in turn, canbe characterized as the replacement of brain power by machine intelligence. The technique used to build engineering systems and replace muscle power can be termed "Hard Automation"1) and deals with industrial processes that are fixed and repetitive in nature. In hard automation, the system configuration and the operations are fixed and cannot be changed without considerable down-time and cost. It can be used, however, particularly in applications calling for fast, accurate operation, when manufacturing large batches of the same product. The "intelligent" area of automation is "Soft Automation," which involves the flexible, intelligent operation of an automated process. In flexible automation, the task is programmable and a work cell must be reconfigured quickly to accommodate a product change. It is particularly suitable for plant environments in which a variety of products is manufactured in small batches. Processes in flexible automation may have unexpected or previously unknown conditions, and would require a certain degree of "machine" intelligence to handle them.The term machine intelligence has been changing with time and is machinespecific, so intelligence in this context still remains more or less a mysterious phenomenon. Following Prof. Lotfi A. Zadeh,2) we consider a system intelligent if it has a high machine intelligence quotient (MIQ). As Prof. Zadeh stated, "MIQ is a measure of intelligence of man-made systems," and can be characterized by its well defined dimensions, such as planning, decision making, problem solving, learning reasoning, natural language understanding, speech recognition, handwriting recognition, pattern recognition, diagnostics, and execution of high level instructions.Engineering practice often involves complex systems having multiple variable and multiple parameter models, sometimes with nonlinear coupling. The conventional approaches for understanding and predicting the behavior of such systems based on analytical techniques can prove to be inadequate, even at the initial stages of setting up an appropriate mathematical model. The computational environment used in such an analytical approach is sometimes too categoric and inflexible in order to cope with the intricacy and complexity of real-world industrial systems. It turns out that, in dealing with such systems, one must face a high degree of uncertainty and tolerate great imprecision. Trying to increase precision can be very costly.In the face of the difficulties above, Prof. Zadeh proposes a different approach for Machine Intelligence. He separates Hard Computing techniques based Artificial Intelligence from Soft Computing techniques based Computational Intelligence.•Hard computing is oriented toward the analysis and design of physical processes and systems, and is characterized by precision, formality, and categorization. It is based on binary logic, crisp systems, numerical analysis, probability theory, differential equations, functional analysis, mathematical programming approximation theory, and crisp software.•Soft computing is oriented toward the analysis and design of intelligent systems. It is based on fuzzy logic, artificial neural networks, and probabilistic reasoning, including genetic algorithms, chaos theory, and parts of machine learning, and is characterized by approximation and dispositionality.In hard computing, imprecision and uncertainty are undesirable properties. In soft computing, the tolerance for imprecision and uncertainty is exploited to achieve an acceptable solution at low cost, tractability, and a high MIQ. Prof. Zadeh argues that soft rather than hard computing should be viewed as the foundation of real machine intelligence. A center has been established - the Berkeley Initiative for Soft Computing (BISC) - and he directs it at the University of California, Berkeley. BISC devotes its activities to this concept.3) Soft computing, as he explains2),•is a consortium of methodologies providing a foundation for the conception and design of intelligent systems,•is aimed at formalizing of the remarkable human ability to make rational decision in an uncertain, imprecise environment.The guiding principle of soft computing, given by Prof. Zadeh2) is: Exploit the tolerance for imprecision, uncertainty, and partial truth to achieve tractability, robustness, low solution cost, and better rapport with reality.Fuzzy logic is mainly concerned with imprecision and approximate reasoning, neurocomputing mainly with learning and curve fitting, genetic computation mainly with searching and optimization and probabilistic reasoning mainly with uncertainty and propagation of belief. The constituents of soft computing are complementary rather than competitive. Experience gained over the past decade indicates that it can be more effective to use them combined, rather than exclusively.Based on this approach, machine intelligence, including artificial intelligence and computational intelligence (soft computing techniques) is one pillar of Intelligent Engineering Systems. Hundreds of new results in this area are published in journals and international conference proceedings. One such conference, organized in Budapest, Hungary, on September 15-17, 1997, was titled'IEEE International Conference on Intelligent Engineering Systems 1997' (INES'97), sponsored by the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society, IEEE Hungary Section, Bá{a}nki Doná{a}t Polytechnic, Hungary, National Committee for Technological Development, Hungary, and in technical cooperation with the IEEE Robotics & Automation Society. It had around 100 participants from 29 countries. This special issue features papers selected from those papers presented during the conference. It should be pointed out that these papers are revised and expanded versions of those presented.The first paper discusses an intelligent control system of an automated guided vehicle used in container terminals. Container terminals, as the center of cargo transportation, play a key role in everyday cargo handling. Learning control has been applied to maintaining the vehicle's course and enabling it to stop at a designatedlocation. Speed control uses conventional control. System performance system was evaluated by simulation, and performance tests slated for a test vehicle.The second paper presents a real-time camera-based system designed for gaze tracking focused on human-computer communication. The objective was to equip computer systems with a tool that provides visual information about the user. The system detects the user's presence, then locates and tracks the face, nose and both eyes. Detection is enabled by combining image processing techniques and pattern recognition.The third paper discusses the application of soft computing techniques to solve modeling and control problems in system engineering. After the design of classical PID and fuzzy PID controllers for nonlinear systems with an approximately known dynamic model, the neural control of a SCARA robot is considered. Fuzzy control is discussed for a special class of MIMO nonlinear systems and the method of Wang generalized for such systems.The next paper describes fuzzy and neural network algorithms for word frequency prediction in document filtering. The two techniques presented are compared and an alternative neural network algoritm discussed.The fifth paper highlights the theory of common-sense knowledge in representation and reasoning. A connectionist model is proposed for common-sense knowledge representation and reasoning, and experimental results using this method presented.The next paper introduces an expert consulting system that employs software agents to manage distributed knowledge sources. These individual software agents solve users' problems either by themselves or thorough mutual cooperation.The last paper presents a methodology for creating and applying a generic manufacturing process model for mechanical parts. Based on the product model and other up-to-date approaches, the proposed model involves all possible manufacturing process variants for a cluster of manufacturing tasks. The application involves a four-level model structure and Petri net representation of manufacturing process entities. Creation and evaluation of model entities and representation of the knowledge built in the shape and manufacturing process models are emphasised. The proposed process model is applied in manufacturing process planning and production scheduling.References:1) C. W. De Silva, "Automation Intelligence," Engineering Application of Artificial Intelligence, 7-5, 471-477, (1994).2) L. A. Zadeh, "Fuzzy Logic, Neural Networks and Soft Computing," NATO Advanced Studies Institute on Soft Computing and Its Application, Antalya, Turkey, (1996).3) L. A. Zadeh, "Berkeley Initiative_in Soft Computing," IEEE Industrial Electronics Society Newsletter. 41-3, 8-10, (1994).
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Yang, Zheng, Zhiting Bao, Chenglu Jin, Zhe Liu, and Jianying Zhou. "PLCrypto: A Symmetric Cryptographic Library for Programmable Logic Controllers." IACR Transactions on Symmetric Cryptology, September 17, 2021, 170–217. http://dx.doi.org/10.46586/tosc.v2021.i3.170-217.
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Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs) are control devices widely used in industrial automation. They can be found in critical infrastructures like power grids, water systems, nuclear plants, manufacturing systems, etc. This paper introduces PLCrypto, a software cryptographic library that implements lightweight symmetric cryptographic algorithms for PLCs using a standard PLC programming language called structured text (ST). To the best of our knowledge, PLCrypto is the first ST-based cryptographic library that is executable on commercial off-the-shelf PLCs. PLCrypto includes a wide range of commonly used algorithms, totaling ten algorithms, including one-way functions, message authentication codes, hash functions, block ciphers, and pseudo-random functions/generators. PLCrypto can be used to protect the confidentiality and integrity of data on PLCs without additional hardware or firmware modification. This paper also presents general optimization methodologies and techniques used in PLCrypto for implementing primitive operations like bit-shifting/rotation, substitution, and permutation. The optimization tricks we distilled from our practice can also guide future implementation of other computationheavy programs on PLCs. To demonstrate a use case of PLCrypto in practice, we further realize a cryptographic protocol called proof of aliveness as a case study. We benchmarked the algorithms and protocols in PLCrypto on a commercial PLC, Allen Bradley ControlLogix 5571, which is widely used in the real world. Also, we make our source codes publicly available, so plant operators can freely deploy our library in practice.
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Tepe, Cengiz, Abidin Sefa Aslan, and İlyas Eminoğlu. "Conveyor belt experiment setup for programmable logic controller education." International Journal of Electrical Engineering & Education, September 17, 2020, 002072092095813. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020720920958134.
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Programmable logic controllers (PLC) have been one of the most widely used controllers in industry. They have a graphical programming language interface resambling the relay panels which they are intended to replace so that the transition from relay panels might be swift and smooth. Although learning this programming language is easy, real life experiments are essential for students to gain greater understanding of the logic behind the language. However, it is generally too expensive to provide an experimental set-up for students to test their theoretical knowledge. For this reason, a conveyor and feeder system was developed as a low cost 3D printable design using a CAD program and implemented for use in a control laboratory. Using this conveyor set-up, students can experience how to program a practical example of a PLC devices used in industry together with an introduction to actuators and sensors. Reading actual sensors and using actuators via the inputs and outputs of a PLC to control a real life system will be far more effective than simulator alternatives.
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Petráš, Ivo. "Tuning and implementation methods for fractional-order controllers." Fractional Calculus and Applied Analysis 15, no. 2 (January 1, 2012). http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s13540-012-0021-4.
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AbstractThis survey paper presents methods of tuning and implementation of Fractional-Order Controllers (FOC). In the article are presented tuning, auto-tuning and self-tuning methods for the FOC. As the FOC are considered fractional PID controllers, the Commande Robuste d’Ordre Non Entier (CRONE) controller and fractional-order lead-lag compensators. As implementation techniques are described the IIR and FIR filters forms of approximation methods, which can be easily implemented in microprocessor devices such as for example the Programmable Logic Controller (PLC), etc. The possibility for analogue implementation of such kind of controllers is also mentioned. An example of practical implementation of the FOC together with all problems and restrictions are described as well.
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Yap, Roderick, Kevin Lam, Rovi Bugayong, Edward Hernandez, and Joey De Guzman. "HARDWARE DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF GENETIC ALGORITHM FOR THE CONTROLLER OF A DC TO DC BOOST CONVERTER." Jurnal Teknologi 78, no. 5-7 (May 19, 2016). http://dx.doi.org/10.11113/jt.v78.8725.
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Controllers for DC to DC Boost Converters have evolved from simple control method to those that involve the use of fuzzy logic controllers. In many implementations, Proportional Integral Derivative (PID) controllers are commonly employed. In this paper, a genetic algorithm for tuning the PID controller of a DC to DC Boost Converter is hardware modelled and implemented on a Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) using Verilog as tool for the design entry. The goal of embedding genetic algorithm into the controller is to search for the best PID parameters that will yield fast settling time of the booster at an output of 6V. The hardware implementation allows the controller to tune itself by searching for the best Kp, Ki and Kd values that will give the best settling time. Significantly, this eliminates the need for a separate computer to do the searching routine. Test results of the circuit implemented yielded promising results. When compared to previous researches, the genetic algorithm employed yielded good PID parameters that resulted to a settling time as low as less than 60msec.
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Veeranna, G., K. Vaisakh, and R. S. Rao. "Performance Evaluation of Effective Controller for Buck-Boost DC-DC DSNIBBC." Journal of Circuits, Systems and Computers, September 17, 2020, 2150067. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218126621500675.
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This paper deals about the development of intelligent controllers (ICs) for load voltage regulation of a double switch noninverting buck-boost DSNIBBC operated in pseudo continuous coil current (PCCC). The DSNIBBC is a kind of DC-DC converter, which converts the positive DC source voltage into the positive DC load voltage (buck to boost mode and boost to buck mode). Due to the time changing, ON/OFF characteristics along with its transient and dynamic characteristics of DSNIBBC have become nonlinear. Since the classical linear controllers are inappropriate to enhance the transient and dynamic performances of DSNIBBC, ICs are designed to improve the load control of the same DSNIBBC operated in transient and dynamic regions. In this paper, two ICs, namely, fuzzy logic controller (FLC) and neuro controller (NC) incorporated in the load voltage regulation loop are utilized. The performance comparison between the ICs and the classical proportional integral (PI) controller is discussed and validated at various regions through both software and prototype field programmable gate array [FPGA] plants. The responses are depicted to support the designed ICs.
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Ramesh, P. "Performance Evaluation of Effective Multi-Structure Controllers for KY Negative Output Boost Converter." Journal of Circuits, Systems and Computers, September 6, 2021, 2250033. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218126622500335.
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This paper focuses on the design of multi-structure controllers (MSCs) for KY negative output boost converter (KYNOBC) functioned in continuous current mode (CCM) for low-power source applications. KYNOBC is one of the topologies of DC–DC converter that performs the positive DC input supply voltage into a negative output voltage. Dynamic behavior of KYNOBC is nonlinear in nature because of its time-changing operation. The single loop control does not regulate the multi-parameters of KYNOBC during the line and load variations owing to that it produces poor transient and dynamic analyses. With the aim of controlling the multi-parameters of KYNOBC such as inductor current and output voltage, enriching the transient and dynamic analysis, the MSCs are recommended in this paper. In our study, MSCs for KYNOBC consist of two loops such as inner proportional (P) controller inductor current loop for modulating the converter current and outer fuzzy logic controller (FLC)/proportional integral (PI) controller voltage loop for regulating the output voltage. The P and PI values are determined from the mathematical modeling of KYNOBC and the fuzzy rules are framed based on its performance without modeling equations. The behaviors of the KYNOBC with MSCs are validated at various zones by making the MATLAB/Simulink simulations and prototype model. The controller parameters are realized in prototype field programmable gate array (FPGA). The responses are recorded to indicate the dexterous of the MSCs for it.
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Samanta, Akash, Saibal Saha, Jhumoor Biswas, and Arindam Dutta. "Evaluation of Impact of Shading Devices on Energy Consumption of Buildings in Tropical Regions." Journal of Energy Resources Technology 136, no. 2 (April 9, 2014). http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.4027154.
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The aim of this paper is to demonstrate the role of shading devices in the improvement of energy efficiency of buildings in hot dusty and dry tropical regions. The effect of shading in reducing the energy consumption of buildings is investigated by considering a case study of a guest house chosen because of its logical design approach to reduce thermal loads. The building plan, measurements, and details on schedules of building usage activities have been used as input data to a simulation program of the building. Based on the inputs, a thermal building model is developed in trnsys 17 simulation program and the effect of external shading on the building has been explored. It is seen that building design and orientation determine the effectiveness of shading. Movable shading over windows has a significant impact reducing temperatures by about 1.5 °C in each thermal zone. The difference in thermal energy loads of the building calculated from modeling simulations of the base case and the control case utilizing movable shading devices is approximately 8%. A programmable logic controllers (PLC)-based movable shading device has been designed to facilitate optimal shading control. The results enable us to draw inferences regarding the additional contribution of the shading factor in energy saving techniques for buildings.
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Muthamil Sudar, K., and P. Deepalakshmi. "An intelligent flow-based and signature-based IDS for SDNs using ensemble feature selection and a multi-layer machine learning-based classifier." Journal of Intelligent & Fuzzy Systems, December 30, 2020, 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/jifs-200850.
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Software-defined networking is a new paradigm that overcomes problems associated with traditional network architecture by separating the control logic from data plane devices. It also enhances performance by providing a highly-programmable interface that adapts to dynamic changes in network policies. As software-defined networking controllers are prone to single-point failures, providing security is one of the biggest challenges in this framework. This paper intends to provide an intrusion detection mechanism in both the control plane and data plane to secure the controller and forwarding devices respectively. In the control plane, we imposed a flow-based intrusion detection system that inspects every new incoming flow towards the controller. In the data plane, we assigned a signature-based intrusion detection system to inspect traffic between Open Flow switches using port mirroring to analyse and detect malicious activity. Our flow-based system works with the help of trained, multi-layer machine learning-based classifier, while our signature-based system works with rule-based classifiers using the Snort intrusion detection system. The ensemble feature selection technique we adopted in the flow-based system helps to identify the prominent features and hasten the classification process. Our proposed work ensures a high level of security in the Software-defined networking environment by working simultaneously in both control plane and data plane.
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Patel, Dr Kaushika, Viraj Jogani, Prapti Bhajiyawala, Akshit Modi, and Parul Panchal. "Technological revolution in Industrial Automation using PLC." International Journal of Scientific Research in Computer Science, Engineering and Information Technology, April 12, 2021, 514–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.32628/cseit2172136.
Full textAbstract:
In any industry having automation work have many devices which are interconnected through wires and making all of them work together and handling their features collectively is the work of PLC (Programmable logic Controller). They are most forwardly used as they are simplest forms of control structures that are now taking over the hard-wired Relays. PLCs which are computer-based controllers are the exceptional for handling systems, which requires excessive care and accuracy like small and medium scale industries for input and Output processes. Leaning a little in the direction the utilization of Automation in Industries will only give a beneficiary performance, flexibility, accuracy, least or null engagement of human interference. And for controlling and tracking of the large scale industries where PLCs are not enough, SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition Systems) are used as they are more efficient, and can be handled without difficulty from the main control room/office which is remotely located at other place or at far area. One of critical function of PLC is that its input and output elements can be prolonged according to the requirement or motive. They are very easy to operate for those who are having even a basic Information.
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Tompa, G. S., D. Shen, C. Zhang, and I. H. Murzin. "Advanced Interactive Personal Computer-Based Process Control Systems for Oxide MOCVD Systems." MRS Proceedings 415 (1995). http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/proc-415-167.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACTA versatile control system, which uses standard commercial software and hardware has been developed and applied to control oxide (and carbide) MOCVD and CVD systems. The control system is implemented within a personal computer platform. The system operates in the real time Microsoft WindowsTM environment utilizing the full advantage of the sophisticated graphical user interfaces, dynamic data exchange, networking, and multitasking capabilities. We have used two different sets of commercial software to control and monitor system hardware. The first software set is INTOUCHTM, a Man-Machine interface software from WONDERWARETM in conjunction with Microsoft ExcelTM and I/O interface software. The second software set is LABVIEWTM, which is primarily a data acquisition control system from National Instruments, combined with Visual BasicTM. Both systems include a friendly interactive real-time windows-based user interface, an advanced process entry and recording spread sheet interface, alarm and security management systems, data display and recording, maintenance routines, and complete networking and remote operation capabilities. In addition, the configurations provide a flexible hardware interface that can directly interface to I/O cards in the PC's bus, as well as to most industrial Programmable Logic Controllers, various types of process controllers, I/O devices and other forms of hardware. Most importantly, the system can interface with any in-situ process monitor or higher level intelligent process control systems in order to optimize the process. Modules may be activated or deactivated as needed (even as part of the process). These systems have been used for home-built systems, as well as to retrofit a modified Spire SPI-MOCVDTM 500XT system. General process interaction and results will be discussed.