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ROBINSON, WARREN C., and GARY L. LEWIS. "COST-EFFECTIVENESS ANALYSIS OF BEHAVIOUR CHANGE INTERVENTIONS: A PROPOSED NEW APPROACH AND AN APPLICATION TO EGYPT." Journal of Biosocial Science 35, no. 4 (October 2003): 499–512. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002193200300590x.
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This paper presents a new approach to cost analysis of family planning programmes that focuses on behaviour change of programme clients as the final ‘output’ rather than units of contraceptive services delivered, as does the familiar couple-years-of-protection index. It is useful to know how much it costs to deliver a unit of contraceptive services, but it would also seem useful to know how much it costs to change a prospective client’s behaviour. The proposed approach rests on the familiar ‘steps to behaviour change’ paradigm and: (1) develops a methodology for applying a client-behaviour-change-centred cost analysis to programme activities; (2) tests the methodology and concepts by applying them retrospectively to a case study of mass media interventions in Egypt; (3) derives cost per unit of behaviour changes for these Egyptian communications campaigns to demonstrate the workability of the approach. This framework offers a new approach to impact evaluation that would seem to be applicable to other components of family planning and reproductive health programmes.
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Lu, Kun, Da Wei Chen, and Zhuang Li. "Discussion and Analysis on Effect of Hot Secondary Air Governance Gypsum Rain on the Power Plant Unit." Advanced Materials Research 864-867 (December 2013): 1798–803. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.864-867.1798.
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For gypsum rain phenomenon in limestone-gypsum wet desulfurization system. This article made programme that has used unit existing equipment allowance. Extracted hot secondary air to heat purified flue gas to eliminate "gypsum rain". This programme is implemented which makes temperature of purified flue gas rising to 70 °C. That almost eliminate "gypsum rain" phenomenon. While temperature of boiler exhaust gas declined, and temperature of hot air reduced, and boiler thermal efficiency declined, unit of power coal consumption rosed. Comparing to other programmes, this programme has a larger advantage in technology, economic, and security aspects.
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Raikwar, Aakash Ashok, Vishal Dogra, Ashish Giri, Nitin Rathnam, and Shailendra Kumar Hegde. "Cost analysis of a mobile medical unit programme in Andhra Pradesh: a microcosting study protocol." BMJ Open 11, no. 2 (February 2021): e038191. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-038191.
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IntroductionOffering primary healthcare through mobile medical units is an innovative way to reach the rural and the vulnerable population. With 292 mobile medical units, the Andhra Pradesh mobile medical unit (APMMU) programme is one of the largest health outreach programmes in rural India. However, India lacks reliable cost estimates for the health services delivered through mobile medical platforms. This study aims to estimate the unit cost of providing primary care services through mobile medical units in rural and tribal areas of Andhra Pradesh.Method and analysisCost analysis of 12 mobile medical units will be undertaken. We will use the activity-based microcosting technique from the providers’ perspective. A bottom-up approach will be used for cost estimation. Standardised tools will be used to collect data on activities and resources, and on the costs. Capital investments and recurrent costs will be measured and evaluated. Average unit costs, along with 95% CIs, will be reported. Sensitivity analysis will assess the cost estimate uncertainties and other cost assumptions.Ethics and disseminationPiramal Swasthya Management Research Institute’s ethics committee approved the study. The findings of the study will be disseminated through conference presentations, publications in peer-reviewed journals and advocacy with the national and state governments. This study will provide first-hand comprehensive cost estimates of provisioning primary healthcare services using mobile medical units in India.
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Olijkan, Ed. "De Communicatieve Benadering En de Ontwikkeling van Τ2-Programma' s." Nederlands als tweede taal 22 (January 1, 1985): 166–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ttwia.22.14oli.
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At the Projectafdeling Culturele Minderheden (Cultural Minorities Department) of the Rotterdam Schooladviesdienst (Educational Ad-vice Service) language programmes are being developed, aimed at preparing the second language speaking 16+ group for vocational training courses. The programmes can be split up into a general basic programme and various specific follow-up programmes. In order to establish the entry and the target levels of the programmes, the following activities have been undertaken: 1 analysis of the proficiency that may be expected from existing beginners programmes, which has determined the entry level of the basic programme; 2 analysis of the language requirements that the participants on the training courses must meet, from which the target levels of the follow-up programmes have been derived. A third activity that has been undertaken is to determine the syllabus design, i.e. which skills can be distinguished; which steps have to be taken within each separate skill; which unit of organisation is to be adopted. In connection herewith, the rele-vance of the communicative approach has been examined, especially in the light of the numerous publications on syllabus design which this approach has yielded. In this article a number of aspects of the communicative approach and communicative syllabus design are treated, namely the suitability of the approach for different types of courses, the position of grammar within the approach, criticism of the approach, and some alternatives of the notional/functional syllabus. Finally the relevance of the approach for the development of second language programmes is evaluated. Some conclusions are, that for several reasons the notional/func-tional approach has not been adopted. Build-up schemes for each of the four skills and grammar have been devised instead. These separate schemes are interrelated during the actual programme de-velopment. Grammar is partly integrated in each skill and partly practised in isolation in the form of language awareness activities. An important asset of the communicative approach is the suggestion to carry out language needs analyses. However, no use could be made of a model like Munby's, as it did not suit the purpose. The supposition is put forward that the communicative approach has more to offer in the field of methodology than in that of syllabus design.
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ZHANG, WEI, and STEFANO PAGIOLA. "Assessing the potential for synergies in the implementation of payments for environmental services programmes: an empirical analysis of Costa Rica." Environmental Conservation 38, no. 4 (November 3, 2011): 406–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892911000555.
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SUMMARYPayments for environmental services (PES) have been recognized as a promising mechanism for conservation, with the potential to contribute to social objectives such as poverty reduction. This paper outlines a simple framework for assessing the potential for synergies in the implementation of PES programmes, used to analyse the new watershed conservation funding (WCF) channelled through Costa Rica's national PES programme, Pago por Servicios Ambientales (PSA). The WCF financing can only be used in a limited number of watersheds. Given this constraint, the paper examines the mechanisms by which the WCF may potentially contribute to biodiversity conservation and to reducing social development gaps. Although there is significant spatial correlation among the priority areas targeted for the objectives of watershed conservation, biodiversity conservation and social development, the availability of the WCF per unit of land in most watersheds is limited compared to the PSA programme's prevailing payment rate of US$ 64 ha−1, potentially hindering the impact of the WCF on conservation and social development. The analysis helps guide the allocation of the PSA budget in a way that complements the WCF and improves the cost-effectiveness of the PSA budget.
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Gamero, María G., Juan M. García-Ceberino, Sergio J. Ibáñez, and Sebastián Feu. "Analysis of Declarative and Procedural Knowledge According to Teaching Method and Experience in School Basketball." Sustainability 13, no. 11 (May 26, 2021): 6012. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13116012.
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Analysing declarative and procedural knowledge in sport makes it possible to evaluate the students’ acquisitions in the learning process. This study aimed to compare the acquisition of declarative and procedural knowledge after the implementation of several intervention programmes in school basketball, according to the methodology and prior experience of the students. A total of 55 students from the sixth year of primary education took part in the study, distributed into three groups. Each group participated in a different intervention programme: tactical games approach (TGA), direct instruction (DI) or service teacher’s basketball unit (STBU). The level of knowledge was measured using the Test of Declarative and Procedural Knowledge in Basketball (TDPKB). A descriptive analysis was performed to determine the participants’ characteristics. A factorial ANOVA was subsequently applied in two phases (pre-test and post-test) for independent samples to compare the level of knowledge among the different groups, and a t-test for related samples was performed to compare the pre–post knowledge level within each group. Then, a factorial ANOVA and a test of repeated measures were carried out to determine the effect of the methodology and experience on the students’ knowledge. The results indicate that the TGA, DI and STBU intervention programmes induced improvements in the levels of declarative and procedural knowledge in all the groups, with the students who participated in the TGA programme achieving higher levels of declarative knowledge. Finally, the effect of the absence of practical experience was identified as a determining factor for improvement. The students who had not previously practised basketball achieved higher levels of knowledge with the TGA intervention programme.
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Clarkson, Suzy, Joanna M. Charles, Christopher W. N. Saville, Gretchen J. Bjornstad, and Judy Hutchings. "Introducing KiVa school-based antibullying programme to the UK: A preliminary examination of effectiveness and programme cost." School Psychology International 40, no. 4 (April 20, 2019): 347–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0143034319841099.
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Bullying is an internationally recognized problem and school-based bullying is particularly pervasive. KiVa is a robustly evidenced school-based antibullying programme developed and evaluated at Turku University, Finland, and subsequently disseminated across Finland. Following a positive UK trial of Unit 2 (for 10- to 12-year-olds), further UK dissemination has taken place. This study presents (a) pupil self-reported levels of victimization and bullying prior to, and after, one year of KiVa implementation (Units 1 and 2) with 7- to 11-year-olds from 41 schools, and (b) programme training and delivery costs. Data from 41 primary schools were analysed using a linear mixed model effects analysis. Results revealed statistically significant reductions in victimization and bullying after one year of programme implementation. Ongoing costs were small, at £2.84 per Key Stage 2 pupil per annum. These promising results highlight the need for further more rigorous evaluation of KiVa in the UK, including the exploration of factors associated with effective implementation, and the importance for educators and policy makers of evaluating both impact and costs when implementing programmes to prevent and reduce bullying.
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Bedrunka, Karina, Łukasz Mach, Anna Kuczuk, and Anna Bohdan. "Identification and Analysis of Structural Fund Support Mitigating the Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic in the EU—A Case Study of Health Unit Funding." Energies 14, no. 16 (August 13, 2021): 4976. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14164976.
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The research carried out describes the provision of COVID-19 funding in individual EU Member States under the ongoing operational programmes of the EU financial perspective in the period 2014–2020. This was followed by identification of the most important areas of support and the amounts allocated to them for Poland and its sixteen voivodeships under the available EU funds from the 2014–2020 perspective. Types and forms of support for health services from the funds of the Regional Operational Programme for the Opolskie Voivodeship 2014–2020 (ROP WO) were analysed in detail. The obtained results showed that Italy, Spain, and Poland provided the largest values of support under the available operational programmes from 2014–2020 to combat the effects of COVID-19. In Poland, funding was mainly provided by the European Regional Development Fund, with the dominant support allocated to entrepreneurship and health care. In the Opolskie voivodeship, which is the case study, the additional financing in the health area concerns: personal protective equipment, equipment, construction works, oxygen installations, and waste water management. In this article, a literature analysis of the issue was conducted prior to the research process, which included theories of post-2007 crises, including the COVID-19 pandemic. The focus is on the theoretical background and research showing the impact of crises from the point of view of social, economic, and ecological dimensions, i.e., from the point of view of sustainable development. It also presents planned and implemented public intervention to offset the negative effects of COVID-19 in 2020 from structural funds in EU countries, including Poland and its 16 voivodeships.
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Yellman, Merissa A., Cora Peterson, Mary A. McCoy, Shelli Stephens-Stidham, Emily Caton, Jeffrey J. Barnard, Ted O. Padgett, Curtis Florence, and Gregory R. Istre. "Preventing deaths and injuries from house fires: a cost–benefit analysis of a community-based smoke alarm installation programme." Injury Prevention 24, no. 1 (February 9, 2017): 12–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/injuryprev-2016-042247.
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BackgroundOperation Installation (OI), a community-based smoke alarm installation programme in Dallas, Texas, targets houses in high-risk urban census tracts. Residents of houses that received OI installation (or programme houses) had 68% fewer medically treated house fire injuries (non-fatal and fatal) compared with residents of non-programme houses over an average of 5.2 years of follow-up during an effectiveness evaluation conducted from 2001 to 2011.ObjectiveTo estimate the cost–benefit of OI.MethodsA mathematical model incorporated programme cost and effectiveness data as directly observed in OI. The estimated cost per smoke alarm installed was based on a retrospective analysis of OI expenditures from administrative records, 2006–2011. Injury incidence assumptions for a population that had the OI programme compared with the same population without the OI programme was based on the previous OI effectiveness study, 2001–2011. Unit costs for medical care and lost productivity associated with fire injuries were from a national public database.ResultsFrom a combined payers' perspective limited to direct programme and medical costs, the estimated incremental cost per fire injury averted through the OI installation programme was $128,800 (2013 US$). When a conservative estimate of lost productivity among victims was included, the incremental cost per fire injury averted was negative, suggesting long-term cost savings from the programme. The OI programme from 2001 to 2011 resulted in an estimated net savings of $3.8 million, or a $3.21 return on investment for every dollar spent on the programme using a societal cost perspective.ConclusionsCommunity smoke alarm installation programmes could be cost-beneficial in high-fire-risk neighbourhoods.
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Fusco, Francesco, Helen Campbell, and Karen Barker. "Rehabilitation after resurfacing hip arthroplasty: cost-utility analysis alongside a randomized controlled trial." Clinical Rehabilitation 33, no. 6 (February 12, 2019): 1003–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0269215519827628.
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Objective: To assess the costs, effects, and cost-utility of an accelerated physiotherapy programme versus a standard physiotherapy programme following resurfacing hip arthroplasty. Design: A cost-utility analysis alongside a randomized controlled trial. Setting: A UK National Health Service hospital and patients’ homes. Subjects: A total of 80 male resurfacing hip arthroplasty patients randomized post procedure to one of the two programmes. Interventions: The accelerated physiotherapy programme commenced in hospital with patients being fully weight bearing, without hip precautions, and following a range of exercises facilitating gait re-education, balance, and lower limb strength. Standard physiotherapy commenced in hospital, but hip precautions were used and exercises were only partially weight bearing. In both groups, patients continued with their exercises at home for an eight-week period. Main measures: Data on healthcare contacts were collected from patients to 12 months and costed using unit costs from national sources. Information was also collected on patients’ costs. Health-related quality of life was measured using the EuroQol EQ-5D questionnaire and used to estimate quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) to 12 months. Mean costs and QALYs for each trial arm were compared. Results: On average, the accelerated physiotherapy programme was less expensive (mean cost difference −£200; 95% confidence interval: −£656 to £255) and more effective (mean QALY difference 0.13; 95% confidence interval: 0.05 to 0.21) than standard physiotherapy and had a high probability of being cost-effective. Conclusion: From the National Health Service perspective, an accelerated physiotherapy programme for male patients undergoing revision of total hip arthroplasty (RHA) is very likely to be cost-effective when compared to a standard physiotherapy programme.
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Lewis, Amber L. "The Practical Implications of A Minimum Machine Translation Unit." Babel. Revue internationale de la traduction / International Journal of Translation 43, no. 2 (January 1, 1997): 138–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/babel.43.2.05lew.
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Abstract A great deal of speculation dominates the translation industry with regard to the effectiveness of (MT) Machine Translation, or translation software. This project investigates the conclusions of Bennet (1994) about the size of the UT (unit of translation), based on the raw translations of a sample text as produced by four competitive PC programs. These programs are all transfer systems, which employ a minimum UT, such as a single noun phrase. The sample text is an authentic business correspondence text. A linguistic analysis of the four translations is performed. Results of the analysis show that numerous errors are committed which require the intervention of the professional translator. This research concludes that, for this type of text, a transfer system is not cost-effective because it will still require extensive human editing. The semantic errors particularly demonstrate the need to emphasize research towards the development of translation software which incorporates a larger UT. Résumé L'industrie de la traduction est soumise à de nombreuses spéculations en ce qui concerne l'efficacité de la traduction informatisée (TI) ou des logiciels de traduction. Dans cet article, l'auteur examine les conclusions de Bennet (1994) concernant la dimension de l'unité de traduction (UT), basée sur les traductions brutes d'un texte servant d'échantillons et produites par quatre programmes concurrentiels sur PC. Tous ces programmes sont des systèmes de tranfert qui emploient une UT minimum, par exemple une phrase nominale simple. Le texte d'échantillon est une lettre commerciale existante. Les quatre traductions obtenues sont soumises à une analyse linguistique, dont les résultats indiquent plusieurs erreurs exigeant l'intervention d'un traducteur professionnel. Cette étude permet de conclure que pour ce genre de textes, les systèmes de tranfert ne sont pas rentables du point de vue du coût puisqu'ils doivent être corrigés par une personne. Les erreurs sémantiques en particulier rélèvent le besoin de développer des logiciels capables d'incorporer une plus grande UT.
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Yoddumnern-Attig, Bencha, George A. Attig, and Uraiwan Kanungsukkasem. "Incorporating Explanatory Models in Planning Nutrition Education Programmes in Thailand." Nutrition and Health 8, no. 1 (January 1992): 17–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026010609200800102.
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An intersectoral child development services project is being undertaken in Thailand to develp a model process for providing age appropriate care and education to rural children through an integrated programme of nutrition, health and educational services designed to meet community needs and perceptions. Using behavioral analysis and explanatory models, project results show that the effectiveness of nutrition education can be facilitated by (1) recognizing the family as the unit of service, (2) focusing on solutions rather than problems, (3) using a two-stage promotional message strategy to encourage better child caretaking, and (4) viewing potential new practices as behavioral processes, rather than single entities aimed at a specific outcome. Program planning should also include the successive construction and analysis of community-based explanatory models which justify people's nutrition and health behaviors. The ultimate aim is to identify differences between explanatory models held by community members and health/nutrition educators, negotiate this conflict, and thereafter develop more practical and realistic methods for modifying behavior.
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Balmer, Denise. "The value of short Earth science continuing professional development for trainee primary school teachers." Geoscience Communication 4, no. 1 (February 10, 2021): 33–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gc-4-33-2021.
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Abstract. The paper investigates the potential of Earth science for the development of primary school science. The evaluation from workshops run by the Earth Science Education Unit for trainee primary teachers was appraised to assess the effectiveness of the short continuing professional development (CPD) programmes over the period 2009–2015. Trainee teacher comments are analysed using thematic analysis, which identified points recognised by Guskey (2000) as being the most important ideas for effective CPD programmes. Despite these workshops being short, lasting generally less than 2 h each, the conclusion reached was that they offered useful teaching ideas, resources and background information which the trainees could and would apply in the classroom.
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O'Reilly, K., P. O'Connell, G. Donohoe, C. Coyle, D. O'Sullivan, Z. Azvee, C. Maddock, et al. "Anticholinergic burden in schizophrenia and ability to benefit from psychosocial treatment programmes: a 3-year prospective cohort study." Psychological Medicine 46, no. 15 (August 31, 2016): 3199–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291716002154.
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BackgroundMany medications administered to patients with schizophrenia possess anticholinergic properties. When aggregated, pharmacological treatments may result in a considerable anticholinergic burden. The extent to which anticholinergic burden has a deleterious effect on cognition and impairs ability to participate in and benefit from psychosocial treatments is unknown.MethodSeventy patients were followed for approximately 3 years. The MATRICS consensus cognitive battery (MCCB) was administered at baseline. Anticholinergic burden was measured with the Anticholinergic Cognitive Burden (ACB) scale. Ability to benefit from psychosocial programmes was measured using the DUNDRUM-3 Programme Completion Scale (D-3) at baseline and follow-up. Psychiatric symptoms were measured using the PANSS. Total antipsychotic dose was measured using chlorpromazine equivalents. Functioning was measured using the Social and Occupational Functioning Assessment Scale (SOFAS).ResultsMediation analysis found that the influence of anticholinergic burden on ability to participate and benefit from psychosocial programmes was completely mediated by the MCCB. For every 1-unit increase on the ACB scale, change scores for DUNDRUM-3 decreased by −0.27 points. This relationship appears specific to anticholinergic burden and not total antipsychotic dose. Moreover, mediation appears to be specific to cognition and not psychopathology. Baseline functioning also acted as mediator but only when MCCB was not controlled for.ConclusionsAnticholinergic burden has a significant impact on patients’ ability to participate in and benefit from psychosocial treatment programmes. Physicians need to be mindful of the cumulative effect that medications can have on patient cognition, functional capacity and ability to benefit from psychosocial treatments.
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Francis, Anu, Aaron David Kotturan, and Praveen Lal Kuttichira. "Orientation program to MBBS course at a missionary run medical college in Kerala: analysis of students’ feedback." International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences 6, no. 8 (July 25, 2018): 2758. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20183265.
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Background: Orientation programs help medical students to tide over many difficulties faced during their transition to a new study environment. Therefore, it is important that it be conducted well covering all essential aspects.Methods: The present study assesses the feedback of a three-day orientation program given to 100 students who attained admission to MBBS in 2016.The program was organized and conducted by the management and the Medical Education unit. The sessions included lectures, small group assignments, observations and group activities. A semi structured Questionnaire was used to gather the feedback.Results: All of the 100 students (67 female and 33 male students. Median age19 years.) attended. Considering the overall rating of the orientation programme, 40% opined it to be excellent, 50% very good, 7% good and 3 % satisfactory.Conclusions: Through this orientation program, the students were able to understand that leadership quality, team work and good communication skills are needed to be an efficient doctor. Physical work and shadowing of the patients were two innovative and well appreciated sessions. It is evident through the feedback of the students that such orientation programmes are beneficial to them.
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Nastase, Alexandra, Alok Rajan, Ben French, and Debarshi Bhattacharya. "Technical assistance: a practical account of the challenges in design and implementation." Gates Open Research 4 (December 3, 2020): 177. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/gatesopenres.13205.1.
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Technical assistance is provided to strengthen state capability as part of international development programmes. This article presents the conceptual evolution of the technical assistance linked to capacity development, starting from a single unit of analysis, that of individual capacity to complex systems theories. It presents some of the frequent challenges in designing and implementing technical assistance, with a focus on the challenges common across government-funded and externally funded technical assistance, as well as the challenges unique to externally funded technical assistance. The article reviews the recent thinking on the practice in technical assistance from locally-driven technical assistance to positive deviance as a method to identify what works. It discusses change management as an adaptive and iterative process, and technical advisers acting as enablers of change rather than as change-makers and relying on adaptive and flexible approaches to programme management.
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Wijegunasekara, Himali. "Coordination of Nutrition related Units in Sri Lanka." Journal of Medical Research 6, no. 6 (December 30, 2020): 273–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.31254/jmr.2020.6603.
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All people have a right to good nutrition. However in Sri Lanka, still anemia, underweight and stunting prevail with regional disparities. There are many determinants for poor nutrition and which leads to many adverse outcomes. As these determinants are multifaceted it requires several different sectors to work collaboratively, complement their activities and share resources to improve the nutritional status of the country. In this article; the initiatives such as development of the National Nutrition policy and Strategic frame work; establishment of Presidential Secretariat, Nutrition Secretariat, Nutrition Steering Committee and Nutrition Coordination Division; the contribution of different divisions of the Ministry of Health such as Nutrition Division, Family Health Bureau, Health Education Bureau, Epidemiology Unit, Food Safety unit, Environment and Occupational Health unit, Non Communicable Disease Unit, Youth, Elderly and Disabled unit, Estate and Urban Health Unit, Medical Research Institute, Medical Statistics Unit; Hospital Nutrition Units, food supplement programmes; the assistance of United Nations agencies, Professional Associations, other Ministries of the government and Non-Governmental Organizations; the importance of National Nutrition Surveillance system and the coordination by the Nutrition Coordination Division are described. Author’s feelings regarding the coordination between nutrition related units in the country were expressed. Subsequently, favorable aspects and deficiencies were evaluated and the possible underlying factors and consequences were analyzed. In conclusion, it can be said that a strong coordinating body for inter - sectoral coordination, information feedback, data sharing and analysis; assessment of current level of multi sectoral coordination and multi sectoral interventions; development of provincial specific strategies and micro plans at house hold level; strengthening of community based organizations, village committees and volunteers; proper streamlining of multiple information systems in the country in order to monitor & evaluate the operations to avoid duplications and negligence; are required. Accordingly, recommendations were provided to address the issue.
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Von Au, Anne Kathrin. "The transformative potential of gender justice in the land restitution programme in Colombia." Deusto Journal of Human Rights, no. 11 (December 11, 2017): 207. http://dx.doi.org/10.18543/aahdh-11-2013pp207-239.
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<p>This paper studies the existence of elements of gender justice in the ongoing land restitution process in Colombia, in order to analyse the potential of the Land Restitution Programme to contribute to the elimination of structural violence against women and the resulting gender inequalities. In this context, the sources of the analysis comprises the Victims’ and Land Restitution Law of 2011, the implementation programmes by the Land Restitution Unit, and the sentences by the specialized judges for land restitution. The paper argues that the land restitution programme could contribute to the elimination of structural forms of discrimination and exclusion of women in the Colombian society, if the elements of gender justice are applied in a coherent and systematic way and if it is accompanied by additional measures aimed at reducing the high security risks for internally displaced women in the land restitution process and changing the patriarchal system deeply rooted in the Colombian society.</p><p><strong>Published online</strong>: 11 December 2017</p>
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Mercer, Jenny, Kerry Gibson, and Debbie Clayton. "The therapeutic potential of a prison-based animal programme in the UK." Journal of Forensic Practice 17, no. 1 (February 9, 2015): 43–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jfp-09-2014-0031.
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Purpose – Much evidence suggests that animals can serve as therapeutic tools for those working with vulnerable individuals. This exploratory study analysed the accounts of staff and offenders involved in a UK prison-based animal programme. The purpose of this paper was to explore the perceived impact of such a programme with male offenders. Design/methodology/approach – Semi-structured interviews were conducted with three service users and five staff members. Participants were drawn from a special unit in a category B prison which housed an animal centre. Findings – A thematic analysis identified four salient themes: a sense of responsibility, building trust, enhanced communication, and impact on mood and behaviour. Findings revealed that offenders seemed to gain particular benefit from interacting with the two Labrador dogs which were present on the wing. Practical implications – The study highlights the therapeutic potential of the presence of animals in prisons. Their implications of this for forensic practice are discussed. Originality/value – This paper offers an important contribution to the sparse literature about prison-based animal programmes in the UK.
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Dey, Sagarika. "Assessing the Poverty Impact of India’s Largest Livelihood Security Programme: A Study Based on 68th Round of NSSO." Journal of Development Policy and Practice 2, no. 1 (January 2017): 56–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2455133316671801.
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The enactment of India’s historic livelihood guarantee programme in the form of the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MNREGA) has been coterminous with a phase of rapid decline in India’s rural poverty rates. This naturally motivates the question as to whether the observed decline in rural poverty can be attributed, at least partly, to efficient targeting and implementation of Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (MNREGS). This study underscores the fact that the welfare impact of anti-poverty programmes such as the MNREGS is critically dependent on whether these programmes actually reach the intended beneficiaries. Using the unit-level data from the 68th round of the NSSO survey on Employment and Unemployment, the article first investigates the possible ‘capture’ of the MNREGS at the national and also at the state levels and the consequent ‘crowding out’ of asset poor rural households. Statistical analysis of household data reveals that although at the national level, the scheme seems to be predominantly directed towards the poor, considerable variations exist among states. After correcting for confounders in treatment and control groups, the study finds that access to MNREGS employment significantly lowers the probability of a rural household of falling in the poverty trap. The article, therefore, concludes that the scheme has the potential of favourably impacting and protecting consumption standards among rural poor. Maximisation of this potential, however, would depend upon proper identification of needy households and rooting out of the pseudo-poor from the ambit of the programme.
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Ulinskaitė, Jogilė. "Lithuanian Political Parties in the Age of Populism: Content Analysis of the 2016 and 2020 Seimas Election Programmes." Politologija 101, no. 1 (June 4, 2021): 52–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/polit.2021.101.2.
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During the spread of populism in politics, we know little about the prevalence of populism in the discourse of Lithuanian political parties. This article presents a content analysis of Lithuanian political parties’ manifestos for the 2016 and 2020 parliamentary elections. The results show that references to the people as a homogeneous unit are relatively widespread, but the number of anti-elitist paragraphs in party programmes is lower. We can divide the parties into three groups according to the level of populism. The most populist parties, located at the fringes of the party system, received little support from the voters in the Seimas elections. Parties that presented relatively high numbers of people-centrist paragraphs and a relatively moderate criticism of the elite proved to be much more successful in the election.
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Arrish, Jamila, Heather Yeatman, and Moira Williamson. "Nutrition Education in Australian Midwifery Programmes: A Mixed-Methods Study." Journal of Biomedical Education 2016 (December 27, 2016): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/9680430.
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Little research has explored how nutrition content in midwifery education prepares midwives to provide prenatal nutrition advice. This study examined the nature and extent of nutrition education provided in Australian midwifery programmes. A mixed-methods approach was used, incorporating an online survey and telephone interviews. The survey analysis included 23 course coordinators representing 24 of 50 accredited midwifery programmes in 2012. Overall, the coordinators considered nutrition in midwifery curricula and the midwife’s role as important. All programmes included nutrition content; however, eleven had only 5 to <10 hours allocated to nutrition, while two had a designated unit. Various topics were covered. Dietitians/other nutrition experts were rarely involved in teaching or reviewing the nutrition content. Interviews with seven coordinators revealed that nutrition education tended to be problem-oriented and at times based on various assumptions. Nutrition content was not informed by professional or theoretical models. The development of nutrition assessment skills or practical training for midwifery students in providing nutrition advice was lacking. As nutrition is essential for maternal and foetal health, nutrition education in midwifery programmes needs to be reviewed and minimum requirements should be included to improve midwives’ effectiveness in this area. This may require collaboration between nutrition experts and midwifery bodies.
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OLIVER, Peter L., and Kay E. DAVIES. "Analysis of human neurological disorders using mutagenesis in the mouse." Clinical Science 108, no. 5 (April 22, 2005): 385–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/cs20050041.
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The mouse continues to play a vital role in the deciphering of mammalian gene function and the modelling of human neurological disease. Advances in gene targeting technologies have facilitated the efficiency of generating new mouse mutants, although this valuable resource has rapidly expanded in recent years due to a number of major random mutagenesis programmes. The phenotype-driven mutagenesis screen at the MRC Mammalian Genetics Unit has generated a significant number of mice with potential neurological defects, and our aim has been to characterize selected mutants on a pathological and molecular level. Four lines are discussed, one displaying late-onset ataxia caused by Purkinje cell loss and an allelic series of three tremor mutants suffering from hypomyelination of the peripheral nerve. Molecular analysis of the causative mutation in each case has provided new insights into functional aspects of the mutated proteins, illustrating the power of mutagenesis screens to generate both novel and clinically relevant disease models.
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Lawrie, Gavin, Nur Anisah Abdullah, Christopher Bragg, and Guillaume Varlet. "Multi-level strategic alignment within a complex organisation." Journal of Modelling in Management 11, no. 4 (November 7, 2016): 889–910. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jm2-11-2014-0085.
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Purpose This paper aims to assess the utility of an approach to the design of multiple Balanced Scorecards within large/complex organisations, consider the relevance of “emergent strategising” in this kind of strategy implementation and explore project organisation and wider coordination issues that impact this type of work. Design/methodology/approach A “research-oriented – action research” approach has been adopted, comprising qualitative observations of an ongoing programme within a major organisation in the Middle East. The case is based on feedback obtained from key actors (participants, facilitators) and the analysis of documentation produced by the project. Findings Over four years, the project engaged directly with over 200 managers from the organisation’s 35 most senior management units. Its purpose was to align the strategic aims of each unit with those of the organisation and introduce a new form of strategic control. The paper shows that consensus-forming and creation of locally relevant strategic agendas can be usefully and successfully embedded in a large-scale strategic control and alignment programme. The paper notes the large resource implications and duration of such programmes, and the challenges of integrating the resulting processes with those already in place. The paper concludes that for the case organisation, the resource investment appears to have generated useful outcomes. Research limitations/implications The project relates to a continuing programme within the client organisation that was not explicitly established before it started as an action-research activity. This has limited and constrained the quality of the information reported. Originality/value The scale of the project, the use of design methods that emphasis consensus forming and local relevance provide novel information and insights.
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Reddy, P., and R. Appels. "A second locus for the 5S multigene family in Secale L.: sequence divergence in two lineages of the family." Genome 32, no. 3 (June 1, 1989): 456–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g89-469.
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The 5S RNA genes in Secale sp. are arranged as tandem arrays of a 460- and 480-bp repeating sequence. These size classes were initially discovered by restriction endonuclease analysis using BamHI and subsequently by DNA sequencing of cloned units. The length variation between short and long units originated from major deletion–insertion events in the noncoding spacer region of the 5S DNA repeat units. In situ hybridization with [3H]cRNA and biotin-labelled probes synthesized from both the short and long 5S DNA units of S. cereale localized the sites on chromosome 1R and a new site on a chromosome identified as 5R. We propose that the chromosome 1R locus, which has been mapped previously, be named 5SDna-R1 and the second locus, reported in the present paper, be referred to as 5SDna-R2. A preferential hybridization of a probe from the long unit to the 5SDna-R2 locus and of a probe from the short unit to the 5SDna-R1 locus is reported. The clustering of long units in the 5SDna-R2 locus was confirmed by restriction endonuclease digestion of DNA from rye chromosome 5R additions to wheat. Nucleotide sequence alignment of 5S DNA repeat units from a number of Secale species, using both phenetic and cladistic computer programmes, demonstrated that two clear lineages corresponding to the long and short units existed in this genus. The different Secale species could not be unambiguously differentiated using the 5S DNA sequences.Key words: Secale, 5S multigene family, restriction mapping, molecular evolution.
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Rice, Henry E., Randall Lou-Meda, Anthony T. Saxton, Bria E. Johnston, Carla C. Ramirez, Sindy Mendez, Eli N. Rice, et al. "Building a safety culture in global health: lessons from Guatemala." BMJ Global Health 3, no. 2 (March 2018): e000630. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2017-000630.
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Programmes to modify the safety culture have led to lasting improvements in patient safety and quality of care in high-income settings around the world, although their use in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) has been limited. This analysis explores (1) how to measure the safety culture using a health culture survey in an LMIC and (2) how to use survey data to develop targeted safety initiatives using a paediatric nephrology unit in Guatemala as a field test case. We used the Safety, Communication, Operational Reliability, and Engagement survey to assess staff views towards 13 health climate and engagement domains. Domains with low scores included personal burnout, local leadership, teamwork and work–life balance. We held a series of debriefings to implement interventions targeted towards areas of need as defined by the survey. Programmes included the use of morning briefings, expansion of staff break resources and use of teamwork tools. Implementation challenges included the need for education of leadership, limited resources and hierarchical work relationships. This report can serve as an operational guide for providers in LMICs for use of a health culture survey to promote a strong safety culture and to guide their quality improvement and safety programmes.
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Jeziorska, Iga. "A Sin or a Health Issue? : Morality Policy Framing and the State of Harm Reduction in East-Central Europe." Intersections 7, no. 1 (2021): 97–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.17356/ieejsp.v7i1.695.
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Aims. There are significant differences in harm reduction services availability and performance in various countries. The paper examines the state of one of the harm reduction interventions – needle exchange services – through the lenses of morality policy, attempting to establish possible relationships between policy framing and policy outcomes. Method. The research uses an explorative design with cross-country comparison. The unit of analysis is drug policy in a country, and the geographical scope includes Czechia, Hungary, Poland and Slovakia, following the maximum variation case selection procedure. Countries’ drug strategies are analysed to identify the policy frames and data on needle exchange programmes are used to assess the state of harm reduction. Results. The analysis identified health and social drug policy framing in Czechia and Slovakia, morality frame in Hungary and no frame in Poland. The availability of availability and coverage of needle exchange programmes is the highest in Czechia, followed by Slovakia, Hungary and Poland. Conclusions. The Hungarian case confirms the relationship between morality framing and poor policy outcomes, while the Czech case between health framing and effective policy. Further research is needed to establish the function of morality framing as necessary and/or sufficient condition for unsatisfactory policy outcomes.
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Shek, Daniel T. L., and Cecilia M. S. Ma. "Program Implementers' Evaluation of the Project P.A.T.H.S.: Findings Based on Different Datasets over Time." Scientific World Journal 2012 (2012): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1100/2012/918437.
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This paper integrates the evaluation findings based on program implementers in nine datasets collected from 2005 to 2009 (244 schools and 7,926 implementers). Using consolidated data with schools as the unit of analysis, results showed that program implementers generally had positive perceptions of the program, themselves, and benefits of the program, with more than four-fifths of the implementers regarding the program as beneficial to the program participants. The subjective outcome evaluation instrument was found to be internally consistent. Multiple regression analyses revealed that perceived qualities of the program and program implementers predicted perceived effectiveness of the program. In conjunction with evaluation findings based on other sources, the present study provides support for the effectiveness of the Tier 1 Program of the Project P.A.T.H.S. (Positive Adolescent Training through Holistic Social Programmes) in Hong Kong.
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Moreno, A. Chinchilla, L. Mateo Mateos, M. Martín Larrégola, and A. Diez Saez. "Socio-Demographic Profile of Out-Patient Clinic First Assessment." European Psychiatry 24, S1 (January 2009): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(09)71176-9.
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Introduction:Ramon y Cajal Hospital is the referencial center for the mental health unit used in this study, whose outpatients are attended by psychiatrist consultants. First assessment is conducted by general practicioners, or other specialists. Once assessed, a decision must be made: to follow-up, carry out psychological therapies, refer to social workers or other resources.Objectives:To investigate socio-demographic and clinical profiles at the psychiatric outpatients unit as a result of an analysis of the first assessment data.Methods:We include 9 variables from 104 first assessments carried out in our center.Results:48,27 is the age range of our sample, with 58,65% female and 50,1 % married. Most referrals are requested by primary care, being only 14,42% by psychiatric ward units and other medical specialities. Anxiety is the primary reason for requiring psychiatric care (36, 54%) and affective disorders (35,58%), followed by psychosomatic events. With respect to diagnosis at first consultation, we found, as expected, that the most frequent disorders are anxiety (37,50 %) and depression (32,69%).71,15% of our patients needed a follow up by us and 8,65 % are discharged after the first assessment. The rest are reffered to other mental health resources.Conclusions:As a result of the analysis we found out that minor pathology is the most common reason for care in our centre, being refered mostly by general practicioners. So psycho educational programmes and continuous training in general medicine could be needed in order to improve mental health and to reduce costs of the mental health system.
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Hubík, S. "Social and cultural logic of regionalism." Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 48, No. 2 (February 29, 2012): 93–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/5294-agricecon.
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Research into the globalisation processes leads to establishing the set of concepts with the relative heuristic, methodological, and theoretical effectiveness as well as consequent practical effectiveness. Yet, a simple analysis shows this set of concepts as dependent on certain political programmes and projects. Scientific research is not a prirori limited by any other language – except its own, i.e. scientific language. To accept the language of non-scientific discourse means (mostly) to accept the non-scientific logic, too. Scientific establishment of region, community or similar social unit is a matter of logic different from the logic of political programmes or projects. Scientific research seeks logic of a subject (region, e.g.) from outside as well as from inside. That is why ideas and principles of social constructivism would have to play an important role among the scientific research tools. These principles and ideas are not a part of simple language and logic of political programmes and projects. Substitution of scientific language and scientific logic by political ones could lead to a fatal error. A region is the result of social construction, yet the scientific construct of a region is only one dimension of this complex process. This process can be called a social and cultural cartography process and could be based on parallel or complementary research methodologies – on standard methodology (working by means of standard descriptive and analytical quantitative research tools) and on social constructivism methodology (social and cultural cartography). Such complementary research is capable of overcoming relatively naive language and logic of political programmes and projects as well as limited heuristic possibilities of a standard scientific approach.
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Norton, Benjamin Charles, Ankur Srivastava, Katie Ramos, Louisa Vine, Rhiannon Taylor, Varuna Aluvihare, Nigel Heaton, and Matthew E. Cramp. "Risk-adjusted survival in liver transplant patients assessed and managed by a non-transplanting centre: South West Liver Unit experience." Frontline Gastroenterology 11, no. 3 (August 2, 2019): 202–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/flgastro-2019-101200.
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BackgroundLiver transplant services remain a scarce resource not reflective of geography or burden of liver disease within the UK. To address geographical concerns in the South West (SW), a devolved network model of care for liver transplantation was established in 2004 between the SW Liver Unit (SWLU) at Derriford Hospital, Plymouth and King’s College Hospital, London. The SWLU has evolved to deliver both pre-transplant and post-transplant care for patients across the SW Peninsula. We determined whether risk-adjusted survival in patients assessed and managed at the SWLU compared with existing UK transplant centres.DesignRetrospective analysis of records at National Health Service Blood and Transplant (NHSBT) for patients ≥18 years listed or undergoing first liver only deceased donor transplantation from 1 January 2006 to 31 December 2017. Data collected and used were in accordance with standard NHSBT outcome measures.ResultsWe identified 8492 patients registered for first liver only transplant and 6140 patients who subsequently underwent transplantation. Of these, 215 patients listed and 172 patients transplanted were registered at the SWLU. The 1-year, 5-year and 10-year risk-adjusted post-listing survival for patients registered at the SWLU were 86%, 75% and 67%, respectively, with 1-year and 5-year risk-adjusted post-transplant survival 94.9% and 84.4%, respectively.ConclusionsRisk-adjusted post-listing 1-year, 5-year and 10-year survival outcomes and risk-adjusted 1-year and 5-year post-transplant survival outcomes at the SWLU are good and comparable with the seven UK transplant centres. These outcomes provide assurance that care delivered by our regional programme is equivalent to well-established liver transplant programmes.
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Zandamela, Horacio, and Matuku Mphahlele. "Local Government Capacity Development: A Case Study of a South African District Municipality." Journal of Public Administration and Governance 11, no. 2 (April 19, 2021): 156. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/jpag.v11i2.18373.
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Bojanala Platinum District Municipality (BPDM), in the North West Province is endowed with the extractive economy. The District experiences challenges of capacity development of service delivery structures and programmes. It is in this context that this paper explains how local government responses to challenges of capacity development in the District Municipality. In addition, the paper explores ways in which they can be overcome for enhanced service delivery. The purpose of this study is to examine challenges related to the use of capacity development structures and programmes related to service delivery and explores how to overcome them. The study examines the structures and programmes, facilitators and inhibitors of skills development and performance initiatives within the context of local government capacity development. This study develops a theoretical framing incorporating scholarship on human capital and performance improvement in the context of local government. This framing is premised on the scholarly evidence that capacity development is an enabler of service delivery, influenced by skills development and municipal performance improvement. The research is a single case qualitative case study approach and employs an interpretative paradigm. The paper employs senior managers in the municipalities as the unit of analysis. That study reveals that there are difficulties associated with skills retention and organisational relations. In conclusion, political abandonment, poor communication and stakeholder engagements contribute to weakened inter-municipal co-operation and inadequate use of resources. The interface between learning and skills development contributes to the body knowledge.
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Ori, Bhooshun, Sudhirsen Kowlessur, Jaysing Heecharan, Neil R. Poulter, Anca Chis Ster, Xin Xia, and Thomas Beaney. "May Measurement Month 2018: an analysis of blood pressure screening results from Mauritius." European Heart Journal Supplements 22, Supplement_H (August 1, 2020): H86—H88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/suaa012.
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Abstract Hypertension is a growing burden worldwide, leading to over 10 million deaths each year. May Measurement Month (MMM) is a global initiative of the International Society of Hypertension (ISH) aimed at raising awareness of high blood pressure (HBP) and to act as a temporary solution to the lack of screening programmes worldwide. We here provide the results of the 2018 MMM (MMM18) edition in Mauritius. This cross-sectional survey of participants aged ≥18 years was carried out in May 2018. Hypertension was defined as systolic blood pressure of at least 140 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure of at least 90 mmHg or both. Blood pressure (BP) measurement and statistical analysis followed the standard MMM protocol. Screening was conducted by Non-Communicable Diseases and Health Promotion Unit, which is under the aegis of the Ministry of Health and Quality of Life, mainly in workplaces and community centres, in both rural and urban areas across Mauritius. Of 5471 individuals screened, after multiple imputation, 786 (14.4%) had untreated hypertension. MMM18 was the largest BP screening campaign undertaken in Mauritius. These results suggest that MMM18 is very useful to identify significant numbers of patients with raised BP.
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Angell, Blake, Ferhina Ali, Monica Gandhi, Umang Mathur, David S. Friedman, Stephen Jan, and Lisa Keay. "Ready-made and custom-made eyeglasses in India: a cost-effectiveness analysis of a randomised controlled trial." BMJ Open Ophthalmology 3, no. 1 (February 2018): e000123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjophth-2017-000123.
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ObjectiveReady-made spectacles have been suggested as a less resource-intensive treatment for the millions of people living with uncorrected refractive error (URE) in low-income environments. In spite of this interest, there have been no published economic evaluations examining the cost-effectiveness of ready-made spectacles. This study aims to determine the relative cost-effectiveness of offering ready-made spectacles (RMS) relative to no intervention as well as the relative cost-effectiveness of custom-made spectacles (CS) relative to RMS to treat URE.Methods and analysisThe relative cost-effectiveness of RMS relative to CS and no intervention was tested through a cost-effectiveness analysis from the health service provider perspective conducted alongside a double-masked randomised controlled trial in an urban hospital in Delhi, India. Participants were adults aged 18–45 years with ≥1 dioptre (D) of URE.ResultsThere was no significant difference between the effectiveness of the CS and RMS interventions in improving visual acuity, but the CS was over four times the price of the RMS per patient (204 INR (US$2.42) and 792 INR (US$11.22)). The cost per unit improvement in logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution (logMAR) relative to baseline with the RMS intervention was 407 INR (US$4.35). Existing estimates of utility resulting from improvements in visual acuity result in incremental cost per quality-adjusted life years gained of between 212 INR and 1137 INR (US$0.44–US$23.74) depending on the source of the utility estimate and assumed expected life of the spectacles.ConclusionRMS represent a significantly cost-effective option for spectacle provision in low-resource settings. The RMS programme was substantially cheaper than an equivalent CS intervention while being effective in improving visual acuity for the majority of adults with refractive error in this setting. These findings provide further support for including RMS in programmes to address URE.Trial registration numberNCT00657670 , Results.
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Hayhurst, Karen P., Maria Leitner, Linda Davies, Rachel Flentje, Tim Millar, Andrew Jones, Carlene King, et al. "The effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of diversion and aftercare programmes for offenders using class A drugs: a systematic review and economic evaluation." Health Technology Assessment 19, no. 6 (January 2015): 1–168. http://dx.doi.org/10.3310/hta19060.
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BackgroundThe societal costs of problematic class A drug use in England and Wales exceed £15B; drug-related crime accounts for almost 90% of costs. Diversion plus treatment and/or aftercare programmes may reduce drug-related crime and costs.ObjectivesTo assess the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of diversion and aftercare for class A drug-using offenders, compared with no diversion.PopulationAdult class A drug-using offenders diverted to treatment or an aftercare programme for their drug use.InterventionsProgrammes to identify and divert problematic drug users to treatment (voluntary, court mandated or monitored services) at any point within the criminal justice system (CJS). Aftercare follows diversion and treatment, excluding care following prison or non-diversionary drug treatment.Data sourcesThirty-three electronic databases and government online resources were searched for studies published between January 1985 and January 2012, including MEDLINE, PsycINFO and ISI Web of Science. Bibliographies of identified studies were screened. The UK Drug Data Warehouse, the UK Drug Treatment Outcomes Research Study and published statistics and reports provided data for the economic evaluation.MethodsIncluded studies evaluated diversion in adult class A drug-using offenders, in contact with the CJS. The main outcomes were drug use and offending behaviour, and these were pooled using meta-analysis. The economic review included full economic evaluations for adult opiate and/or crack, or powder, cocaine users. An economic decision analytic model, estimated incremental costs per unit of outcome gained by diversion and aftercare, over a 12-month time horizon. The perspectives included the CJS, NHS, social care providers and offenders. Probabilistic sensitivity analysis and one-way sensitivity analysis explored variance in parameter estimates, longer time horizons and structural uncertainty.ResultsSixteen studies met the effectiveness review inclusion criteria, characterised by poor methodological quality, with modest sample sizes, high attrition rates, retrospective data collection, limited follow-up, no random allocation and publication bias. Most study samples comprised US methamphetamine users. Limited meta-analysis was possible, indicating a potential small impact of diversion interventions on reducing drug use [odds ratio (OR) 1.68, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.12 to 2.53 for reduced primary drug use, and OR 2.60, 95% CI 1.70 to 3.98 for reduced use of other drugs]. The cost-effectiveness review did not identify any relevant studies. The economic evaluation indicated high uncertainty because of variance in data estimates and limitations in the model design. The primary analysis was unclear whether or not diversion was cost-effective. The sensitivity analyses indicated some scenarios where diversion may be cost-effective.LimitationsNearly all participants (99.6%) in the effectiveness review were American (Californian) methamphetamine users, limiting transfer of conclusions to the UK. Data and methodological limitations mean it is unclear whether or not diversion is effective or cost-effective.ConclusionsHigh-quality evidence for the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of diversion schemes is sparse and does not relate to the UK. Importantly this research identified a range of methodological limitations in existing evidence. These highlight the need for research to conceptualise, define and develop models of diversion programmes and identify a core outcome set. A programme of feasibility, pilot and definitive trials, combined with process evaluation and qualitative research is recommended to assess the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of diversionary interventions in class A drug-using offenders.Funding detailsThe National Institute for Health Research Health Technology Assessment programme.
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Kowlessur, Sudhirsen, Bhoosun Ori, Jaysing Heecharan, Xin Xia, Neil R. Poulter, and Thomas Beaney. "May Measurement Month 2019: an analysis of blood pressure screening results from Mauritius." European Heart Journal Supplements 23, Supplement_B (May 1, 2021): B101—B103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/suab051.
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Abstract Hypertension is a growing burden worldwide. According to the World Health Organization, approximately 1.13 billion people worldwide suffer from hypertension. May Measurement Month (MMM) is a global initiative of the International Society of Hypertension aimed at raising awareness of high blood pressure (BP) and to act as a temporary solution to the lack of screening programmes worldwide. We provide the results of the 2019 MMM (MMM19) edition in Mauritius. This cross-sectional survey of participants aged ≥ 18 years was carried out in May 2019. Hypertension was defined as systolic BP of at least 140 mmHg or diastolic BP of at least 90 mmHg or in those on antihypertensive medication. Blood pressure measurement and statistical analysis followed the standard MMM protocol. Screening was conducted by the Non-Communicable Diseases and Health Promotion Unit, which is under the aegis of the Ministry of Health and Wellness, mainly in workplaces and community centres, in both rural and urban areas across Mauritius. Of the 8262 individuals screened, after multiple imputations, 950 (14%) had untreated hypertension. May Measurement Month 2019 was the largest BP screening campaign undertaken in Mauritius. These results suggest that MMM19 is useful in the identification of potential patients with raised BP.
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Aruna, C., and S. Audilakshmi. "A strategy to identify potential germplasm for improving yield attributes using diversity analysis in sorghum." Plant Genetic Resources 6, no. 3 (June 25, 2008): 187–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1479262108994144.
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The potential yield levels of sorghum, an important crop in the semi-arid regions of the world, are stagnating due to the narrow genetic base of the genotypes utilized in the sorghum improvement programmes worldwide. For utilization of genetic diversity in any crop, adequate genetic characterization of relevant germplasm is a prerequisite. Therefore, we attempted to identify the potential germplasm lines for improvement of yield in a set of 135 germplasm lines belonging to different races. The experiment was carried out in an augmented design during 2002, and in Randomized complete block design (RCBD) for selected lines during 2003. The correlation studies indicated that besides panicle weight, the number of grains/unit length of primary branch and the number of secondary branches/primary branch had significant positive relation with grain yield. IS nos 1259, 5447, 5725 and 2036 were promising for more than one yield component. The study indicated that besides caudatum race, the lines belonging to guinea, kafir and inter-races with them are good sources for different yield components. Genetic diversity and cluster analysis grouped 40 germplasm lines into eight clusters, with maximum inter-cluster distance between clusters II and III. Utilization of the germplasm lines belonging to different clusters in improving yield components is discussed.
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Bullen, Jonathan, and Lynne Roberts. "Driving Transformative Learning within Australian Indigenous Studies." Australian Journal of Indigenous Education 48, no. 01 (February 1, 2018): 12–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jie.2017.40.
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Australian undergraduate programmes implementing Indigenous studies courses suggest transformative educational outcomes for students; however, the mechanism behind this is largely unknown. To begin to address this, we obtained baseline data upon entry to tertiary education (Time 1) and follow-up data upon completion of an Indigenous studies health unit (Time 2) on student learning approaches, student-teacher rapport, classroom community, critical reflection (CR) and transformative experiences within the unit. Three-hundred-thirty-six health science first-year students (273 females, 63 males) completed anonymous in-class paper questionnaires at both time points. Hierarchical multiple regression analysis indicated that (a) CR was the strongest predictor of transformative learning experiences, (b) the relationship between deep learning approach upon entry to tertiary education and transformative learning experiences was mediated by CR and (c) rapport and classroom community accounted for significant variance in CR. These results suggest that students benefit from tutors’ ability to develop rapport and classroom community, leading to greater capacity for student CR. This in turn promotes transformative learning possibilities within the Indigenous studies learning environment. These findings provide a further rationale for institutions to embed Indigenous knowledge into courses and highlight the importance of evaluating their effect and quality.
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Palit, P., and J. H. Meshram. "Physiological characterization of a phenotypically distinct jute (Corchorus olitorius) genotype." Plant Genetic Resources 2, no. 3 (December 2004): 175–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/pgr200449.
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In a search for high-quality jute (Corchorus olitorius) fibre using phenotypic marker(s), a single plant from CRIJAF accession OIJ 154 was isolated on the basis of its unique red-tinted pale green stem, which becomes crimson red at maturity, and was given a code name, PPO4. Progenies from this selection bred true with respect to morphological characters. It has a slightly lower height at maturity, but has comparable yield and a higher harvest index when compared to the most popular high-yielding variety JRO 524. In spite of having lower chlorophyll per unit weight of leaf tissue, the photosynthetic rate per unit chlorophyll, the relative growth rate of PPO4 was higher than JRO 524. A composite analysis of quality parameters indicated that the genotype is of higher grade (between TD2 and TD3) with very fine (1.5 tex) fibre of high tensile strength (19.7 g/tex). The lignin content (ca 14%) of the fibre was also less than that of JRO524 (ca 17%) under standard assay conditions. This plant type, with distinct morphological markers, could be utilized in breeding programmes for the genetic improvement of jute.
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Chia, Elisha Wan Ying, Huixin Huang, Sherill Goh, Marlyn Tracy Peries, Charlotte Cheuk Yiu Lee, Lorraine Hui En Tan, Michelle Shi Qing Khoo, et al. "A systematic scoping review of teaching and evaluating communications in the intensive care unit." Asia Pacific Scholar 6, no. 1 (January 5, 2021): 3–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.29060/taps.2021-6-1/ra2351.
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Introduction: Whilst the importance of effective communications in facilitating good clinical decision-making and ensuring effective patient and family-centred outcomes in Intensive Care Units (ICU)s has been underscored amidst the global COVID-19 pandemic, training and assessment of communication skills for healthcare professionals (HCPs) in ICUs remain unstructured. Methods: To enhance the transparency and reproducibility, Krishna’s Systematic Evidenced Based Approach (SEBA) guided Systematic Scoping Review (SSR), is employed to scrutinise what is known about teaching and evaluating communication training programmes for HCPs in the ICU setting. SEBA sees use of a structured search strategy involving eight bibliographic databases, the employ of a team of researchers to tabulate and summarise the included articles and two other teams to carry out content and thematic analysis the included articles and comparison of these independent findings and construction of a framework for the discussion that is overseen by the independent expert team. Results: 9532 abstracts were identified, 239 articles were reviewed, and 63 articles were included and analysed. Four similar themes and categories were identified. These were strategies employed to teach communication, factors affecting communication training, strategies employed to evaluate communication and outcomes of communication training. Conclusion: This SEBA guided SSR suggests that ICU communications training must involve a structured, multimodal approach to training. This must be accompanied by robust methods of assessment and personalised timely feedback and support for the trainees. Such an approach will equip HCPs with greater confidence and prepare them for a variety of settings, including that of the evolving COVID-19 pandemic.
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Muthiah, Krishnaveni. "Reaching the bottom of the pyramid: micro life insurance in India." Emerald Emerging Markets Case Studies 1, no. 4 (October 1, 2011): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/20450621111187326.
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Subject area International business/International marketing. Study level/applicability Courses: the case is directly related to courses on “International Business” and “International Marketing” in the Master of Business Administration programme. Training programmes: management development programmes for working executives, on the topics “Business across borders”, “Business stabilization in foreign markets”. Case overview In 1999, the liberalization of the insurance sector as per the recommendations of the Malhotra committee gave way for privatization and foreign firms entered this sector through joint ventures. The business growth, which was enjoyed by these firms from 1999 to 2008, was tremendous. The growth percentage started declining following the global economic downturn in the capital markets. This situation compelled the insurance firms to re-look into their business strategy. On one hand whatever growth they had, 80 percent of it was through unit linked insurance plans depending on the capital market. On the other, it was identified that in a country like India the untapped market potential was among the rural millions. Reaching those people who are at the bottom of the pyramid necessitated a completely new business model to be developed as the need of the hour. The take stock of the position at this vnjuncture is the crux of the present case study, which envisages finding out alternative delivery models to suit the Indian rural market taking into account the intrinsic nature of life insurance and the basic living styles and mentality of the rural folk. Expected learning outcomes After discussion and analysis of this case, students will be able to: understand how market culture in a target country differs from that in the home country; appreciate how challenges in a developing country market have their own unique features to be understood; identify various courses of action and evaluate them on the basis of the host country factors; understand the “international planning process”; and appreciate how important it is for a country manager of a multinational firm to plan and execute the marketing mix suited to the inherent qualities of the target market. Supplementary materials Teaching notes.
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Hara, Yuji, Takashi Furutani, Akinobu Murakami, Armando M. Palijon, and Makoto Yokohari. "Current organic waste recycling and the potential for local recycling through urban agriculture in Metro Manila." Waste Management & Research: The Journal for a Sustainable Circular Economy 29, no. 11 (October 15, 2010): 1213–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734242x10386638.
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Using the solid waste management programmes of three barangays (the smallest unit of local government in the Philippines) in Quezon City, Metro Manila, as a case study, this research aimed to further the development of efficient organic waste recycling systems through the promotion of urban agricultural activities on green and vacant spaces. First, the quantity of organic waste and compost produced through ongoing barangay projects was measured. The amount of compost that could potentially be utilized on farmland and vacant land within the barangays was then identified to determine the possibility of a local recycling system. The results indicate that, at present, securing buyers for compost is difficult and, therefore, most compost is distributed to large neighbouring farm villages. However, the present analysis of potential compost use within the barangay demonstrates that a more local compost recycling system is indeed feasible.
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Wang, Dan, Jin Li, Feilong Zhu, Qianqin Hong, Ming Zhang, Min Gao, and Wei Chen. "Protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis of respiratory rehabilitation following intensive care unit discharge for COVID-19 survivors." BMJ Open 10, no. 12 (December 2020): e041184. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-041184.
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IntroductionBoth physical and mental disorders may be exacerbated in patients with COVID-19 due to the experience of receiving intensive care; undergoing prolonged mechanical ventilation, sedation, proning and paralysis. Pulmonary rehabilitation is aimed to improve dyspnoea, relieve anxiety and depression, reduce the incidence of related complications, as well as prevent and improve dysfunction. However, the impact of respiratory rehabilitation on discharged patients with COVID-19 is currently unclear, especially on patients who have been mechanically ventilated over 24 hours. Therefore, we aim to investigate the efficacy of respiratory rehabilitation programmes, initiated after discharge from the intensive care unit, on the physical and mental health and health-related quality of life in critical patients with COVID-19.Methods and analysisWe have registered the protocol on PROSPERO and in the process of drafting it, we strictly followed the checklist of Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Potocols. We will search the PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, WanFang, VIP information databases and Chinese Biomedical Literature Database. Additionally, ongoing trials in the WHO International Clinical Trials Registry Platform, ClinicalTrials.gov and ISRCTN registry will be searched as well. Studies in English or Chinese and from any country will be accepted regardless of study design. Two review authors will independently extract data and assess the quality of included studies. Continuous data are described as standard mean differences (SMDs) with 95% CIs. Dichotomous data from randomised controlled trials are described as risk ratio(RR) with 95% CIs; otherwise, it is described as odds ratio(OR) with 95% CIs. I2 and the Cochrane’s Q statistic will be used to conduct heterogeneity assessment. The quality of evidence of main outcomes will be evaluated according to the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation(GRADE) criteria. When included studies are sufficient, we will conduct subgroup analysis and sensitivity analysis; the publication bias will be statistically analysed using a funnel plot analysis and Egger’s test.Ethics and disseminationOur review, planning to include published studies, does not need the request to the ethical committee. The final results of this review will be published in a peer-reviewed journal after completion.Patient and public involvementNo patient involved.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42020186791.
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Grzesiak, Sławomir, Jarosław Rychlik, and Agnieszka Nowogrodzka. "Spatial features of a penitentiary unit in the context of stress experienced by Prison Service staff." Nieruchomości@ III, no. III (September 30, 2021): 97–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0015.2481.
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Prison as the place of work of the Prison Service staff is a specific workplace due to both the nature of the prison community as well as the infrastructural and architectural solutions deployed to protect prison officers. Considering the spatial features of a penitentiary unit and their role in the due performance of Prison Service tasks, it seems quite relevant to seek an answer to the question: How does the physical space of a prison contribute to the stress experienced by prison officers? The issue in question is rooted in M. Mendel’s concept of pedagogy of place, symbolic interactionism and S. Hobfoll’s conservation of resources theory. Inquiry into a research problem of this kind seems reasonable taking into account the infrastructural and spatial aspects of the surroundings that can be potential stress drivers. In April 2021, a group of 58 prison officers were surveyed based on the Stress Perception Questionnaire and the author’s questionnaire. Relationships between the variables have been established through the use of correlation, significant difference test and variance analysis. The results revealed that the essential spatial characteristics of a penitentiary unit associated with the perception of stress by Prison Service staff are those features that relate to the penitentiary unit’s functional aspects covering the specific technical and protective safeguards. These results formed a premise for designating higher-risk staff groups, with regard to which preventive programmes aimed at counteracting the negative effects of stress experience should be considered
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Shrestha, Gauri. "factors related to utilization of antenatal care in Nepal: A generalized linear approach." Journal of Kathmandu Medical College 2, no. 2 (June 18, 2014): 69–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jkmc.v2i2.10629.
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Background: Antenatal care provides an entry point for pregnant women to the health care system. Proper utilization of available health services essential for successful implementation of health programmes. Objectives: This study investigates factors associated with the use of maternal health services in terms of number of antenatal care visits. Methods: For analyzing the use of antenatal care health services in Nepal, data was extracted from individual recodes of a data file of Nepal Demographic Health Survey 2006. The unit of analysis for this study was Ever Married Woman (who had at least one live birth in the five years preceding the survey). The sample of study consisted of 4182 Ever Married Woman. The response variable has numbers as its possible outcome therefore generalized Poisson regression model was selected for establishing linkage between number of antenatal care visits and several explanatory variables. Results: The result of this study shows that women with low education level, those residing in rural areas and those with low socio-economic status are less likely to attend antenatal care visits. Conclusion: This study confirms that antenatal care visit is indeed an effective entry point for delivery care. Programmes directed at improving and increasing the accessibility of antenatal care are important to improve maternal health, especially in developing countries like Nepal.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jkmc.v2i2.10629Journal of Kathmandu Medical College, Vol. 2, No. 2, Issue 4, Apr.-Jun., 2013, Page: 69-74
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Kobbail, Amani Abdel Rahim. "Local People Attitudes towards Community Forestry Practices: A Case Study of Kosti Province-Central Sudan." International Journal of Forestry Research 2012 (2012): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/652693.
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This paper examines the attitudes of local communities toward community forestry programmes implemented by a project under the CF approach in Kosti area, based on a survey of 100 people living there. The household was the basic unit of data collection; ten villages were selected as study localities. Ten respondents from each village were randomly chosen for the interview. Frequency distribution results showed that almost all the respondents have a particularly favourable perception of the community forestry programmes implemented and they perceive the best type of management for running these forests which is to be owned and managed by them. They participated in different programe activities and willing to further participation in tree planting activities. Women have possessed positive attitudes towards community forestry although they were not fully involved in community forestry Practices. Stepwise multiple linear regression analysis showed a statistical significant relation between some selected variables (Respondents age, educational level, main occupation, respondents indigenous knowledge, family uses of different forestry products, awareness of causes of forest destruction and finally respondents awareness of environmental problems) exerted important influences on the attitudes and participation of respondents. This study suggests that the project and the forest services should continue addressing local development needs, encourage women's participation in community forestry, and work toward dispute settlement of community forest-user groups, if it wants to win the support of local communities for long-term environmental conservation goals.
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Davies, Emma Louise. "“The monster of the month”: teachers’ views about alcohol within personal, social, health, and economic education (PSHE) in schools." Drugs and Alcohol Today 16, no. 4 (December 5, 2016): 279–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/dat-02-2016-0005.
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Purpose There is a lack of evidence for effective school-based prevention programmes to reduce alcohol misuse in adolescents. The purpose of this paper is to explore teacher’s views about alcohol education in secondary schools in order to inform the subsequent development of new educational and intervention measures. Design/methodology/approach Semi-structured interviews were conducted with nine female teachers from a range of schools who had responsibility for designing and delivering personal social, health, and economic education (PSHE). Findings Three main themes were identified in a thematic analysis of the interview transcripts. The themes demonstrated the importance of PSHE to these teachers, who faced challenges in delivering a comprehensive enough curriculum. Alcohol unit knowledge and responsible drinking were priorities for the teachers. However, given the many pressures faced by young people, alcohol could be viewed as just one challenge amongst many. Research limitations/implications Interventions may be seen as too compartmentalised by teachers if they fail to address the wider concerns of adolescents. Intervention developers should consider gaining input from teachers on the content of their programmes prior to running a trial to enhance feasibility and acceptability. Originality/value There are few studies that have explored what teachers think about alcohol education in general or about the content of specific interventions prior to their implementation. This study adds their voice to the literature and highlights the importance of considering the views and first hand experiences when developing new alcohol interventions aimed at adolescents.
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Gatimu, John, Christopher Gakuu, and Anne Ndiritu. "Moderating Influence of Contextual Determinants on Relationship between Monitoring and Evaluation Practices and Performance of County Maternal Health Programmes in Kenya." Public Administration Research 10, no. 2 (September 14, 2021): 52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/par.v10n2p52.
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Effective monitoring and evaluation practices is widely known to help improve performance, the quality and effectiveness of planning and decision making and achievement of results. This is because monitoring focuses on the implementation process and progress towards the achievement of project objectives. Despite the Kenya Government’s effort to promote County Maternal Health programmes through legal frameworks such as the county integrated monitoring and evaluation practices tool, and while there is empirical evidence that monitoring and evaluation practices contributes to enhanced performance, actual performance of county health sector across Kenya remains poor. The purpose of the study was to establish moderating influence of contextual determinants on the relationship between monitoring and evaluation practices and performance of County Maternal Health programmes in Kenya. The paradigm that is suitable for this study is pragmatism. The study adopted a descriptive survey research design. The study targeted 8 regional blocks in Kenya (Central,, Western Coast, Eastern, Rift Valley, North Eastern, Nyanza, Nairobi) where one county from each block was selected. From these counties the target population was 1165 respondents including Medical officers, Clinical Officers, Trained Community health workers, Nurses, County Health Management Team and County Delivery Unit officers from level 4 and 5 hospitals. Sampling procedure for this study was guided by the research design which is descriptive survey design. Stratified random sampling was used to obtain 282 respondents from which information was obtained for this study. The research instruments that were used for data collection are: a self-administered structured questionnaire and interview guides. Descriptive and inferential data analysis techniques were used in this study. Regression was conducted for testing the study hypothesis. The research established that there was a strong correlation between the performance of county maternal health programmes and contextual determinants (r=0.638, p=0.000<0.05). The study found that after introduction of contextual determinants into the relationship, and the interaction term in model 2 increased the R square by 0.08. This implies that the interaction between contextual determinants and monitoring and evaluation practices explains 8.0% variations in performance of county maternal health programmes. The study concluded that contextual determinants significantly moderate the relationship between monitoring and evaluation practices and performance of County Maternal Health Programmes in Kenya. The study recommends investing in robust and dynamic technical coordination platforms that can sustain the agenda for change. and at all levels is necessary to ensure the sustainability of M&E reforms in the health sector.
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Ramani, Sudha, Muthusamy Sivakami, and Lucy Gilson. "How context affects implementation of the Primary Health Care approach: an analysis of what happened to primary health centres in India." BMJ Global Health 3, Suppl 3 (July 2019): e001381. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2018-001381.
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IntroductionIn this paper, we elucidate challenges posed by contexts to the implementation of the Primary Health Care (PHC) approach, using the example of primary health centres (rural peripheral health units) in India. We first present a historical review of ‘written’ policies in India—to understand macro contextual influences on primary health centres. Then we highlight micro level issues at primary health centres using a contemporary case study.MethodsTo elucidate macro level factors, we reviewed seminal policy documents in India and some supporting literature. To examine the micro context, we worked with empirical qualitative data from a rural district in Maharashtra—collected through 12 community focus group discussions, 12 patient interviews and 34 interviews with health system staff. We interpret these findings using a combination of top–down and bottom–up lenses of the policy process.ResultsPrimary health centres were originally envisaged as ‘social models’ of service delivery; front-line institutions that delivered integrated care close to people’s homes. However, macro issues of chronic underfunding and verticalisation have resulted in health centres with poor infrastructure, that mainly deliver vertical programmes. At micro levels, service provision at primary health centres is affected by doctors’ disinterest in primary care roles and an institutional context that promotes risk-averseness and disregard of outpatient care. Primary health centres do not meet community expectations in terms of services, drugs and attention provided; and hence, private practitioners are preferred. Thus, primary health centres today, despite having the structure of a primary-level care unit, no longer embody PHC ideals.ConclusionsThis paper highlights some contextual complexities of implementing PHC—considering macro (pertaining to ideologies and fiscal priorities) and micro (pertaining to everyday behaviours and practices of actors) level issues. As we recommit to Alma-Ata, we must be cautious of the ceremonial adoption of interventions, that look like PHC—but cannot deliver on its ideals.
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Johnson, Nick A., Euan Stirling, and Joseph J. Dias. "The effect of mean annual temperature on the incidence of distal radial fractures." Journal of Hand Surgery (European Volume) 43, no. 9 (September 10, 2018): 983–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1753193418797893.
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We investigated the relationship between the incidence of distal radial fractures and mean annual temperature. Data for all adult patients presenting to our unit with a distal radial fracture from 2007–2014 were analysed. Incidence rates were compared with meteorological records. A Poisson regression model was used to analyse trends. Distal radial fractures were sustained by 8831 adults. The only significant change in fracture incidence occurred in 2010, in women only. This was the coldest year in the United Kingdom for over 20 years. Analysis by age bands during 2010 showed fracture incidences were significantly higher for women aged 40–69 with a higher percentage of injuries occurring in the street. These women are likely to remain mobile during bad weather but frequently have underlying osteoporosis. Falls prevention programmes should address this group with specific strategies. Simple measures, such as walking aids, appropriate footwear and avoidance of non-essential travel in slippery conditions, may reduce risk. Level of evidence: IV