Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Progrès scientifique et technique – Mythologie'
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Guillain, Pascal. "Entre mythe et réalité, comment évolue la société éducative à l'aune des nouvelles technologies de l'information et de la communication : analyse critique." Lille 1, 2003. https://ori-nuxeo.univ-lille1.fr/nuxeo/site/esupversions/008de0db-50dd-49ea-824d-996e8668b981.
Full textSchaegis, Chrystelle. "Progrès scientifique et responsabilité." Paris 13, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995PA131003.
Full textThe recent enforcements of the law of administrative responsibility, mainly as regards the medical cases, have raised a series of questions about scientific progress. Nevertheless, the study of both terms reveals their old and continuous interaction. The latter takes place, first, at the epistemological level. In effect, the responsibility constitutes the corollary of the administrative action, which takes part in the promotion of the scientific progress by publics authorities. In this context, the traditional representations of responsibility seem improper : one has to substitute a approach of the legal mechanism for the solidarist explanation. The representation of the responsibility, placed in the context of the global administrative action, becomes utilitarist. In other respects, the scientific progress pervades mechanisms of responsibility themselves : the judge often transposes the evolution of knowledge in the definition of damage injurious act, and the establishment of the causality link. He has also recourse to expertise for treating the damages. The study of the scientific progress' impact on the administrative responsability allows us to underline evolutions, but from both an external and an internal point of view. This receptivity of positive law to the scientific progress leads naturally to a reflection on the progress of the law of responsibility. But within the pragmaticist representation which should dominate the topic, such a progress is not noted in the capacity of the systems of responsibility. .
Lemoine, Arnaud. "Le progrès technique et scientifique et la norme de droit international : examen clinique de la normativité." Montpellier 1, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004MON10050.
Full textPirnay, Philippe. "La greffe du visage : réflexions éthiques et progrès scientifique." Thesis, Paris 5, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA05T007.
Full textThe ethical questions about the face transplant seem unavoidable. What risks can be tolerated, not irresponsibly, but in conscience, in the interest of the patient ? To what extent the ethical issues have been addressed by surgical teams prior to the completion of transplants ? Can ethics justify this intervention? A study of the scientific literature and general press of every team having performed the face transplant was conducted to determine the ethical issues raised by this transplantation. They affect both the donor and his family and the recipient. From these items, a questionnaire survey was conducted with the same surgical team to assess the management of these ethical issues. To open the debate, involving the community for educational and trace the way of the new acceptances, 1000 French surgeons were also interviewed by a questionnaire. The results were used to explore the issue of consent of the donor's family, the place of family in respect of memory and the will of the deceased. Explorer also respect the body, medical confidentiality, respect for donor anonymity, the role of media in the first major surgery, and finally the concept of consent of a vulnerable patient and that of the risk / benefit ratio for treatment whose benefits are still uncertain. As part of the face such questions are essential human dimension ... To testify early work focused on the symbolism of the face, disfigurement, historical, legal, institutional, and religious challenges
Mohsni, Samy. "Le progrès de la science face au droit pénal." Grenoble 2, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005GRE21002.
Full textGauthier, Olivier. "Capital, progrès technique et croissance économique : une tentative de réhabilitation du cadre d'analyse classico-keynésien." Dijon, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001DIJOE011.
Full textLépée, Pierre. "La réalisation d'objets techniques : source de l'évolution technique : l'exemple des ponts et des installations chimiques depuis le dix-neuvième siècle." Châtenay-Malabry, Ecole centrale de Paris, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994ECAP0335.
Full textCorbel, Pascal. "Les relations progres technique-emploi : le cas de l'industrie electronucleaire." Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000VERS0009.
Full textPuppinck, Grégor. "L'auteur de la norme bioéthique." Poitiers, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009POIT3012.
Full textEach cultural age produces a specific method for compiling norms. Since bioethics is the "place" where today's main upheavals face each other and synthesise, bioethics reveals itself as both a symptom and an instrument of cultural transition. This transition proceeds firstly from the abandonment of the modern culture on which law and morals are still largely based , and secondly from the confrontational reorganisaion of relations between the legal, ethical and scientific rationalities. This confrontation of rationalities, condensed within bioethics, calls into question the traditional methods for compiling norms and demands experimentation withnew methods that are suited contemporary culture. Study of these new methods for producing norms makes it possible to discern in a concrete seense the reconfiguration of these rationalities, and then to determine therein the instigator of the norm. What appears thereafter is the current state of our cultural transition
Kamanzi, Anthony. "L'homme et ses passions chez les néo-épicuriens et libéraux de la "première modernité" française et anglaise." Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003CLF20001.
Full textThe "First Modernity" has evidently valued Man, his progress and his perfectibility. And in the same line as in previous historical periods, it stressed also the importance of his desires and his passions. But in contrast to the "good ends" and innate benevolence of Man ancient doctrines, those claiming to be modern tended to accept, out of pique or reluctantly, the natural law of the strongest proper to liberal capitalism. Is there a possible reconciliation between the private passions and interests on one part the reason and the general interest on the other ? What is the impact of education, law and religion? Are our endeavours to build a just,equitable and orderly society enough to vanquish his nature ? Is it in fact a question of vanquishing it or rather understanding it ? If we admit that taking Man as he is looks machiavellian, can't we also admit that taking him as he has to be is an illusion or a white lie ?
Coto, Gwenaëlle. "L' influence des progrès scientifiques sur le droit de la preuve pénale." Rennes 1, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006REN1G009.
Full textScientific progress has had important repercussions on the element of proof in criminal law. It has allowed the legal system to reach a new stage in the evolution of the preliminary scientific investigation process and has made criminal investigations a lot easier. Scientific progress has had a direct effect on the different types of proof since it establishes a sort of hierarchy in which scientific proof can sometimes lead to fundamental laws being neglected. Some bounds of the law which allow criminal investigations to take place have turned out to be insufficient, and the legislator has had intervene. What is more, there is an increase in the number of judges, requesting an expert's opinion. This scientific contribution is a challenge for the judge. Could scientific progress call inner certainty into question ? Science and technical progress are not infaillible and cannot alone allow every criminal case to be solved. That is why inner conviction should not disappear
Cabagnols, Alexandre. "Les déterminants des types de comportements innovants et de leur persistance : analyse évolutionniste et étude économétrique." Lyon 2, 2000. http://theses.univ-lyon2.fr/documents/lyon2/2000/cabagnols_a.
Full textAmouri, Inès. "L'adaptation de la causalité à l'évolution technoscientifique dans la responsabilité civile." Aix-Marseille 3, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010AIX32066.
Full textRecent developments of the civil liability law reveal that the determination of a certain link of causality certain between the fact attributed to every author, individually appointed, and the damage undergone by every victim individually appointed as wall, becomes a problematic requirement within the framework of the new techno scientific data. This classic approach risks to be set up as an obstacle in front of the compensation of victims. The adaptation of the causality to the techno scientific evolution imposes an attenuation of its individualization. By opting for the complete causality and by limiting the possibilities of exemption, the link of causality is not any more so individualized, but the requirement of the certainty is maintained. However, this insufficient approach, leads to grant many adjustments to the uncertainty. When the establishment of a sure causality is impossible, it becomes more realistic to be satisfied with a highly likely causality. An additional degree of uncertainty is taken into account by the precaution which arrests the cases of hypothetical causality escaping the probability theory in cases of grave damage. But when the causality is totally ignored, like in the case of the risk of development, it is the automatic compensation and not the civil liability which seems more appropriate
Ruas, Roberto Lima. "Progrès technique et contrôle du capital : le cas de l'industrie de la chaussure du Rio Grande do Sul - Brésil." Amiens, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987AMIE0010.
Full textThe purpose of the thesis is to analyse and evaluate the changes observed in the conditions of capital's control on the labour process caused by the settlement of the technical change. We have choosed the industry of shoes in brazil as an illustration of our research because we find that there is a great heterogeneity between the entreprises operating in this field of activity, this industry allows us to compare similar labour process: the choosen entreprises have almost the same products but use different technology,based on same evaluations factors we settle down a reference table drawing up the conditions of capital's control in the industry of shoes, finally our analyse discloses classification of technology states observed in this industry and releaves the conditions of capital control in the shoes industry knock against the technological limits of this industry
Fossoyeux, Franck. "Evolution des couronnes céramiques unitaires." Bordeaux 2, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988BOR20072.
Full textChifflet, Stéphanie. "Le récit de la convergence NBIC : vers une nouvelle cosmogonie ?" Grenoble 3, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008GRE39058.
Full textDiscourses about NBIC convergence (convergence between nanotechnology, biotechnology, information technology and cognitive science) have a symbolic dimension and depend on an inherited mythic thought. In order to strike the underlying stakes of new technologies, it is essential to know their imaginary aspects. Indeed, sciences and technics (what we call technologies) are constituted, like every human praxis, by ambivalent images and desires. By adopting a long term view and positioning the technological domain in the long cultural history, we try, in this work, to define the outlines of a technological imagination in progress. The NBIC convergence narration (which is also a game of images) brings about mythical reminiscences. Moreover, in our opinion, the "great story" about NBIC convergence (which is presented like a paradigmatic revolution) is an actualization of the cosmogonic myth. With its main themes (mastery and manipulation of the matter, human transformation, portraits made of scientists as new heroes, immortality), NBIC story appears like the modern expression of a demiurgic challenge that the mankind is tempted to take up, becoming himself the actor of a new religion: the technological religion
Yamagami, Hiroaki. "Développement durable et politiques fiscales." Paris 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA010054.
Full textSmida, Ali. "Prospective des metamorphoses du systeme technique et management des ruptures technologiques." Caen, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992CAEN0540.
Full textOur inability to see new technologies coming is due to our trouble in understanding the dynamics of the technical system, in considering interdepdnedences betweenthis system and its environment, and in integrating the actors motivations in the analysis. The actual prospective approach, although avoiding the errors of the classical forecazsting, still focuses its efforts on objectivity and consensus between experts (by using the delphi technique). The study of more than one thousand people, involved in the technical change during the last three centuries, proves that the behavior of these men and women condition the technological metamorphoses. Our model, called minest, allows to canalize qualitative information, considers the actors opinions, their wishes and their conflictual relationships. Thus, by managing the richness of divergences between the system actors, it allows to improve the apprehension of the technological evolution and to generate various scenarios of continuity and rupture. Thus, the decisio-maker can promote his desirable future or at least get ready to face unchoosed futures. This approach turns the technical system complexity and turbulence into opportunities and insert them into technology based strategies. We have applied ourmodel to the pharmaceutical component of biotechnology
Netto, Andrei. "Le vertige économique : l’industrie culturelle, les technologies et la nouvelle éthique des socialités numériques." Paris 5, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA05H037.
Full textSupervised by the French sociologist Michel Maffesoli, this thesis assumes that the Marshall McLuhan’s "global village", which is a direct result of connectivity via digital networks that was first developed in the 1960's, has provoque a profound ethical transformation, especially in cyberspace. In turn, this new virtual sociality challenges modern institutions and subverts the social contract, contesting laws such as copyrights. One of the expressions of this metamorphosis is widespread piracy, an economic instability that has disrupted the overall landscape of the music industry. We call this whole process the "economic vertigo. " A fundamental epistemological framework formed by four sociologists inspires the hypothesis this thesis addresses: Émile Durkheim, Max Weber, George Simmel and Joseph Schumpeter. From a fifth researcher, Michel Maffesoli, we will explore the finding of postmodern tribes, the idea of transfiguration of politics, and especially his concept of "pact", separate from the traditional social contract. Additionally and with other authors in mind we explore the relationship between sociology, ethics, law, economics and mass communication in cyberspace. To test our hypotheses, we rely primarily on documents that prove the economic drift of the music industry. In order to explain the social basis of the economic incertitude, we rely on a wide bibliographic review, as well as qualitative interviews and sociological observations regarding the music industry and its audience over the last fifteen years. And we do it from the perspective of Weber’s interpretative understanding
Martinez-Garcia, Eduardo. "Stratégies et mécanismes d'institutionnalisation de la science et de la technologie en Amérique latine." Paris 3, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998PA030063.
Full textThe research examines the strategies, mechanisms and policy instruments; scientific and technological research; innovation and technological development; and science and technology investment projects, that have contributed to the recent institutionalisation of science and technology activities in latin america. The analysis is carried out within the framework of the major economic and social policy changes in latin america in the 1980-96 period. The research supports the starting hypothesis, according to which there has been a 'paradigm shift' concerning the strategies and mechanisms for the institutionalisation of science and technology in latin america: a. Changes and trends concerning strategies and policies: 1. From policies for partial autonomy to policies for modernisation, from 'science and technology policy'to 'innovation police 2. From promotion of r&d to r&d oriented towards market demand 3. From traditional r&d management towards r&d management, performance evaluation and links with productive units 4. From state's role promoting and undertaking r&d to the articulation of a national system of innovation 5. From the lack of evaluation and of quality control in r&d and higher education to academic evaluation and accreditation processes b. Institutional and legal changes and trends: 6. From a 'government institutionalisation' process to the downsizing of the state 7. From formal institutional orientation and regulation to institutional 'laisser-faire' 8. From national budgetary restrictions to resources from international financial and technical co, operation 0. Changes and trends concerning globalisation and regional integration: 9. From closed economies to open-economies: globalisation and localisation of r&d activities and technological innovation processes 10. From nation-economy to region-economy, subregional integration processes. In general terms, the results of the research support the hypothesis that there has been a paradigm shift concerning the strategies and mechanisms for the institutionalisation of science and technology in latin america. 2
El, Fakir de La Laurencie Aouatif. "Une analyse critique de l’usage de la R&D dans les processus de développement : Marchés, institutions et espaces d’apprentissage interactif." Paris 9, 2008. https://portail.bu.dauphine.fr/fileviewer/index.php?doc=2008PA090003.
Full textThis thesis tries to answer to the following question: When and how R&D becomes crucial for the competitiveness, growth and development in developing countries? To answer this question, the analytical framework is centred on 3 concepts: interactive learning spaces, technological capabilities and Co-evolution of technology, institutions and organisations. This thesis proposes a theoretical model of technological catching-up based on interactive learning spaces and on impact of institutional framework and environment to explain the acquisition of technological capabilities. On the one hand, by using case studies, this thesis tries to analyse opportunities and pressures that push developing countries to improve their technological capabilities. On the other hand, its tries to enlighten interactive learning process that make this improvement possible. This thesis continues by an analysis of catching-up prospects for a developing country, which is Morocco within the knowledge economy. Its makes explicit opportunities and pressures in this new context and technological capabilities that Morocco must have to take advantage of the later. In the end, the thesis discusses recommendations in terms of public policies in developing countries as well as later research to achieve in order to define the nature and the role of interactive learning spaces better
Risch, Mickaël. "Scientifiques, institutionnels, sociétés privées : analyse sociologique des transferts dans les biotechnologies et l'agroalimentaire : le cas de l'Auvergne." Limoges, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LIMO2010.
Full textLife science and biotechnology are nowadays the new economy of knowledge, following communication technologies. On the importance of those fields for our society great public debates have taken place, in which, many questions about political and social plans have been raised. The public debate raging in Europe around those questions has mobilised a large range of public opinion and has produced at the same time a drive in favour of biotechnological innovation. On the other hand, intense scrutiny has arisen at the same time over genetically modified organisms with a public focus on this subject. The European Commission has highlighted political choices strongly oriented towards the future : Europe knew how to take the ball on the rebound, wondering not, if it would be necessary to enter the race, but how to respond to the questions posed by science and biotechnologies. The first phase of the research retraces the steps which gave birth to an essentially research based product and makes it a viable commercial entity. Newly qualified PHD's develop new processes in the course of their studies and develop them in creating their business. These latter have been supported by decentralised State institutions and regional bodies. Our attention is drawn to all those representing establishments which help researchers who have a project and want to create a start-up. The second part of the thesis focuses on transfer of technology produced at the heart of a private agricultural food group. Several innovative operational processes have been analysed, clearly showing the dominant role played by the market. This latter directs the science, to the extent that no research is undertaken by chance but must respond to economic demands. From a macrosocial point of view, transfer of technologies forces us to examine our consciences and increases our distrust : the advances in research are in fact, those which today have the power to modify humanity and the evolution of our society. Science and society are more than ever connected by an ambivalent sentiment, mixing in equal parts admiration and distrust. We are forced as a society to consider how products and processes in the fied of gene modification technology are regarded. To better understand the degree of the controversy, one only has to see the arguments produced against the full scale trials of genetically modified maize. The harvesting of genetically modified maize begs the question of what is at stake for society, the competing standards being imposed and the ambiguous image of the researchers. The place occupied by the citizen in the processes of transfers of technology impedes the free diffusion of biotechnological innovation, and forces prior consultation : science organises times for democratising scientific information, which is not intelligible to the public at large. These facts question the legitimacy and the autonomy of cscience : it is the very connection between science, industry, the State and sociey which is called into the question
Senouci, Mehdi. "Essays on Economic Growth." Paris, EHESS, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014EHES0090.
Full textThis thesis consists of five (mostly theoretical) chapters on economic growth. We address both medium- and long-run issues. All the models presented are of neoclassical structure and are animated by some forms of technical change related to physical capital. The first four chapters analyze the behavior of neoclassical growth models under investment-specific technical change — i. E. Under technical change in the production of the investment good. The fifth chapter introduces another representation of technical change in neoclassical growth models. Chapter 1 analyses the consequences of investment-specific technological shocks on the golden rule steady state. Chapter 2 addresses the Malthusian issue of the demographic consequences of technical change in an overlapping-generations model of growth with land, endogenous fertility and multiple directions of productivity growth. Chapter 3 (co-written with Gwenael Moysan) presents new results on neoclassical two-inputs production functions, and uses them to treat the Solow model with capital-augmenting (or investment-specific) technological change. Chapter 4 investigates the endogenous direction of technical change-— labor-augmenting vs. Investment-specific— in the discrete-time Ramsey framework with log utility. Chapter 5 shows how the Habakkuk hypothesis and the Kaldor facts can be rationalized through a new form of technological change
Carnino, Guillaume. "L'invention de « la science » dans le second XIXe siècle : épistémologie, technologie, environnement, politique." Paris, EHESS, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011EHES0071.
Full text"Modern science", being both pure and applied, emerges in France at the very beginning of the second industrialization, and replaces the prior "natural philosophy". Its prestige expands through various activities: World fairs, freethinkers, popular science, arts & literature, school, patent rights. . . This practical and theoretical reorganization of knowledge , is firmly connected to the structure of industrial production: scientists study in details craftsmen's "know-how" to create reproducible procedures for manufacturing. Reputed neutral and objective, science ideologically binds the progressive base of the French Third Republic: thereafter, any opposition to environmental, technological or social changes catalysed by this new regime is treated as a dangerous attitude hiding reactionary thoughts secretly rooted in a backward political agenda. Secular resistance to sacred science is subsequently considered inaccurate and excluded from the political sphere, in the same way as the religious beliefs Galileo battled with are mocked as false. Therefore, science must not be any more considered as an epistemological question, but rather as a intrinsically contradictory institution (since it is issued from a social compromise): attempts to theorize it as unified and non-historical concept always trigger the same conflicts that prevailed to its birth
Esmaeili, Hamid. "Evaluation économique de l'impact des nouvelles technologies d'information : une application à l'économie américaine." Littoral, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001DUNK0078.
Full textThe birth of New Information Technologie (NIT) has changed the economic data, entailing a modification of the productivity. This study aims at making an economic evaluation of the impact of Information Technologies (IT). After a theoretical explanation aiming at including NIT within the economic thought, this research will analyse the major changes from a macroeconomic point of view. To do so, it relies on the American economic system, where Information Technologies are more developed. We will then develop two Computable General Equilibrium models : the first one studies the contribution of technological progress-IT to the American economic system between 1954-2000, pointing out the break in terms of technological progress-IT in 1974. The second model underlines the evolution of the employment market for unqualified workers and uses sensitivity and economic policies analysis to identify the most appropriate measures
Falantin-Breton, Annie. "Aveuglement technologique et aveuglement libéral : singularités, analogies et interactions au sein des organisations." Thesis, Paris, CNAM, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016CNAM1073/document.
Full textThis thesis was explores and analyses at organisational level:- the fact that certain technologies – however seductive and useful they are – intrude in our lives (intrusion and/or voluntary immersion) or are imposed on us without debate or criticism by market players and produce new forms of life : this is technological blindness; - the fact that while the political system should regulate and control, market forces dominate through new forms or centres of power ; globalisation and the financialised economy are manifestations of another type of blindness : liberalist blindness. Do these two types of blindness have analogies, particular features, links and interactions within organisations? If so, might this generate a phenomenon that has hardly been identified or studied : organisational blindness? My doctoral work answers these two questions in the affirmative
Ersahin, Sevim. "La détresse de l'homme moderne selon Heidegger." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012STRAC046.
Full textThe purpose of this study is to bring to light the distress of modern man in Heidegger’s thought. To enter into our subject, it is necessary to develop a particular reflection on Heidegger’s critique of the history of metaphysics as a whole. For Heidegger, by eliminating the overwhelming truth of the Being, philosophical tradition has always been in search of a ground and the stability near to being. So he criticises the history of philosophy for its indifference to the Being. However, the forgetfulness of the Being exposes man to an irresistible distress. In these circumstances, the choice of turning towards the technique only accentuates his situation of distress. Because the distress is the Being itself. In other words, the Being is a necessity of human being for coming to word. In this study, we are trying to give answers to following questions: does man risk to lose himself definitely in the forgetfulness of the distress of Being ? Is it still possible for man to overcome his distress created by the forgetfulness of the Being ? How to cope with that imminent peril ? Can man still hope ?
Pigeon, Jonas. "Les technologies de Captage, Transport et Stockage du CO2 (CTSC) dans l'Axe-Seine : description des futurs possibles d un dispositif technique de réduction des émissions de gaz à effet de serre." Thesis, Le Havre, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LEHA0013/document.
Full textCarbon Capture and Storage enables industrial facilities to capture their CO2 emissions in order to geologically store it and then reduce their impact on global warming. The Seine Waterway Axis (from Paris to Le Havre) counts a lot of industrial facilities emitting huge quantities of CO2. From 2006 local stakeholders of this territory are willing to develop CCS to a commercial scale in order to reduce CO2 emissions.In our research we aim to understand potential futures of CCS technology in the Seine Waterway Axis. In this Phd thesis we first analyse initial technoscientific promises related to Carbon Capture and Storage in using Science and Technology Studies theoretical framework. Then we focus on the Seine Waterway Axis territorial dynamics regarding sustainable development. Finnaly, we focus on narratives related to Carbon Capture and Storage in the Seine Waterway Axis in order to identify hybridations between CCS implementations and territorial dynamics. These cross analysis will enable us to describe potential future of CCS establishment in the Seine Waterway Axis
Hoguin, Rodolphe. "Evolution et changements techniques dans les sociétés de chasseurs-cueilleurs de la Puna Sèche des Andes Centre-Sude ancien et moyen : technologie lithique dans la région de Susques durant l’Holocène ancien et moyen." Thesis, Paris 10, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA100102/document.
Full textThe research developed in this work focuses on the analysis of the evolution and change in lithic technology in the societies of hunter-gatherers in the Argentine Puna from the sites of the Susques locality, Jujuy. The Puna is an altitude desert (above 3000 masl). The hunter-gatherer period in Puna is between 11,000 and 3,500 years BP. This implies a chronological sequence that extends from the first settlement to the domestication of camelids. ln this context, the evolution of technical systems could then be dynamic during this period. The analysis of technical change is based here on the study of operative chains and technical systems. So we will use a technological approach, and thus the recovery of lithic reduction sequences can situate each object in his technical context and provides a methodological framework for interpretation at several levels of analysis. By studying the evolution of technology in two ways - one slow due to the continuous development and intrinsic techniques, other fast, due to abrupt changes and external contingencies - , we can highlight fast changes and the role of societies and their environment in this evolution. We see a number of innovations occurring throughout the sequence, whose nature is different, some are related to the first degree of the facts, and other are linked to the last degrees. We conclude that such development could occur through the development of stable societies
Cissé, Marame. "La migration des sénégalais qualifiés en France : entre transnationalisme et construction diasporique." Thesis, Paris 10, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA100016/document.
Full textIn the current context characterized by multiple economic, political, social and technological exchanges, the mobility of scientists and other highly skilled Senegalese workers has increased. The latter, while living in France, maintain relations with their homeland and among themselves. They self-organize into networks and participate more in « distance investments » or expert missions in Senegal, which allow them to articulate « here» and « over there». These new dynamics of migration (mobility, interpolar relations, and multi-site organizations) allow reexamining the concept of diaspora. Thus, following the « brain drain» », « brain gain», the « brain reverse», concepts such as DKN ( diaspora knowledge networks) or DST (scientific and technical diaspora) emerge to analyze migrants’ self- organizations (associations or networks) based on the unity of competence and project (Meyer 2008) and which are involved in the development of their homeland. I use this renewed framework of the concept of diaspora to study the different forms of participation in the development of Senegal, by interviewing skilled Senegalese migrants who have carried out missions of expertise through TOKTEN (Transfer of Knowledge Through Expatriate Nationals) and PAID (Program of Solidarity for Development) and those who are active in associations leading activities in Senegal in the socio-economic and scientific / technical field. The results show that the process of diaspora construction relies on institutional mechanisms which allow mobilizing skills; but they are also highly structured by the life story and migratory career of the skilled migrants characterized by settlement, mobility and maintain of cultural and symbolic links with the home country
Achour, Tani Yamna. "Analyse de la politique économique algérienne." Thesis, Paris 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA010017/document.
Full textThe economic growth is a major indicator which estimates a country's capacity to improve its population well-being level. The economic literature associates economic growth with an increase of either a total or per capita supported production on the long time. The growth rhythm corresponds to the production rate and the income growth rate on the long term. The economists of the industrial revolution has identified in the capital accumulation, the dynamic of that movement. Investment is a particular element of the demand, since it allows to increase the capital stock, and thus to increase the production capacities. Growth realization is an essential aim of the economic policy. ln Ramsey's model the growth bases essentially on the physical capital accumulation. So it is fundamental to study the factors which favor this accumulation in the long term or slow it down on the contrary. Among these factors are the determiners of savings
Charnoz, Pauline. "Inégalités, qualifications et géographie des emplois sur le marché du travail en France." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLS002/document.
Full textThis thesis investigates the determinants of jobs’, workers’ and firms’ location decisions in France. The first chapter evaluates the impact of French enterprise zones on their residents. It shows that this program reduced significantly the unemployment rate of residents due, in part, to the fact that firms’ payroll exemptions were made conditional on local hiring. It also shows that social composition effects occurred in the long run, and that the program increased the share of high-skilled workers in enterprise zones. The second chapter documents the impact of rail travel time on the management of French multi-plant businesses. It shows that affiliates which benefited from new High Speed Rail lines to relate faster to their headquarters reorganized and decreased the share of managers in the workforce, while refocusing on their production activity. The third chapter documents a strong decrease in the high-skilled/low-skilled relative wage that occurred concomitantly with a strong increase in the relative labor supply for male aged 15-65 in France in the last 40 years. It shows that the increase in educational attainment has hidden the effects of a skill-biased demand shift, which are found to be of at least half of those found in the U.S. An additional analysis is conducted at the level of local labor markets. It investigates the spatial trends of education supply and wage inequalities by education levels and shows that a spatial concentration of educated workers and a skill-biased spatial shift in demand occurred in France between 1982 and 2011. The fourth chapter uses the spatial dynamics of wage, labor supply and labor demand to test the “computerization” hypothesis for France on the period 1990-2011. It shows that jobs with codifiable or routine tasks declined more on the labor markets where their share in employment was initially higher, but that abstract jobs did not increase in the same places, like in the US. It then shows that skill-biased technical change affects the spatial distribution of routine and abstract jobs according to the function performed: support or production
Créquit, Perrine. "Méta-analyse en réseau cumulative et dynamique." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016USPCB085.
Full textSystematic reviews are essential tools to synthesize available evidence for therapeutic evaluation. Multiple treatments are now frequently available for a given condition. Patients and physicians want to know which one is the best among all treatments. Thus we need to retrieve and synthesize all available evidence across all treatments and furthermore to maintain it updated when new evidence and new treatments become available. Our objective was to evaluate the limits of the current ecosystem of evidence synthesis and to develop an alternative methodology. We have first assessed the capacity of systematic reviews to cover all available evidence of multiple treatments. We took the example of second-line treatments of advanced non-small cell lung cancer with EGFR wild-type or unknown status. We have shown that the 29 systematic reviews published in this condition up to 2015, considered collectively, failed to provide a complete and updated synthesis of all available evidence. Almost 40% of the 77 trials, of the 45 treatments, of the 54 treatment comparisons and of the 28,636 patients were always missing from systematic reviews. We have discussed the reasons why the ecosystem of evidence synthesis fails to encompass all available evidence. We then developed a new paradigm to synthesize evidence over time called live cumulative network meta-analysis. This new concept consists in switching from a series of standard meta-analyses to a single network meta-analysis covering all treatments and systematically updated as soon as the results of a new trial become available. Live cumulative network meta-analysis is initiated with a network meta-analysis which is iteratively updated. We have described the methodological steps, developed the protocol of a proof-of-concept study applied to second-line treatments of advanced non-small cell lung cancer. Finally, we have performed the initial network meta-analysis in this condition. We have included 98 trials including 34,179 patients and assessing 60 treatments. We have shown that nivolumab was more effective in term of overall survival compared to docetaxel HR=0.68 (IC95% 0.55-0.83), to pemetrexed HR=0.65 (0.5-0.83), to erlotinib HR=0.66 (0.51-0.84) and to gefitinib HR=0.65 (0.51-0.82). Similar results were found with pembrolizumab. In progression free survival, nivolumab had a more important treatment effect compared to the four recommended treatments. Live cumulative network meta-analysis should become a paradigmatic shift for systematic reviews and meta-analysis in order to improve medical decision making
Nascimento, Duarte Bárbara. "O futuro do corpo : tecnociência, pirataria e metamorfose." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015STRAG017/document.
Full textIn the present technoscientific era, body value is directly related to its rational production in scientific laboratories. Our empirical investigatoin seeks to discover the relationships between laboratory experiments and what we identify as body hacktivism, body hacking, which stand for a playful and exploratory extreme body modification perspective, performed by scientifically-inclined amateurs whose purpose consists of amplifying a person’s sensory limits. Our principal argument is that body hackers are on record for self-production in a radical individualism that has, as a privileged analytical unit, the growing individualization and the self-ownership of the body as its fundamental measures. The body hacking draws our attention to the understanding of a scientific reality: if one day nature granted man a body, to have currently, it is fundamental to overcoming this biological event, endlessly seeking its improvement, until the day that man will attain the chimera of perfection and immortality
O corpo humano está agora enredado numa trama muito particular, característica de nossa era tecnocientífica: seu valor e seu destino estão submetidos aos processos racionais e às novas técnicas que são continuamente desenvolvidas nos laboratórios. A partir de uma visão algo utópica, muito além de uma simples materialidade orgânica, as fronteiras da corporalidade estão assim sendo radicalmente questionadas e transformadas. E, neste passo, os conhecimentos científicos e sua mística transbordam seus campos estritos de aplicação, para alcançar e mobilizar o desejo e a vontade de indivíduos e do público em geral. Em nosso trabalho, buscamos investigar a relação entre as experiências de laboratório e aquilo que identificamos como o panorama underground de tecnologização do corpo. Procuramos assim circunscrever certas modificações corporais extremas, definidas como body hacktivism, body hacking ou pirataria do corpo, que se fundam numa perspectiva lúdica e exploratória, realizadas por amadores com o propósito de ampliar os limites sensoriais do homem. Tal reapropriação individual das tecnologias se converte, então, em inovações e em práticas inusitadas, por exemplo: implantes de microchips RFID, de magnetos, de vibradores genitais ou placas de titânio para substituir a pele, e mesmo próteses robóticas feitas com peças de Lego. A pesquisa de campo foi empreendida entre 2011 e 2013, em contato com vários praticantes selecionados na Europa, nos Estados Unidos e no Brasil. A metodologia qualitativa privilegiou a aplicação de entrevistas semiestruturadas e visitas a lojas de tatuagem/piercing, hotéis, eventos e seminários. O objetivo desta tese é, portanto, compreender qual corpo os body hackers constroem para si e projetam para os outros, explorando assim suas concepções acerca do sujeito humano. O argumento principal é de que os body hackers, por suas palavras e suas práticas, reverberam a mesma ontologia radical do individualismo moderno, ao tomar o indivíduo como a unidade social básica e a apropriação de seu próprio corpo como a relação fundamental. A simbiose do corpo com artefatos variados, que as novas tecnologias possibilitam, faculta ao indivíduo percepções exclusivas, nas quais os elementos inorgânicos se tornam não apenas mediadores da experiência pessoal, mas uma extensão ou parte articulada de si mesmo. Em suma, a tecnologia inserida no corpo além de modificá-lo, também transforma a forma de perceber, de estar e de ser-no-mundo. A pirataria do corpo, enfim, chama a atenção para uma realidade insofismável: se um dia a natureza concedeu aos seres humanos um corpo, para tê-lo, atualmente, é preciso superar o simples evento biológico e buscar incansavelmente o seu aperfeiçoamento, a quimera extraordinária de uma perfeição e de uma imortalidade vindoura
Fressoz, Jean-Baptiste. "« La fin du monde par la science » : innovations, risques, régulations, de l'inoculation à la machine à vapeur, 1750-1850." Paris, EHESS, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009EHES0094.
Full textThe purpose of this dissertation is to pave the way for a history of risk societies across two centuries. It is an historical inquiry into the ways technological action was questioned and regulated. Three fields are studied: The emergence of risk for thinking upon smallpox inoculation and its failure to create a disinhibited subject, ready to risk his life so as to save it. On the contrary, the rapid success of cowpox vaccine allows us to study the technologies of proof which assured the efficacy of the imperial biopolitics of the 1800s. The power apparatuses (botany, hygiene, new legal regulations) which permitted the development of industrialisation despite the environmental etiologies posited by neo-Hippocratic theories and the general outcry of city dwellers. The emergence and role of safety norms for closing technological controversies, legalizing uncertainty and producing a responsible individual compatible with the liberal society of the 1820s. Ln contradistinction to the risk society and post modernity theses, I show that the technoscientific revolution of the 1800s was not accomplished in a fog of careless modernism. Past societies did not choose to ally with high pressure steam or viruses without considering, with alarm, the far-reaching consequences of their decisions; nor did they alter their environments inadvertently. Confidence was not natural: disinhibiting ignorance (and/or knowledge) had to be produced on every strategic and disputed point of technological modernity. The discourse of progress which magnified the greatness of the goals exorcised the immensity of the fears