Relevant bibliographies by topics / Project management – Africa, Sub-Saharan

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  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
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Academic literature on the topic 'Project management – Africa, Sub-Saharan'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 14 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Project management – Africa, Sub-Saharan"

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Landuyt, Hanne, Harry Van Loen, Bai L. Dondeh, Badou M. Gaye, and Yven Van Herrewege. "PO 8471 A SURVEY OF CURRENT CLINICAL DATA MANAGEMENT PRACTICES IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA." BMJ Global Health 4, Suppl 3 (April 2019): A41.3—A42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2019-edc.109.

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BackgroundInformation on clinical data management (CDM) practices in clinical trials in sub-Saharan Africa is scarce. As part of ALERRT (the African coalition for Epidemic Research, Response and Training, an EDCTP-funded project) we want to gauge current CDM and ICT practices and identify possible gaps within different research institutions in sub-Saharan Africa. This information will be used to develop a scalable, GCP-compliant, robust CDM/ICT infrastructure suitable for resource-poor settings and response-ready in the event of an outbreak.MethodsAn online survey was designed to assess the experience of the participating sites with the various CDM processes, CDM documentation and facilities, the availability of dedicated staff and their experience with GCP. In addition, ICT features essential to CDM will be assessed. Lastly, information on the use of CDM software will be obtained. Respondents can request to receive personalised feedback (aimed to improve their CDM practices) based on their results. The survey, in English and French, will be sent out to 100 sites in sub-Saharan Africa. Sites with intermittent internet connections will receive an MS-Office Word-version of the survey.ResultsThe survey will be closed after a month. Personalised feedback (if requested) will be sent to the respondents. Descriptive analysis of the survey results will be done, and results will be used to design standard data management tools, tailored to the needs of research sites in sub-Saharan Africa and suitable for emergency research. Both results and tools will be disseminated to the scientific community.ConclusionThe results of this survey will provide relevant information on the current CDM and ICT practices in sub-Saharan Africa. Potential pitfalls will be identified and opportunities for improvement will be addressed. Furthermore, the survey will offer a chance to exchange ideas between African and European partners on how to implement good CDM and ICT practices.
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Nkuruziza, Gideon, Francis Kasekende, Samson Omuudu Otengei, Shafic Mujabi, and Joseph Mpeera Ntayi. "An investigation of key predictors of performance of agricultural projects in Sub-Saharan Africa." International Journal of Social Economics 43, no. 7 (July 11, 2016): 676–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijse-09-2014-0181.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the ways of improving performance of agricultural projects through stakeholder engagement and knowledge management in a Sub-Saharan context. Design/methodology/approach – Data were collected using a self-administered questionnaire from 342 agricultural projects in Mukono and Wakiso districts in Uganda. Descriptive statistics and inferential statistics were used in the analysis. Findings – The results reveal that stakeholder engagement and knowledge management are valuable intangible resources that significantly influence performance of agricultural projects. The findings, managerial and policy implications are fully discussed in this paper. Originality/value – The authors empirically show that a model that synchronizes stakeholder engagement, knowledge management and performance of agricultural projects is a requirement for promoting sustainable agricultural performance outcomes. This study makes a contribution by providing information that is relevant for filling the practical gap that exists in agricultural projects of Sub-Saharan Africa as well as contributing to the theoretical development of project management discipline.
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Gbahabo, Paul Terna, and Oluseye Samuel Ajuwon. "Effects of Project Cost Overruns and Schedule Delays in Sub-Saharan Africa." European Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies 3, no. 2 (January 21, 2017): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejis.v3i2.p46-59.

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This paper provides conceptual insights on the economic impact of project cost overrun and schedule delays on infrastructure procurement in developing countries with huge infrastructure deficit in Sub-Saharan Africa. Projects cost overruns and schedule delay are a major and widespread problem in infrastructure procurement the world over. It has received a lot of attention in the recent past. However, the literature reveals that extant studies on project overruns are heavily skewed towards causative factors, with little or no attention to the effects it has on the economy as a whole. The paucity of studies on the effects of project cost overrun and schedule delay will further reinforce the imperative to reacquaint policymakers and infrastructure developers, as well as project financiers with the gravity and import of the problem for infrastructural development in particular and the wider economy in general. The study undertakes an exploratory approach drawing from a wide range of secondary information and materials obtained from policy documents, study reports and peer-reviewed articles. The findings show that cost overrun and schedule delay in infrastructure procurement can have a damaging economic effect ranging from allocative inefficiency of scarce resources, further delays, contractual disputes, claims and litigation to project failure and total abandonment. The study recommends project management capacity-building for infrastructure developers, project managers as well as a number of innovative control mechanisms such as reference class forecasting, public-private partnership and computer-aided cost estimating tools including artificial neural networks, data mining, building information modelling as well as fuzzy neural inference model, genetic algorithms, and stochastic simulation to curb the menace of the problem.
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Gb, Paul Terna, and Oluseye Samuel Ajuwon. "Effects of Project Cost Overruns and Schedule Delays in Sub-Saharan Africa." European Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies 7, no. 2 (January 21, 2017): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejis.v7i2.p46-59.

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This paper provides conceptual insights on the economic impact of project cost overrun and schedule delays on infrastructure procurement in developing countries with huge infrastructure deficit in Sub-Saharan Africa. Projects cost overruns and schedule delay are a major and widespread problem in infrastructure procurement the world over. It has received a lot of attention in the recent past. However, the literature reveals that extant studies on project overruns are heavily skewed towards causative factors, with little or no attention to the effects it has on the economy as a whole. The paucity of studies on the effects of project cost overrun and schedule delay will further reinforce the imperative to reacquaint policymakers and infrastructure developers, as well as project financiers with the gravity and import of the problem for infrastructural development in particular and the wider economy in general. The study undertakes an exploratory approach drawing from a wide range of secondary information and materials obtained from policy documents, study reports and peer-reviewed articles. The findings show that cost overrun and schedule delay in infrastructure procurement can have a damaging economic effect ranging from allocative inefficiency of scarce resources, further delays, contractual disputes, claims and litigation to project failure and total abandonment. The study recommends project management capacity-building for infrastructure developers, project managers as well as a number of innovative control mechanisms such as reference class forecasting, public-private partnership and computer-aided cost estimating tools including artificial neural networks, data mining, building information modelling as well as fuzzy neural inference model, genetic algorithms, and stochastic simulation to curb the menace of the problem.
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Appiah, Divine Odame, and Stephanie Esinu Adjoa Gbeddy. "A synthesis of the implementation ambivalence of REDD+ in Sub-Saharan Africa and Southeast Asia." Forest and Society 2, no. 1 (April 26, 2018): 92. http://dx.doi.org/10.24259/fs.v2i1.2918.

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Reducing emission from deforestation and forest degradation and associated benefits (REDD+), has received much attention as one of the most controversial climate change initiatives, especially by forest fringed community actors in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) and Southeast Asia, (SEA) who are skeptical of the scheme.The object of this paper is to examine the seeming potential benefits and accompanying risks and challenges of REDD+ on the livelihoods among smallholder farmers in SSA and SEA. The paper espouses the sustainability context of REDD+ projects as pro-poor forest management mechanisms; through the provision of alternative livelihood. This is achieved through critical review and critique of scientific articles, project reports and relevant documents on REDD+ interventions from a worldwide, regional to local scale. The paper identifies projects that seem to solidify claims that REDD+ projects are simply a new form of colonialism; which the West is using to take advantage of vulnerable groups in the South. The paper concludes with the need to actively engage sub-Saharan African and Southeast Asian women in climate change mitigation benefit schemes on account of the expedient role women play in agricultural activities (which may involve deforestation and forest land degradation).
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Graham, Christopher. "Managing Climate Change: The Role of Multi-Stakeholder Partnerships in Building Climate Resilience in Sub-Saharan Africa." Interdisciplinary Journal of Partnership Studies 7, no. 2 (December 16, 2020): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.24926/ijps.v7i2.3386.

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Research increasingly suggests that climate change has intensified the frequency of droughts, floods, and other environmental disasters across sub-Saharan Africa. In response to the resulting array of climate-induced challenges, various stakeholders are working collectively to build climate resilience in rural and urban communities and trans-continentally. This paper examines key climate resilience-building projects that have been implemented across sub-Saharan Africa through multi-stakeholder partnerships. It uses a vulnerabilities assessment approach to examine the strategic value of these projects in managing the mitigation of climate shocks and long-term environmental changes. There are still many challenges to building climate resilience in the region, but through multi-stakeholder partnerships, sub-Saharan African nations are expanding their capacity to pool resources and build collective action aimed at financing and scaling up innovative climate solutions. This article contributes to ongoing interdisciplinary academic, management, and policy discourses on global climate adaptation focused on populations and landscapes most at risk.
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Callo-Concha, Daniel, Hannah Jaenicke, Christine B. Schmitt, and Manfred Denich. "Food and Non-Food Biomass Production, Processing and Use in sub-Saharan Africa: Towards a Regional Bioeconomy." Sustainability 12, no. 5 (March 6, 2020): 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12052013.

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The bioeconomy concept has the aim of adding sustainability to the production, transformation and trade of biological goods. Though taken up throughout the world, the development of national bioeconomies is uneven, especially in the global South, where major challenges exist in Sub-Saharan Africa with respect to implementation. The BiomassWeb project aims to underpin the bioeconomy concept by applying the ‘value web’ approach, which seeks to uncover complex interlinked value webs instead of linear value chains. The project also aimed to develop intervention options to strengthen and optimize the synergies and trade-offs among different value chains. The special issue “Advances in Food and Non-Food Biomass Production, Processing and Use in Sub-Saharan Africa: Towards a Basis for a Regional Bioeconomy" compiles 22 articles produced in this framework. The articles are grouped in four sections: the value web approach; the production side; processing, transformation and trade; and global views. The synthesis presented in this paper introduces the challenges of the African bioeconomy and the value web approach, and outlines the contributing articles.
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Easter, KW, and S. Zekri. "Reform of irrigation management and investment policy in African development." South African Journal of Economic and Management Sciences 7, no. 4 (November 30, 2004): 652–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajems.v7i4.1296.

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This paper examines the reform of water and irrigation management in Africa and compares it with similar reforms in Asia. Several things are evident from the review. First, Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) is at an earlier stage of irrigation development and reform than Asia. Second, the articulated need for reform is much stronger in Asia than it is in SSA. Third, the productivity of small-scale irrigated farms is significantly lower in SSA compared to Asia. Thus any irrigation investment strategy in SSA should be different from Asia and focus on increasing small-farm productivity as well as small-scale irrigation projects. Finally, all direct government irrigation investments should be done jointly with decisions regarding the type of project management.
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Gulyani, Sumila, and Ellen M. Bassett. "Retrieving the Baby from the Bathwater: Slum Upgrading in Sub-Saharan Africa." Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy 25, no. 4 (August 2007): 486–515. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/c4p.

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Drawing on project experiences over a thirty-year period and academic literature, this paper focuses on the question: what has worked in slum upgrading in Africa? We find that efforts to regularize land titles to confer de jure security of tenure have not been encouraging. By contrast, infrastructure investment efforts have performed better—they have conferred de facto security of tenure and also ameliorated living conditions. Over time project-based learning and microlevel innovations have helped improve upgrading performance. To create broader and sustainable benefits, however, upgrading needs to go to scale. We propose an upgrading strategy with the following elements—a programmatic approach that links slums to citywide systems, is channelled through government, and combines a community-demand and participation approach with supply-side constraints and rules of access.
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Jetu, Fanta Tesgera, René Riedl, and Friedrich Roithmayr. "Cultural Patterns Influencing Project Team Behavior in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Case Study in Ethiopia." Project Management Journal 42, no. 5 (September 2011): 57–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pmj.20260.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Project management – Africa, Sub-Saharan"

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Seriki, Hannah Titilayo. "Teamwork for innovation in sub-Saharan Africa." Wiesbaden : Deutscher Universitäts-Verlag, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-8350-9588-5.

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Afidegnon, Kodjo Galevissi. "Success Factors for Power Project Development Businesses in Sub-Saharan Africa." ScholarWorks, 2019. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/6502.

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Despite the financing gap in the sub-Saharan Africa power sector, private investors struggle to capitalize on the opportunity because of the high failure rate of power project development companies. Using the conceptual framework of the behavioral finance theory, this multiple case study was conducted to explore the strategies used by executives of 4 companies in sub-Saharan Africa who successfully developed power projects within the last 5 years. Data were collected from semistructured interviews and a review of government and institutions' websites. Yin's 5-phased cycle for analyzing case studies provided the guidelines for data analysis. Three themes emerged from data analysis: market knowledge, stakeholder alignment, and commercial viability. Findings revealed strategies that current and aspiring power project development company executives may use as a guide to mitigate business failure risks. Implications of these findings for positive social change include the potential to increase the power generation capacity in sub-Saharan Africa and provide electricity to many of the 620 million Africans who currently lack access. Implications also include poverty alleviation and economic growth through creation of successful power project development companies.
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Ampomah, Monica. "The Practice of project management in new product development : A study of Microfinance Institutions in Sub-Saharan Africa." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Handelshögskolan vid Umeå universitet, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-44984.

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Microfinance is the provision of credit/loans to poor individuals for the purpose of income generation. The Sub-Saharan African region which is among the poorest areas in the world is thought to be one of the regions where the microfinance industry is dynamic and growing in terms of acceptance and patronage. Even though microfinance in the Sub-Saharan Africa region has received a lot of research attention, most have focused largely on the financial performance whilst there is no available information on project management practices in new product development.Since project management is considered to be an effective means of managing new product development, the purpose of this work was to investigate the practice of project management in new product development in microfinance institutions in Sub-Saharan Africa and to assess which project management methods, and tools and techniques are used.A case study was adopted and a semi-structured interview through telephone/Skype was conducted on eight senior management staff from different microfinance institutions. The respondents comprised five Non-governmental organizations, two Non-Bank financial institutions and one Commercial Bank, operating in Angola, Gambia, Ghana, Mozambique, Namibia and Kenya.The empirical findings were that six of the microfinance institutions are involved in new product development whilst two of the institutions which are Non-governmental organizations are not. The main product that is developed by these microfinance institutions is credits/loans. The reason for new products development was to meet clients’ needs even though competition and the need to be innovative was also a factor.This research also shows that the six microfinance institutions that are into new product development organize product development through projects. Project management is the means through which new products are developed. In addition, projects are managed either solely by each microfinance institution or done in collaboration with other institutions.A further indication based on project management steps suggests a flexible practice of project management in developing new products as project management steps are not tightly followed. The project management methods that are used in developing new products in all these institutions was the in house method as all the respondents considered it an effective way because this method is adapted to their institutional structure.In addition, the commonly used tool and technique among all the institutions was the progress reports which contained necessary information for monitoring and evaluating of the projects.
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Mohamed, Afua Khalfan. "Electrical energy management and its impact in sub-Saharan Africa." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/2185.

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Thesis (DTech (Electrical Engineering))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2011.
Electrical energy is an important resource for human and economic development. On the demand side, electrical energy management is needed because of the tendency of manufacturing industries to consume large amount of energy and as a result lead them to spend more money in paying bills for the consumed electrical energy. In addition, the amount of electrical energy generated in Sub-Saharan Africa is incomparable with demand requirements. The predominant sources of electrical energy generation are fossil fuels and hydro. Generation of electricity by fossil fuel needs high capital investments and high running costs. Concurrently, the process of burning fossil fuels has an adverse effect on the environment. In order to minimize these effects, electrical energy management in manufacturing industries has to be instituted and implemented. In this research, a study has been undertaken to develop methods and strategies to be used as tools for electrical energy management in manufacturing industries and it is aimed at reducing electrical energy consumption. The research method adopted/used includes: survey of several cement industries in order to obtain current and historical electrical energy consumption, production data and to be acquainted with the methods used for energy management, measurement of electrical parameters, investigation of the use of electrical power in cement industries, analysis of power factor and power factor correction methods, analysis of energy efficiency potentials and technology used for energy saving. From the data gathered, the following were developed: strategies for the overall electrical energy management for cement plant, strategies for energy efficiency potential and technology used for energy saving, an algorithm for assessing the potential options of DSM, an algorithm for performing industrial load scheduling, an industrial energy consumption model using regression analysis technique and a Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM) for industrial power factor improvement. Also, a numerical analysis and computer simulation using MATLAB/Simulink were implemented. Moreover PSIM and Excel software were used in the developed energy consumption model and for the power factor improvement method. Numerical analysis and computer simulation showed that the developed STATCOM has the capability of improving and varying of power factor in accordance with the variation of plant loads, it improves power factor and reduces harmonics of the respective industries. Using the developed algorithm for assessing potentials of DSM options, it was found that, most of the energy management techniques used in manufacturing industries worldwide are not implemented in the visited industries. The developed methods and strategies can be used in improving power factor, prediction of electrical energy consumption and also for development of energy consumption benchmarking in cement industries. They can be also extended and used in mining and other manufacturing industries such as paper, textiles and this can create condition for sustainable energy management program in manufacturing industries.
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Lehasa, Mecha. "Determinants of sovereign borrowing choices in Sub-Saharan Africa." Master's thesis, Faculty of Commerce, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/33759.

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There is a growing and legitimate concern about sovereign debt increasing to unsustainable levels among the Sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries. Understanding the determinants of external debt to these countries influenced the direction of this study. The existing literature that was examined shed light mostly on the qualitative determinants of sovereign borrowing. In addition to existing empirical literature, there is a complimentary need to examine further the quantitative determinants of external debt. The researcher seeks to establish the extent to which the cost of borrowing (proxied by interest rate) explains the changes in the borrowing behaviour (proxied by external debt) among SSA countries. To achieve this objective, data from 36 SSA countries for the period 2009–2017 was used. The data were collected from International Debt Statistics compiled by the World Bank. External debt has been regressed against interest rate and other predictor variables. Hausman tests, robustness tests and collinearity tests were carried out to ascertain the validity of results. Interest rate is found to have a positive determining impact on external debt for all SSA countries aggregated: SSA countries excluding South Africa (SA); SSA excluding Nigeria; SSA excluding Nigeria and SA; SSA excluding debt-distressed countries, middle income and oilexporting countries. It does not have predictive power over changes in external debt for SSA excluding countries at high risk of distress; countries with low to moderate risk of distress; heavily indebted poor countries (HIPC) initiative post-implementation recipient countries; low income, other resource intensive and non-resource-intensive countries. External debt is also found to respond to changes in: gross national income (GNI); exports-to-imports ratio; primary income on foreign direct investment (FDI); reserves-to-imports ratio; FDI-to-GNI ratio; debt service-to-GNI ratio; interest arrears on long-term debt; short-term-to-total-debt ratio; and reserves-to-debt ratio for different country groupings. Different country groupings are found to have unique combinations of external debt determinants.
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Malekano, Shamiso. "Poverty Reduction in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Call for Financial Inclusion." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/32536.

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This dissertation proposes an Index of Financial Inclusion (IFI) for Sub-Saharan Africa and then uses the developed index to investigate the significance of the relationship between financial inclusion and economic development and growth. This is important because there is no consensus in the literature on how to measure financial inclusion or on the direction of the causal relationship between financial inclusion and economic development or growth. This dissertation aims to contribute to these two debates whilst focusing on Sub-Saharan Africa, where development (potentially encouraged by financial inclusion) is desperately needed. The IFI for Sub-Saharan Africa is arrived at by first determining those dimensions of financial inclusion that are important for the countries in the region. This was done through a text analysis of National Financial Inclusion Strategies (NFISs) of 13 Sub- Saharan African countries overlaid on a detailed literature review. Access, Usage and Quality are the key dimensions for measuring levels of financial inclusion in the region. Thereafter, appropriate variables for the measurement of those dimensions were identified and combined using different methodologies: the simple geometric mean method, the inverse Euclidean distance method and, lastly, the factor analysis method. The relationship between the developed index and economic development and growth is tested using correlations and regression analyses. It was demonstrated that the IFI fits the NFISs of Sub-Saharan African countries and is practically executable. This implies that the IFI is perhaps more appropriate to be used in the region than the global measures previously proposed. Weak correlations between the IFI and economic development or growth were found. These last tests were hampered by small sample sizes and thus the causation debate, mentioned in the motivation paragraph, could not be resolved. However, the proposed IFI for Sub- Saharan Africa shows potential.
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Likoti, Fako Johnson. "African military intervention in African conflicts: an analysis of military intervention in Rwanda, the DRC and Lesotho." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2006. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_4006_1182235430.

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The dissertation examines three military interventions in Sub-Saharan Africa which took place in the mid and late 1990s in Rwanda, the DRC and Lesotho. These interventions took place despite high expectations of international and regional peace on the part of most analysts after the collapse of cold war in 1989. However, interstate and intrastate conflicts re-emerged with more intensity than ever before, and sub-Saharan Africa proved to be no exception.


The study sets out to analyse the motives and/or causes of military interventions in Rwanda in 1990, the DRC in 1996-7, and the DRC military rebellion and the Lesotho intervention in 1998. In analysing these interventions, the study borrows extensively from the work of dominant security theorists of international relations, predominantly realists who conceptualise international relations as a struggle for power and survival in the anarchic world. The purpose of this analysis is fourfold
firstly, to determine the reasons for military interventions and the extent to which these interventions were conducted on humanitarian grounds
secondly, to investigate the degree to which or not intervening countries were spurred by their national interests
thirdly, to assess the roles of international organisations like Southern African Development Community (SADC), the Organisation of African Unity (OAU) and the United Nations, in facilitating these interventions
as well as to evaluate the role of parliaments of intervening countries in authorising or not these military interventions in terms of holding their Executives accountable. In this context, the analysis argues that the intervening countries
Angola, Botswana, Burundi, Chad, Namibia, Rwanda, Sudan, South Africa, Uganda and Zimbabwe appeared to have used intervention as a realist foreign policy tool in the absence of authorisation from the United Nations and its subordinate bodies such as the OAU and SADC.

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Andriamandroso, Denis A. H. "An actor-orientated analysis of development failure : an application of interface analysis to development project evaluation in Madagascar." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.338042.

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Peterson, Stefan. "Controlling iodine deficiency disorders : Studies for program management in sub-Saharan Africa." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala University, Department of Women's and Children's Health, 2000. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-487.

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Studies were performed to improve iodine deficiency control programs. Goitre rates and cassava processing practices were compared in three Central African Republic (CAR) populations. Short-cuts in cassava processing were associated with elevated urinary thiocyanate and increased goitre rates, suggesting a goitrogenic effect in one population. While improved cassava processing may be beneficial, the priority is to correct the iodine deficiency.

The use of the urinary iodine/tiocyanate ratio as indicator of goitrogenic effects was explored using data from Tanzania and CAR. As the ratio can be calculated in four mathematically different ways and has physiological shortcomings, its use is discouraged.

Biannual iodised oil capsule (IOC) distribution in a Tanzanian population of 7 million during nine years was studied. Mean distribution coverage was 64%, mean delay of subsequent distribution 1.25 years, and only 43% of targeted person-time was covered. The cost of capsules constituted more than 90% of total program costs. It is cost-effective to invest more funds in communication, support of peripheral staff and supervision.

In a highland Tanzanian village, salt iodine content was highly variable compared to national standards. While school-children had adequate urinary iodine, women at delivery and newborns showed signs of in adequate iodine status. Salt iodine concentrations should be monitored during production and distribution down to household level, and iodine status assessed in all vulnerable groups before adjusting recommended salt iodization levels at production.

WHO's 1994 change in palpation goitre definition considerably lowered specificity and increased measured goitre rates by 25% in Tanzanian school-children compared to the previous system. Ultrasound estimation of thyroid volume under rugged field conditions requires considerable human and material resources yet had a precision only slightly better than palpation. In resource poor settings appropriately trained palpators using the 1960 WHO definition of goitre remain optimal for estimating thyroid size until precision and cost of ultrasound has improved.

Monitoring of process indicators needs to be an ongoing priority activity, separate from periodic evaluations of impact.

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Ocran, Matthew Kofi. "Impact of commodity markets on economic development in Sub-Saharan Africa." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/18623.

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Dissertation (PhD)--University of Stellenbosch, 2007.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Commodity issues have assumed renewed importance in debates about the attainment of the United Nation’s Millennium Development Goals for Sub-Saharan Africa and objectives of the New Partnership for Africa’s Development. For instance thirty-four countries in Africa depend on up to three commodities for more than half of their foreign exchange earnings. Despite the importance of commodity markets to economic development on the continent commodity-related research has not attracted the needed attention. The study considered eighteen primary commodities exported by most countries in Sub-Saharan Africa. The commodities were drawn from metals, agricultural raw materials, food and energy sub-groups. This dissertation presents results of research work underlying six stand-alone essays focusing on the relationship between commodities and various aspects of economic performance in Sub-Saharan Africa. Whilst three of the six essays dwelt on issues affecting commodities of interest to most African countries the others considered particular commodity markets in a selected number of countries. First the relationship between commodity markets and economic growth is studied. The second essay examined trends and volatility in Sub-Saharan Africa’s key commodity prices over the past four decades. Role of commodity prices in macroeconomic policy in South Africa is also investigated using a new research approach. The fourth essay estimated the supply response of a number of tradable and non-tradable agricultural commodities in Ghana. In the fifth essay a range of volatility forecasting models were evaluated using eighteen commodity spot prices. The last essay examined the interaction between changes in commodity prices, money supply, inflation and the real exchange rate in Ghana, Nigeria and South Africa. The findings of the study indicate that a negative relationship exist between extent of primary commodity dependence and economic growth. The study also revealed that volatility levels have not changed for nine out of the eighteen commodities studied however, changes were observed in the other nine. Another key finding of the study was that there is merit in using gold and metal prices as variables in forming monetary policy in South Africa. It was also observed that random walk and autoregressive models consistently outperform more complex models in forecasting volatility in commodity spot prices. Results of the supply response study suggest that even though producers usually respond to price incentives, structural features of domestic agricultural commodity markets in Ghana may have hindered the conversion of improved incentives to higher agricultural growth. Results of the last paper indicate that in Ghana commodity price increases impact money supply growth and inflation whilst in Nigeria the effects of crude oil price increases produces higher inflation and appreciation of the real exchange. In the case of South Africa effects of gold export booms were transmitted through changes in money supply, inflation and real appreciation of the domestic currency. The results of the study have implications for both decision makers in business and government.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Kommoditeits-aangeleenthede het vernuwe belangrikheid in die debat rakende die vervulling van die Verenigde Nasises se Millennium Onwikkelings Doelwitte vir Sub-Sahara Afrika en die doelwitte van die Nuwe Vennootskap vir Afrika se Ontwikkeling aangeneem. By voorbeeld, vier-en-dertig Afrika lande is afhanklik van tussen een en drie kommoditeite vir meer as die helte van hul buitelandse valuta inkomste. Ten spyte van die belangrikheid van kommoditeits-markte vir ekonomiese ontwikkeling op die kontinent het kommoditeits-verwante navorsing nog nie die nodige aandag gekry nie. Die studie het agtien primêre uitvoer-kommoditeite wat deur die meeste Sub-Sahara Afrika lande uitgevoer word oorweeg. Die kommoditeite is afkomstig van metale, onverwerkte landbou produkte, voedsel en energie sub-groepe. Hierdie tesis bied die resultate van navorsing wat gedoen is op ses afsonderlike opstelle wat fokus op die verhouding tussen kommoditeite en verskeie aspekte wat die ekonomiese vertoning in Sub-Sahara Afrika beïnvloed. Drie van die ses opstelle fokus op faktore wat kommoditeite van belang vir meeste Afrika lande affekteer, terwyl die ander geselekteerde lande se unieke kommoditeits-markte oorweeg word. Die eerste opstel bestudeer die verhouding tussen kommoditeits-markte en ekonomiese groei. Die tweede opstel oorweeg tendense en volitaliteit in Sub-Sahara Afrika se belangrikste kommoditeits-pryse oor die afgelope vier dekades. Die rol van kommoditeits-pryse in Suid-Afrika se makro-ekonomiese beleid word ook ondersoek met behulp van 'n nuwe navorsings benadering. Die vierde opstel maak 'n skatting van Ghana se aanbod van verskeie verhandelbare en nie-verhandelbare landbou kommoditeite. In die vyfde opstel word 'n reeks volitaliteitsvoorspellings-modelle ge-evalueer deur agtien lokopryse te gebruik. Die laaste opstel bestudeer die interaksie tussen veranderinge in kommoditeits-pryse, geld aanbod, inflasie en die reële wisselkoers in Ghana, Nigerië en Suid-Afrika. Bevindinge van die studie dui daarop dat 'n negatiewe verhouding tussen die graad van primêre kommoditeits-afhanklikheid en ekonomiese groei voorkom. Die studie het ook bevind dat volitaliteits–vlakke vir nege van die agtien kommoditeite wat bestudeer is nie verander het nie, terwyl veranderinge in die ander nege waargeneem is. 'n Kritiese bevinding was dat daar meriete steek in die gebruik van goud en ander metal pryse as veranderlikes in die formulering van die monetêre beleid in Suid-Afrika. Dit is ook waargeneem dat “random walk” en autoregressiewe modelle deurlopend beter vaar in die voorspelling volitaliteit in kommoditeits lokopryse as komplekse modelle. Resultate van die aanbod respons studie dui daarop dat alhoewel produseerders gewoontlik reageer op prys insentiewe, struktule eienskappe van die binnelandse landbou kommoditeits-mark in Ghana moontlik die effek van verbeterde insentiewe op landbou groei kon beperk het. Resultate van die laaste opstel dui daarop dat kommoditeits-prys verhogings in Ghana die geld-aanbod groei en inflasie beinvloed, terwyl in Nigerië die effekte van ru-olie prys verhogings lei tot hoër inflasie en appresiasie van die reële wisselkoers. In die geval van Suid-Afrika word die effekte van die skielike groot toenames in goud-uitvoere die duidelikste waargeneem deur veranderinge in die geld-aanbod, inflasie en die reële appresiasie van die binnelandse geld-eenheid. Die resultate van die studie het implikasies vir beide besluitnemers in besigheide en die regering.
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Books on the topic "Project management – Africa, Sub-Saharan"

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Adamolekun, 'Ladipo. Issues in development management in sub-Saharan Africa. Washington, D.C: World Bank, 1989.

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Claessens, Stijn. Risk management in Sub-Saharan Africa. Washington DC (1818 H St., NW, Washington 20433): World Bank, 1991.

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1957-, Casey Frank, ed. Soil fertility management in sub-Saharan Africa. Washington, D.C: World Bank, 1998.

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Anglin, Douglas George. Conflict in Sub-Saharan Africa, 1997-1998. Bellville, South Africa: Centre for Southern African Studies, 1998.

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Netherlands. Nationale Advies Raad voor Ontwikkelingssamenwerking. Administrative and managerial capacity in Sub-Saharan Africa. Hague, The Netherlands: Secretariat, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 1989.

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Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. The Economics of soil productivity in sub-Saharan Africa. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2001.

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Alain, Mingat, ed. Education in sub-saharan Africa: A comparative analysis. Washington, D.C: World Bank, 2011.

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Sekkat, Khalid. Exchange-rate management and manufactured exports in sub-Saharan Africa. [Paris]: OECD, 1998.

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Sekkat, Khalid. Exchange-rate management and manufactured exports in sub-Saharan Africa. Paris: Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development, Development Centre, 1998.

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Agrarian science for sustainable resource management in sub-Saharan Africa. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang, 2009.

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Book chapters on the topic "Project management – Africa, Sub-Saharan"

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Yawson, David O., Michael O. Adu, Paul A. Asare, and Frederick A. Armah. "Multifunctional Landscape Transformation of Urban Idle Spaces for Climate Resilience in Sub-Saharan Africa." In African Handbook of Climate Change Adaptation, 1–27. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-42091-8_214-1.

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AbstractPoor physical and land use planning underpin the chaotic evolution and expansion in cities and towns in sub-Saharan Africa. This situation amplifies urban vulnerability to climate change. Worse, urban landscapes are rarely considered part of the discourse on urban development in sub-Saharan Africa, let alone in climate change adaptation. Yet, landscapes are known to play crucial roles in social, economic, and cultural resilience in cities and towns. Hence, designing basic forms of appealing and functional urban landscapes that support multiple ecosystem services is essential to the drive towards resilience, which relates to the ability to maintain or improve the supply of life support services and products (such as food and water) in the face of disturbance. In this chapter, the idea of transforming idle urban spaces into multifunctional edible urban landscapes is introduced and explored as instrumental for cost-effective adaptation and resilience to climate change in cities and towns in sub-Saharan Africa. Multifunctional edible urban landscape is defined here as a managed landscape that integrates food production and ornamental design, in harmonious coexistence with other urban structures to promote or provide targeted, multiple services. These services include food security, scenic beauty, green spaces for active living and learning, jobs and livelihoods support, environmental protection, climate adaptation, and overall urban resilience. This approach constitutes a triple-win multifunctional land use system that is beneficial to landowners, city managers, and the general community. This chapter explores the benefits, challenges, and prospects for practically transforming urban idle spaces into multifunctional edible urban landscapes using an example project from Ghana. The chapter shows that multifunctional edible urban landscape transformation for resilience is practically feasible, and sheds light on the possibility of the food production component paying for landscaping and landscape management. It concludes with thoughts on actions required across sectors and multiple scales, including mobilizing stakeholders, laws, policies, and incentives, to actualize multifunctional edible urban landscapes as key transformational components of resilience in sub-Saharan Africa.
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Yawson, David O., Michael O. Adu, Paul A. Asare, and Frederick A. Armah. "Multifunctional Landscape Transformation of Urban Idle Spaces for Climate Resilience in Sub-Saharan Africa." In African Handbook of Climate Change Adaptation, 2193–219. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45106-6_214.

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AbstractPoor physical and land use planning underpin the chaotic evolution and expansion in cities and towns in sub-Saharan Africa. This situation amplifies urban vulnerability to climate change. Worse, urban landscapes are rarely considered part of the discourse on urban development in sub-Saharan Africa, let alone in climate change adaptation. Yet, landscapes are known to play crucial roles in social, economic, and cultural resilience in cities and towns. Hence, designing basic forms of appealing and functional urban landscapes that support multiple ecosystem services is essential to the drive towards resilience, which relates to the ability to maintain or improve the supply of life support services and products (such as food and water) in the face of disturbance. In this chapter, the idea of transforming idle urban spaces into multifunctional edible urban landscapes is introduced and explored as instrumental for cost-effective adaptation and resilience to climate change in cities and towns in sub-Saharan Africa. Multifunctional edible urban landscape is defined here as a managed landscape that integrates food production and ornamental design, in harmonious coexistence with other urban structures to promote or provide targeted, multiple services. These services include food security, scenic beauty, green spaces for active living and learning, jobs and livelihoods support, environmental protection, climate adaptation, and overall urban resilience. This approach constitutes a triple-win multifunctional land use system that is beneficial to landowners, city managers, and the general community. This chapter explores the benefits, challenges, and prospects for practically transforming urban idle spaces into multifunctional edible urban landscapes using an example project from Ghana. The chapter shows that multifunctional edible urban landscape transformation for resilience is practically feasible, and sheds light on the possibility of the food production component paying for landscaping and landscape management. It concludes with thoughts on actions required across sectors and multiple scales, including mobilizing stakeholders, laws, policies, and incentives, to actualize multifunctional edible urban landscapes as key transformational components of resilience in sub-Saharan Africa.
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Stotsky, Janet G. "Sub-Saharan Africa." In Using Fiscal Policy and Public Financial Management to Promote Gender Equality, 64–101. 1st Edition. | New York: Routledge, 2020. | Series: Gender economics: Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429298400-5.

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Harber, Clive. "Educational Management, Decentralisation and Privatisation." In Schooling in Sub-Saharan Africa, 155–82. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-57382-3_8.

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Abioye, Abiodun, and Olufunso Adebola Adedeji. "Overcoming Psychological Responses in Cancer Management." In Cancer in Sub-Saharan Africa, 191–202. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-52554-9_14.

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Perrings, Charles. "Environmental Management in Sub-Saharan Africa." In Sustainable Development and Poverty Alleviation in Sub-Saharan Africa, 29–43. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-24352-5_3.

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Harvey, Neil, Adebanji Adeyoju, and Richard Brough. "Prostate Cancer in Sub-Saharan Africa: Diagnosis and Management." In Cancer in Sub-Saharan Africa, 95–107. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-52554-9_7.

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Gulhati, Ravi. "Trade Policy Reforms in Sub-Saharan Africa." In Growth and External Debt Management, 246–55. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-10944-9_20.

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Masso, Cargele, Generose Nziguheba, James Mutegi, Corinne Galy-Lacaux, John Wendt, Klaus Butterbach-Bahl, Lydia Wairegi, and Anjan Datta. "Soil Fertility Management in Sub-Saharan Africa." In Sustainable Agriculture Reviews, 205–31. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-58679-3_7.

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Oluwatosin, Odunayo. "Role of Reconstructive Surgery in Management of Cancer: Current State and Practice in Sub-Saharan Africa." In Cancer in Sub-Saharan Africa, 165–73. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-52554-9_12.

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Conference papers on the topic "Project management – Africa, Sub-Saharan"

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Udofia, Emmanuel, and Buduka Stanley. "Change Management: A Game Changer for Effective Digital Transformation." In SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/206331-ms.

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Abstract Change Management is a process of adopting appropriate guidelines on how to manage change and meet the set business objective. Change Management could be extended into the realm of providing leadership for a group of persons or organisation alongside the path of change and embed the needed framework in actualising the set business target. Conversely, Digital Transformation could be described as the deployment of technology in a business process to amplify business benefits realisation that include fast decision-making, efficient business processes and significant reduction in risk exposure through managing the operational risk foot print. Failures of many Digital Transformation initiatives around the world is traceable to poor framing or complete lack of change management process embedment in the implemented digital solution, this paper aims at proposing effective framework for embedding orchestrated change process. Several research works show that worldwide there are high rate of project failures in most digital oilfield implementations. The reasons for such high failure rate in the solution of Digital Transformation is poor or lack of experience in change management in such projects resulting in poor framing of the change process that will ultimately assist in orchestrating the disruptions that accompanies the implemented Digital Transformation in different assets. This research based project will be reviewing how effective change management process was implemented in a digital solution by an Oil and gas operator in a field offshore in sub-Saharan Africa. Elements such as proper engagement of the workforce, defined business processes, clear business objectives and experience of the change agents in managing previous projects will be evaluated because these are components that has been identified as key reasons for failure of the change management process implementation in most digital initiatives. What companies need to do is to be strategic with the approach of implementation of digital oilfields transformation to ensure that the disruption brought about by the digital oilfields solutions are orchestrated through effective change management embedment. The effective change management process, when applied, shows that orchestrated technology disruption process is embedded which will ultimately not just lead to benefit realisation of the solutions but will assure continuous business improvement process, overtime. The result of this study, has shown that effective change management processes are beneficial to the effective embedment of Digital Oilfields Transformation solutions. Outcome of this study could form a reference tool for similar robust digital oilfields transformation, elsewhere.
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Forgor, Alhassan Tijani, and Kouadio Ahou Julie. "Innovation and Growth Dynamics in Sub-Saharan Africa." In 2nd International Scientific and Practical Conference “Modern Management Trends and the Digital Economy: from Regional Development to Global Economic Growth” (MTDE 2020). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/aebmr.k.200502.046.

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Sciarretta, Andrea. "Mainbiosys project to enhance the agriculture sustainable practices in Sub-Saharan Africa." In 2016 International Congress of Entomology. Entomological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/ice.2016.112432.

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Tolosa, Tigist Assefa. "Plant signalling: Opportunities for management of cereal stemborers in sub-Saharan Africa." In 2016 International Congress of Entomology. Entomological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/ice.2016.110936.

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Forgor, Alhassan Tijani, and Kouadio Ahou Julie. "Financing Innovative Development in Sub-Saharan Africa: The Role of Payment Systems." In International Conference on Arts, Humanity and Economics, Management (ICAHEM 2019). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.200328.038.

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Adetola, Jamiu. "HIV/AIDS Prevalence as a Challenge for Sustainable Development: The Sub-Saharan Africa Experience." In 2nd International Conference on Research in Business, Management and Finance. Globalks, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.33422/2nd.icrbmf.2020.03.106.

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Alhassan, Tijani Forgor. "The impact of financial integration on financing innovative development in Sub-Saharan Africa." In Proceedings of the 1st International Scientific Conference "Modern Management Trends and the Digital Economy: from Regional Development to Global Economic Growth" (MTDE 2019). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/mtde-19.2019.29.

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Fletcher, Paul, and Sarah Sanders Hewett. "Planning for Waste Management: The Challenges Facing Oil and Gas Companies in Sub-Saharan Africa." In SPE African Health, Safety, Security, and Environment and Social Responsibility Conference and Exhibition. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/170217-ms.

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Sun, Zhiling. "The Effects of Free Primary Education on Occupational Choice and Internal Migration in Sub-Saharan Africa." In Fifth International Conference on Economic and Business Management (FEBM 2020). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/aebmr.k.201211.035.

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Etendi, Daniel Abuy, and Ahmed Zidan. "Improving Driving Safety: Case Study of a Dedicated Journey Management Center for the Sub-Saharan Africa Region." In SPE African Health, Safety, Security, and Environment and Social Responsibility Conference and Exhibition. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/170572-ms.

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Reports on the topic "Project management – Africa, Sub-Saharan"

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Prew, Martin Prew. School-Based Management in Secondary Education in Sub-Saharan Africa. Toronto, Ontario Canada: Mastercard Foundation, November 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.15868/socialsector.36894.

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Aarnoudse, E., A. Closas, and N. Lefore. Water user associations: a review of approaches and alternative management options for Sub-Saharan Africa. International Water Management Institute (IWMI), 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5337/2018.210.

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Mindano, George Mindano, John Sentengo Sentengo, Keith M. Lewin Lewin, Kwame Akyeampong Akyeampong, and Marcos Delprato Delprato. The Efficiency of Secondary Education in Sub-Saharan Africa: EESSA Project The Case of Uganda. Toronto, Ontario Canada: Mastercard Foundation, November 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.15868/socialsector.36893.

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Mindano, George Mindano, Joseph Chimombo Chimombo, Keith M. Lewin Lewin, Kwame Akyeampong Akyeampong, and Marcos Delprato Delprato. The Efficiency of Secondary Education in Sub-Saharan Africa: EESSA Project The Case of Malawi. Toronto, Ontario Canada: Mastercard Foundation, November 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.15868/socialsector.36892.

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Research Institute (IFPRI), International Food Policy. Linkages between Land Management, Land Degradation, and Poverty in Sub-Saharan Africa The Case of Uganda. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.2499/9780896291683rr159.

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Kazembe, Cynthia, ed. The gap between technology awareness and adoption in Sub-Saharan Africa: A literature review for the DeSIRA project. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2499/p15738coll2.134301.

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L., Petheram, Campbell B.M., Marunda C.T., Tiveau D., and Shackleton S. The wealth of the dry forests: can sound forest management contribute to the millennium development goals in Sub-Saharan Africa? Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.17528/cifor/002165.

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Iwara, MaryAnne. Hybrid Peacebuilding Approaches in Africa: Harnessing Complementary Parallels. RESOLVE Network, June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37805/pn2020.15.lpbi.

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Many of the most pressing conflicts across sub-Saharan Africa today—including violent extremism, sexual and gender-based violence, pastoralist/farmer conflicts, and criminal banditry—are shaped by local, community-level drivers. Despite these local drivers, however, international peacebuilding approaches often ignore or neglect bottom-up, grassroots strategies for addressing them. Often, international efforts to contribute to the prevention and management of local conflicts depend heavily on large-scale, expensive, and external interventions like peacekeepers, while under-investing in or by-passing traditional/customary mechanisms and resources that uphold locally defined values of peace, tolerance, solidarity, and respect. Recognizing that these traditional and customary practices themselves sometimes have their own legacies of violence and inequality, this policy note emphasizes the possibility of combining aspects of traditional peacebuilding mechanisms with international conflict management approaches to harness the benefits of both.
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African Open Science Platform Part 1: Landscape Study. Academy of Science of South Africa (ASSAf), 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/assaf.2019/0047.

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This report maps the African landscape of Open Science – with a focus on Open Data as a sub-set of Open Science. Data to inform the landscape study were collected through a variety of methods, including surveys, desk research, engagement with a community of practice, networking with stakeholders, participation in conferences, case study presentations, and workshops hosted. Although the majority of African countries (35 of 54) demonstrates commitment to science through its investment in research and development (R&D), academies of science, ministries of science and technology, policies, recognition of research, and participation in the Science Granting Councils Initiative (SGCI), the following countries demonstrate the highest commitment and political willingness to invest in science: Botswana, Ethiopia, Kenya, Senegal, South Africa, Tanzania, and Uganda. In addition to existing policies in Science, Technology and Innovation (STI), the following countries have made progress towards Open Data policies: Botswana, Kenya, Madagascar, Mauritius, South Africa and Uganda. Only two African countries (Kenya and South Africa) at this stage contribute 0.8% of its GDP (Gross Domestic Product) to R&D (Research and Development), which is the closest to the AU’s (African Union’s) suggested 1%. Countries such as Lesotho and Madagascar ranked as 0%, while the R&D expenditure for 24 African countries is unknown. In addition to this, science globally has become fully dependent on stable ICT (Information and Communication Technologies) infrastructure, which includes connectivity/bandwidth, high performance computing facilities and data services. This is especially applicable since countries globally are finding themselves in the midst of the 4th Industrial Revolution (4IR), which is not only “about” data, but which “is” data. According to an article1 by Alan Marcus (2015) (Senior Director, Head of Information Technology and Telecommunications Industries, World Economic Forum), “At its core, data represents a post-industrial opportunity. Its uses have unprecedented complexity, velocity and global reach. As digital communications become ubiquitous, data will rule in a world where nearly everyone and everything is connected in real time. That will require a highly reliable, secure and available infrastructure at its core, and innovation at the edge.” Every industry is affected as part of this revolution – also science. An important component of the digital transformation is “trust” – people must be able to trust that governments and all other industries (including the science sector), adequately handle and protect their data. This requires accountability on a global level, and digital industries must embrace the change and go for a higher standard of protection. “This will reassure consumers and citizens, benefitting the whole digital economy”, says Marcus. A stable and secure information and communication technologies (ICT) infrastructure – currently provided by the National Research and Education Networks (NRENs) – is key to advance collaboration in science. The AfricaConnect2 project (AfricaConnect (2012–2014) and AfricaConnect2 (2016–2018)) through establishing connectivity between National Research and Education Networks (NRENs), is planning to roll out AfricaConnect3 by the end of 2019. The concern however is that selected African governments (with the exception of a few countries such as South Africa, Mozambique, Ethiopia and others) have low awareness of the impact the Internet has today on all societal levels, how much ICT (and the 4th Industrial Revolution) have affected research, and the added value an NREN can bring to higher education and research in addressing the respective needs, which is far more complex than simply providing connectivity. Apart from more commitment and investment in R&D, African governments – to become and remain part of the 4th Industrial Revolution – have no option other than to acknowledge and commit to the role NRENs play in advancing science towards addressing the SDG (Sustainable Development Goals). For successful collaboration and direction, it is fundamental that policies within one country are aligned with one another. Alignment on continental level is crucial for the future Pan-African African Open Science Platform to be successful. Both the HIPSSA ((Harmonization of ICT Policies in Sub-Saharan Africa)3 project and WATRA (the West Africa Telecommunications Regulators Assembly)4, have made progress towards the regulation of the telecom sector, and in particular of bottlenecks which curb the development of competition among ISPs. A study under HIPSSA identified potential bottlenecks in access at an affordable price to the international capacity of submarine cables and suggested means and tools used by regulators to remedy them. Work on the recommended measures and making them operational continues in collaboration with WATRA. In addition to sufficient bandwidth and connectivity, high-performance computing facilities and services in support of data sharing are also required. The South African National Integrated Cyberinfrastructure System5 (NICIS) has made great progress in planning and setting up a cyberinfrastructure ecosystem in support of collaborative science and data sharing. The regional Southern African Development Community6 (SADC) Cyber-infrastructure Framework provides a valuable roadmap towards high-speed Internet, developing human capacity and skills in ICT technologies, high- performance computing and more. The following countries have been identified as having high-performance computing facilities, some as a result of the Square Kilometre Array7 (SKA) partnership: Botswana, Ghana, Kenya, Madagascar, Mozambique, Mauritius, Namibia, South Africa, Tunisia, and Zambia. More and more NRENs – especially the Level 6 NRENs 8 (Algeria, Egypt, Kenya, South Africa, and recently Zambia) – are exploring offering additional services; also in support of data sharing and transfer. The following NRENs already allow for running data-intensive applications and sharing of high-end computing assets, bio-modelling and computation on high-performance/ supercomputers: KENET (Kenya), TENET (South Africa), RENU (Uganda), ZAMREN (Zambia), EUN (Egypt) and ARN (Algeria). Fifteen higher education training institutions from eight African countries (Botswana, Benin, Kenya, Nigeria, Rwanda, South Africa, Sudan, and Tanzania) have been identified as offering formal courses on data science. In addition to formal degrees, a number of international short courses have been developed and free international online courses are also available as an option to build capacity and integrate as part of curricula. The small number of higher education or research intensive institutions offering data science is however insufficient, and there is a desperate need for more training in data science. The CODATA-RDA Schools of Research Data Science aim at addressing the continental need for foundational data skills across all disciplines, along with training conducted by The Carpentries 9 programme (specifically Data Carpentry 10 ). Thus far, CODATA-RDA schools in collaboration with AOSP, integrating content from Data Carpentry, were presented in Rwanda (in 2018), and during17-29 June 2019, in Ethiopia. Awareness regarding Open Science (including Open Data) is evident through the 12 Open Science-related Open Access/Open Data/Open Science declarations and agreements endorsed or signed by African governments; 200 Open Access journals from Africa registered on the Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ); 174 Open Access institutional research repositories registered on openDOAR (Directory of Open Access Repositories); 33 Open Access/Open Science policies registered on ROARMAP (Registry of Open Access Repository Mandates and Policies); 24 data repositories registered with the Registry of Data Repositories (re3data.org) (although the pilot project identified 66 research data repositories); and one data repository assigned the CoreTrustSeal. Although this is a start, far more needs to be done to align African data curation and research practices with global standards. Funding to conduct research remains a challenge. African researchers mostly fund their own research, and there are little incentives for them to make their research and accompanying data sets openly accessible. Funding and peer recognition, along with an enabling research environment conducive for research, are regarded as major incentives. The landscape report concludes with a number of concerns towards sharing research data openly, as well as challenges in terms of Open Data policy, ICT infrastructure supportive of data sharing, capacity building, lack of skills, and the need for incentives. Although great progress has been made in terms of Open Science and Open Data practices, more awareness needs to be created and further advocacy efforts are required for buy-in from African governments. A federated African Open Science Platform (AOSP) will not only encourage more collaboration among researchers in addressing the SDGs, but it will also benefit the many stakeholders identified as part of the pilot phase. The time is now, for governments in Africa, to acknowledge the important role of science in general, but specifically Open Science and Open Data, through developing and aligning the relevant policies, investing in an ICT infrastructure conducive for data sharing through committing funding to making NRENs financially sustainable, incentivising open research practices by scientists, and creating opportunities for more scientists and stakeholders across all disciplines to be trained in data management.
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