Journal articles on the topic 'Prolog (Computer program language) – Computer-assisted instruction'

RÉSUMÉ L'objet de cet article réside dans la conception globale d'un analyseur morpho-syntaxique du persan pour 1'indexation automatique. L'analyseur se limite donc à la recherche des Syntagmes Nominaux (SN), considérés comme les éléments les plus informatifs, dans le contexte d'une recherche documentaire, pour l'analyse du contenu d'un texte. La mise au point d'un tel analyseur nécessite, au préalable, une segmentation et une catégorisation correcte de toute forme lexico-syntaxique. Nous présentons très brièvement un aperçu général du traitement automatique des langues naturelles (TAL) et certaines caractéristiques de la langue persane. Puis nous essayons de donner quelques solutions générales pour la construction des règies de réécriture nécessaires pour la reconnaissance automatique des SN en persan. Les règies de réécriture ainsi élaborées sont transcrites en un programme en langage Prolog. SUMMARY The aim of this paper is the conception and realisation of a morpho-syntactic parser of persian designed for applications to automatic indexing and computer-assisted instruction of the language (CAT). One of the chief extensions to this research is the automatic processing of natural language by means of artificial intelligence systems. The main interest of this contribution is to study the automatic recognition of noun phrases in Persian. In the case of automatic indexing, the recognition of the noun phrases would allow the apprehension of the content of the document. Automatic indexing, just as manual indexing, consists of selecting in every document the most informative elements which actually are descriptors or noun phrases (NP). The setting up or conception of such a parser demands, primarily, a correct segmentation and categorisation of any lexico-syntactic forms in the corpus. After having established all the transcription rules needed for the recognition of NP, we shall then transcribe every phase of the analysis by a program in Prolog language. All the lexical data necessary for the categorisation of morpho-syntactic forms are presented as clauses of Prolog in a data-base.

Many educators in public schools in the United States experience challenges in meeting the unique needs of the growing population of English learners who must simultaneously attain academic skills while acquiring English language proficiency. Such unique needs intensify for English learners with reading disabilities. Morphological awareness is key to vocabulary knowledge, which is an essential area of literacy instruction. This article provides justification for the use of explicit morphology instruction and offers a structure for developing a computer-assisted morphology instructional program to increase morphological awareness and vocabulary knowledge of English learners with reading disabilities.

The present study was out to compare new approaches computer assisted language learning, personalized learning program versus traditional approach to teaching second language reading comprehension ability among Iranian English learners. The participants in this study were 90 students who studied at a university of Applied Sciences and Technology in Rasht, Iran. All the participants were randomly assigned into three groups, one control group and two experimental groups. The control group went through a traditional method of teaching reading skill in the classroom. The first experimental group received a personalized learning instruction. The second experimental group went through a personalized learning program supported by a computer assisted language learning system (CALL). At the end of the treatment, a posttest was administrated to three groups to find out the effects of the new instruction. The results of this study revealed that the second experimental group who received treatment through CALL- based personalized learning approach.

This study devised a pronunciation computer program to examine whether mobile-assisted language learning (MALL) could facilitate college students’ acquisition of English phonemes and word stress. Thirty-eight participants enrolled in the remedial English class offered at the language center of a national technological university in central Taiwan. Before the class, they were asked to read a word list. In the following six weeks, they were taught to distinguish and articulate English phonemes and to predict word stress locations using the designed computer program. They were also instructed to review the learning materials using the smart-phone version of the devised program. After the teaching session, each participant was asked again to read the same word list and fill out an assessment questionnaire. The sound analyses show that their readings of English minimal pairs and word stress placement were more accurate than their performances before the instruction. Their responses to the questionnaire indicate that both the given instruction and the designed computer program were satisfactory. In the open-ended questions, some of them said that they have built up a better understanding of phonemes and word stress, and that they would try to predict polysyllabic word stress when reading English articles. The present findings can be further applied to research on MALL-based English pronunciation acquisition.

In foreign language instruction, students are often exposed to computer-mediated testing in international exams and language courses; however, regular classrooms are not equipped with computer labs to offer a lesson coherent with that testing procedure. To fill this gap, mobile-assisted language learning emerges as a portable option for computer-mediated learning and testing. Hence, this action research aims to study the implementation of mobile phones-assisted practice, combined with note-taking, as test-wise and test-management strategies, to tackle the needs of 218 participants who were taking an English as a foreign language program at a Colombian university. In the diagnostic stage, learners expressed that the most difficult computer-assessed skill was speaking, due to lack of confidence and suitable strategies. Findings revealed an improvement in students' oral performance, collaboration levels, and high acceptance of mobile phones-assisted practice as a test preparation tool that facilitates autonomy, metacognition, and peer-feedback.

In this article the authors introduce the Inventive Model as a theoretical base for science instruction and for software development in science education. The Inventive Model is a constructivistic approach to conceptual change. This model is presented as a response to the urgent need for a theoretical framework for software development in the area of conceptual understanding in science and mathematics. The model is based on the theoretical works of the pioneers in the field as well as the recent innovative/effective practices in science instruction. Some components of the model have been tested successfully in the past. However, the effectiveness of the whole model needs to be tested. Natural language understanding is a major limitation of computer-based instruction [1]. However, in this article it is shown how simple diagnostic tests, students' log files, and other advantages of computer assisted instruction (CAI) may compensate this limitation. In ongoing research the authors are developing an instructional multimedia program for conceptual change in physics based on the model. The multimedia program can be used individually, in small groups, or by the whole class under the teacher's guidance. Qualitative and quantitative comparisons between the individualized version of the multimedia program and the traditional physics instruction are the main goals of the ongoing research.

This quasi-experimental study investigated whether a strategy-oriented media-based reading program could improve English as a Foreign Language (EFL) students’ reading comprehension. Eighty-five students who were registered for English Reading at a university were recruited through convenience sampling to take part in the study. In this study, a web-based Strategy-oriented Multimedia-Assisted Reading Training (SMART) program was designed and implemented. On the basis of a literature review, four instructional strategies were selected and implemented in this program. The SMART program was used by students in the experimental group but not by students in the control group. Students in both groups were taught by the same instructor with the same instructional materials. The experiment lasted for 10 weeks, and the effects of the SMART program on students’ reading comprehension were investigated. A questionnaire on students’ attitudes toward the use of the strategies was given only to the experimental group. The results show that mean score of the reading test was significantly higher for the experimental group than for the control group. Students’ feedback about using the SMART program was positive and encouraging.

A fundamental concern of agricultural education is innovation within the teaching process. In dealing with high technology, increasing subject complexity, and rising costs, educators (including plant managers and training personnel) must look to alternative methods of training and teaching. Educational multimedia software can effectively present a new dimension to traditional computer-assisted instruction (CAI) by adding sound, animation, high-resolution graphics, and live-action video. Multimedia software is not difficult to program; however, the ease of programming depends on the authoring language or languages that are used. A traditional language such as C++ can take extended periods of time to program, possibly hours per minute of program. A program developed specifically for multimedia development can facilitate the interactions between sound, videos, and animation more readily, and reduce the programming time required significantly. The use and development of multimedia software using Toolbook (Asymetrix Corp.) will be presented with copies of the developed software available.

The ways that Iranian universities prepare their students for their future academic and professional lives are changing. Many universities have launched innovative practice in the use of technology in teaching and learning, aiming to present student learners with an engaging experience. The adoption of an innovation necessitates considering the beliefs about it as a substantial part of its integration. The purpose of this study was to explore Iranian university learners’ attitudes towards a computerized reading program in promoting vocabulary acquisition and reading comprehension. A total of 52 participants read multi-glossed computerized texts in FonF ( N = 27) and FonFs ( N = 25) conditions. In FonF condition, learners read the texts for comprehension and accessed the multimedia glosses, whereas in FonFs, participants were presented with a word list of the target lexical items prior to on-screen reading. Evidence from both quantitative and qualitative measures unravelled the overall success of the program in bringing about a gradual and consistent improvement in learners’ vocabulary learning and reading comprehension. Whereas vocabulary acquisition benefited equally from both FonF and FonFs practices, reading comprehension performance was greater under FonF condition. The effects that each instructional practice had on the different aspects of computer assisted language learning in vocabulary acquisition and reading comprehension are discussed in detail.

The authors have developed a Virtual Learning Environment (VLE) addressing the management of adverse events to promote continuing education for nurses, including the following themes: pressure ulcer, medication errors, phlebitis, fall, and loss of nasogastroenteral probes. The pedagogical framework was grounded on the information processing theory and this applied study used the Computer Assisted Instruction (CAI) model to develop the program. The environment was developed with HTML language through Microsoft Office Word 2003®. The authors developed evaluation exercises in each module through the Hot Potatoes program, version 6.0 for Windows. The conclusion is that the methodology utilized was appropriate for achieving the proposed objectives. In the future, the authors will assess the developed product and verify the possibility of using it in nursing services.

At the Nijmegen Institute for Cognition Research and Information Technology (NICI), linguistic modules have been developed to make computer simulations of human language processing possible. Those modules are also used in several practical applications in the field of computer-assisted instruction. In order to improve the results of te teaching of grammar and spelling in Dutch and Flemish schools, we developed two programs: BOUWSTENEN, an intelligent program for Dutch grammar teaching, and SPELRAAM, an intelligent program for the instruction of the spelling of Dutch verbs The innovative aspects of BOUWSTENEN are: - the explicit grammar which makes a clear distinction between grammatical functions and categories at different levels - the constructive method: the program offers constructive as well as analytical exercices - the two-dimensional display of the syntactic structure of sentences - mmediate feedback adapted to the knowledge level of the student and explaining what is wrong as well as why it is wrong. An elaborate description of BOUWSTENEN is given, in which the architecture of the program and the elements (examples, exercises, explanation) that are part of every lesson are discussed. Two lessons are described in detail: the finite verb lesson and the direct object lesson. In the future, BOUWSTENEN could be elaborated into a complete Intelligent Tutoring System by developing a curriculum network as a base for a didactic component and a student model. Knowledge of all the rules for the spelling of regular Dutch verbs makes SPELRAAM also an intelligent program. By practising with SPELRAAM, a student learns to spell Dutch verb forms correctly by applying a small set of rules. The program is able to diagnose errors made by the student and to help the student corect them.

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07–173Anderson, Carolyn (U Strathclyde, UK; carolyn.anderson@strath.ac.uk), Early communication strategies: Using video analysis to support teachers working with preverbal pupils. British Journal of Special Education (Blackwell) 33.3 (2006), 114–120.07–174Bowers, Anthony (Ningbo U Technology, China), Presentation of an Australian–Chinese joint venture program in China. EA Journal (English Australia) 23.1 (2006), 24–34.07–175Bralich, Philip A. (Georgia State U, USA), The new SAT and fundamental misunderstandings about grammar teaching. English Today (Cambridge University Press) 22.3 (2006), 61–64.07–176Carless, D. (Hong Kong U, China; dcarless@hkucc.hku.hk), Collaborative EFL teaching in primary schools. ELT Journal (Oxford University Press) 60.4 (2006), 328–335.07–177Chen, Runyi (South China Normal U, China) & Hird, Bernard, Codeswitching in EFL group work in China. Language, Culture and Curriculum (Multilingual Matters) 19.2 (2006), 208–219.07–178Cushıon, Steve (London Metropolitan U, UK), What does CALL have to offer computer science and what does computer science have to offer CALL?Computer Assisted Language Learning (Routledge/Taylor & Francis) 19.2–3 (2006), 193–242.07–179Fidler, S. (National Education Institute, Slovenia; soca.fidler@guest.arnes.si), Awakening to languages in primary school. ELT Journal (Oxford University Press) 60.4 (2006), 346–354.07–180Gillies, Robyn M. (U Queensland, Australia), Teachers' and students' verbal behaviours during cooperative and small-group learning. British Journal of Educational Psychology (British Psychological Society) 76.2 (2006), 271–287.07–181Glew, Paul J. (U Western Sydney, Australia; aul.glew@coverdale.nsw.edu.au), A perspective on ELICOS in an independent school. EA Journal (English Australia) 23.1 (2006), 14–23.07–182Goh, Christine & Yusnita Taib (Nanyang U, Singapore), Metacognitive instruction in listening for young learners. ELT Journal (Oxford University Press) 60.3 (2006), 222–232.07–183Hémard, Domınıque (London Metropolitan U, UK), Design issues related to the evaluation of learner–computer interaction in a web-based environment: Activities v. tasks.Computer Assisted Language Learning (Routledge/Taylor & Francis) 19.2–3 (2006), 261–276.07–184Howard, Elizabeth R., Igone Arteagoitia, Mohammed Louguit, Valerie Malabonga & Dorry M. Kenyon (Centre for Applied Linguistics, Washington DC, USA), The development of the English Developmental Contrastive Spelling Test: A tool for investigating Spanish influence on English spelling development. TESOL Quarterly 40.2 (2006), 399–420.07–185Labbo, Linda D. (U Georgia, USA), Literacy pedagogy and computer technologies: Toward solving the puzzle of current and future classroom practices. Australian Journal of Language and Literacy (Australian Literacy Educators' Association) 29.3 (2006), 199–209.07–186Lau, Kit-ling (Chinese U Hong Kong), Implementing strategy instruction in Chinese language classes: A school-based Chinese reading strategy instruction programme. Educational Research (Routledge/Taylor & Francis) 48.2 (2006), 195–209.07–187Littlemore, Jeannette & Graham Low (U Birmingham, UK), Metaphoric competence, second language learning, and communicative language ability. Applied Linguistics (Oxford University Press) 27.2 (2006), 268–294.07–188Liu, Ping (California State U, USA), Community-based Chinese schools in Southern California: A survey of teachers. Language, Culture and Curriculum (Multilingual Matters) 19.2 (2006), 237–247.07–189Mackey, A. (Georgetown U, USA), Feedback, noticing and instructed second language learning. Applied Linguistics (Oxford University Press) 27.3 (2006), 405–430.07–190McPake, Joanna (U Stirling, UK) & Jo Arthur, Scots in contemporary social and educational context. Language, Culture and Curriculum (Multilingual Matters) 19.2 (2006), 155–170.07–191Rodgers, Daryl M. (U Illinois, USA; dmrodger@uiuc.edu), Developing content and form: Encouraging evidence from Italian content-based instruction. The Modern Language Journal (Blackwell) 90.3 (2006), 373–386.07–192Santos, Denise (U Reading, UK; d.m.d.santos@reading.ac.uk) & Branca Falabella Fabrício, The English lesson as a site for the development of critical thinking. TESL-EJ (http://www.tesl-ej.org) 10.2 (2006), 23 pp.07–193Schmid, E. Cutrim (U of Education Heidelberg, Germany), Investigating the use of interactive whiteboard technology in the English language classroom through the lens of a critical theory of technology. 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05–206Chan, Tun-Pei & Hsien-Chin Liou (National Tsing Hua U, Taiwan, China), Effects of web-based concordancing instruction on EFL students' learning of verb–noun collocations. Computer Assisted Language Learning (CALL) (London, UK) 18.3 (2005), 231–251.05–207Chang, Mei-Mei (National Pingtung U of Science and Technology, Taiwan, China), Applying self-regulated learning strategies in a web-based instruction – an investigation of motivation perception. Computer Assisted Language Learning (CALL) (London, UK) 18.3 (2005), 217–230.05–208Coleman, James A. (The Open U, UK; J.A.Coleman@open.ac.uk), CALL from the margins: effective dissemination of CALL research and good practices. ReCALL (Cambridge, UK) 17.1 (2005), 18–31.05–209Eslami-Rasekh, Zohreh (Texas A and M U, USA; zeslami@coe.tamu.edu), Raising the pragmatic awareness of language learners. ELT Journal (Oxford, UK) 59.3 (2005), 199–208.05–210Foley, J. (SEAMEO RELC, Singapore; jfoley@relc.org.sg), English in…Thailand. RELC Journal (Thousand Oaks, CA, USA) 36.2 (2005), 223–234.05–211Frankenberg-Garcia, Ana (ISLA, Lisbon, Portugal; ana.frankenberg@sapo.pt), Pedagogical uses of monolingual and parallel concordances. ELT Journal (Oxford, UK) 59.3 (2005), 189–198.05–212Hansson, Thomas (U of Southern Denmark, Denmark), English as a second language on a virtual platform – tradition and innovation in a new medium. Computer Assisted Language Learning (CALL) (London, UK) 18.1/2 (2005), 63–79.05–213Hu, Guangwei (Nanyang Technological U, Singapore), Using peer review with Chinese ESL student writers. Language Teaching Research (London, UK) 9.3 (2005), 321–342.05–214Jung, Udo O. H. (Bonn, Germany; hmejung@gmx.de), CALL: past, present and future – a bibliometric approach. ReCALL (Cambridge, UK) 17.1 (2005), 4–17.05–215Kaltenböck, Gunther & Barbara Mehlmauer-Larcher (U of Vienna, Austria; gunther.kaltenboeck@univie.ac.at), Computer corpora and the language classroom: on the potential and limitations of computer corpora in language teaching. ReCALL (UK) 17.1 (2005), 65–84.05–216Lasagabaster, David & Juan M. Sierra (U del País Vasco-Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea, Spain), Error correction: students' versus teachers' perceptions. Language Awareness (Clevedon, UK) 14.2/3 (2005), 112–128.05–217Liu, Gi-Zen (National Cheng Kung U, Taiwan, China; gizenliu@gmail.com), The trend and challenge for teaching EFL at Taiwanese universities. RELC Journal (Thousand Oaks, CA, USA) 36.2 (2005), 211–221.05–218Lundy, Garvey F. (Pennsylvania U, USA; garvey@pop.upenn.edu), School resistance in American high schools: the role of race and gender in oppositional culture theory. Evaluation & Research in Education (Clevedon, UK) 17.1 (2003), 6–30.05–219Nemtchinova, Ekaterina (Seattle Pacific U, USA; katya@spu.edu), Host teachers' evaluations of non-native-English-speaking teacher trainees: a perspective from the classroom. TESOL Quarterly (Alexandria, VA, USA) 39.2, 235–262.05–220Nickerson, Catherine, Marinel Gerritsen & Frank v. Meurs (Radboud U, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; c.nickerson@let.ru.nl), Raising student awareness of the use of English for specific business purposes in the European context: a staff–student project. English for Specific Purposes (Amsterdam, the Netherlands) 24.3 (2005), 333–345.05–221Palfreyman, David (Zayed U, Dubai, UAE), Othering in an English Language Program. TESOL Quarterly (Alexandria, VA, USA) 39.2, 211–234.05–222Sonck, Gerda (U Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium), Language of instruction and instructed languages in Mauritius. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development (Clevedon, UK) 26.1 (2005), 37–51.05–223Svalberg, Agneta M. L. (U of Leicester, UK), Consciousness-raising activities in some Lebanese English language classrooms: teacher perceptions and learner engagement. Language Awareness (Clevedon, UK) 14.2/3 (2005), 170–193.05–224Wegerif, Rupert (Southampton U, UK; R.B.Wegerif@soton.ac.uk), Reason and creativity in classroom dialogues. Language and Education (Clevedon, UK) 19.3 (2005), 223–237.

In the future today children today tend to be interested in playing the game from the study, because the development of the game world is now more rapidly and attractive compared to developments in the world of education, this is what makes children more interested in playing games than on learning. in addition, the old learning methods of reading and exercise, most of the children in modern times are now less interested and tend to be lazy to learn such a way. require a way for children to play and indirectly while learning. Computer-based teaching tool is expected to help overcome this problem. in addition, teaching tool like this can also ease the burden on teachers, so that the learning process can run well and the materials being taught can be understood by students. through learning how to use a computer, a lesson can be delivered in an interactive form and can illustrate a concept through animation, sound and attractive demonstration. this application allows students to learn without a time limit. The purpose of the research to make reading tutorial how to quickly and counting in child-based multimedia using macromedia flash 8.0. teaching tool that utilizes computers to deliver the materials to be taught so-called computer assisted instruction (cai). computer assisted instruction is a computer-based teaching aids with an interactive program. by using this device, the learning process becomes more active. this device can be used as a primary tool or a teaching tool. Based on the results of this study concluded that the tutorial how to quickly learn and numeracy can add to the spirit of learning students, this is because students are actively involved and participate in learning using this tutorial, so that learning becomes fun, the students begin to mention the numbers and letters with its own language, though still with the help of a teacher.Key words : Tutorial, Multimedia, Macromedia Flash

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The discursive co-construction of knowledge, identity, and difference: An ethnography of communication in the high school mainstream. Applied Linguistics (Oxford, UK), 23, 3 (2002), 289—322.03—245 Egbert, Joy (Washington State U., USA; Email: egbert@wsunix.wsu.edu), Paulus, Trena M. and Nakamichi, Yoko. The impact of CALL instruction on classroom computer use: A foundation for rethinking technology in teacher education. Language Learning and Technology (http://llt.msu.edu/), 6, 3 (2002), 108—26.03—246 Einbeck, Kandace (U. of Colorado at Boulder, USA). Using literature to promote cultural fluency in study abroad programs. Die Unterrichtspraxis/Teaching German (Cherry Hill, NJ, USA), 35, 1 (2002), 59—67.03—247 Fallon, Jean M. (Hollins U., Virginia, USA). On foreign ground: One attempt at attracting non-French majors to a French Studies course. Foreign Language Annals (New York, USA), 35, 4 (2002), 405—13.03—248 Furuhata, Hamako (Mount Union Coll., Ohio, USA; Email: furuhah@muc.edu). Learning Japanese in America: A survey of preferred teaching methods. Language, Culture and Curriculum (Clevedon, UK), 15, 2 (2002), 134—42.03—249 Goldstein, Tara (Ontario Inst. for Studies in Ed., U. of Toronto, Canada). No Pain, No Gain: Student playwriting as critical ethnographic language research. The Canadian Modern Language Review/La Revue canadienne des langues vivantes (Toronto, Ont.), 59, 1 (2002), 53—76.03—250 Hu, Guangwei (Nanyang Technological U., Singapore; Email: gwhu@nie.edu.sg). Potential cultural resistance to pedagogical imports: The case of communicative language teaching in China. Language, Culture and Curriculum (Clevedon, UK), 15, 2 (2002), 93—105.03—251 Huang, Jingzi (Monmouth U., New Jersey, USA; Email: jhuang@monmouth.edu). Activities as a vehicle for linguistic and sociocultural knowledge at the elementary level. Language Teaching Research (London, UK), 7, 1 (2003), 3—33.03—252 Hyland, Ken (City U. of Hong Kong; Email: ken.hyland@cityu.edu.hk). 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