Journal articles: 'Projectiles Detectors'

1

SHER, G., and M. A. RANA. "A STUDY OF CHARGE-PICKUP INTERACTIONS BY (158A GeV) Pb NUCLEI." International Journal of Modern Physics E 20, no. 06 (June 2011): 1519–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218301311018459.

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We investigate the charge-pickup cross section of 158A GeV 207 Pb projectiles on Bi , Pb , Cu and Al targets using CR39 nuclear track detectors. The target-detector stacks were exposed at CERN SPS beam facility. Chemical etched detectors are scanned using optical microscope, and the data in the form of etched cone heights have been collected. We have identified the beam and fragment charge states in particular charge-pickup (Z = 83) by the Pb ions using the etched cone heights. Dependence of charge-pickup cross section of 158A GeV 207 Pb projectiles on the target mass number is described and results are compared to similar measurements found in the literature.

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Kuczera, H., H. Iglseder, U. Weishaupt, and E. Igenbergs. "Acoustic Penetration and Impact Detector for Micrometeoroid and Space Debris Application." International Astronomical Union Colloquium 85 (1985): 129. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0252921100084487.

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AbstractAn active detector is described which recently has been developed for laboratory impact measurements and which already has been proposed for cosmic dust flight experiments. The detector consists of a very thin penetration foil and an impact plate. By means of piezo detectors the elastic-wave propagation times between the impact location and the piezo detectors can be measured in the foil and in the target. The evaluation of these signals gives the time of the event, the impact location, the projectile velocity, the flight path direction and at least the order of magnitude of mass of the impacting particle. This type of sensor will meet all requirements for particle detection in the diameter range from a few microns (dust particles) up to approx. a few millimeters (space debris) at all velocities. Small-sized projectiles can be detected by sensitive amplifiers. Low-energy electronics including data storage can be used for triangulation and impact time calculation. First experimental results which have been achieved in the Munich Accelerator Facilities will be presented.

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RANA, MUKHTAR AHMED, SHAHID MANZOOR, and GUL SHER. "CHARGE AND MASS CHANGING CROSS-SECTIONS OF 158A GeV Pb PROJECTILES ON Al, Cu, Bi, AND Pb TARGETS: FRAGMENTATION PROCESSES." International Journal of Modern Physics E 19, no. 10 (October 2010): 1993–2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218301310016466.

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We report here on total and partial charge changing cross-sections of 158A GeV lead projectiles on Al , Cu , Pb and Bi stationary targets using CR-39 detectors. Present results are compared with relevant published results. Deep discussion of nuclear fragmentation processes is provided. Stacks of CR-39 Track Detectors with above-mentioned targets were exposed to 158 A GeV 207 Pb projectiles at the CERN-SPS beam facility at normal incidence with a fluence of about 1500 ions/cm 2. Lengths of etched cones on one face of the CR-39 detectors before and after the target were measured for each stack. These measurements were used for determination of total and partial charge changing cross-sections of 158 A GeV Pb 82+ projectiles on these targets in the charge region 63 < Z < 82. The charge resolution (σZ) achieved in the present experiment is ~0.18e. Mass changing cross-sections are derived from the measured charge changing cross-sections using hyper-geometric relationship. A new method is proposed for separate measurements of electromagnetic and nuclear parts of fragmentation cross-sections using ion channeling and blocking conditions of projectiles in crystalline targets.

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Weiss, Janusz, and Józef Grzybowski. "INTEGRATED SYSTEM FOR SPOTTING THE FALLS OF BALLISTIC ARTILLERY SHELLS AND MISSILES." PROBLEMY TECHNIKI UZBROJENIA 146, no. 2 (October 15, 2018): 39–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0012.6807.

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A system monitoring the falls of artillery projectiles within the area of live firings consists of detectors, separated by distances no larger than 50 m in the ground and 100 m in water, having a single core microcomputer with GPS localiser, radio link interface and a powering battery. For this reason a data transmitter is placed near the area and a receiver of transferred data and a computer with the software for visualisation of projectile impact sites is placed on a centre for controlling (commanding) and evaluating the results of firing. The managing software reconstructs an event and its position and displays it in the real time into the picture of the area shown on the monitor by analysing the data received from detectors in the form of compressed records of digital data. The received data can be used for verification and evaluation of performed firing assignments.

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DE BOER, F. W. N., and C. A. FIELDS. "A REEVALUATION OF EVIDENCE FOR LIGHT NEUTRAL BOSONS IN NUCLEAR EMULSIONS." International Journal of Modern Physics E 20, no. 08 (August 2011): 1787–803. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021830131101960x.

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Electron–positron pair production data obtained by bombardment of emulsion detectors with either cosmic rays or projectiles with masses between 1 and 207 amu and kinetic energies between 18 GeV and 32 TeV have been reanalyzed using a consistent and conservative model of the background from electromagnetic pair conversion. The combined data yield a spectrum of putative neutral bosons decaying to e+e- pairs, with masses between 3 and 20 MeV /c2 and femtosecond lifetimes. The statistical significance against background for these "X-bosons" varies between 2σ and 8σ. The cross-section for direct production of X-bosons increases slowly with projectile energy, remaining over 1,000 times smaller than the pion production cross-section.

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Flesch, F., S. E. Hirzebruch, G. Hüntrup, H. Röcher, T. Streibel, E. Winkel, and W. Heinrich. "Fragmentation cross section measurements of iron projectiles using CR-39 plastic nuclear track detectors." Radiation Measurements 31, no. 1-6 (June 1999): 533–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1350-4487(99)00140-7.

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Khan, E. U., J. J. Baluch, R. Tahseen, F. N. Khattak, F. U. Khan, S. H. Qureshi, A. Waheed, et al. "Heavy ion interaction of 14 MeV/N Pb projectiles with heavy targets using different track detectors." International Journal of Radiation Applications and Instrumentation. Part D. Nuclear Tracks and Radiation Measurements 19, no. 1-4 (January 1991): 631–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/1359-0189(91)90281-l.

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Rosner, B., D. P. Almeida, L. F. S. Coelho, E. C. Montenegro, and A. G. De Pinho. "Dependence of the energy signal of surface barrier detectors on the incident charge state of nitrogen projectiles." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms 42, no. 3 (July 1989): 325–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-583x(89)90442-4.

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Meyer, J. D., S. Biri, F. Ditrói, O. Hohn, S. Runkel, and K. Stiebing. "Assessment of pulse height defect in passivated implanted planar Si detectors used for channeling measurements with slow, highly charged heavy projectiles." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms 190, no. 1-4 (May 2002): 379–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0168-583x(01)01262-9.

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Baum, Sebastian, Thomas D. P. Edwards, Katherine Freese, and Patrick Stengel. "New Projections for Dark Matter Searches with Paleo-Detectors." Instruments 5, no. 2 (June 11, 2021): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/instruments5020021.

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Paleo-detectors are a proposed experimental technique to search for dark matter (DM). In lieu of the conventional approach of operating a tonne-scale real-time detector to search for DM-induced nuclear recoils, paleo-detectors take advantage of small samples of naturally occurring rocks on Earth that have been deep underground (≳5 km), accumulating nuclear damage tracks from recoiling nuclei for O(1)Gyr. Modern microscopy techniques promise the capability to read out nuclear damage tracks with nanometer resolution in macroscopic samples. Thanks to their O(1)Gyr integration times, paleo-detectors could constitute nuclear recoil detectors with keV recoil energy thresholds and 100 kilotonne-yr exposures. This combination would allow paleo-detectors to probe DM-nucleon cross sections orders of magnitude below existing upper limits from conventional direct detection experiments. In this article, we use improved background modeling and a new spectral analysis technique to update the sensitivity forecast for paleo-detectors. We demonstrate the robustness of the sensitivity forecast to the (lack of) ancillary measurements of the age of the samples and the parameters controlling the backgrounds, systematic mismodeling of the spectral shape of the backgrounds, and the radiopurity of the mineral samples. Specifically, we demonstrate that even if the uranium concentration in paleo-detector samples is 10−8 (per weight), many orders of magnitude larger than what we expect in the most radiopure samples obtained from ultra basic rock or marine evaporite deposits, paleo-detectors could still probe DM-nucleon cross sections below current limits. For DM masses ≲ 10 GeV/c2, the sensitivity of paleo-detectors could still reach down all the way to the conventional neutrino floor in a Xe-based direct detection experiment.

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Lv, Yue Ying, and Ying An. "Study of Flying Projectile’s Properties of Infrared Radiation." Applied Mechanics and Materials 268-270 (December 2012): 1648–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.268-270.1648.

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In order to solve the problem that the optic-electric detecting target board fails to work at nights or under low light level，it has studied the flying projectile’s properties of infrared radiation and the radiation attenuation properties of the flying projectile in the atmosphere. Through establishing the differential equations, the projectile’s surface temperature is obtained to calculate the flying projectile’s infrared radiation properties , according to atmosphere’s transmitting properties，the calculation method of atmospheric transmittance rate. The infrared radiation properties of three typical projectile are simulated by utilizing MATAB. The simulation result shows that the surface temperature of the flying projectile has a linear change with its velocity; the atmospheric transmittance rate is inversely proportional to the detection distance; Once the atmospheric attenuation factor is different, then the radiation energy received by the detector will be different.

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Bhattacharyya, Swarnapratim, Maria Haiduc, Alina Tania Neagu, and Elena Firu. "An investigation of projectile helium fragments in high-energy nucleus–nucleus interactions." Canadian Journal of Physics 98, no. 2 (February 2020): 153–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjp-2019-0115.

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A detailed study on the multiplicity distribution of helium (He) fragments emitted in projectile fragmentation of 22Ne, 28Si, and 32S projectiles on interactions with H, CNO, and AgBr targets in a nuclear emulsion track detector has been presented at an incident momentum of (4.1–4.5) AGeV/c. The percentage of events with He fragments increases with increase in projectile mass for all three targets. Studies of multiplicity moments, dispersion of multiplicity distribution, and the investigation of dynamical fluctuations of the projectile He fragments have also been carried out.

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Marimuthu, N., V. Singh, and S. S. R. Inbanathan. "Reaction Cross Section of Heavy Projectiles Using Coulomb Modified Glauber Model." EPJ Web of Conferences 201 (2019): 03001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201920103001.

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We investigated reaction cross section and inelastic collisions of the wide number of projectile and target nuclei using the Coulomb Modified Glauber Model (CMGM). The total reaction cross sections were calculated with and without accounting for in-medium effect for various heavy projectiles such as 56Fe26, 84Kr36, 132Xe54, 197Au79 and 238U92 that interact with Nuclear Emulsion Detector’s (NED) nuclei at incident energies at around 1 GeV/n. The calculated average values of reaction cross section are compared with the corresponding experimental data.

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Malinowska, Aneta, Marian Jaskóła, Andrzej Korman, Adam Szydłowski, Karol Malinowski, and Mirosław Kuk. "Charged projectile spectrometry using solid-state nuclear track detector of the PM-355 type." Nukleonika 60, no. 3 (September 1, 2015): 591–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/nuka-2015-0100.

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Abstract To use effectively any radiation detector in high-temperature plasma experiments, it must have a lot of benefits and fulfill a number of requirements. The most important are: a high energy resolution, linearity over a wide range of recorded particle energy, high detection efficiency for these particles, a long lifetime and resistance to harsh conditions existing in plasma experiments and so on. Solid-state nuclear track detectors have been used in our laboratory in plasma experiments for many years, but recently we have made an attempt to use these detectors in spectroscopic measurements performed on some plasma facilities. This paper presents a method that we used to elaborate etched track diameters to evaluate the incident projectile energy magnitude. The method is based on the data obtained from a semiautomatic track scanning system that selects tracks according to two parameters, track diameter and its mean gray level.

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Singhal, Mayank, Gaurav Singhal, Avinash Verma, Sushil Kumar, and Manmohan Singh. "Numerical investigation of steady-state thermal behavior of an infrared detector cryo chamber." Thermal Science 21, no. 3 (2017): 1203–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci140617107s.

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An infrared (IR) detector is simply a transducer of radiant energy, converting radiant energy into a measurable form. Since radiation does not rely on visible light, it offers the possibility of seeing in the dark or through obscured conditions, by detecting the IR energy emitted by objects. One of the prime applications of IR detector systems for military use is in target acquisition and tracking of projectile systems. The IR detectors also have great potential in commercial market. Typically, IR detectors perform best when cooled to cryogenic temperatures in the range of nearly 120 K. However, the necessity to operate in such cryogenic regimes makes the application of IR detectors extremely complex. Further, prior to proceeding on to a full blown transient thermal analysis it is worthwhile to perform a steady-state numerical analysis for ascertaining the effect of variation in viz., material, gas conduction coefficient, h, emissivity, ?, on the temperature profile along the cryo chamber length. This would enable understanding the interaction between the cryo chamber and its environment. Hence, the present work focuses on the development of steady-state numerical models for thermal analysis of IR cryo chamber using MATLAB. The numerical results show that gas conduction coefficient has marked influence on the temperature profile of the cryo chamber whereas the emissivity has a weak effect. The experimental validation of numerical results has also been presented.

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Bogdanoff, D. W., C. Knowlen, D. Murakami, and I. Stonich. "Magnetic detector for projectiles in tubes." AIAA Journal 28, no. 11 (November 1990): 1942–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/3.10502.

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Tory, K. J., S. S. Chand, J. L. McBride, H. Ye, and R. A. Dare. "Projected Changes in Late-Twenty-First-Century Tropical Cyclone Frequency in 13 Coupled Climate Models from Phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project." Journal of Climate 26, no. 24 (December 2, 2013): 9946–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-13-00010.1.

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Abstract Changes in tropical cyclone (TC) frequency under anthropogenic climate change are examined for 13 global models from phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5), using the Okubo–Weiss–Zeta parameter (OWZP) TC-detection method developed by the authors in earlier papers. The method detects large-scale conditions within which TCs form. It was developed and tuned in atmospheric reanalysis data and then applied without change to the climate models to ensure model and detector independence. Changes in TC frequency are determined by comparing TC detections in the CMIP5 historical runs (1970–2000) with high emission scenario (representative concentration pathway 8.5) future runs (2070–2100). A number of the models project increases in frequency of higher-latitude tropical cyclones in the late twenty-first century. Inspection reveals that these high-latitude systems were subtropical in origin and are thus eliminated from the analysis using an objective classification technique. TC detections in 8 of the 13 models reproduce observed TC formation numbers and geographic distributions reasonably well, with annual numbers within ±50% of observations. TC detections in the remaining five models are particularly low in number (10%–28% of observed). The eight models with a reasonable TC climatology all project decreases in global TC frequency varying between 7% and 28%. Large intermodel and interbasin variations in magnitude and sign are present, with the greatest variations in the Northern Hemisphere basins. These results are consistent with results from earlier-generation climate models and thus confirm the robustness of coupled model projections of globally reduced TC frequency.

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Johnson, Roger H. "3D microanalysis of tissue volumes using dual-energy conebeam x-ray microtomography." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 51 (August 1, 1993): 652–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s042482010014909x.

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Using a modified SEM as a microfocus x-ray source and stimulable phosphor plates as detectors, we have built a conebeam microtomograph for 3D imaging of 1-10mm biological samples (Figure l). For individual projections, the resolution and exposure time are about three microns and two minutes, respectively, with the same parameters in the reconstruction depending on the number of views.In conventional computed tomography (CT) each detector element integrates the energy incident upon it from all transmitted photons regardless of their wavelength. All spectral information is lost. It can be beneficial to acquire two sets of projections: one using a higher peak x-ray source energy than the other. Figure 2 illustrates that tissue and bone will attenuate the two spectra differentially producing different contrast relationships in the high- and low-energy images. We have previously clinically applied post-processing dual-energy CT to analyze the mineral and fat content of lumbar vertebrae in perimenopausal, osteoporotic women.

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de Celis, Raul, and Luis Cadarso. "Spot-Centroid Determination Algorithms in Semiactive Laser Photodiodes for Artillery Applications." Journal of Sensors 2019 (January 27, 2019): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/7938415.

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Precision of guided projectiles depends equally on the accuracy in determining the coordinates of the objective and on the exactness of the measurement devices utilized for position and attitude calculation of the projectile. Development of algorithms for low-cost high-precision terminal guidance systems is a cornerstone in research in this field. Semiactive laser (SAL) kits, and particularly quadrant detector devices, have been developed to improve precision in guided weapons. Photodetection system can be functionally divided into two main parts: sensing and processing. The sensed signal is processed to estimate the spot coordinates, i.e., the laser footprint, which provides some information regarding projectile-target relative position, to obtain the needed information for the navigation and guidance algorithms. The electrical intensities that a real sensor provides under laboratory conditions are compared to a mathematical model based on area intersection calculations to simulate the intensities on real flights. Then, four different processing algorithms, two of them rational, and the other two logarithmic, are tested for different spot sizes, which are nonlinear. Proposing an interpolation algorithm based on the four electrical intensities obtained in a semiactive laser quadrant photodetector, laser footprint center estimation is improved for artillery applications. Finally, an example illustrating a projectile flight is employed to compare real and calculated laser footprints in order to select the best algorithm for artillery applications.

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Budzanowski, A., B. Czech, A. Siwek, I. Skwirczyńska, and P. Staszel. "Projectile fragmentation wall for CHICSi detector." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 482, no. 1-2 (April 2002): 528–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0168-9002(01)01456-5.

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François, Manuel. "Unified description for the geometry of X-ray stress analysis: proposal for a consistent approach." Journal of Applied Crystallography 41, no. 1 (January 16, 2008): 44–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0021889807051175.

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Many X-ray stress acquisition strategies are proposed in the literature. They have appeared because of the variety of rotation controls that are allowed on modern goniometers and the development of two-dimensional detectors. In the present paper, a consistent set of axes, rotations and angles is proposed to describe all possible geometries. It is based on the splitting of the useful angles into three groups: the sampling angles, the goniometric angles and the diffractometric angles. The first two groups are used to orientate the goniometer and the specimen relative to one another, while the third describes the diffraction for a zero-, one- or two-dimensional detector. The mathematical relations between these angles are given, along with the expression of the penetration depth. Various acquisition strategies are described in the proposed scheme and conveniently represented on stereographic projections.

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Asaadi, Jonathan, Martin Auger, Roman Berner, Alan Bross, Yifan Chen, Mark Convery, Laura Domine, et al. "A New Concept for Kilotonne Scale Liquid Argon Time Projection Chambers." Instruments 4, no. 1 (February 7, 2020): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/instruments4010006.

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We develop a novel Time Projection Chamber (TPC) concept suitable for deployment in kilotonne-scale detectors, with a charge-readout system free from reconstruction ambiguities, and a robust TPC design that reduces high-voltage risks while increasing the coverage of the light-collection system and maximizing the active volume. This novel concept could be used as a far detector module in the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE). For the charge-readout system, we used the charge-collection pixels and associated application-specific integrated circuits currently being developed for the liquid argon (LAr) component of the DUNE Near Detector design, ArgonCube. In addition, we divided the TPC into a number of shorter drift volumes, reducing the total voltage used to drift the ionization electrons, and minimizing the stored energy per TPC. Segmenting the TPC also contains scintillation light, allowing for precise trigger localization and a more expansive light-readout system. Furthermore, the design opens the possibility of replacing or upgrading components. These augmentations could substantially improve the reliability and the sensitivity, particularly for low-energy signals, in comparison to traditional monolithic LArTPCs with projective-wire charge readouts.

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Vax, E., E. Marcus, T. Mazor, Y. Kadmon, and A. Osovizky. "Improving Activity Estimation in Passive Gamma Scanning for Radioactive Waste Drums." EPJ Web of Conferences 225 (2020): 06010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202022506010.

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A method to improve radioactive waste drum activity estimation in Segmented Gamma Scanning (SGS) systems was developed for homogenous content. We describe a method to quantify the activity of spatially distributed gamma-emitting isotopes (‘hot spots’) in homogenous content waste drums without the use of a collimator. Instead of averaging all the detector's readings we treat it as many different spatial samples as if we have multiple detectors surrounding the waste drum ("virtual detectors"). From these readings, we form a general linear model. Next, we derive the Maximum Likelihood Estimator (MLE) for the multiple sources position and activity. We solve this hyper-dimensional search problem using an Alternating Projections (AP) technique which transforms the problem into a simpler one-dimensional maximization problem. We tested this method using a mathematical simulation with a various number of sources, at random activities and positions for several energy bands. The preliminary results are consistent and show large improvement of the accuracy with comparison to industrial SGS systems and the same accuracy as new methods which exploits the spatial samples. Furthermore, since this method eliminates the need for heavy led collimator, none of the sources is blocked for the whole measurement period, which provides increased count rates and decreases the total measurement time.

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Buzmakov, Alexey, Marina Chukalina, Irina Dyachkova, Anastasia Ingacheva, Dmitry Nikolaev, Denis Zolotov, and Igor Schelokov. "Enhanced Tomographic Sensing Multimodality with a Crystal Analyzer." Sensors 20, no. 23 (December 6, 2020): 6970. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20236970.

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This article demonstrates how a combination of well-known tools—a standard 2D detector (CCD (charge-coupled device) camera) and a crystal analyzer—can improve the multimodality of X-ray imaging and tomographic sensing. The use of a crystal analyzer allowed two characteristic lines of the molybdenum anode—Kα and Kβ—to be separated from the polychromatic radiation of the conventional X-ray tube. Thus, as a result of one measurement, three radiographic projections (images) were simultaneously recorded. The projection images at different wavelengths were separated in space and registered independently for further processing, which is of interest for the spectral tomography method. A projective transformation to compensate for the geometric distortions that occur during asymmetric diffraction was used. The first experimental results presented here appear promising.

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Liu, W. P., T. Kubo, H. Kumagai, T. Nakagawa, T. Suzuki, M. Yanokura, I. Tanihata, et al. "Identification of projectile fragments using position sensitive silicon detectors." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 287, no. 3 (February 1990): 476–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-9002(90)91566-t.

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Takeoka, M. "Projective measurements via linear optics and photon detectors." Optics and Spectroscopy 103, no. 1 (July 2007): 98–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0030400x07070168.

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Rehm, K. E., and F. L. H. Wolfs. "A focal plane detector for reactions with medium weight projectiles." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 273, no. 1 (December 1988): 262–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-9002(88)90822-4.

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Sampsonidis, D., B. A. Kulakov, M. I. Krivopustov, V. S. Butsev, and M. Zamani. "Projectile Fragmentation of 16O and 32S beams from Dubna LHE Synchrophasotron." HNPS Proceedings 4 (February 19, 2020): 163. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/hnps.2882.

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We investigate the charge changing collisions for 16O and 32S beams, using the experimental method of Solid State Nuclear Track Detectors (SSNTD). Sample reading was performed by an automatic measurement system. We determined the total charge changing cross sections and the partial cross sections for the production of fragments of cherge 9<Z<14.

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Mikhaylov, V., A. Kugler, V. Kushpil, O. Svoboda, P. Tlustý, M. Golubeva, F. Guber, et al. "The very forward hadron calorimeter PSD for the future CBM@FAIR experiment." EPJ Web of Conferences 204 (2019): 11004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201920411004.

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The Projectile Spectator Detector (PSD) of the CBM experiment at the future FAIR facility is a compensating lead-scintillator calorimeter designed to measure the energy distribution of the forward going projectile nucleons and nuclei fragments (reaction spectators) produced close to the beam rapidity. The detector performance for the centrality and reaction plane determination is reviewed based on Monte-Carlo simulations of gold-gold collisions by means of four different heavy-ion event generators. The PSD energy resolution and the linearity of the response measured at CERN PS for the PSD supermodule consisting of 9 modules are presented. Predictions of the calorimeter radiation conditions at CBM and response measurement of one PSD module equipped with neutron irradiated MPPCs used for the light read out are discussed.

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RUSSOTTO, P., E. PIASECKI, F. AMORINI, A. ANZALONE, L. AUDITORE, V. BARAN, I. BERCEANU, et al. "DYNAMICAL FISSION IN THE Sn + Ni INTERACTION AT 35A MeV." International Journal of Modern Physics E 15, no. 02 (March 2006): 410–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218301306004284.

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Using the 4π CHIMERA detector system we have observed a dynamical, non-equilibrated fission of projectile-like fragments as well as an equilibrated fission component in collisions 124Sn + 64Ni and 112Sn + 58Ni at 35A MeV. The velocity and angular distributions of projectile-like fission fragments were analyzed. The contribution of the "dynamical fission" component is larger in the neutron rich 124Sn + 64Ni system than in the neutron poor 112Sn + 58Ni one.

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Wernick, Miles N., and Chin-Tu Chen. "Superresolved tomography by convex projections and detector motion." Journal of the Optical Society of America A 9, no. 9 (September 1, 1992): 1547. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/josaa.9.001547.

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Jia, Qi, Xin Fan, Zhongxuan Luo, Lianbo Song, and Tie Qiu. "A Fast Ellipse Detector Using Projective Invariant Pruning." IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 26, no. 8 (August 2017): 3665–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tip.2017.2704660.

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Hsu, C. C., T. C. Chu, Y. C. Chang, and H. H. Hsu. "THE MAXIMUM ENERGY OF ħω INDUCED BY N+, N2+ AND N3+ IONS." International Journal of PIXE 06, no. 01n02 (January 1996): 59–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129083596000077.

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The continuous X-ray of Be, Ni, and Cd targets induced by N +, N 2+, N 3+ ions were measured at the projectile energies of 50-, 70-, 100-, 150-, and 200-keV. Since the energy of the projectile is so low and the detecting limit of the detector is about one keV, the continuous X-ray would be the X-rays of nuclear and atomic bremsstrahlung (NB, AB). From the result of maximum energy of ħω. the relationship of a maximum energy ħω of below: [Formula: see text] Which indicates that the maximum energy of ħω depends on (-3/5) power of the atomic number of projectile, Zp. and on (-1/3q) power of the atomic number of target atom, Zt, and on the energy of projectile. Where q expresses the number of charge state of the projectile.

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Marimuthu, N., V. Singh, and S. S. R. Inbanathan. "Analysis of Various Projectile Interactions with Nuclear Emulsion Detector Nuclei at ~1 GeV per Nucleon Using Coulomb Modified Glauber Model." Advances in High Energy Physics 2017 (2017): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/7907858.

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The total nuclear reaction cross section is calculated considering the cases with and without medium effect by employing Coulomb modified Glauber model (CMGM) for interactions of projectiles 56Fe26, 84Kr36, 132Xe54, 197Au79, and 238U92 with nuclear emulsion detector (NED) nuclei at around 1 GeV per nucleon incident kinetic energy. These calculated nuclear reaction cross sections are correlated with the different target groups of the NED nuclei. The average value of various parameters is also calculated and compared with the corresponding experimental results. The number of shower particles emitted in an interaction is also calculated and showed good agreement with the experimental result. We observed that the total nuclear reaction cross section increases with increasing the target mass number in case of all the considered projectiles. In addition, it is shown that the average value of reaction cross section with nuclear medium effect is in good agreement with the experimental results for projectiles 56Fe, 84Kr, and 132Xe, although results of projectiles 197Au and 238U are not in agreement with the experimental observations. This study sheds some light on the energy dependence of the nuclear reaction cross section.

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Li, Xing Long, Xiao Ming Wang, Wen Jin Yao, and Ji Yan Yu. "Optimization of Launching Angle Base on the Acquisition Probability for Laser Semi-Active Terminal Correction Projectile." Advanced Materials Research 760-762 (September 2013): 209–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.760-762.209.

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In order to improve the acquisition probability for laser semi-active terminal correction projectile, the scheme of optimizing launch angle is proposed, the mathematical model of the strapdown seeker laser detector and the capture field model of target is established, and the scheme is verified by Monte Carlo ballistic simulation method. The results show that the scheme of optimizing launch angle improves the target acquisition probability, and will be of important significance to firing table modifying of laser semi-active terminal correction projectile.

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Voss, B., T. Brohm, H. G. Clerc, A. Grewe, E. Hanelt, A. Heinz, M. de Jong, et al. "The scintillation-detector equipment of the GSI projectile—fragment separator." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 364, no. 1 (September 1995): 150–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-9002(95)00294-4.

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Zhang, Jie, Gang Li, Qiru Yi, Yu Chen, Zhenhua Gao, and Xiaoming Jiang. "Synchrotron radiation computed laminography using an inclined detector." Journal of Synchrotron Radiation 22, no. 1 (January 1, 2015): 130–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600577514021754.

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Synchrotron radiation computed laminography (SR-CL) has been in use in three-dimensional non-destructive imaging of flat objects for several years. A new set-up is proposed based on the traditional SR-CL method but with the detector inclined at the same angle as the sample inclination to collect projections. The results of computer simulations and real-sample experiments demonstrate that reconstructions acquired using an inclined detector are of better quality compared with those acquired using ordinary detecting methods, especially for the situation of few projections and small difference of attenuation ratio of the sample. This method could be applied to obtain high-quality images of weak-contrast samples with short measurement time and mild radiation damage.

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TRAUTMANN, W., P. ADRICH, T. AUMANN, C. O. BACRI, T. BARCZYK, R. BASSINI, S. BIANCHIN, et al. "N/Z DEPENDENCE OF PROJECTILE FRAGMENTATION." International Journal of Modern Physics E 17, no. 09 (October 2008): 1838–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218301308010829.

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The N/Z dependence of projectile fragmentation at relativistic energies has been studied in a recent experiment at the GSI laboratory with the ALADiN forward spectrometer coupled to the LAND neutron detector. Besides a primary beam of 124 Sn , also secondary beams of 124 La and 107 Sn delivered by the FRS fragment separator have been used in order to extend the range of isotopic compositions of the produced spectator sources. With the achieved mass resolution of ΔA/A ≈ 1.5%, lighter isotopes with atomic numbers Z ≤ 10 are individually resolved. The presently ongoing analyses of the measured isotope yields focus on isoscaling and its relation to the properties of hot fragments at freeze-out and on the derivation of chemical freeze-out temperatures which are found to be independent of the isotopic composition of the studied systems. The latter result is at variance with the predictions for limiting temperatures as obtained with finite-temperature Hartree-Fock calculations.

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Brombal, Luca, Sandro Donato, Francesco Brun, Pasquale Delogu, Viviana Fanti, Piernicola Oliva, Luigi Rigon, Vittorio Di Trapani, Renata Longo, and Bruno Golosio. "Large-area single-photon-counting CdTe detector for synchrotron radiation computed tomography: a dedicated pre-processing procedure." Journal of Synchrotron Radiation 25, no. 4 (June 1, 2018): 1068–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600577518006197.

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Large-area CdTe single-photon-counting detectors are becoming more and more attractive in view of low-dose imaging applications due to their high efficiency, low intrinsic noise and absence of a scintillating screen which affects spatial resolution. At present, however, since the dimensions of a single sensor are small (typically a few cm2), multi-module architectures are needed to obtain a large field of view. This requires coping with inter-module gaps and with close-to-edge pixels, which generally show a non-optimal behavior. Moreover, high-Z detectors often show gain variations in time due to charge trapping: this effect is detrimental especially in computed tomography (CT) applications where a single tomographic image requires hundreds of projections continuously acquired in several seconds. This work has been carried out at the SYRMEP beamline of the Elettra synchrotron radiation facility (Trieste, Italy), in the framework of the SYRMA-3D project, which aims to perform the world's first breast-CT clinical study with synchrotron radiation. An ad hoc data pre-processing procedure has been developed for the PIXIRAD-8 CdTe single-photon-counting detector, comprising an array of eight 30.7 mm × 24.8 mm modules tiling a 246 mm × 25 mm sensitive area, which covers the full synchrotron radiation beam. The procedure consists of five building blocks, namely dynamic flat-fielding, gap seaming, dynamic ring removal, projection despeckling and around-gap equalization. Each block is discussed and compared, when existing, with conventional approaches. The effectiveness of the pre-processing is demonstrated for phase-contrast CT images of a human breast specimen. The dynamic nature of the proposed procedure, which provides corrections dependent upon the projection index, allows the effective removal of time-dependent artifacts, preserving the main image features including phase effects.

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White, Samuel R., Kieran T. Wood, Peter G. Martin, Dean T. Connor, Thomas B. Scott, and David A. Megson-Smith. "Radioactive Source Localisation via Projective Linear Reconstruction." Sensors 21, no. 3 (January 26, 2021): 807. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21030807.

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Radiation mapping, through the detection of ionising gamma-ray emissions, is an important technique used across the nuclear industry to characterise environments over a range of length scales. In complex scenarios, the precise localisation and activity of radiological sources becomes difficult to determine due to the inability to directly image gamma photon emissions. This is a result of the potentially unknown number of sources combined with uncertainties associated with the source-detector separation—causing an apparent ‘blurring’ of the as-detected radiation field relative to the true distribution. Accurate delimitation of distinct sources is important for decommissioning, waste processing, and homeland security. Therefore, methods for estimating the precise, ‘true’ solution from radiation mapping measurements are required. Herein is presented a computational method of enhanced radiological source localisation from scanning survey measurements conducted with a robotic arm. The procedure uses an experimentally derived Detector Response Function (DRF) to perform a randomised-Kaczmarz deconvolution from robotically acquired radiation field measurements. The performance of the process is assessed on radiation maps obtained from a series of emulated waste processing scenarios. The results demonstrate a Projective Linear Reconstruction (PLR) algorithm can successfully locate a series of point sources to within 2 cm of the true locations, corresponding to resolution enhancements of between 5× and 10×.

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Finogeev, D., F. Guber, N. Karpushkin, A. Makhnev, S. Morozov, and D. Serebryakov. "The readout system of the CBM Projectile Spectator Detector at FAIR." Journal of Instrumentation 15, no. 09 (September 4, 2020): C09015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/15/09/c09015.

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Finogeev, D., F. Guber, N. Karpushkin, A. Makhnev, S. Morozov, and D. Serebryakov. "Development of readout chain for CBM Projectile Spectator Detector at FAIR." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1690 (December 2020): 012059. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1690/1/012059.

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Dabrowska, B., V. V. Kulikov, M. A. Martemianov, M. A. Matsyuk, and I. A. Tyapkin. "MC simulation results for projective geometry version of MPD ECAL at NICA collider." EPJ Web of Conferences 204 (2019): 07015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201920407015.

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The report describes the Monte-Carlo simulation software developed for the projective geometry version of the electromagnetic calorimeter of the MPD detector. The results of software tests and some characteristics of the calorimeter are presented.

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Jailin, Clément, Jean-Yves Buffière, François Hild, Martin Poncelet, and Stéphane Roux. "On the use of flat-fields for tomographic reconstruction." Journal of Synchrotron Radiation 24, no. 1 (January 1, 2017): 220–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600577516015812.

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Seeking for quantitative tomographic images, it is of utmost importance to limit reconstruction artifacts. Detector imperfections, inhomogeneity of the incident beam, as classically observed in synchrotron beamlines, and their variations in time are a major cause of reconstruction bias such as `ring artifacts'. The present study aims at proposing a faithful estimate of the incident beam local intensity for each acquired projection during a scan, without revisiting the process of data acquisition itself. Actual flat-fields (acquired without specimen in the beam) and sinogram borders (when the specimen is present), which are not masked during the scan, are exploited to construct a suited instantaneous detector-wide flat-field. The proposed treatment is fast and simple. Its performance is assessed on a real scan acquired at ESRF ID19 beamline. Different criteria are used including residuals, i.e. difference between projections of reconstruction and actual projections. All confirm the benefit of the proposed procedure.

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DREVERMANN, H., C. GRAB, B. S. NILSSON, and R. K. VOGL. "Graphical Concepts for the Representation of Events in High Energy Physics." International Journal of Modern Physics C 02, no. 01 (March 1991): 328–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129183191000421.

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Different methods to graphically represent points and tracks of events, measured with the ALEPH-detector at LEP, are discussed. Special emphasis is put on projections, that are adapted to the cylindrical geometry of the detector, to the track geometry of charged particles moving in a homogeneous magnetic field and to the specific event topologies, encountered in Z0 physics. A new concept, the so-called “V-plot”, is introduced, which incorporates the full three dimensional information of spatial points in a single picture. It is ideally suited for the study of more complicated event topologies, such as e.g. decays of particles within jets, and of the correlation between information from tracking and calorimetric devices. In addition, we propose ways of combining histograms and projections in a single picture. We describe methods of employing colour schemes to facilitate recognition of correlations between hits, tracks and/or subdetectors in different representations.

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Chyba, B., M. Mantler, and M. Reiter. "Monte Carlo simulations for the evaluation of various influence factors on projections in computed tomography." Powder Diffraction 25, no. 2 (June 2010): 165–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1154/1.3394014.

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This paper presents Monte Carlo simulations considering all stages of the creation process of two-dimensional projections in a computed tomography (CT) device: excitation of angle dependent X-ray spectra within the X-ray tube using results from a previous study [Chyba et al. (2008). Powder Diffr. 23, 150–153]; interaction of these X-rays and secondary photoelectrons with a simple inhomogeneous sample; and interaction of X-rays and photoelectrons with the components (thin layers) of a matrix scintillation detector. The simulations were carried out by using custom software running on up to 50 nodes of a computer cluster. Comparative calculations were also made by using the software package MCNP [Booth et al. (2003). MCNP—A general Monte Carlo N-particle transport code, Report LAUR 03-1987, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM]. Tube spectra were calculated with algorithms proposed by Ebel [(2006). Adv. X-Ray Anal. 49, 267–273]. Measurements for the chosen setup made with an available CT device were in relatively good agreement with calculated results. It was shown that good knowledge of the tube spectra is of importance, but most differences between resulting projections and measurements are caused by uncertainties concerning detector response due to light yield of the scintillator and to internal scattering effects within the thin detector layers which lead to spreading of a detected point signal within the detector matrix into neighboring matrix elements.

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DREVERMANN, H., and C. GRAB. "GRAPHICAL CONCEPTS FOR THE REPRESENTATION OF EVENTS IN HIGH ENERGY PHYSICS." International Journal of Modern Physics C 01, no. 01 (April 1990): 147–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129183190000074.

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Different methods to graphically represent points and tracks of events, measured with the ALEPH-detector at LEP, are discussed. Special emphasis is put on projections, that are adapted to the cylindrical geometry of the detector, to the track geometry of charged particles moving in a homogeneous magnetic field and to the event topologies, encountered in Z0 physics. A new concept, the so-called "V-plot", is introduced, which incorporates the full three-dimensional information of spatial points in a single picture. It is ideally suited for the study of more complicated event topologies, such as e.g. decays of particles within jets, and of the correlation between tracks and calorimeter clusters. In addition, we propose ways of combining histograms and projections to incorporate the tracking and calorimetric information into a single picture. We describe methods of employing colour schemes to facilitate recognition of correlations between hits, tracks and/or subdetectors in different representations.

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Tadmor, Eitan. "Filters, mollifiers and the computation of the Gibbs phenomenon." Acta Numerica 16 (April 24, 2007): 305–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0962492906320016.

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We are concerned here with processing discontinuous functions from their spectral information. We focus on two main aspects of processing such piecewise smooth data: detecting the edges of a piecewise smooth f, namely, the location and amplitudes of its discontinuities; and recovering with high accuracy the underlying function in between those edges. If f is a smooth function, say analytic, then classical Fourier projections recover f with exponential accuracy. However, if f contains one or more discontinuities, its global Fourier projections produce spurious Gibbs oscillations which spread throughout the smooth regions, enforcing local loss of resolution and global loss of accuracy. Our aim in the computation of the Gibbs phenomenon is to detect edges and to reconstruct piecewise smooth functions, while regaining the high accuracy encoded in the spectral data.To detect edges, we utilize a general family of edge detectors based on concentration kernels. Each kernel forms an approximate derivative of the delta function, which detects edges by separation of scales. We show how such kernels can be adapted to detect edges with one- and two-dimensional discrete data, with noisy data, and with incomplete spectral information. The main feature is concentration kernels which enable us to convert global spectral moments into local information in physical space. To reconstruct f with high accuracy we discuss novel families of mollifiers and filters. The main feature here is making these mollifiers and filters adapted to the local region of smoothness while increasing their accuracy together with the dimension of the data. These mollifiers and filters form approximate delta functions which are properly parametrized to recover f with (root-) exponential accuracy.

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Golubeva, M., F. Guber, A. Ivashkin, S. Morozov, and A. Senger. "Hadron Calorimeter (Projectile Spectator Detector—PSD) of NA61/SHINE experiment at CERN." KnE Energy 3, no. 1 (April 9, 2018): 379. http://dx.doi.org/10.18502/ken.v3i1.1770.

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ISHII, KEIZO, and SUSUMU MORITA. "CONTINUOUS BACKGROUNDS IN PIXE." International Journal of PIXE 01, no. 01 (March 1990): 1–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129083590000025.

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Continuous X rays produced by light-ion·atom collisions, which mainly form continuous backgrounds and determine the detection limit of PIXE, have been experimentally and theoretically studied, and it is shown that the experimental results over the wide range of projectile-ion energy from 0.5 MeV to 40 MeV can be well explained by three kinds of radiative process: atomic bremsstrahlung (AB), secondary-electron bremsstrahlung (SEB), and quasifree electron bremsstrahlung (QFEB). Results on the X-ray spectra, the projectile-energy dependence and the projectile-charge dependence, and on the angular distribution of these bremsstrahlungs will be summarized and the importance of AB in heavy-ion atom collision is presented. Discussions are also given on the other origins of continuous backgrounds such as the Compton scattering background, cosmic rays, the Rutherford scattering background, piling up of signals and response functions of detector, charge up effect of the target and natural backgrounds. On the basis of analyses of continuous backgrounds, the detection limit of PIXE is estimated.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Projectiles Detectors'

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