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1
Hamanishi, Craig M., Francis G. Wagner, Jay O'Laughlin, and Thomas M. Gorman. "Idaho's Timber Harvest Projections by Ownership to 2000: An Issue-Based Survey of Resource Managers." Western Journal of Applied Forestry 10, no. 3 (July 1, 1995): 109–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wjaf/10.3.109.
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Abstract Fifty of Idaho's forest resource managers were queried about their outlook for sawtimber harvests and issues impacting future harvest levels. Identical questionnaires were sent to managers representing national forests, other public lands, forest industry, and nonindustrial private lands. Managers were first asked to estimate the impacts of 12 specific issues on past and future harvest levels, and then to provide estimates of future harvest levels for the lands directly under their control or jurisdiction. Managers expected sawtimber harvests in Idaho to decline through the year 2000. Idaho harvest levels between 1994 and 1996 were expected to fall 4.6% from average levels in the base period of 1991-1993, with further declines of 14.6% expected in 1997-2000. Across all ownerships, the most significant issues expected to affect harvest levels in Idaho are threatened, endangered, and sensitive species; cumulative impacts; and new forestry techniques. West. J. Appl. For. 10(3):109-113.
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Wilkins, Jesse L. M., and David Hicks. "Activities for Students: A S(t)imulating Study of Map Projections: An Exploration Integrating Mathematics and Social Studies." Mathematics Teacher 94, no. 8 (November 2001): 660–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.5951/mt.94.8.0660.
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As technological advances continue to help more people make connections with the entire world, students must understand how to use and interpret information shown in different maps of the world (Geography Education Standards Project 1994; Freese 1997). However, mental-mapping research suggests that students in the United States have major misconceptions about proportions, locations, and perspective when they work with maps (Dulli and Goodman 1994; Stoltman 1991).
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Adam, Brahim. "Negation in Musgum." International Journal of Linguistics, Literature and Translation 4, no. 3 (March 30, 2021): 141–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.32996/ijllt.2021.4.3.16.
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This paper studies the negation construction in musgum language.We collect the musgum data on negation from native users and analyse them in terms of Kayne’s (1994) antisymmetry and Rizzi’s (1997) split CP approaches. We identify the free negation element (á:à) and several negation markers (kài, kirkài, kài tiŋ and kirkài tiŋ) that close independent and complex clauses. In complex structures with completive and relative clauses, the main clause cannot contain a negation marker. In complex structure with adverbial clause, negation marker can be present in main and adverbial clauses. We discover that Negation Phrase is the highest projection, higher than Force Phrase, rejecting the split‐CP projections order of Rizzi (1997). When the negation head is generated, Inflexion Phrase is subject to heavy pied‐piping. It occupies the specifier of Negation Phrase.
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STIRLING, R. V., S. A. DUNLOP, and L. D. BEAZLEY. "Electrophysiological evidence for transient topographic organization of retinotectal projections during optic nerve regeneration in the lizard, Ctenophorus ornatus." Visual Neuroscience 16, no. 4 (July 1999): 681–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952523899164083.
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In the lizard, Ctenophorus ornatus, anatomical studies have revealed that optic axons regenerate to visual centers within 2 months of nerve crush but that, from the outset, the regenerated projections lack topographic order (Beazley et al., 1997; Dunlop et al., 1997b). Here we assess the functional topography of the regenerated retinotectal projections by electrophysiological recording of extracellular multiunit responses to visual stimulation and by observing the lizards' ability to capture live prey. At the completion of the electrophysiology, DiI was applied locally to the retina and the topography of the tectal projection later assessed. Electrophysiology revealed that, at 2–4.2 months, responses were weak and habituated readily; no retinotopic order was detected. Between 4.5–6 months, responses were more reliable and the majority of lizards displayed a crude retinotopic order, especially in the ventro-temporal to dorso-nasal retinal axis. Although responses were variable between 6–9 months, they tended to be more reliable again thereafter. However, from 6–18 months, the projection consistently lacked topography with many retinal regions projecting to each tectal locus. Lizards, including those with electrophysiological evidence of crude retinotopy, were consistently unable to capture live prey using the experimental eye. Labelling with DiI confirmed the absence of anatomical retinotopy throughout. Taken together, the electrophysiological and anatomical data indicate that retinotopically appropriate axon terminals (or parts thereof) are transiently active whilst inappropriately located ones are silent. Presumably in lizard map-making cues fade with time and/or the mechanisms are lacking to stabilize and refine the ephemeral map. Moreover, the transient retinotopy is insufficient for useful visual function.
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Parajka, J., A. P. Blaschke, G. Blöschl, K. Haslinger, G. Hepp, G. Laaha, W. Schöner, H. Trautvetter, A. Viglione, and M. Zessner. "Uncertainty contributions to low flow projections in Austria." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 12, no. 11 (November 27, 2015): 12395–431. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-12-12395-2015.
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Abstract. The main objective of the paper is to understand the contributions to the uncertainty in low flow projections resulting from hydrological model uncertainty and climate projection uncertainty. Model uncertainty is quantified by different parameterizations of a conceptual semi-distributed hydrologic model (TUWmodel) using 11 objective functions in three different decades (1976–1986, 1987–1997, 1998–2008), which allows disentangling the effect of modeling uncertainty and temporal stability of model parameters. Climate projection uncertainty is quantified by four future climate scenarios (ECHAM5-A1B, A2, B1 and HADCM3-A1B) using a delta change approach. The approach is tested for 262 basins in Austria. The results indicate that the seasonality of the low flow regime is an important factor affecting the performance of model calibration in the reference period and the uncertainty of Q95 low flow projections in the future period. In Austria, the calibration uncertainty in terms of Q95 is larger in basins with summer low flow regime than in basins with winter low flow regime. Using different calibration periods may result in a range of up to 60 % in simulated Q95 low flows. The low flow projections show an increase of low flows in the Alps, typically in the range of 10–30 % and a decrease in the south-eastern part of Austria mostly in the range −5 to −20 % for the period 2021–2050 relative the reference period 1976–2008. The change in seasonality varies between scenarios, but there is a tendency for earlier low flows in the Northern Alps and later low flows in Eastern Austria. In 85 % of the basins, the uncertainty in Q95 from model calibration is larger than the uncertainty from different climate scenarios. The total uncertainty of Q95 projections is the largest in basins with winter low flow regime and, in some basins, exceeds 60 %. In basins with summer low flows and the total uncertainty is mostly less than 20 %. While the calibration uncertainty dominates over climate projection uncertainty in terms of low flow magnitudes, the opposite is the case for low flow seasonality. The implications of the uncertainties identified in this paper for water resources management are discussed.
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Parajka, Juraj, Alfred Paul Blaschke, Günter Blöschl, Klaus Haslinger, Gerold Hepp, Gregor Laaha, Wolfgang Schöner, Helene Trautvetter, Alberto Viglione, and Matthias Zessner. "Uncertainty contributions to low-flow projections in Austria." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 20, no. 5 (May 26, 2016): 2085–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-2085-2016.
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Abstract. The main objective of the paper is to understand the contributions to the uncertainty in low-flow projections resulting from hydrological model uncertainty and climate projection uncertainty. Model uncertainty is quantified by different parameterisations of a conceptual semi-distributed hydrologic model (TUWmodel) using 11 objective functions in three different decades (1976–1986, 1987–1997, 1998–2008), which allows for disentangling the effect of the objective function-related uncertainty and temporal stability of model parameters. Climate projection uncertainty is quantified by four future climate scenarios (ECHAM5-A1B, A2, B1 and HADCM3-A1B) using a delta change approach. The approach is tested for 262 basins in Austria. The results indicate that the seasonality of the low-flow regime is an important factor affecting the performance of model calibration in the reference period and the uncertainty of Q95 low-flow projections in the future period. In Austria, the range of simulated Q95 in the reference period is larger in basins with a summer low-flow regime than in basins with a winter low-flow regime. The accuracy of simulated Q95 may result in a range of up to 60 % depending on the decade used for calibration. The low-flow projections of Q95 show an increase of low flows in the Alps, typically in the range of 10–30 % and a decrease in the south-eastern part of Austria mostly in the range −5 to −20 % for the climate change projected for the future period 2021–2050, relative the reference period 1978–2007. The change in seasonality varies between scenarios, but there is a tendency for earlier low flows in the northern Alps and later low flows in eastern Austria. The total uncertainty of Q95 projections is the largest in basins with a winter low-flow regime and, in some basins the range of Q95 projections exceeds 60 %. In basins with summer low flows, the total uncertainty is mostly less than 20 %. The ANOVA assessment of the relative contribution of the three main variance components (i.e. climate scenario, decade used for model calibration and calibration variant representing different objective function) to the low-flow projection uncertainty shows that in basins with summer low flows climate scenarios contribute more than 75 % to the total projection uncertainty. In basins with a winter low-flow regime, the median contribution of climate scenario, decade and objective function is 29, 13 and 13 %, respectively. The implications of the uncertainties identified in this paper for water resource management are discussed.
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Gross, Christopher, Justin Rabinowitz, and Elizabeth Durante. "Population-based Projections of Ankle Arthrodeses." Foot & Ankle Orthopaedics 3, no. 3 (July 1, 2018): 2473011418S0023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2473011418s00231.
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Category: Ankle Arthritis Introduction/Purpose: Ankle arthrodesis is commonly performed for patients with end stage ankle arthritis. However, with improvements in long-term outcomes following total ankle arthroplasty it is possible that rates of ankle arthrodesis will decrease as utilization of ankle arthroplasty increases. The purpose of this study is to assess the current and future trends of ankle arthrodesis utilization. Methods: National Inpatient Sample (NIS) data from 1997-2014 was used to identify trends in the utilization of ankle arthrodesis. United States Census Bureau data from 1997-2014 was used to identify historical population data and future population estimates. A linear regression model was created using Mathematica v11.3 to project future demand for ankle arthrodesis. The data was stratified to show past and future trends based on gender and age. Results: The overall utilization rate of ankle arthrodesis remained relatively constant from 5897 procedures in 1997 to 5330 procedures in 2014. The overall demand for ankle arthrodesis is expected to increase slightly by 15 percent with 6141 procedures projected in 2045. Stratified by age groups, the number of procedures is predicted to decrease by 75% in ages 18-44 and 6% in ages 45-64, and predicted to increase by 133% in ages 65-84 by 2045. Stratified by gender, ankle arthrodesis is predicted to increase by 47% in males and decrease by 14% in females in 2045. Conclusion: Based on our projection model, the rate of ankle arthrodesis is predicted to stay relatively stable overall but decrease in younger populations. A projected increase in total ankle arthroplasty will likely contribute to decreased utilization of ankle arthrodesis. However, ankle arthrodesis will still be a valuable tool in the surgeon’s armamentarium to treat ankle arthritis.
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Gandhi, Neeraj J., and Edward L. Keller. "Spatial Distribution and Discharge Characteristics of Superior Colliculus Neurons Antidromically Activated From the Omnipause Region in Monkey." Journal of Neurophysiology 78, no. 4 (October 1, 1997): 2221–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1997.78.4.2221.
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Gandhi, Neeraj J. and Edward L. Keller. Spatial distribution and discharge characteristics of superior colliculus neurons antidromically activated from the omnipause region in monkey. J. Neurophysiol. 78: 2221–2225, 1997. One proposed role of the superior colliculus (SC) in oculomotor control is to suppress or excite the activity of brain stem omnipause neurons (OPNs) to initiate or terminate saccades, respectively. Although connections from the SC to the OPNs have been demonstrated, the spatial distribution and discharge characteristics of the projecting neurons from the SC remain unknown. We mapped the spatial distribution of the deeper-layer neurons of the SC by stimulating the region of the OPNs to identify antidromic projections and found that the density of direct projections from the SC to the OPNs was greatest in the most rostral region and decreased gradually for more caudal sites. On the basis of saccade-related discharge characteristics, the antidromically driven neurons were predominantly fixation and buildup neurons. The spatially distributed SC projections to the OPNs and the discharge characteristics of the SC neurons suggest that the direct projections from SC to OPNs are excitatory. Finally, we propose how excitation and disfacilitation from SC activity can contribute to modulation of OPN response and control saccades.
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Cortés Rodriguez, Francisco J. "Aspectual features in Role and Reference Grammar." Revista Española de Lingüística Aplicada/Spanish Journal of Applied Linguistics 27, no. 1 (August 8, 2014): 23–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/resla.27.1.02cor.
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The kernel of the semantic representation of a predicate in Role and Reference Grammar (RRG) is based on its characterization in terms of an Aktionsart typology based on Vendler’s (1957) classes plus some additional elements from Smith (1997) and Dowty (1979). This means that event structures are mainly considered a lexical phenomenon pertaining to predicates, and only occasionally higher predicational structures are considered in event construction. Even though this approach is adequate to a great extent, there are still some problems in the approach taken in RRG. The most significant drawback is that non-lexical aspects appear intermingled with predicate-only features, which leads to misinterpretations and misclassifications of predicates. Consequently, it sees more sensible to bring a functional model of grammar like RRG to a compromise position and, thus, consider in what ways different units identified as belonging to the different layers in RRG’s syntactic projections ‘conspire’ in the final aspectual characterization of events. In this line, this paper will propose a classification of aspectual features in terms of the levels found in the functional projection of the clause as devised in RRG, namely the Predicate Level (the domain of Aktionsart typology), the Nucleus (where morphological aspect has scope) and the Core (the locus for what will be described as ‘aspectuality’ features).
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DUMAS, LEANDRO LOURENÇO, and JORGE LUIZ NESSIMIAN. "A new species of Neoatriplectides Holzenthal, 1997 (Insecta: Trichoptera: Atriplectididae), from Brazil, including description of the pupa of the genus." Zootaxa 1773, no. 1 (May 21, 2008): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1773.1.6.
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The adult male and pupa of a new species of the genus Neoatriplectides Holzenthal, 1997, are described and figured based on specimens collected in the Mantiqueira Mountain Range, southeastern Brazil. A male of Neoatriplectides desiderata, sp. nov., was associated with the unidentified larva described by Holzenthal, 1997. The new species is differentiated from N. froehlichi Holzenthal, 1997, mainly by the division of abdominal segment X into 2 triangular projections, absent in N. froehlichi. The pupal description is the first for this genus.
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Čapek, Richard, and Jana Forstová. "Analysis of the Distortion Characterization Q on the Basis of Eckert's Projections." Geografie 104, no. 4 (1999): 243–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.37040/geografie1999104040243.
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Distortion characterization Q is calculated as a ratio of the area with acceptable distortion in the map to the Earth surface. The sequence of 100 projections arranged by Q where area distortion limit is Kmax = 1,5 Kmin and angular distortion limit 2ωmax = 40°, was published by Čapek (1997). In this paper 25 different combinations of distortion limits are used for deriving Q. New 25 sequences of Eckert's projections are analysed afterwards.
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Gross, Christopher, Justin Rabinowitz, and Elizabeth Durante. "Projections for Total Ankle Arthroplasty based upon the National Inpatient Sample." Foot & Ankle Orthopaedics 3, no. 3 (July 1, 2018): 2473011418S0023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2473011418s00232.
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Category: Ankle Arthritis Introduction/Purpose: The utilization of total ankle arthroplasty (TAA) has increased significantly over the past decade. While projections for hip and knee arthroplasty show an exponential increase in demand, there remains a paucity of literature on the projected demand for TAA. Outcomes for TAA show promising results at 10 year follow up and, as a result, the demand for TAA will likely see a significant increase over the next few decades. The purpose of this study is to assess the current trends and future demand of TAA utilization. Methods: National Inpatient Sample (NIS) data from 1997-2014 was used to identify trends in the utilization of TAA. United States Census Bureau data from 1997-2014 was used to identify historical population data and future population estimates. A linear regression model was created using Mathematica v11.3 to project future demand for total ankle arthroplasty. The data was stratified to show past and future trends based on gender and age. Results: The overall utilization rate of TAA increased from 232 procedures in 1997 to 4435 procedures in 2014. Based on our model, the overall demand for TAA is expected to increase by 174 percent to 12,161 procedures by 2045. Stratified by age groups, the number of procedures is predicted to increase by 69% in ages 18-44, 177% in ages 45-64, and 287% in ages 65-84 by 2045. Stratified by gender, males are projected to undergo 7,070 procedures and females are projected to undergo 6,114 procedures in 2045. Conclusion: Improvements in TAA techniques and implants are leading to better long term clinical outcomes following TAA. Based on our projection model, there is going to be a significant increase in demand for TAA by 2045.
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Randrianantoanina, Beata. "1-Complemented Subspaces of Spaces With 1-Unconditional Bases." Canadian Journal of Mathematics 49, no. 6 (December 1, 1997): 1242–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4153/cjm-1997-061-2.
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AbstractWe prove that if X is a complex strictly monotone sequence space with 1-unconditional basis, Y ⊆ X has no bands isometric to ℓ22 and Y is the range of norm-one projection from X, then Y is a closed linear span a family of mutually disjoint vectors in X.We completely characterize 1-complemented subspaces and norm-one projections in complex spaces ℓp(ℓq) for 1 ≤ p,q > ∞.Finally we give a full description of the subspaces that are spanned by a family of disjointly supported vectors and which are 1-complemented in (real or complex) Orlicz or Lorentz sequence spaces. In particular if an Orlicz or Lorentz space X is not isomorphic to ℓp for some 1 ≤ p,q > ∞ then the only subspaces of X which are 1-complemented and disjointly supported are the closed linear spans of block bases with constant coefficients.
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RICE, B. D., K. SINKA, B. PATEL, T. R. CHADBORN, and V. C. DELPECH. "The changing epidemiology of diagnosed prevalent HIV infections in England: greatest impact on the London environs." Epidemiology and Infection 135, no. 1 (June 6, 2006): 151–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268806006522.
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Data from the 1997–2004 Surveys of Prevalent HIV Infections Diagnosed were analysed by three geographical areas of residence and treatment to describe the heterogeneous growth of the HIV epidemic in England and provide projections to 2007. Between 1997 and 2004, the number of diagnosed HIV-infected adults resident in England increased by 163% (14223 to 37459). Within the ‘London environs’ the increase was 360% (742 to 3411), within the rest of England 219% (4417 to 14088) and within London 120% (9064 to 19960). By 2004, the London environs had the largest proportion of infections acquired through heterosexual sex (and in particular women) and the most recently diagnosed population. Projections indicate over half of diagnosed HIV-infected adults will live outside London by 2007. The epidemiology of diagnosed HIV infection within the London environs is likely to be a predictor of future trends in England overall.
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Garro, Jorge Arce, and Oldemar Rodríguez Rojas. "Optimized Dimensionality Reduction Methods for Interval-Valued Variables and Their Application to Facial Recognition." Entropy 21, no. 10 (October 19, 2019): 1016. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e21101016.
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The center method, which was first proposed in Rev. Stat. Appl. 1997 by Cazes et al. and Stat. Anal. Data Mining 2011 by Douzal-Chouakria et al., extends the well-known Principal Component Analysis (PCA) method to particular types of symbolic objects that are characterized by multivalued interval-type variables. In contrast to classical data, symbolic data have internal variation. The authors who originally proposed the center method used the center of a hyper-rectangle in R m as a base point to carry out PCA, followed by the projection of all vertices of the hyper-rectangles as supplementary elements. Since these publications, the center point of the hyper-rectangle has typically been assumed to be the best point for the initial PCA. However, in this paper, we show that this is not always the case, if the aim is to maximize the variance of projections or minimize the squared distance between the vertices and their respective projections. Instead, we propose the use of an optimization algorithm that maximizes the variance of the projections (or that minimizes the distances between the squares of the vertices and their respective projections) and finds the optimal point for the initial PCA. The vertices of the hyper-rectangles are, then, projected as supplementary variables to this optimal point, which we call the “Best Point” for projection. For this purpose, we propose four new algorithms and two new theorems. The proposed methods and algorithms are illustrated using a data set comprised of measurements of facial characteristics from a study on facial recognition patterns for use in surveillance. The performance of our approach is compared with that of another procedure in the literature, and the results show that our symbolic analyses provide more accurate information. Our approach can be regarded as an optimization method, as it maximizes the explained variance or minimizes the squared distance between projections and the original points. In addition, the symbolic analyses generate more informative conclusions, compared with the classical analysis in which classical surrogates replace intervals. All the methods proposed in this paper can be executed in the RSDA package developed in R.
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Steinman, Theodore I. "HCFA Capitation Payments and Nephrology Manpower Projections." Seminars in Dialysis 10, no. 6 (October 1, 2007): 318–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1525-139x.1997.tb00528.x.
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Gavruseva, Elena. "L2 root infinitives uprooted and revisited." EUROSLA Yearbook 3 (August 28, 2003): 57–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/eurosla.3.06gav.
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Recent work on child L2 acquisition of English demonstrates that root infinitives (RIs) abound in early language (Gavruseva and Lardière 1996, Haznedar and Schwarz 1997). This paper aims to show that current approaches to RIs (Rizzi 1993/94, Prévost and White 2000) fail to account for the correlations between a predicate’s Aktionsart and its finiteness status. For example, it is shown that statives and punctual eventives are quite consistently finite, whereas non-punctual eventives are ‘optionally’ finite in the L2 data from five children (mean age 7;5). An alternative account of the RI effect is developed, suggesting that verbs in the English lexicon are specified either for an inherent telicity feature or a compositional telicity feature and that the respective features are checked in the aspectual projections with different properties. The central assumption is that syntactic aspectual features are underspecified in early child L2 syntax. The child L2 data are shown to be consistent with this hypothesis.
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Thomson, William Murray. "Monitoring Edentulism in Older New Zealand Adults over Two Decades: A Review and Commentary." International Journal of Dentistry 2012 (2012): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/375407.
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Historically, New Zealand has had the highest rates of edentulism in the world, but that rate has been falling quickly in recent decades. In 1997, projections were made for edentulism prevalence among 65–74-year-olds using national survey data from 1976 (where it was 72.3%) to 1988 (58.6%). That process assumed a logistic decline in edentulism, given that it would never have been 100% and will never get to 0%. This paper examines the validity of the projections using the estimate (29.6%) from the third national oral health survey, conducted in 2009 and considers the implications of this fall.
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Schneemann, Carolee. "Aphrodite Speaks: on the Recent Performance Art of Carolee Schneemann." New Theatre Quarterly 16, no. 2 (May 2000): 155–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266464x00013671.
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The work of Carolee Schneemann, who celebrated her sixtieth birthday last year, has from the first challenged suppressive sexual and other taboos, and placed her own body as an artist into a fluent relationship with her art. She both pioneered and in her new work continues to energize forms of what we now call performance art. The retrospective of her works from 1963 to 1996, recently seen at the New Museum of Contemporary Art, New York, affirmed her recognition as a major artist – yet threatened also to ‘fix’ her art, which remains very much ‘in progress’. The exhibition included the installation Mortal Coils (1993–94), in which a slide projection system is combined with motorized ropes, flour, and sand to explore taboos of death and loss; Up to and Including Her Limits (1979), a video installation depicting the actions which produced surrounding wall drawings; and Video Rocks (1989), in which a hundred hand-sculptured rocks merge into a wall of seven monitors on which feet walk back and forth over virtual rocks. Vulva's Morphia (1995), a colour grid of photographs with text and motorized components, was exhibited at the Pompidou Centre in 1995, and her multi-media installation Known/Unknown – Plague Column (1996), was seen in New York and Montreal in 1996. Schneemann's published books include Parts of a Body: House Book (1972); Cézanne, She Was a Great Painter (1976); ABC: We Print Anything – in the Cards (1977); Video Burn (1992); and More Than Meat Joy: Performance Works and Selected Writings (1997). Her Body Politics: Notes and Essays of Carolee Schneemann is forthcoming from MIT Press, and a selection of her letters from Johns Hopkins University Press. Alison Oddey, Professor of Drama at Loughborough University, interviewed Carolee Schneemann on 29 August 1997 in her Manhattan loft in New York, and what follows is an edited version of that interview, which focuses on her more recent performative work.
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Pearson, Melanie M., Eric R. Lafontaine, Nikki J. Wagner, Joseph W. St. Geme, and Eric J. Hansen. "A hag Mutant of Moraxella catarrhalis Strain O35E Is Deficient in Hemagglutination, Autoagglutination, and Immunoglobulin D-Binding Activities." Infection and Immunity 70, no. 8 (August 2002): 4523–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.70.8.4523-4533.2002.
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ABSTRACT Previous studies correlated the presence of a 200-kDa protein on the surface of Moraxella catarrhalis with the ability of this organism to agglutinate human erythrocytes (M. Fitzgerald, R. Mulcahy, S. Murphy, C. Keane, D. Coakley, and T. Scott, FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol. 18:209-216, 1997). In the present study, the gene encoding the 200-kDa protein (designated Hag) of M. catarrhalis strain O35E was subjected to nucleotide sequence analysis and then was inactivated by insertional mutagenesis. The isogenic hag mutant was unable to agglutinate human erythrocytes and lost its ability to autoagglutinate but was still attached at wild-type levels to several human epithelial cell lines. The hag mutation also eliminated the ability of this mutant strain to bind human immunoglobulin D. The presence of the Hag protein on the M. catarrhalis cell surface, as well as that of the UspA1 and UspA2 proteins (C. Aebi, I. Maciver, J. L. Latimer, L. D. Cope, M. K. Stevens, S. E. Thomas, G. H. McCracken, Jr., and E. J. Hansen, Infect. Immun. 65:4367-4377, 1997), was investigated by transmission electron and cryoimmunoelectron microscopy. Wild-type M. catarrhalis strain O35E possessed a dense layer of surface projections, whereas an isogenic uspA1 uspA2 hag triple mutant version of this strain did not possess any detectable surface projections. Examination of a uspA1 uspA2 double mutant that expressed the Hag protein revealed the presence of a relatively sparse layer of surface projections, similar to those seen on a uspA2 hag mutant that expressed UspA1. In contrast, a uspA1 hag mutant that expressed UspA2 formed a very dense layer of relatively short surface projections. These results indicate that the surface-exposed Hag protein and UspA1 and UspA2 have the potential to interact both with each other and directly with host defense systems.
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Prévost, Philippe, and Lydia White. "Missing Surface Inflection or Impairment in second language acquisition? Evidence from tense and agreement." Second Language Research 16, no. 2 (April 2000): 103–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1191/026765800677556046.
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In this article, two accounts of the variable use of inflection in adult second language (L2) acquisition are examined. The Missing Surface Inflection Hypothesis (MSIH) proposes that L2 learners have unconscious knowledge of the functional projections and features underlying tense and agreement. However, learners sometimes have a problem with realization of surface morphology, such that they resort to non-finite forms (e.g. Haznedar and Schwartz, 1997; Prévost and White, 1999). The Impaired Representation Hypothesis (IRH) claims that L2 inflection is essentially impaired, due to lack of functional categories, features or feature strength (e.g. Eubank, 1993/94; Meisel, 1997). These views make different predictions for adult L2 acquisition. Spontaneous production data from two adult learners of French and two adult learners of German are examined. The data show that finite forms do not occur in non-finite contexts, that learners exhibit syntactic reflexes of finiteness and that inflected forms largely show accurate agreement. These results suggest that adult L2 learners represent finiteness and agreement at an abstract level, rather than being impaired in this domain, supporting the MSIH.
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Ayari, S., and S. Dubuc. "La formule de Cauchy sur la longueur d’une courbe." Canadian Mathematical Bulletin 40, no. 1 (March 1, 1997): 3–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4153/cmb-1997-001-5.
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RésuméPour toute courbe rectifiable du plan, nous démontrons la formule de Cauchy relative à sa longueur. La formule est donnée sous deux formes: comme intégrale de la variation totale des projections de la courbe dans les diverses directions et comme intégrale double du nombre de rencontres de la courbe avec une droite quelconque du plan.
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Haeberli, Eric, and Liliane Haegeman. "Clause structure in Old English: evidence from Negative Concord." Journal of Linguistics 31, no. 1 (March 1995): 81–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022226700000578.
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This paper deals with the clause structure of Old English. In the main body of the paper we adopt the ‘traditional’ analysis of the West Germanic languages in which it is proposed that VP is head-final. We will argue (contra Van Kemenade 1987, pace Cardinaletti & Roberts 1991, Pintzuk 1991, Tomaselli 1991) that the clause structure of Old English contains a head-initial functional projection whose head can be the landing site of verb movement in subordinate clauses. This claim is based on evidence related to the distribution and interpretation of negative elements in Old English and West Flemish. We will show that differences between these two languages with respect to Negative Concord phenomena can be accounted for straightforwardly in terms of an Old English clause structure which is different from the one traditionally proposed for the modern Germanic SOV/V2 languages.In the appendix to the paper we briefly turn to the recent alternative approaches to the phrase structure of SOV languages in terms of a universal base hypothesis where all projections are head-initial (see Kayne (1993), Zwart (1993), Roberts (1995) for a discussion of Old English).
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Straus, Christian, Marc Zelter, Jean-Philippe Derenne, Bernard Pidoux, Jean-Claude Willer, and Thomas Similowski. "Putative projection of phrenic afferents to the limbic cortex in humans studied with cerebral-evoked potentials." Journal of Applied Physiology 82, no. 2 (February 1, 1997): 480–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1997.82.2.480.
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Straus, Christian, Marc Zelter, Jean-Philippe Derenne, Bernard Pidoux, Jean-Claude Willer, and Thomas Similowski.Putative projection of phrenic afferents to the limbic cortex in humans studied with cerebral-evoked potentials. J. Appl. Physiol. 82(2): 480–490, 1997.—Respiratory sensations may rely in part on cortical integration of respiratory afferent information. In an attempt to study such projections, we recorded evoked potentials at scalp and cervical sites in 10 normal volunteers undergoing transcutaneous phrenic stimulation (0.1-ms square pulses, intensity liminal for diaphragmatic activation, series of 600 shocks at 2 Hz). A negative cerebral component of peak latency (12.79 ± 0.54 ms; N13) was constant, and a negative spinal component (7.09 ± 1.04 ms; N7) could also be recorded, all results being reproducible over time. Monitoring of cardiac frequency, skin anesthesia, and stimulation adjacent to the phrenic nerve made the phrenic origin of N7 and N13 the foremost hypothesis. Increasing stimulation frequency and comparison with median nerve stimulation provided arguments for the neural nature of the signals and their cerebral origin. Recordings from intracerebral electrodes in a patient showed a polarity reversal of the evoked potentials at the level of the cingulate gyrus. In conclusion, phrenic stimulation could allow one to study projections of phrenic afferents to the central nervous system in humans. Their exact site and physiological meaning remain to be clarified.
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Kaufman, Daniel. "Rigidity versus relativity in adverbial syntax." ZAS Papers in Linguistics 34 (January 1, 2004): 148–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.21248/zaspil.34.2004.209.
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Two diametrically opposed stances have emerged from recent theoretical debates on adverbial syntax. One approach, represented by Alexiadou (1997) and Cinque (1999), espouses a rigid hierarchy of functional projections hosting individual adverbs. The other, represented broadly by Jackendoff (1972), McConnell-Ginet (1982) and most recently Ernst (2002), takes adverb placement to be determined by the semantics of the adverbs themselves as opposed to the functional architecture of the clause. Under the latter view, adverbs may be divided into several categories based on their meaning with each category being licensed in a certain range within the sentence.
Here, I undertake a detailed examination of Tagalog adverbs and compare the predictions of the two best articulated recent theories of adverbs, that of Cinque (1999, 2004) and Ernst (2002). The results offer support for some of the basic predictions of the semantically based approach of Ernst. Particularly important are scopal facts which do not obtain a clear explanation under a functional projection-based theory such as Cinque's.
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Engelbrecht, Bettina M. J., Melvin T. Tyree, and Thomas A. Kursar. "Visual assessment of wilting as a measure of leaf water potential and seedling drought survival." Journal of Tropical Ecology 23, no. 4 (July 2007): 497–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s026646740700421x.
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Rainfall and soil moisture availability vary greatly both spatially and temporally. They are prime factors influencing species distribution patterns, diversity and habitat associations in a range of biomes, and limit primary productivity in many natural ecosystems, as well as in forestry and agricultural systems (Hawkins et al. 2003, Kozlowski & Pallardy 1997, Lieth 1975). Projections of drying trends, and increased frequency and intensity of drought events with climate and land-use changes (Hulme & Viner 1998, IPCC 2001) have fuelled an increased interest in the role of drought in determining the structure and function of natural and managed forest systems (Allen & Breshears 1998, Miles et al. 2004). Such projections accentuate the need to assess, understand and predict plant reactions to drought, as well as soil moisture variation at different scales.
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Mirnics, Károly, and H. Richard Koerber. "Properties of Individual Embryonic Primary Afferents and Their Spinal Projections in the Rat." Journal of Neurophysiology 78, no. 3 (September 1, 1997): 1590–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1997.78.3.1590.
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Mirnics, Károly and H. Richard Koerber. Properties of individual embryonic primary afferents and their spinal projections in the rat. J. Neurophysiol. 78: 1590–1600, 1997. Embryonic (E19-E20) and early postnatal (P2) spinal cords with intact saphenous and sciatic nerves were isolated and placed in aerated artificial cerebral spinal fluid (CSF). Intracellular recordings were made from cells in the L2–L6 dorsal root ganglia using microelectrodes filled with 3 M potassium acetate or 5% neurobiotin (NB) in 1 M potassium acetate. Several physiological properties of adequately impaled cells were measured, including peripheral conduction velocity, action potential (AP) amplitude and duration, duration of afterhyperpolarization (AHP), input impedance, rheobase, presence of inward rectifying current, and maximum somal firing frequency. The extent to which these properties are correlated also was determined. One cell per ganglion was injected with NB. Stained somata and their central projections in the spinal cord were visualized in serial 50 μm sections. Cell size was determined and the central morphology of the central projections examined. Although some fibers were in the process of growing into the spinal cord, others had established projections over several millimeters in the dorsal columns. Although most of these fibers supported projections in the gray matter, 22% only maintained fibers in the dorsal columns. Fibers with projections in the dorsal horn exhibited three types of morphology: projections confined to the superficial dorsal horn (laminae I, II); terminals confined to laminae III-V; and projections spanning laminae II-V. In addition, some embryonic fibers maintained projections to the dorsal horn that extended over five lumbar segments. Somal APs could be divided into two groups: broad spikes with inflections on their falling phase and narrow spikes without inflections. On average, cells with broad spikes (BS) had the following characteristics: slower peripheral conduction velocity, larger amplitude, higher rheobase and input impedance, longer AHP duration, and lower maximum firing frequency. There were significant correlations between conduction velocity and several of the physiological properties. Conduction velocity was negatively correlated with AP duration, rheobase, and input impedance and positively correlated with maximum firing frequency. Comparisons between spike shape and central morphology revealed that cells lacking collaterals in the gray matter and those with projections in the superficial dorsal horn always had broad somal spikes with inflections. Those with projections confined to laminae III-V always had narrow somal spikes (NS).
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Trachsel, M., and A. Nesje. "Modelling annual mass balances of eight Scandinavian glaciers using statistical models." Cryosphere Discussions 9, no. 1 (January 15, 2015): 383–415. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tcd-9-383-2015.
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Abstract. Glacier mass balances are mainly influenced by accumulation-season precipitation and ablation-season temperature. We use a suite of statistical models to determine the influence of accumulation-season precipitation and ablation-season temperature on annual mass balances of eight Scandinavian glaciers, ranging from near coastal, maritime glaciers to inland, continental glaciers. Accumulation-season precipitation is more important for maritime glaciers, whereas ablation-season temperature is more important for annual balances of continental glaciers. However, the importances are not stable in time. For instance, accumulation-season precipitation is more important than ablation-season temperature for all glaciers in the 30 year period 1968–1997. In this time period the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO) index was consistently negative and the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) Index was consistently positive between 1987 and 1995, both being favourable for glacier growth. Hence, the relative importance of precipitation and temperature for mass balances is possibly influenced by the AMO and the NAO. Climate sensitivities estimated by statistical models are similar to climate sensitivities based on degree-day models, but are lower than climate sensitivities of energy balance models. Hence, future projections of mass balances found with our models seem rather optimistic. Still, all average mass balances found for the years 2050 and 2100 are negative.
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Wendt, T., D. Taylor, K. Trybus, and K. Taylor. "3-D Electron Crystallography Reveals the “Off” State of Smooth Muscle Myosin." Microscopy and Microanalysis 6, S2 (August 2000): 86–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s143192760003292x.
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The activity of myosin II from vertebrate smooth and non-muscle cells is controlled by phosphorylation of the regulatory light chain (RLC). Smooth muscle heavy meromyosin (HMM) is a truncated double-headed myosin molecule that is soluble at physiological ionic strength. Subfragments of myosin containing two heads retain phosphorylation dependent regulation but single headed subfragments do not and are always “In”(Cremo et al., 1995; Trybus et al., 1997) thereby implicating head-head interactions as a fundamental feature of regulation. We have used a positively charged lipid monolayer to obtain 2-D crystalline arrays of both the unphosphorylated, inactive form (I-form) and thiophosphorylated, activated form (P-form) from chicken gizzard smooth muscle HMM obtained from a Baculovirus expression system.A comparison of averaged 2-D projections of both forms in negative stain at 2.3 nm resolution reveals distinct structural differences (Wendt et al., 1999). The two crystals have p2 symmetry but vastly different unit cell dimensions.
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Jones, Roger N. "North central Victorian climate: past, present and future." Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria 122, no. 2 (2010): 147. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rs10023.
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North central Victoria has experienced significant natural climate change over the past 20 000 years. At the height of the last ice age, the region was colder by 5°C or more with uplands and slopes under subalpine vegetation. Modern vegetation patterns were not established until the early Holocene. The first half of the Holocene was wetter than today, while the second half was affected by a less stable climate influenced by a strengthening El Niño–Southern Oscillation. Climate immediately prior to European occupation may have been wetter than during the historical period. Thus the pre-European climate and land surface influences on regional water balance may have been different to that which is generally assumed. Climate during the historical period was statistically homogenous, but with drier and wetter periods. Modest warming began in the mid 20th century, by about 0.4°C per century from 1950 to 1996. From 1997, maximum temperature has undergone a significant upward step change (p>0.01) of 0.9°C. Rainfall has decreased by 19%, with May–October rainfall undergoing a significant (p=0.05) downward step change from 2000. Maximum temperature is now non-stationary with respect to rainfall and is experiencing an upward trend consistent with climate model projections. These changes are equal to or greater than those projected for 2030, and are significantly affecting agriculture and forestry, ecosystems, fire risk and water resources. Evidence from pre-historic, historic and model projections of future climate for this region suggest that climate change can often be abrupt, with ‘stable’ periods showing considerable decadal variability. Prudent risk management would treat the post 1996 climate as the new baseline and plan for further changes.
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Oteíza, Teresa. "Evaluative patterns in the official discourse of human rights in Chile: giving value to the past and building historical memories in society." DELTA: Documentação de Estudos em Lingüística Teórica e Aplicada 25, spe (2009): 609–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-44502009000300004.
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This paper analyzes certain patterns of voice realization of the Chilean National Truth and Reconciliation Commission of 1991, established after the end of the military dictatorship (1973-1990). In this official document, produced and promoted by the Chilean Government, the authors strive to present themselves as powerless to judge society or to explain historical events. However, they propose evaluations (evoked and inscribed) of relevant sectors of society, offer an interpretation of history, and specifically, give explanation for the "military intervention" and the possible causes for the severe human rights violations during the dictatorship. Informed by the complementary theoretical approaches of SFL and CDA, I focus on Appraisal analysis (White 2000, 2003; Martin 1997, 2003, 2004; Martin & Rose 2003; Martin & White 2005) and a transitivity analysis of mental and verbal projections in the discourse, as tools for a more flexible and detailed exploration of the use of evaluation resources. This analysis allows us to create a systemic network of the patterns of grammatical and lexical resources used by the Commission to generate mitigation and self/others representation in the discourse. This linguistic analysis, inserted in a social practice, also offers a complementary understanding of the subjectivities found in the field of oral history, specifically in the study of testimonies that account for different and contradictory memories of the recent Chilean past (Stern 2006).
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Bailey, R. J., and J. E. Clever. "The Windermere Gas Field, Blocks 49/9b, 49/4a, UK Southern North Sea." Geological Society, London, Memoirs 20, no. 1 (2003): 893–901. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/gsl.mem.2003.020.01.75.
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AbstractThe Windermere Field, in the central area of the Southern North Sea gas province, exploits a variant of the Rotliegend-Leman Sandstone gas play. A thin, basal aeolian sandstone is top-sealed by lacustrine Silverpit Formation, clay stones and sourced by the underlying Westphalian Coal Measures. Since the reservoir unit has no mappable seismic expression, trap definition depends on depth mapping the Base Zechstein and adding the appropriate Silverpit Formation isochore. The trap is a simple, uncompartmentalized, anticlinal feature, lying largely within Block 49/9b. The 49/9b-2 discovery well (1989) penetrated the crest of the feature and the 49/9b-4 appraisal well (1994-1995) was drilled down-plunge to the SE. Both encountered some 20 m of predominantly aeolian-dune sandstone overlying the Base Permian Unconformity. This reservoir flowed dry gas at rates of 0.8-1.0 MMm3/d. The GWC was not penetrated; however RFT pressure projections suggest that it lies at around 3528 m. Stochastic estimates suggested Leman Sandstone GIIP of 2.8 bcm (104 BCF). The field's two-well development is tied back to a minimum facilities platform with export to Den Helder, via the Markham ST-1 platform. On commissioning, in August 1997, the two-wells flowed at 1.8 MMm3/day. By January 1999, 0.682 bcm of the originally-estimated 2.3 bcm gas reserve had been produced.
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Caria, Marcello A., Takeshi Kaneko, Akihisa Kimura, and Hiroshi Asanuma. "Functional Organization of the Projection From Area 2 to Area 4γ in the Cat." Journal of Neurophysiology 77, no. 6 (June 1, 1997): 3107–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1997.77.6.3107.
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Caria, Marcello A., Takeshi Kaneko, Akihisa Kimura, and Hiroshi Asanuma. Functional organization of the projection from area 2 to area 4γ in the cat. J. Neurophysiol. 77: 3107–3114, 1997. It has been shown that tetanic stimulation of area 2 of the somatosensory cortex produces long-term potentiation in neurons in area 4γ, and this has been suggested as the basis of learning new motor skills. The purpose of this study was to further elucidate the characteristics of this projection by the use of evoked potentials in area 4γ elicited by intracortical microstimulation of area 2. The experiments were carried out in cats and the following results were obtained. 1) In six animals, stimulation of a given site in area 2 elicited evoked potentials in a restricted region of area 4γ, the size of which ranged from 1 to 1.5 mm2. These responses were labeled “localized responses.” The evoked potentials were recorded from the superficial layers of the cortex, and were positive monophasic in shape. 2) In 16 animals, stimulation of a given site in area 2 elicited a focal response that was surrounded by smaller positive and monophasic potentials of <50% amplitude that spread broadly over area 4γ. These responses were labeled “graded responses.” 3) The sites that produced focal evoked potentials in area 4γ extended along the direction of the radial fibers in area 2. These sites were defined as most effective segments (MESs). 4) The receptive fields of neurons along the MES in area 2 were similar to those of neurons recorded at the foci of the evoked potentials in area 4γ. The results demonstrate that some of the projections from area 2 to area 4γ are highly specific and that the somatosensory and motor areas that are connected by these specific projections receive functionally related peripheral input. These results are discussed in relation to possible mechanisms underlying motor learning.
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Boonekamp, Loek. "The Outlook for World Meat Supply and Demand." Outlook on Agriculture 27, no. 1 (March 1998): 19–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/003072709802700104.
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This paper presents a medium-term outlook for world meat supply and demand. Following a broad outline of likely developments in production and consumption of all meats, the focus engages on the outlook for world beef markets over the five-year period from 1997. The projections presented in this paper are based largely on those published by the OECD. So far as non-OECD countries are concerned, the main sources of information have been the Economic Research Service of the US Department for Agriculture and the Food and Agricultural Policy Research Institute of the Universities of Iowa State and Missouri, Columbia.
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Vainikka, Anne, and Martha Young-Scholten. "All acquisition begins with the projection of a bare verb phrase." Applied Psycholinguistics 31, no. 2 (March 11, 2010): 332–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0142716409990518.
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One of the main conclusions that we (Vainikka & Young-Scholten, 1994) make in regard to the second language (L2) German development of uninstructed Korean and Turkish adults was the resemblance of their morphosyntactic development to that of the German children under study at the time by Harald Clahsen and colleagues (see, e.g., Clahsen, Eisenbeiss, & Vainikka, 1994; Clahsen & Penke, 1992). Data from these L2 learners also indicated initial transfer of the headedness of their native language verb phrases (VPs), a claim then strengthened by research on L2 learners whose first language (L1) headedness differed from German, namely, Italian and Spanish (Vainikka & Young-Scholten, 1996). L2 learners' initial grammars were argued to consist of just a “bare” VP, based on comprehensive lack of inflectional morphology and complex syntax, and similar to children acquiring L1 German, these L2 learners' nonfinite verb forms were typically in final position, either early on (for head-final Korean and Turkish speakers) or a bit later, once headedness shifted to the German value from head-initial (for Italian and Spanish speakers). Similar to child L1 learners, the L2 morphosyntactic data pointed to subsequent projection of a head-initial underspecified functional projection and, with sufficient input, projection of higher functional projections. Apart from some details, the claim was that for children and adults learning German, acquisition is defined by the emergence of syntactic projections and the morphology associated with them.
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Paalanen, Laura, Tommi Härkänen, and Hanna Tolonen. "Protocol of a research project ‘Projections of the burden of disease and disability in Finland – health policy prospects’ using cross-sectional health surveys and register-based follow-up." BMJ Open 9, no. 6 (June 2019): e029338. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-029338.
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IntroductionWith the rapid ageing of the population in Europe, reliable estimates of the future development of the disease and disability burden as well as healthy life years in the older sections of the population are crucial. Meanwhile, the future prospects of the health and functional ability of the working-aged population are critical. The aims ofthe Projections of the burden of disease and disability in Finland – health policy prospectsresearch project are to provide information about the long-term consequences of health-related behaviours of the population and to project the potential improvement of the burden of disease and disability based on realistic scenarios about the development of risk behaviours in the total population and its subgroups.Methods and analysisThe analyses will be based on data from representative cross-sectional and longitudinal health examination surveys (HESs) conducted between 1972 to 2017 in Finland, and register data from several national administrative registers. Included HESs (FINRISK Surveys from 1972 to 2012, Mini-Finland Survey from 1978 to 1980, the Health 2000/2011 Surveys and the FinHealth 2017 Study) provide abundant information about biological and behavioural risk factors and the health and morbidity of the population. The modifiable risk factors used as predictors include hypertension, hyperlipidaemia, obesity, diabetes, physical inactivity, smoking, alcohol use and unfavourable diet. The main outcomes are ischaemic heart disease, cerebrovascular diseases, lung cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Alzheimer’s disease and diabetes. Within the project, novel projection techniques of data-driven Bayesian hierarchical models to provide robust and comparable estimates will be developed.Ethics and disseminationThe prevailing legislation and regulations have been followed for all surveys. Surveys since 1997 have been approved by the respective Ethics Committees covering the scope of this project. A written informed consent was obtained from participants since 1997. The outputs of the project will include 8 to 10 scientific papers in peer-reviewed journals.
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Monteiro, Ricardo Nogueira de Castro. "Brazilian funk as the herald of a new social order: a semiotic analysis of the internet music video “Beijinho no ombro” and its reception in social media." Estudos Semióticos 12, no. 1 (September 14, 2016): 8–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/issn.1980-4016.esse.2016.120532.
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The present article aims to analyze the music video “Beijinho no ombro” – a major Brazilian social media phenomenon that reached more than 9 million Youtube views in 3 months in 2014 –, discussing both the processes by which homologies between categories of expression and content are established – the so called Hjelmslev’s “commutations” – and suspended – the Danish linguist’s concept of “syncretism” (Hjelmslev, 2003) – in the audiovisual text, and the effects of meaning created thereby. The analytical treatment assimilates also some of Éric Landowski’s contributions to the discussions about the intersubjective interactions regimes (Landowski, 1997, 2006) and their impact on the study of the socalled states of soul deeply developed by Greimas and Fontanille in their Sémiotique des passions (Greimas & Fontanille, 1993). The object analysis intends moreover to illustrate a methodological approach proposed by the author and that may be applied to various corpora regarding the audiovisual repertory. Such an approach, a natural extension of Greimas’ treatment of the plane of content and Floch’s developments into the plane of expression (Floch, 1984, 1993), offers as a contribution the proposition of a methodology that, departing from the figures of expression and their homologations and semi-symbolic relations with categories of content, will then detect their projections in each one of the three levels of the generative path. Thus, not only the role of the means of manifestation in the process of generation of effects of meaning can be better evaluated, but also the possibilities of a generative approach that includes the textual structures – rather than the explicit exclusion that appears in the Dictionary of semiotics (Greimas & Courtés, 1991:208) – can be further discussed.
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Marcilhac, A., and P. Siaud. "Identification of projections from the central nucleus of the amygdala to the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus which are immunoreactive for corticotrophin-releasing hormone in the rat." Experimental Physiology 82, no. 2 (March 1, 1997): 273–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1113/expphysiol.1997.sp004022.
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Touseef, Muhammad, Lihua Chen, Tabinda Masud, Aziz Khan, Kaipeng Yang, Aamir Shahzad, Muhammad Wajid Ijaz, and Yan Wang. "Assessment of the Future Climate Change Projections on Streamflow Hydrology and Water Availability over Upper Xijiang River Basin, China." Applied Sciences 10, no. 11 (May 26, 2020): 3671. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10113671.
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Hydrological models are widely applied for simulating complex watershed processes and directly linking meteorological, topographical, land-use, and geological conditions. In this study, the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) was calibrated at two monitoring stations, which improved model performance and increased the reliability of flow predictions in the Upper Xijiang River Basin. This study evaluated the potential impacts of climate change on the streamflow and water yield of the Upper Xijiang River Basin using Arc-SWAT. The model was calibrated (1991–1997) and validated (1998–2001) using the Sequential Uncertainty Fitting Algorithm (SUFI-2). Model calibration and validation suggest a good match between the measured and simulated monthly streamflow, indicating the applicability of the model for future daily streamflow predictions. Large negative changes of low flows are projected under future climate scenarios, exhibiting a 10% and 30% decrease in water yield over the watershed on a monthly scale. Overall, findings generally indicated that winter flows are expected to be affected the most, with a maximum impact during the January–April period, followed by the wet monsoon season in the May–September period. Water balance components of the Upper Xijiang River Basin are expected to change significantly due to the projected climate change that, in turn, will seriously affect the water resources and streamflow patterns in the future. Thus, critical problems, such as ground water shortages, drops in agricultural crop yield, and increases in domestic water demand are expected at the Xijiang River Basin.
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Marié, Solène. "Cultural paradiplomacy institutions and agenda: the case of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil." Civitas - Revista de Ciências Sociais 18, no. 2 (August 7, 2018): 351. http://dx.doi.org/10.15448/1984-7289.2018.2.28907.
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This article aims to analise how the Brazilian State of Rio Grande do Sul (RS) projects its distinctive cultural identity internationally. It does so by identifying the cultural elements in the state’s paradiplomacy from 1987 to 2014 through a sequence analysis including two elements: RS’s paradiplomatic and cultural institutions; RS’s paradiplomatic agenda. Three phases are identified in terms of space given to culture in the paradiplomacy institutional framework: expansion (1987-1994); retraction (1995- 2010); expansion (2011-2014). The phases are slightly different in terms of agenda: will but lack of means (1987-1990); focus on other issues (1991-2010); construction of an incipient agenda (2011-2014). Also, the 2012 actions to structure cultural policy at federal and state level can be seen as a factor for the agenda expansion in the last phase. However, despite the discourse around the gaúcha identity being present within the state and country, the projection further afield remains weak. Generally, the multiple changes in institutional framework and agenda show that a long-term project has not been decided on. Thus, the resulting policies are highly dependent on each governor’s vision.***Instituições e agenda de paradiplomacia cultural: O caso do Rio Grande do Sul***O objetivo deste artigo é de avaliar como o Estado do Rio Grande do Sul (RS), Brasil, projeta internacionalmente a sua identidade cultural singular. Para tanto, ele busca identificar os elementos culturais na paradiplomacia do estado de 1987 a 2014 com uma análise de trajetória composta de dois elementos: as instituições paradiplomáticas e culturais do RS; a agenda paradiplomática do RS. São identificadas três fases em termos de espaço dado à cultura na estrutura paradiplomática: expansão (1987-1994); redução (1995-2010); expansão (2011-2014). As fases relativas à agenda são um pouco diferentes: ambição, mas falta de meios (1987-1990); foco em outras temáticas (1991-2010); construção de uma agenda incipiente (2011-2014). Além disso, as ações conduzidas em 2012 para estruturar as políticas culturais em nível federal e estadual podem ser vistas como um fator da expansão da agenda na última fase. Entretanto, apesar do discurso ao redor da identidade gaúcha ser presente dentro do estado e em nível nacional, a projeção internacional dele é fraca. De maneira geral, as múltiplas mudanças na estrutura institucional e na agenda mostram que um projeto de longo prazo não foi estabelecido. Portanto, as políticas resultantes são altamente dependentes da visão de cada governador.
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Vavanov, Dmitriy, and Andrey Ivashchenko. "COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE COMPUTER SYSTEMS USED IN TRAINING COURSES OF DESCRIPTIVE GEOMETRY ON THE EXAMPLE OF SOLVING THE PROBLEM OF SHADOWS ON THE FACADES OF BUILDINGS IN ORTHOGONAL PROJECTIONS." Vestnik MGSU, no. 10 (October 2015): 194–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.22227/1997-0935.2015.10.194-200.
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Bachelet, D., J. Lenihan, R. Neilson, R. Drapek, and T. Kittel. "Simulating the response of natural ecosystems and their fire regimes to climatic variability in Alaska." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 35, no. 9 (September 1, 2005): 2244–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x05-086.
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The dynamic global vegetation model MC1 was used to examine climate, fire, and ecosystems interactions in Alaska under historical (19221996) and future (19972100) climate conditions. Projections show that by the end of the 21st century, 75%90% of the area simulated as tundra in 1922 is replaced by boreal and temperate forest. From 1922 to 1996, simulation results show a loss of about 9 g C·m2·year1 from fire emissions and 360 000 ha burned each year. During the same period 61% of the C gained (1.7 Pg C) is lost to fires (1 Pg C). Under future climate change scenarios, fire emissions increase to 1112 g C·m2·year1 and the area burned increases to 411 000 481 000 ha·year1. The carbon gain between 2025 and 2099 is projected at 0.5 Pg C under the warmer CGCM1 climate change scenario and 3.2 Pg C under HADCM2SUL. The loss to fires under CGCM1 is thus greater than the carbon gained in those 75 years, while under HADCM2SUL it represents only about 40% of the carbon gained. Despite increases in fire losses, the model simulates an increase in carbon gains during the 21st century until its last decade, when, under both climate change scenarios, Alaska becomes a net carbon source.
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Rappaport Hovav, Malka, and Beth Levin. "Change of State Verbs: Implications for Theories of Argument Projection." Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society 28, no. 1 (August 14, 2002): 269. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/bls.v28i1.3842.
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Recent work in argument expression has focused on verbs showing multiple argument projection options, often with concomitant shifts in aspectual classification or assignment of so-called "aspectual roles" (e.g., measure or incremental theme). Theories of argument projection generally adopt one or both of the following hypotheses: (1) argument projection is aspectually determined; (2) argument expression is not lexically determined. Although much recent work incorporates the conjunction of the two hypotheses, they represent two distinct issues: whether argument expression is aspectually driven and whether argument expression is lexically or syntactically determined. It is possible to argue that argument projection is lexically determined and aspectually driven (e.g., Tenny 1987, 1992, 1994) or to argue that projection is not completely lexically determined but not completely aspectually driven either (e.g., Jackenoff 1990). We argue against each individual hypothesis, as well as against their conjunction. We do this through a close examination of the argument expression properties of change of state verbs and a comparison of these properties with those of aspectually-related verbs.
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Rees, P. "Estimating and projecting the populations of urban communities." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 26, no. 11 (November 1994): 1671–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0308518x9402601101.
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The author describes a model for estimating and projecting the populations of communities living in small areas within cities. The model provides a means of updating the demographic inputs needed for projection between censuses and means of developing scenarios of demographic change and housing development. The method for estimating small-area populations between censuses is evaluated with recently published 1991 Census data. Single-year age-group detail is provided and the associated databases are embedded in a flexible user interface. Illustrative projections are discussed and interpreted for the northern English city of Bradford.
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Šamarinec, Domagoj, Daria Karasalihović Sedlar, Ivan Smajla, and Lucija Jukić. "COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF HISTORIC PREDICTIONS AND ACTUAL GLOBAL NATURAL GAS MARKET TRENDS FOR THE PERIOD FROM 1997 TO 2020." Rudarsko-geološko-naftni zbornik 36, no. 4 (2021): 177–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.17794/rgn.2021.4.14.
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An accurate prediction of energy indicators is critical for orientation in the energy market, and it could give direction for policymakers and market participants. The aim of this research was to examine the accuracy of projections of natural gas market indicators. This paper presents a comparative analysis of historic predictions and actual global natural gas movements in several segments, namely production, consumption, and regional import dependence, as well as forecasted and actual price movements. The goal of this paper is to compare projected and actual natural gas market indicators. Predictions of market movements 20 years into the future are very useful, but they do have certain limitations. Those limitations especially apply to goods whose prices are regional and linked to price movements of another good, as is the case with natural gas. External influences have a direct impact on production and consumption, and it is rather clear that changes in one of the fundamental factors entails and magnifies the error of further predictions. Despite that, predictions of global production and consumption have proven to be very accurate. Based on the research results, it could be emphasized that for strategical planning and policy-making purposes, the predictions of natural gas production, consumption, or even import independence could be considered with great certainty, while price assumptions in the case of natural gas have shown significant mismatching, therefore, should be very carefully perceived.
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Budd, Alan. "Fiscal Policy Under Labour." National Institute Economic Review 212 (April 2010): R34—R48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0027950110372734.
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The incoming Labour Government of 1997 promised a new approach to the conduct of fiscal policy. Two lessons to be learnt from previous experience were: (1) adjust for the cycle and build in a margin for uncertainty; (2) set stable fiscal rules and explain clearly fiscal policy. Although the claims for novelty were exaggerated there was a serious attempt to expand the supporting explanatory material at the time of the Budget and the Pre-Budget Report (which was itself an innovation). It started well, with the most significant tightening of fiscal policy occurring in 1997–8; but it ended with a record postwar deficit, a debt/GDP ratio heading for more than 75 per cent of GDP and the suspension of the fiscal rules. While the Treasury was not alone in failing to forecast the financial crisis and its consequences, doubts about the policy were being raised before 2007. Although the fiscal rules were met over the preceding period and projected to be met in future, a succession of current budget deficits and a tendency, from 2001 onwards, for over-optimism in fiscal projections left the UK less well equipped than it might have been to meet the challenges of the crisis.
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Borychowski, Michał, Anna Matuszczak, and Sebastian Stępień. "SUGAR MARKET IN POLAND IN THE CONTEXT OF THE SUPPORT OF AGRICULTURAL POLICY. CURRENT SITUATION, TRENDS AND PROJECTIONS." Acta Scientiarum Polonorum. Oeconomia 18, no. 4 (December 30, 2019): 5–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.22630/aspe.2019.18.4.39.
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The aim of the article is to present the situation of the sugar beet and sugar market in Poland in the context of changes to the Common Agricultural Policy of the European Union, and to present prospects for the development of these markets until 2030. The authors prove that, due to the significance of these markets for the whole agricultural sector, an intervention policy regarding the sugar beet and sugar markets is crucial, which is indicated by various positive economic and environmental effects connected with the functioning of this sector. The necessity for intervention stems also from the observed volatility of production, prices and incomes. The spatial scope of the research encompasses the whole area of Poland by applying a regional approach in some analyses (voivodeships) and a comparison with the Member States of the EU. The analyses cover a period of over 20 years – from 1997/1998 to 2018/2019 – as well as a projection for 2030.
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Korol’, Elena A., and Аnastasia A. Zhuravleva. "On estimating the amount of fuel and energy consumable in the process of mechanized work performance within the framework of low-rise construction." Vestnik MGSU, no. 5 (May 2020): 712–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.22227/1997-0935.2020.5.712-728.
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Introduction. Low-rise housing construction is an area that has extensive potential in Russia. One of the top-priority objectives, pursued by public politicians in the Russian Federation, is to improve the energy efficiency of versatile branches of the national economy. Given the fact that the building construction, representing a comparatively short stage in the building’s life cycle, is energy consuming, energy saving in the process of construction turns particularly relevant. Prevailing manual labour and low-capacity construction machinery substantially reduce power consumption at the stage of low-rise housing construction. Widely spread low-rise construction technologies and consequent discrepancies in structural and technological solutions determine the mode of operation, numbers and the engineering performance of construction machines. Hence, energy resources, to be consumed in the process of mechanized work performance on a construction site, is projected, and these projections may differ. As for the rational expenditure of resources, consumption of fuel and energy can be expediently planned at the stage of construction project scheduling.
Materials and methods. The co-authors have analyzed scientific publications focused on the subject of research, applied organizational and construction process patterns developed in the form of work performance schedules needed to regulate fuel consumption in the process of mechanized work performance, whenever low-rise construction technologies are used.
Results. The co-authors offer a set of instruments, designated for the calculation of fuel consumption in the process of mechanized work performance, whenever low-rise construction technologies are used.
Conclusions. At the project planning stage, the fuel consumption rate analysis, applicable to construction machines and mechanisms, enables to (1) project the amount of fuel consumed in the course of specific construction works performed within the framework of the whole process of construction, (2) to identify technologies and mechanized units which are most rational in terms of power consumption.
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Zerkal, Evgeny O., Alexey Yu Kalashnikov, Andrey E. Lapshinov, and Aleksey I. Tyutyunkov. "Using ground penetrating radars to detect internal defects in concrete foundation slabs." Vestnik MGSU, no. 7 (July 2020): 980–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.22227/1997-0935.2020.7.980-987.
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Introduction. The co-authors have analyzed a monolithic reinforced concrete piled raft foundation of a multi-storied residential building under construction. The mission of this research effort is to obtain trustworthy information about the internal structure of a foundation slab, to detect and survey internal defects, if any. This research project is to capture potential problems that may accompany the inspection of a foundation, to generate awareness about ground penetrating radar surveys and their methods that can help to optimize operating processes in the process of inspection.
Materials and methods. The co-authors have employed a method of ground penetrating radar surveying, performed using a regular mesh of orthogonal projections over an easily accessible surface area of a raft foundation and several antennas producing sounding signals with centre frequencies varying within the range of 1,500 and 2,000 MHz.
Results. A number of internal defects has been detected in the structure of a foundation slab, including several horizontal cold joints, cavity pockets and honeycombs. Their presence was later confirmed by control drilling and core material sampling. The information thus obtained was later generalized and entered into surface maps of cold joints, that depicted both the relief and the layout of detected defects in space. The analysis of core material chips has proven that reflecting boundaries are the same as those of the core material destruction; it has also demonstrated the presence of air pockets and the proofs of poor quality concrete mix compaction.
Conclusions. The resolution of the ground penetrating radar method is sufficient to identify features of reinforced concrete slabs significant for their structure; it enables researchers to obtain trustworthy information about the internal structure of a foundation slab and make conclusions about the presence or absence of internal defects inside it, including cold joints, cavity pockets or honeycombs.
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Wu, Fulong, and David Martin. "Urban Expansion Simulation of Southeast England Using Population Surface Modelling and Cellular Automata." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 34, no. 10 (October 2002): 1855–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a3520.
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The question of where to accommodate future urban expansion has become a politically sensitive issue in many regions. Against the backdrop of ‘urban compaction’ policy, this study uses population surface modelling and cellular automata (CA) to conduct an empirical urban growth simulation for Southeast England. This implementation leads to a consideration of the proper balance between the theoretical abstraction of self-organised growth and empirical constraints to land development. Specifically, we use 1991 and 1997 postcode directories to construct population surfaces. From these, the distributions of developed and vacant (rural) land are derived. Development potential is assessed through accessibility surfaces, which are constructed from the travel/commuting time to major London rail termini, to motorway junctions, and to principal settlements. Through investigating the frequencies of land development in relation to the accessibility surfaces, we can begin to understand the distribution of land development in this region. Based on this empirical relationship, the transition rules of a CA simulation of future urban expansion are constructed. In addition, government population projections at the county level are used to constrain simulation to the year 2020. The study demonstrates the utility of empirical CA in urban growth modelling; in particular the importance of empirically informed CA simulation rules in characterising the distribution of land development.