Relevant bibliographies by topics / Projectiles

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Projectiles'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 2 November 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Projectiles"

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Harris, A. L. "Projectile Coherence Effects in Twisted Electron Ionization of Helium." Atoms 11, no. 5 (May 3, 2023): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atoms11050079.

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Over the last decade, it has become clear that for heavy ion projectiles, the projectile’s transverse coherence length must be considered in theoretical models. While traditional scattering theory often assumes that the projectile has an infinite coherence length, many studies have demonstrated that the effect of projectile coherence cannot be ignored, even when the projectile-target interaction is within the perturbative regime. This has led to a surge in studies that examine the effects of the projectile’s coherence length. Heavy-ion collisions are particularly well-suited to this because the projectile’s momentum can be large, leading to a small deBroglie wavelength. In contrast, electron projectiles that have larger deBroglie wavelengths and coherence effects can usually be safely ignored. However, the recent demonstration of sculpted electron wave packets opens the door to studying projectile coherence effects in electron-impact collisions. We report here theoretical triple differential cross-sections (TDCSs) for the electron-impact ionization of helium using Bessel and Laguerre-Gauss projectiles. We show that the projectile’s transverse coherence length affects the shape and magnitude of the TDCSs and that the atomic target’s position within the projectile beam plays a significant role in the probability of ionization. We also demonstrate that projectiles with large coherence lengths result in cross-sections that more closely resemble their fully coherent counterparts.
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Kim, Jonghoek. "Autonomous Balloon Controls for Protection against Projectiles with Known Destinations." Applied Sciences 11, no. 9 (April 29, 2021): 4077. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11094077.

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This article tackles autonomous balloon controls for protection against projectiles with known destinations. We introduce a defense strategy against an enemy projectile trying to reach a destination, such as a military base, which is known a priori. We further assume that the position of the platform that launches the projectile is known in advance. Because both the platform and the projectile’s destination are known in advance, we can predict the trajectory of the projectile before the projectile is launched. The proposed defense strategy is to deploy multiple balloons on the projectile’s feasible paths so that they block the incoming projectile effectively. Each balloon has GPS sensors for locating itself and IR sensors to detect an incoming projectile. Once the projectile is sufficiently close to a balloon, the balloon explodes to destroy the projectile. Since the projectile’s purpose is reaching its destination, the balloons can effectively intercept the projectile using this blocking strategy. As far as we know, this article is novel in utilizing multiple balloons for protection against an enemy projectile. The effectiveness of our defense strategy is further verified utilizing MATLAB simulations.
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Luo, Qiao, and Xiaobing Zhang. "Numerical simulation of serial launch process of multiple projectiles considering the aftereffect period." International Journal of Numerical Methods for Heat & Fluid Flow 27, no. 8 (August 7, 2017): 1720–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/hff-04-2016-0151.

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Purpose The numerical simulation of the serial launch process of multiple projectiles is an important engineering problem. However, the projectiles’ motion law is hard to obtain completely only by interior ballistic model. The muzzle flow field affects the projectiles’ velocities when the projectiles pass through it. Also, the propellant gas from previous projectiles may decelerate the later projectiles. Therefore, the aftereffect period should be simulated together with the interior ballistic process of multiple projectiles when researching the serial launch process for accurate motion law of the projectiles. Design/methodology/approach The computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software is used to simulate the muzzle flow field. A one-dimensional two-phase reaction flow model is implemented in a computational code for the numerical simulation of gas-solid two-phase reaction flow, during the serial launch process. The computational code is coupled with CFD software by a user-defined function. Findings Compared with the first projectile, the formation process of the shock bottle of the second projectile is different. After the projectile head flies out of the muzzle, the projectile head pressure decreases rapidly, but then, it is not always equal to 0.1 MPa. After the projectiles leave the muzzle, the velocity increments of each projectile are mainly determined by muzzle pressure. Originality/value This paper presents a prediction tool to understand the projectiles’ motion law during the serial launch process of the multiple projectiles considering aftereffect period, and can be used as a research tool for future ballistic studies of a serial launch system of multiple projectiles.
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MERDA, Tomasz MERDA. "SEMI STABLE FLIGHT OF SUPERSONIC MORTAR PROJECTILE." PROBLEMY TECHNIKI UZBROJENIA 149, no. 1 (August 28, 2019): 23–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.3769.

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Significantly large dispersion of projectiles was observed at firing a specific type of a supersonic mortar projectile being devel-oped in the frame of RAK ANUNICJA program. The flying paths, parameters and reasons of falling points dispersion were determined for tested projectiles with a model of external ballistics describing the projectile as a rigid body. Analysis of received results has indicated that the dispersion was not caused by an aerodynamic jump but by an effect which has not been described yet in the literature and is named here as “projectile’s semi-stable flight”. The paper includes a description of the effect with reasons and parameters affecting its occurrence, and a method for determination of the equilibrium nutation angle which plays a key role in this effect.
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Xing, Bingnan, Chengxin Du, Zhonghua Du, and Wenxin Yang. "Robust Optimization Design of the Aerodynamic Shape and External Ballistics of a Pulse Trajectory Correction Projectile." Applied Sciences 13, no. 12 (June 10, 2023): 7007. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13127007.

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To improve the tactical and technical performance of pulse correction projectiles while maintaining stability in uncertain conditions and considering practical engineering constraints, this study performs a multi-objective robust optimization design of the aerodynamic shape and external ballistics of a projectile. The study utilizes an aerodynamic force engineering algorithm and numerical trajectory calculations to obtain the projectile’s performance responses within the Latin hypercube design space. To enhance optimization efficiency, a stochastic Kriging surrogate model is established to capture the inherent uncertainty of limited input data. Ultimately, a Pareto optimal solution for the projectile is obtained using a non-dominated sorting multi-objective sparrow search algorithm. The results of this study demonstrate that the consideration of design uncertainty in the robust optimization of pulse correction projectiles leads to significant enhancements in both lateral correction ability and range while satisfying flight stability requirements. Moreover, when compared to deterministic optimization, the performance variability of the design is markedly improved. This research methodology provides valuable insights for optimizing the performance of pulse correction projectiles.
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Meda, T., and A. Rogala. "Experimental Validation of the Mean Pitch Theory." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2090, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012042. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2090/1/012042.

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Abstract There are several types of exterior ballistic models used to calculate projectile’s flight trajectories. The most complex 6 degree of freedom rigid body model has many disadvantages to using it to create firing tables or rapid calculations in fire control systems. Some of ballistic phenomena can be simplified by empirical equations without significant loss of accuracy. This approach allowed to create standard NATO ballistic model for spin stabilized projectiles named Modified Point of Mass Model (PM Model). For fin (aerodynamically) stabilized projectiles like mortar projectiles simple Point of Mass Model is commonly used. The PM Model excludes many flight phenomena in calculations. In this paper authors show the mean pitch theory as an approximation of the natural fin stabilised projectile pitch during flight. The theory allows for simple improvement of accuracy of the trajectories calculation. In order to validate the theory data obtained from shooting of supersonic mortar projectiles were used. The comparison of accuracy between simple PM Model and PM Model including mean pitch theory were shown. Results were also compared with the angle of response theory.
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Zhang, Lite, Chengwei Zhang, Huixia Jia, and Ruoling Dong. "Effects of Lateral Flows on the Supercavitation and Hydrodynamic Characteristics of Underwater Series and Parallel High-Speed Projectiles." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 11, no. 4 (April 21, 2023): 878. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse11040878.

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In this paper, the supercavitation of the parallel and tandem projectiles moving underwater with high-speed under the condition with/without lateral flows is numerically simulated by the volume of fraction (VOF) model. The motion of the projectiles was handled by the overlapping grid and six degrees of freedom (DOF) techniques. The supercavitation evolution and the hydrodynamic characteristics of the projectiles were analyzed for the parallel and tandem projectiles under different conditions. The results show that the cavity shape is symmetrical under the condition without lateral flows, but is no longer symmetrical under the conditions with lateral flows. The asymmetry of the cavity contour increases with the velocity of the lateral flow. For the parallel projectiles, the change trends of the axial velocity of projectile 1 and projectile 2 are nearly the same. The offset velocity of projectile 1 and projectile 2 increases with the increase in the velocity of the lateral flow. The deflection angle of projectile 1 decreases with the increase in the lateral flow velocity but that of projectile 2 increases with the increase in the lateral flow velocity. At t = 3.0 ms, the deflection angle of projectile 2 is up to 20° under the condition of the lateral flow velocity of 11.25%, while the deflection angle of projectile 1 and 2 under other conditions is in the range of 5°. For the tandem projectiles, the axial velocity of projectile 1 gradually decreases. The change trend of the axial velocity of projectile 2 at first is the same as that of projectile 1, and then the change is dependent on the velocity of the lateral flow. Under the condition of the lateral flow velocity with 11.25%Vp, projectile 2 cannot enter the cavity of the front projectile. The change trend of the axial velocity of projectile 2 is similar as but somewhat slower than that of projectile 1. For the parallel projectiles, the ballistic stability of the projectile on the oncoming side is better than that of the projectile on the backflow side. Whether parallel or tandem projectiles, the ballistic stability of projectile 2 becomes worse with the increase in the lateral flow velocity.
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Catovic, Alan. "Comparison of Penetration Capability of Several Contemporary 5.56×45 mm Projectiles into Hard Targets." Advances in Military Technology 19, no. 1 (August 4, 2024): 71–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3849/aimt.01870.

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The analysis was performed on six commonly used 5.56 × 45 mm projectile types (M193, M855, M855A1, L31A1, M995, and AP45). The projectile’s impact velocity (chosen as 900 m/s) was the same in the examination process. This made it possible to assess how the projectile’s design has affected its performance against a hard steel target. These evaluations included numerical simulations (Ansys Autodyn) of projectile impacts. Using the available experimental data, the materials in the computational model were first validated. A short description and CAD model of projectiles is also given. Relevant conclusions were reported.
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Xiao, Yihua, Huanghuang Dong, Haifei Zhan, and Aihua Zhu. "Numerical study on the perforation of steel plates by multiple projectiles." Engineering Computations 35, no. 7 (October 1, 2018): 2629–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ec-03-2018-0107.

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Purpose Metal plates are usually used as protective shields of engineering structures, which probably undergo multiple projectile impacts resulting from gunshot and blast. Though a large number of studies have been conducted on the performance of metal plates under a single projectile impact, few studies have explored their performance under multiple projectile impacts. This paper aims to explore the performance of Weldox 460 E steel plates against multiple projectile impacts through numerical simulation. Design/methodology/approach A three-dimensional coupled finite element (FE) and smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) model was developed to simulate the perforation of a 12-mm-thick Weldox 460 E steel plate by an ogival projectile. The model was verified by existing experimental data. Then, it was extended to investigate the same target plate subjected to impacts with multiple projectiles. Simultaneous impacts with different number of projectiles, as well as sequential impacts with two projectiles, were considered. Findings Effects of spacing between projectiles on residual velocity of projectile, ballistic limit and failure mode of target were revealed for simultaneous impacts. Effects of spacing and axial distance between projectiles on residual velocity of projectile were explored for sequential impacts. Originality/value This work developed an advanced FE–SPH model to simulate perforation of steel plates by multiple projectiles, and revealed the effects of multiple impacts on ballistic performance of steel plates. It provides guidance for the design of protective structures/shields in various engineering applications.
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Wei, Ping, Shoufa Wang, Wenrong Yan, and Xin Yu. "Analysis and Calculation of the Best Center of Mass for Supercavitating Projectile." Journal of Sensors 2022 (February 23, 2022): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/9521236.

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Currently, the supercavitating projectiles mostly rely on experience or experimental results to test the shape of the projectile; however, the cost of the experiment is relatively high, and there is no specific criterion to judge whether the underwater projectile is stable. To solve the aforementioned problems, we study the motion stability and establish motion equations for supercavitating projectiles. Through theoretical analysis and simulation calculations, the optimal center of mass position is designed to optimize the motion performance of underwater supercavitating projectiles. We think this work can provide theoretical support for the optimal design of underwater supercavitating projectiles.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Projectiles"

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Dykes, John William. "Projectile linear theory for aerodynamically asymmetric projectiles." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/42828.

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Currently, there are few analytical tools within the ballistics community to aid in the design and performance evaluation of aerodynamically asymmetric projectiles. The scope of this thesis is to (1) create analytical tools that are capable of quantifying aerodynamically asymmetric projectile performance, (2) demonstrate the ability of these models to accurately account for aerodynamic asymmetries, and (3) gain insight into the flight mechanics of several aerodynamically asymmetric projectiles. First, a six-degree-of-freedom (6 DOF) flight dynamic model, which uses a point-force lifting-surface aerodynamic model, was developed to replicate flight characteristics observed from measured results of common projectiles. A quasi-linear flight dynamic model was then created using the machinery of Projectile Linear Theory (PLT). From this, flight dynamic stability models were developed for linear time-invariant (LTI) and linear time-periodic (LTP) systems. Dynamic simulation and stability trade studies were then conducted on asymmetric variants of 4-finned, 3-finned, 2-finned, and hybrid projectile configurations. First, stability of symmetric projectiles are validated and show that the classical and extended PLT model yielded identical results. Results show that aerodynamic asymmetries can sometimes cause instabilities and other times cause significant increase in dynamic mode damping and increase/decrease in mode frequency. Partially asymmetric (single plane) configurations were shown to cause epicyclic instabilities as the asymmetries became severe, while fully asymmetric (two plane) can grow unstable in either the epicyclic modes or the roll/yaw mode. Another significant result showed that the LTP stability model is able to capture aerodynamic lifting-surface periodic affects to evaluate dynamic stability requirements for asymmetric projectiles.
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Myrtroeen, Ole Joergen. "Negatively buoyant fluid projectiles." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/9212.

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An experimental study concerning the rise height and morphology of a negatively buoyant fluid projectile, produced when a finite volume of saline solution is forced vertically upwards into a quiescent and uniform fresh water environment, is presented. Unlike the much studied continuous injection of high Reynolds number negatively buoyant fluid giving rise to a turbulent fountain, the behaviour of a finite volume negatively buoyant release remains, until now, unstudied. The work presented herein is based on the development of an experimental set up and methodology specifically tailored to the study of the negatively buoyant projectile. We commence by identifying the two source parameters governing the behaviour of the negatively buoyant projectile; namely the source Froude number FrD, expressing the ratio of source momentum to source buoyancy, and the aspect ratio of release L/D. relating the length L of the column of saline solution dispensed to the nozzle diameter D. In doing so, we note the link to turbulent fountains (continuous negatively buoyant releases) whose behaviour is governed solely by FrD and to vortex rings (finite volume neutrally buoyant releases), whose behaviour is governed solely by L/D. Based on its differing rise height behaviour and morphology of release (for varying FrD and L/D), we classified the negatively buoyant projectile into one of three regimes: the weak-fountain regime, where the rise height behaviour of the negatively buoyant projectile adhered to very weak fountain predictions; the vorticity-development regime, where the development of an internal vortical structure within the head of the negatively buoyant projectile inhibited its vertical propagation; and the forced-release regime, where the rise height behaviour of the negatively buoyant release adhered, under certain source conditions, to forced fountain predictions. This adherence of the rise height behaviour of negatively buoyant projectiles to fountain rise height predictions led to a study of the source conditions (in terms of FrD and L/D), separating finite volume behaviour (negatively buoyant projectile) from continuous behaviour (fountain), at least in terms of initial fountain rise heights. This study led to a classification of the FrD and L/D vales marking the transition from finite volume behaviour to continuous behaviour for negatively buoyant releases, linking our work on the negatively buoyant projectile to existing fountain literature. Finally, we studied the time dependent volume of the head of the negatively buoyant projectile as it propagated, and identified two stages: a growth stage and a decay stage. We established that the volume of the head of the negatively buoyant projectile is subject to an absolute limit. This finding compares favourably with the absolute limit on the volume of fluid contained within a neutrally buoyant vortex ring (the formation number), as detailed in vortex ring literature. On comparing our findings on the negatively buoyant projectile to those on vortex rings, we developed a new method for estimating the formation number of negatively buoyant projectiles (possibly also for vortex rings), determined the dependence of the formation number on FrD, and linked our work on the negatively buoyant projectile to the existing literature on vortex rings.
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Salles-Le, Gac Danielle. "Cohérence et limites projectiles." Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1986. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37601005b.

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Polat, Mehmet. "Tracking Of Subsequently Fired Projectiles." Master's thesis, METU, 2012. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12614426/index.pdf.

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In conventional tracking algorithms the targets are usually considered as point source objects. However, in realistic scenarios the point source assumption is often not suitable and estimating the states of an object extension characterized by a collectively moving ballistic object group (cluster) becomes a very critical and relevant problem which has applications in the defense area. Recently, a Bayesian approach to extended object tracking using random matrices has been proposed. Within this approach, ellipsoidal object extensions are modeled by random matrices and treated as additional state variables to be estimated. In this work we propose to use a slightly modified version of this new approach that simultaneously estimates the ellipsoidal shape and the kinematics of a group of ballistic targets. Target group that is tracked consists of subsequent projectiles. We use JPDAF framework together with the new approach to emphasize the pros and cons of both approaches. The methods are demonstrated and evaluated in detail by making various simulations.
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Sommerville, R. "Mid-course guidance for artillery projectiles." Thesis, Cranfield University, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.338034.

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PETRELLESE, JOSEPH JR. "Modified Instrumentation for Torsional Impulse Projectiles." International Foundation for Telemetering, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/613440.

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International Telemetering Conference Proceedings / October 29-November 02, 1990 / Riviera Hotel and Convention Center, Las Vegas, Nevada
The demand for test projectiles instrumented for gathering in-bore torsional impulse data has been steadily increasing. A test projectile consists of a telemeter, 12 accelerometers, and the remaining necessary hardware. Cost, availability, and survivability of commercial accelerometers being used have become a major concern. In-house testing of a new source and different technology accelerometer show a cost benefit, higher availability and a much higher survivability rate. This paper outlines the recent progress of qualifying a new source and different technology accelerometer, which leads to a modification of the current Torsional Impulse test projectile, along with potential developments to insure a more cost effective, available, and reliable test projectile to be used in future torsional impulse tests.
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PEREIRA, CARLOS M. "INSTRUMENTATION OF TRIBOELECTRIC EFFECTS ON PROJECTILES." International Foundation for Telemetering, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/613458.

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International Telemetering Conference Proceedings / October 29-November 02, 1990 / Riviera Hotel and Convention Center, Las Vegas, Nevada
Triboelectric phenomena occurs when static electricity accumulates on the surfaces of flying projectiles due to friction of air contaminants on the aerodynamic projectile surfaces. The sequence of events that create this phenomena indicate that as the projectile flies through the denser atmosphere, electric charges are transferred from the surface of the flying projectiles to the dust as a result of the collision with the atmospheric air stream. In the development of highly static sensitive electronic circuitry used in timing and fuzing, the need to know how the charge builds up has warranted the investigation of the triboelectric affects during flight. This paper will discuss the method of instrumentation used, the pre-flight test results obtained during dynamic wind tunnel tests, and the instrumentation system used to perform the triboelectric measurements.
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Saygin, Oktay. "An Effectiveness Evaluation Method For Airburst Projectiles." Master's thesis, METU, 2011. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12613202/index.pdf.

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Airburst projectiles increase the effectiveness of air defense, by forming clouds of small pellets. In this work, in order to evaluate the effectiveness of airburst projectiles, Single Shot Kill Probability (SSKP) is computed at different burst distances by using three lethality functions defined from different measures of effectiveness. These different measures are target coverage, number of sub-projectile hits on the target and kinetic energy of sub-projectiles after burst. Computations are carried out for two different sub-projectile distribution patterns, namely circular and ring patterns. In this work, for the determination of miss distance, a Monte Carlo simulation is implemented, which uses Modified Point Mass Model (MPMM) trajectory equations. According to the results obtained two different distribution patterns are compared in terms of effectiveness and optimum burst distance of each distribution pattern is determined at different ranges.
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Verreault, Jimmy. "Initiation of gaseous detonation by conical projectiles." Thesis, McGill University, 2012. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=107822.

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Initiation and stabilization of detonation by hypersonic conical projectiles launched into combustible gas mixtures is investigated. This phenomenon must be understood for the design and optimization of specific hypersonic propulsion devices, such as the oblique detonation wave engine and the ram accelerator. The criteria for detonation initiation by a projectile is also related to fundamental aspects of detonation research, such as the requirement for direct initiation of a detonation by a blast wave. Experimental results of this problem also offer useful references for validation of numerical and theoretical modeling.Projectiles with cone half angles varying from 15° to 60° were launched into stoichiometric mixtures of hydrogen/oxygen with 70% argon dilution at initial pressures between 10 and 200 kPa. The projectiles were launched from a combustion-driven gas gun at velocities up to 2.2 km/s (corresponding to 133% of the Chapman Jouguet velocity). Pictures of the flowfields generated by the projectiles were taken via Schlieren photography.Five combustion regimes were observed about the projectile ranging from prompt and delayed oblique detonation wave formation, combustion instabilities, a wave splitting, and an inert shock wave. Two types of transition from the prompt oblique detonation wave regime to the inert shock regime were observed. The first (the delayed oblique detonation wave regime) showed an inert shock attached to the tip of the projectile followed by a sharp kink at the onset of an oblique detonation wave; this regime occurred by decreasing the cone angle at high mixture pressures. The second (the combustion instabilities regime) exhibited large density gradients due to combustion ignition and quenching phenomena; this regime occurred by decreasing the mixture pressure at large cone angles.A number of theoretical models were considered to predict critical conditions for the initiation of oblique detonations. The Lee-Vasiljev model agreed qualitatively well with the experimental results for relatively blunt projectiles (cone half-angle larger than 35°) and low mixture pressures (lower than 100 kPa). The trend of the critical Damköhler number calculated along the projectile cone surface was similar to that of the experimental results for slender cones (cone half-angles lower 35°) and high mixture pressures (higher than 100 kPa). Steady 2D simulations of reacting flows over finite wedges using the method of characteristics with a one-step Arrhenius chemical reaction model reproduced the three regimes observed for direct initiation of a detonation: the subcritical, critical and supercritical regimes. It is shown that in order for a 2D wedge to be equivalent to the problem of blast initiation of a detonation (which is the essence of the Lee-Vasiljev model), the Mach number normal to the oblique shock needs to be greater than 50 and the wedge angle has to be smaller than 30°. Simulations of reacting flows over semi-infinite wedges and cones were validated with CFD results. Excellent agreement was reached between the angle of overdriven oblique detonations obtained from the simulations and those from a polar analysis. For wedge or cone angles equal or lower than the minimum angle for which an oblique detonation is attached (according to the polar analysis), a Chapman-Jouguet oblique detonation was initiated. In the conical configuration, the curvature around the cone axis allowed an oblique detonation to be self-sustained at an angle less than without the curvature effect. At larger activation energies, the initiation process of an oblique detonation wave at the tip of a semi-infinite wedge or cone was identified. Unsteady 2D computational simulations were also conducted and showed the cellular structure of an oblique detonation wave. Instabilities in the form of transverse shock waves along the oblique detonation front arise for large activation energies.
Cette étude a pour objet l'initiation et la stabilisation d'une onde de détonation par un projectile conique hypersonique projeté dans un milieux combustible gazeux. On retrouve ce phénomène dans certains propulseurs hypersoniques, comme le moteur à onde de détonation oblique et le ram accelerator. Le critère pour l'initiation d'une détonation par un projectile est relié à des aspects fondamentaux de la recherche en détonique, tel que les conditions nécessaires pour l'initation directe d'une détonation par une forte onde de choc. Les résultats expérimentaux de ce problème offrent aussi d'utiles références pour la validation d'études numériques et théoriques. Des projectiles conique dont le demi-angle varie de 15° à 60° ont été lancés dans des mélanges stoechiométriques d'hydrogène et d'oxygène avec une dilution d'argon à 70% à des pressions initiales de 10 à 200 kPa. Les projectiles ont été accélérés par un canon qui produit la propulsion à partir de la combustion gazeuse de mélanges stoechiométriques composées d'hydrogène et d'oxygène à des pressions initiales élevées. Des vitesses de l'ordre de 2.2 km/s ont été atteintes, correspondant à 133% de la vitesse Chapman Jouguet. Des photographies de l'écoulement autour des projectiles ont été prises avec un système Schlieren. Cinq régimes de combustion ont été observés autour des projectiles: formation d'une onde de détonation oblique prompte et retardée, instabilités de combustion, séparation d'ondes, et onde de choc inerte. Deux types de transition entre les régimes de détonation oblique prompte et de choc inerte on été observés. La première (qui concerne le régime onde de détonation retardée) a produit une onde de choc inerte attachée au nez du projectile suivie d'une augmentation abrupte de l'angle de choc au passage à la détonation oblique. Cette transition a eu lieu en diminuant l'angle de cône à de hautes pression de mélange. La deuxième (qui concerne le régime instabilités de combustion) a révélé la présence de forts gradients de densité causés par des phénomènes d'allumage et d'extinction du mélange combustible. Cette transition a été observée en diminuant la pression de mélange à des angles de cône élevés. Quelques modèles théoriques ont été considérés afin de prédire les conditions critiques pour l'initiation de détonations obliques. Le modèle de Lee-Vasiljev s'est avéré en accord qualitatif avec les résultats expérimentaux pour des projectiles relativement émoussés (des demi-angles de cône plus grand que 35°) et de basses pressions de mélanges (plus petit que 100 kPa). La tendance du nombre de Damköhler critique calculé sur la surface du cône s'est avéré similaire à celle des résultats expérimentaux pour des projectiles élancés (des demi-anges de cône plus petit que 35°) et des pressions de mélanges élevées (plus grand que 100 kPa). Des simulations 2D en mode permanent d'écoulements réactifs autour de dièdres finis en utilisant la méthode des caractéristiques avec une réaction chimique de forme Arrhenius ont reproduis les trois régimes observés dans les études d'initiation directe de détonations: les régimes sous-critique, critique et sur-critique. Il est démontré qu'un dièdre est équivalent au problème d'initiation directe d'une détonation si le nombre de Mach normal au choc oblique est supérieur à 50 et si l'angle du dièdre est inférieur à 30°. Des simulations d'écoulements réactifs autour de dièdres et de cônes semi-infinis ont été validés avec des résultats numériques. Un excellent accord a été observé entre l'angle d'une détonation oblique forte obtenu des simulations et celui dérivé d'une analyse des polaires. Pour un angle de dièdre ou de cône égal ou inférieur à l'angle minimal pour lequel une détonation oblique est attachée, une détonation oblique Chapman-Jouguet a été initiée. Pour une configuration conique, la courbure autour de l'axe du cône a permis une détonation oblique d'être non supportée à un angle inférieur à celui sans l'effet de courbure.
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Zhou, Gang. "Penetration of fastener projectiles into construction materials." Thesis, Durham University, 1988. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/6313/.

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The normal impact, penetration of both projectile and fastener into soils, rocks, and concrete at low velocities has been investigated using theoretical, experimental, and numerical approaches under axisymmetric conditions. The projectile penetration theory is developed on the basis of the existing cylindrical cavity expansion theory with target materials approximated by compressible locking behaviour in a hydrostatic state and elastic-plastic, linear strain- hardening behaviour in a shear state. This theory is one-dimensional with respect to wave propagation in a radial direction. Impact penetration experiments have been performed using a cartridge-operated tool firing the steel fasteners into sandstone and concrete targets. The associated pull-out problem has also been studied. Damage to both fastener and target caused by the impact penetration is assessed using an optical microscope. Finite element programs have been employed to investigate the penetration process of the projectile, and eventually to simulate the process of fastener penetration. The dependency of the penetration process on impact velocity, projectile nose shape, projectile-target interfacial friction, and target material properties have been studied for a variety of impact conditions. Comparisons of results obtained from all three approaches are made for cases in which data are available. Agreements reached are reasonably good.
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Books on the topic "Projectiles"

1

Mario, Carpo, and Barrett Clare, eds. Projectiles. London: Architectural Association London, 2011.

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1957-, Croft Tony, ed. Modelling with projectiles. Chichester, West Sussex, England: E. Horwood, 1988.

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United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Scientific and Technical Information Division., ed. Collision forces for compliant projectiles. [Washington, DC]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Office of Management, Scientific and Technical Information Division, 1990.

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Hamilton, Sue L. Forensic ballistics: Styles of projectiles. Edina, Minn: ABDO Pub. Co., 2008.

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McDaniel, E. W. Atomic collisions: Heavy particle projectiles. New York: John Wiley, 1993.

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Rucker, Michelle A. Ablative shielding for hypervelocity projectiles. [Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1992.

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McDaniel, Earl Wadsworth. Atomic collisions: Heavy particle projectiles. New York: Wiley, 1993.

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Rawat, Aseem Singh. Development of laser based velocity measuring instruments using time of flight principle. Mumbai: Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, 2005.

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Elischer, Paul P. The development of low cost 155mm practice ammunition: A feasibility study. Ascot Vale, Vic: Materials Research Laboratories, 1986.

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North Atlantic Treaty Organization. Advisory Group for Aerospace Research and Development. Airbreathing propulsion for missiles and projectiles. Neuilly sur Seine, France: AGARD, 1992.

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Book chapters on the topic "Projectiles"

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Dyke, Philip, and Roger Whitworth. "Projectiles." In Guide to Mechanics, 142–75. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-11114-5_7.

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Gooch, Jan W. "Projectiles." In Encyclopedic Dictionary of Polymers, 591–92. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6247-8_9508.

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Haines, Betty, Roger Haines, and Andrew May. "Projectiles." In Mathematics A Level, 275–88. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-13850-0_23.

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Pitt, Christopher. "Projectiles." In Making Games, 53–60. Berkeley, CA: Apress, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4842-2493-9_9.

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Haines, R., and B. Haines. "Projectiles." In Work Out Applied Mathematics, 90–105. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-08213-1_8.

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Lodriguez, Oscar. "Projectiles!" In Let’s Build a Multiplayer Phaser Game, 57–81. Berkeley, CA: Apress, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4842-4249-0_6.

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Hanserd, Robert. "Flaming projectiles." In Identity, Spirit and Freedom in the Atlantic World, 100–127. New York : Routledge, 2019. | Series: Routledge African studies; 31: Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315102344-5.

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Wang, Wallace, and Tonnetta Walcott. "Shooting Projectiles." In Programming for Game Design, 273–85. Berkeley, CA: Apress, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/979-8-8688-0190-7_13.

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Hardman, Casey. "Enemies and Projectiles." In Game Programming with Unity and C#, 241–51. Berkeley, CA: Apress, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4842-9720-9_28.

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Hardman, Casey. "Enemies, Towers, and Projectiles." In Game Programming with Unity and C#, 327–59. Berkeley, CA: Apress, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4842-5656-5_28.

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Conference papers on the topic "Projectiles"

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HUANG, XI, CHENG CHENG, and XIAOBING ZHANG. "MACHINE LEARNING AND NUMERICAL INVESTIGATION ON DRAG REDUCTION OF UNDERWATER SERIAL MULTI-PROJECTILES." In 32ND INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON BALLISTICS. Destech Publications, Inc., 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.12783/ballistics22/36040.

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The quest to achieve high launching frequency and higher speed is one of the key goals for researchers in the field of underwater projectiles. Many methods have been proposed for reducing the drag force to reach higher speed, such as superhydrophobic surface, compliant surface, and so on. One of the most effective methods is supercavitating drag reduction technology, which can be used to achieve a significant reduction of hydrodynamic drag by wrapping a large, continuous cavity around the underwater projectile. To increase launching frequency and decrease drag force of underwater projectiles, a serial multi-projectiles structure based on the principle of supercavitation is proposed in this paper. However, the matching relationships of serial multiprojectiles between different conditions (cavitation number, distance between projectiles, etc.) and the drag characteristics have not been investigated, because obtaining the relationship between drag characteristics and different conditions requires simulation time and extensive calculations. In this paper, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method and machine learning method were coupled to investigate the natural supercavitation phenomenon of the serial projectiles to reduce the computational cost and improve the simulation accuracy. Firstly, the numerical simulation model for the underwater supercavitating projectile is established and verified by experimental data. Then the evolution of the supercavitation for the serial multi-projectiles is described. In addition, the effects of different cavitation numbers and different distances between projectiles are investigated to demonstrate the supercavitation and drag reduction performance. Finally, the artificial neural network (ANN) model is established to predict the evolution of drag coefficient based on the data obtained by CFD. The results predicted by ANN are in good agreement with the data obtained by CFD. The findings provide helpful guidance for the research on the drag reduction characteristics of underwater serial projectiles. The main conclusions of the study are as follows: (1) The cavity will develop, fuse and collapse in the water and natural supercavitation phenomenon is observed when underwater serial projectiles move at a high speed. The serial multi-projectile structure can reduce the drag of the second projectile and achieve the goal of drag reduction. (2) The length and aspect ratio of supercavity around serial projectiles decrease with the decreasing of the cavitation number, and the drag coefficient of the second projectile decreases. The length and aspect ratio of supercavity decrease with the 3 decreasing of the distance between serial projectiles, and the drag coefficient of the second projectile decreases. (3) The drag coefficient of the second projectile predicted from the ANN model has a high accuracy, where the regression R2 values of training, validation, and testing samples are above 0.99. Machine learning has an obvious advantage in simplifying computational complexity and increasing computational efficiency. Furthermore, the discussion of different cases is based on static projectiles. However, in real-world applications, the movement of serial projectiles should be considered. This is the future direction for this work.
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Weiland, C. J., and P. P. Vlachos. "Spatio-Temporal Development of Supercavitation Over an Impulsively Launched Projectile." In ASME 2006 2nd Joint U.S.-European Fluids Engineering Summer Meeting Collocated With the 14th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm2006-98115.

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Supercavitation inception and formation was studied over blunt projectiles. The projectiles were fired using a gas gun method. In this method, projectiles are launched under the action of expanding detonation gases. Both qualitative and quantitative optical flow diagnostics using high speed digital imaging were used to analyze the spatio-temporal development of the supercavitating flow. For the first time, quantification of the supercavitation was achieved using Time Resolved Digital Particle Image Velocimetry (TRDPIV) detailing the two phase flow field surrounding the translating projectiles and the gas vapor bubble. Experimental results indicate that the supercavity forms at the aft end of the projectile and travels forward along the direction of projectile travel. The impulsive start of the projectile generates two asymmetric vortices which are shed from the blunt nose of the projectile. The vortices interact with the moving cavity and subsequently deform. This interaction is believed to directly contribute to the instabilities in the flight path.
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Mitrović, Andjela, Saša Savić, Milan Vučković, Nebojša Hristov, Damir Jerković, and Mladen Josijević. "Numerical modeling of explosively formed projectiles formation." In 11th International Scientific Conference on Defensive Technologies - OTEX 2024, 235–40. Military Technical Institute, Belgrade, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/oteh24042m.

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Within this study, the process of forming explosively formed projectiles is analyzed. This type of warhead is used for military purposes due to its excellent impact performance. The projectile is shaped like a metal disc which, during the action of the explosive, forms into a high-speed projectile. Such formed projectiles act on the target. The performance of the projectile is influenced by a large number of parameters, such as structural characteristics and material properties. Using a numerical program on the EFP model, various parameters influencing the final shape of the projectile and thus its performance on the target can be analyzed. The parameters considered within this study are the type of explosive filling and the thickness of the copper disc. The analyzed disc thickness was 1-4% of the explosive filling diameter. It was observed that reducing the thickness of the projectile results in higher values of projectile stable velocity. Specifically, reducing the initial thickness of the projectile can replace the use of more explosive explosives, thereby reducing the overall mass of the construction.
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Weiland, Chris, and Pavlos Vlachos. "Observation of a Critical Time Scale for Supercavitation Development and the Effect of Gas Leakage." In ASME 2008 Fluids Engineering Division Summer Meeting collocated with the Heat Transfer, Energy Sustainability, and 3rd Energy Nanotechnology Conferences. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm2008-55171.

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A critical time scale that describes the spontaneous growth of small stable cavities into developed supercavitation over blunt free flying cylindrical slug projectiles was observed experimentally. The projectiles were ejected using a modified gas-gun mechanism consisting of a barrel and explosive charge. Upon ignition, high pressure gases translated the projectiles down the launch barrel and into quiescent water where they were digitally imaged for analysis. Results indicate that the initially small cavities appeared downstream of the projectile forebody and grew up the projectile, partially or completely enveloping the projectile. This study introduces a mechanism to explain supercavity development over impulsively translated projectiles. As a projectile is accelerated from rest in the barrel a vortex ring is produced. Small nuclei present in the ambient flow field expand as they encounter the separated flow around the blunt forebody and become entrained in the vortex ring. The subsequent increase in vortex circulation as the projectile continues to accelerate causes the pressure in the vortex ring to drop below the Blake critical pressure, at which point the initially stable cavity rapidly grows. The small cavities grow from aft to fore as the supercavity develops, traveling at speeds up to 4 times the initial projectile velocity.
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MARASINSKI, MARCIN, KRZYSZTOF SZCZUROWSKI, ADAM WISNIEWSKI, PRZEMYSLAW BADUROWICZ, NORBERT TUSNIO, and TADEUSZ BARTKOWIAK. "THERMAL ENERGY ANALYSIS OF PROJECTILES DURING RICOCHETING USING A THERMAL CAMERA." In 32ND INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON BALLISTICS. Destech Publications, Inc., 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.12783/ballistics22/36158.

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This paper presents the results of a study of the hazards of ground ignition and/or explosion when various small-calibre projectiles strike various solid materials placed on a test stand in environments at risk of ignition (fire) or explosion (ricochets, projectile penetration of obstacles). For projectile ricocheting tests, the following were used: armour plate, concrete, sidewalk and granite slabs, etc., and various small-calibre projectiles. Projectiles impacts were recorded with a high-speed camera and thermal camera. The ignition capability of solid flammable materials during projectile ricocheting was studied, and the temperatures and surface areas of isotherms were measured as a function of time. From the spherical distribution of thermal energy radiation in space, their volume, mass of air occupying the studied area, masses of projectile disintegrating into fragments (after impact), thermal energy during projectile ricocheting, histograms of area temperatures, temperature, were calculated.
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GABRIEL, UTA, MATHIEU DESROCHES, YVES BAILLARGEON, GILLES PAGEAU, and PIERRE FRANCUS. "SENSITIVITY STUDY OF X-RAY COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY FOR EVALUATING THE MASS AND STRIKING VELOCITY OF EMBEDDED FRAGMENTS IN PLYWOOD RECOVERY MEDIA." In 32ND INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON BALLISTICS. Destech Publications, Inc., 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.12783/ballistics22/36143.

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X-ray computed tomography coupled to the automated data analysis tool FragFinder was used to study six targets impacted by 11 different projectiles. Extracted projectile DOP, volumes, and densities provided a sufficient database for predicting impact velocity. The obtained precision is estimated to be in the range of ± 12 % with similar contributions of projectile density (± 2.2 %) and volume (± 2.8 %). The main observed challenges are the necessary high image resolution for small projectiles combined with the generally large size of recovery media (targets) and the presence of certain metals such as Zr, Mo and Pb in projectiles. Their high atomic number and density are causing CT image artefacts and measurement saturation, even at low concentration levels.
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Cagle, Colton B., Kevin J. Hill, Connor Woodruff, Michelle L. Pantoya, Joseph Abraham, and Casey Meakin. "High Velocity Impact Testing for Evaluation of Intermetallic Projectiles." In 2019 15th Hypervelocity Impact Symposium. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/hvis2019-104.

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Abstract Experiments were performed to study penetration through multiple aluminum plates followed by impact into an inert steel anvil using a High-velocity Impact-ignition Testing System (HITS). The projectiles are intermetallic pellets launched from a propellant driven gun into a catch chamber equipped with view ports and imaging diagnostics. Penetration, impact and reaction are monitored using high-speed cameras that provide local and macroscopic perspectives of projectile and target interaction as well as overall reactivity. Results demonstrate the range of visual data that can be captured by a non-gas generating intermetallic projectile that fragments and reacts upon penetration and impact. Results show that higher velocity projectiles (~ 1300 and 800 m/s) produce smaller fragments upon target penetration that result in flame spreading through the chamber upon impact while lower velocity projectiles (~ 500 m/s) negligibly fragment upon target penetration and produce no flames even upon anvil impact.
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Choi, Sung R., Zsolt Racz, Ramakrishna T. Bhatt, David N. Brewer, and John P. Gyekenyesi. "Effect of Projectile Materials on Foreign Object Damage of a Gas-Turbine Grade Silicon Nitride." In ASME Turbo Expo 2005: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2005-68866.

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Foreign object damage (FOD) behavior of AS800 silicon nitride was determined using four different projectile materials at ambient temperature. The target test specimens rigidly supported were impacted at their centers by spherical projectiles with a diameter of 1.59 mm. Four different types of projectiles were used including hardened steel balls, annealed steel balls, silicon nitride balls, and brass balls. Post-impact strength of each target specimen impacted was determined as a function of impact velocity to better understand the severity of local impact damage. The critical impact velocity where target specimens fail upon impact was highest with brass balls, lowest with ceramic ball, and intermediate with annealed and hardened steel balls. Degree of strength degradation upon impact followed the same order as in the critical impact velocity with respect to projectile materials. For steel balls, hardened projectiles yielded more significant impact damage than annealed counterparts. The most important material parameter affecting FOD was identified as hardness of projectiles and was correlated in terms of critical impact velocity, impact deformation, and impact load.
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Kang, Zuoyi, Yukihiko Okuda, Akemi Nishida, Haruji Tsubota, and Yinsheng Li. "Analytical Study of Perforation Damage to Reinforced Concrete Slabs Subjected to Oblique Impact by Projectiles With Different Nose Shapes." In 2020 International Conference on Nuclear Engineering collocated with the ASME 2020 Power Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone2020-16855.

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Abstract Considerable research has been carried out to establish a rational assessment method for nuclear power plants against local damage caused by an accidental projectile impact. Most of the empirical formulas that have been proposed seek to quantitatively investigate local damage to reinforced concrete (RC) structures caused by a rigid projectile impact. These formulas have been derived based on impact tests performed perpendicular to the target structure, while only a few impact tests oblique to the target structure have been studied. This study aims to propose a new formula for evaluating local damage to RC structures caused by oblique impact based on experimental and simulation results. At present, we have validated an analytical method via comparison with experimental results and have conducted simulation analyses of oblique impact assessments on RC slabs using various projectiles with flat nose shapes. In this study, the same analytical method will be used to investigate perforation damage to RC slabs subjected to oblique impact by projectiles with hemispherical nose shapes. In this paper, the effects of projectiles’ nose shapes on perforation damage to RC slabs, the residual velocity of projectiles and the time history of energy transmission will be discussed.
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Ji, Yangziyi, Xiangdong Li, Lanwei Zhou, and Junliang Chen. "Failure of Fuel Tanks Due to High Velocity Projectiles Impact." In 2022 16th Hypervelocity Impact Symposium. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/hvis2022-25.

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Abstract The impact of high-velocity projectiles on fluid-filled containers is a matter of interest in the study of vehicle and aircraft vulnerability. In this paper, tests of high-velocity projectiles impacting typical truck-integrated fuel tanks were conducted. It is found that during a certain range of projectile impact energy before the fuel tank wall begins to crack, the deformation of the fuel tank wall does not increase with the increase of the projectile impact energy, while maintaining a certain value. Besides, this value is the same for both entry and exit walls. Preliminary finite element analysis shows that the HRAM loading during the cavity oscillation phase contributes to the deformation of the exit wall most.
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Reports on the topic "Projectiles"

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Blevins, Matthew, Gregory Lyons, Carl Hart, and Michael White. Optical and acoustical measurement of ballistic noise signatures. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), January 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/39501.

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Supersonic projectiles in air generate acoustical signatures that are fundamentally related to the projectile’s shape, size, and velocity. These characteristics influence various mechanisms involved in the generation, propagation, decay, and coalescence of acoustic waves. To understand the relationships between projectile shape, size, velocity, and the physical mechanisms involved, an experimental effort captured the acoustic field produced by a range of supersonic projectiles using both conventional pressure sensors and a schlieren imaging system. The results of this ongoing project will elucidate those fundamental mechanisms, enabling more sophisticated tools for detection, classification, localization, and tracking. This paper details the experimental setup, data collection, and preliminary analysis of a series of ballistic projectiles, both idealized and currently in use by the U.S. Military.
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Whitelaw, J. H. In-Cylinder Projectiles. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, August 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada229219.

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Reaugh, J. E. Penetration of yawed projectiles. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6375338.

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Geswender, Chris. Guided Projectiles Theory of Operation. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, April 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada386088.

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Homan, C. G., and P. M. Vottis. Launchability of Base-Driven Electromagnetic Projectiles. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, December 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada189635.

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Golt, Michael C., Chris M. Peitsch, Matthew S. Bratcher, and Eric D. Warner. Batch Computed Tomography Analysis of Projectiles. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, May 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ad1009132.

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Yager, Robert J. A Plant Model for Smart Projectiles. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, April 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada601891.

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D'Amico, William P. Telemetry Systems and Electric Gun Projectiles. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, October 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada384784.

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Fresconi, Frank, and Peter Plostins. Control Mechanism Strategies for Spin-Stabilized Projectiles. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada494194.

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Herbert, T. Unsteady Fluid Motion in Liquid Filled Projectiles. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, March 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada343142.

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