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Books on the topic 'Prolonged exposure'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 8 February 2022

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1

Prolonged exposure. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1998.

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2

Ann, Hembree Elizabeth, and Rothbaum Barbara Olasov, eds. Prolonged exposure therapy for PTSD: Emotional processing of traumatic experiences : therapist guide. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007.

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3

Foa, Edna B. Prolonged exposure therapy for adolescents with PTSD: Emotional processing of traumatic experiences : therapist guide. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008.

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4

McLeay, D. J. Responses of arctic graling (Thymallus arcticus) to acute and prolonged exposure to Yukon placer miner sediment. S.l: s.n, 1987.

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5

Beaumont, Matthew William. Exposure of seasonally acclimated brown trout, Salmo trutta, to copper in soft, acidic water: Sub-lethal effects upon oxygen consumption and prolonged swimming performance. Birmingham: University of Birmingham, 1995.

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6

Havill, Steven F. Prolonged Exposure. Worldwide, 2016.

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7

Havill, Steven F. Prolonged Exposure (Missing Mystery 36). Poisoned Pen Press, 2001.

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8

Foa, Edna, Elizabeth A. Hembree, Barbara Olasov Rothbaum, and Sheila Rauch. Prolonged Exposure Therapy for PTSD. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med-psych/9780190926939.001.0001.

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This therapist guide of prolonged exposure (PE) treatment is accompanied by the patient workbook, Reclaiming Your Life from a Traumatic Experience. The treatment and manuals are designed for use by a therapist who is familiar with cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and who has undergone an intensive training workshop for prolonged exposure by experts in this therapy. The therapist guide instructs therapists to implement this brief CBT program that targets individuals who are diagnosed with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) or who manifest PTSD symptoms that cause distress and/or dysfunction following various types of trauma. The overall aim of the treatment is to help trauma survivors emotionally process their traumatic experiences to diminish or eliminate PTSD and other trauma-related symptoms. The term prolonged exposure (PE) reflects the fact that the treatment program emerged from the long tradition of exposure therapy for anxiety disorders in which patients are helped to confront safe but anxiety-evoking situations to overcome their unrealistic, excessive fear and anxiety. At the same time, PE has emerged from the adaption and extension of Emotional Processing Theory (EPT) to PTSD, which emphasizes the central role of successfully processing the traumatic memory in the amelioration of PTSD symptoms. Throughout this guide, the authors highlight that emotional processing is the mechanism underlying successful reduction of PTSD symptoms.
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9

Chrestman, Kelly R., Eva Gilboa-Schechtman, and Edna B. Foa. Prolonged Exposure Therapy for PTSD: Teen Workbook. Oxford University Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med:psych/9780195331738.001.0001.

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This online treatment program adapts the principles of Dr. Foa's proven effective Prolonged Exposure Therapy for adolescents suffering from Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), and is based on the principles of prolonged exposure and emotional processing for use with those individuals who suffer from PTSD. The treatment is presented in modules that can be individually tailored to fit the needs of each patient. Because many adolescent PTSD sufferers do not initiate therapy on their own, but are referred to therapy by social workers, parents, or other authority figures, their willingness to participate in their treatment can vary widely. The first element of this treatment, serves to assess the client's attitude, and increase motivation to change. Other modules introduce psychoeducation, real-life exposure, emotional processing, and relapse prevention. This online workbook provides additional information, monitoring forms, and worksheets to help clients take control of their treatment.
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10

Brown, Lily A., David Yusko, Hallie Tannahill, and Edna B. Foa. Prolonged Exposure Therapy for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. Edited by Charles B. Nemeroff and Charles R. Marmar. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190259440.003.0030.

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This chapter presents an overview of prolonged exposure therapy (PE), a highly efficacious and effective treatment for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). First, emotional processing theory is reviewed, which provides the theoretical basis for PE and the key mechanisms underlying PTSD symptom reduction. Next, a synthesis of the robust evidence for the efficacy and effectiveness of PE is provided. The chapter reviews evidence that in addition to ameliorating PTSD symptoms, PE reduces secondary symptoms such as depression, suicidal ideation, anger, and substance use disorders. The chapter describes evidence supporting the extension of PE with unique samples, including individuals with psychosis, persons with self-injurious behavior, and war veterans. The chapter concludes with a review of the status of PE dissemination and implementation efforts.
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11

Foa, Edna B., Kelly R. Chrestman, and Eva Gilboa-Schechtman. Prolonged Exposure Therapy for Adolescents with PTSD Therapist Guide. Oxford University Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med:psych/9780195331745.001.0001.

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Traumatic events, including sexual abuse, experiencing or witnessing violence, and natural disasters, are common among adolescents, and this online therapist guide presents a proven treatment for PTSD that has been adapted for the adolescent population. It applies the principles of Prolonged Exposure (PE) to help adolescents emotionally process their traumatic experiences and follows a four-phase treatment where the patients complete each module at their own rate of progress. It includes modules on motivational interviewing, case management, the rationale for treatment, information-gathering about the trauma, common reactions to trauma, and explains that by systematically confronting situations associated with the trauma, adolescents can overcome avoidance and fear. It covers how memory of the traumatic event can help distinguish the past from the present and promote feelings of mastery, and also includes modules on relapse prevention and treatment termination. It covers the importance of the adolescent's age and developmental level while in therapy, and includes developmentally appropriate materials and guidance on tailoring the treatment to each client's unique situation, including trauma type and family structure.
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12

Rothbaum, Barbara Olasov, Edna B. Foa, Sheila A. M. Rauch, and Erin R. Smith. Prolonged Exposure for PTSD in Intensive Outpatient Programs: Therapist Guide. Oxford University Press, Incorporated, 2020.

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13

Rauch, Sheila A. M., Barbara Olasov Rothbaum, Erin R. Smith, and Edna B. Foa. Prolonged Exposure for PTSD in Intensive Outpatient Programs (PE-IOP). Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med-psych/9780190081928.001.0001.

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Trauma can leave a lasting impact on survivors. Some survivors are haunted by intrusive memories; avoid people, places, and situations related to the trauma; and feel constantly on edge due to posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and related posttrauma reactions. Effective treatment can help survivors suffering with PTSD to process the trauma and no longer feel haunted by traumatic experiences from their past. Prolonged exposure (PE) therapy is a highly effective, flexible, individualized psychotherapy that reduces the symptoms of PTSD. PE is the most widely studied treatment for PTSD, with more than 100 studies showing its efficacy and effectiveness in PTSD and comorbid patient populations affected by single-incident and multiple-incident traumas of all types (e.g., combat, sexual assault, etc.). This manual presents a PE protocol for use in residential and massed programs to provide an innovative new model of care that provides excellent retention and transformational symptom outcomes. Providers are presented with the elements of the PE protocol along with all the logistics for how to provide PE in an intensive outpatient program. Variations and considerations for implementation are presented to allow providers designing programs to consider what best fits their patient population and setting. Patient and provider forms are included for use.
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14

Back, Sudie E., Edna B. Foa, Therese K. Killeen, Katherine L. Mills, Maree Teesson, Bonnie Dansky Cotton, Kathleen M. Carroll, and Kathleen T. Brady. Concurrent Treatment of PTSD and Substance Use Disorders Using Prolonged Exposure (COPE). Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med:psych/9780199334513.001.0001.

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Concurrent Treatment of PTSD and Substance Use Disorders Using Prolonged Exposure (COPE) is a an integrated treatment cognitive-behavioral psychotherapy program designed for patients who have posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and a co-occurring alcohol or drug use disorder. COPE represents an integration of two evidence-based treatments: Prolonged Exposure (PE) therapy for PTSD and Relapse Prevention for substance use disorders, where both the PTSD and substance use disorder are addressed concurrently in therapy by the same clinician, and patients can experience substantial reductions in both PTSD symptoms and substance use severity. The program includes information about how PTSD symptoms and substance use interact with one another; information about the most common reactions to trauma; techniques to help the patient manage cravings and thoughts about using alcohol or drugs; coping skills to help the patient prevent relapse to substances; a breathing retraining relaxation exercise; and in vivo (real life) and imaginal exposures to target the patient's PTSD symptoms.
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15

Back, Sudie E., Edna B. Foa, Therese K. Killeen, Katherine L. Mills, Maree Teesson, Bonnie Dansky Cotton, Kathleen M. Carroll, and Kathleen T. Brady. Concurrent Treatment of PTSD and Substance Use Disorders Using Prolonged Exposure (COPE). Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med:psych/9780199334537.001.0001.

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Concurrent Treatment of PTSD and Substance Use Disorders Using Prolonged Exposure (COPE) is a an integrated treatment cognitive-behavioral psychotherapy program designed for patients who have posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and a co-occurring alcohol or drug use disorder. COPE represents an integration of two evidence-based treatments: Prolonged Exposure (PE) therapy for PTSD and Relapse Prevention for substance use disorders, where both the PTSD and substance use disorder are addressed concurrently in therapy by the same clinician, and patients can experience substantial reductions in both PTSD symptoms and substance use severity. The program includes information about how PTSD symptoms and substance use interact with one another; information about the most common reactions to trauma; techniques to help the patient manage cravings and thoughts about using alcohol or drugs; coping skills to help the patient prevent relapse to substances; a breathing retraining relaxation exercise; and in vivo (real life) and imaginal exposures to target the patient's PTSD symptoms.
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16

Concurrent Treatment of PTSD and Substance Use Disorders Using Prolonged Exposure (COPE). Oxford University Press, Incorporated, 2015.

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17

Rothbaum, Barbara Olasov, Edna Foa, Elizabeth A. Hembree, and Sheila Rauch. Prolonged Exposure Therapy for PTSD: Emotional Processing of Traumatic Experiences - Therapist Guide. Oxford University Press, Incorporated, 2019.

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18

Chrestman, Kelly R., Eva Gilboa-Schechtman, and Edna B. Foa. Prolonged Exposure Therapy for Adolescents with PTSD Therapist Guide (Treatments That Work). Oxford University Press, USA, 2008.

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19

Concurrent Treatment of Ptsd and Substance Use Disorders Using Prolonged Exposure (COPE). Oxford University Press, Incorporated, 2015.

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20

ICRP. ICRP Publication 82: Protection of the Public in Situations of Prolonged Radiation Exposure. Elsevier, 2000.

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21

Reclaiming Your Life from a Traumatic Experience: A Prolonged Exposure Treatment Program - Workbook. Oxford University Press, Incorporated, 2019.

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22

ICRP. ICRP Publication 82: Protection of the Public in Situations of Prolonged Radiation Exposure. Elsevier, 2000.

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23

Roy, Michael J., Albert Rizzo, JoAnn Difede, and Barbara O. Rothbaum. Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy for PTSD. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190205959.003.0013.

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Expert treatment guidelines and consensus statements identified imaginal exposure therapy as a first-line treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) more than a decade ago. Subsequently, an Institute of Medicine report concluded that cognitive–behavioral therapy with exposure therapy is the only therapy with sufficient evidence to recommend it for PTSD. Imaginal exposure has been the most widely used exposure approach. It requires patients to recall and narrate their traumatic experience repeatedly, in progressively greater detail, both to facilitate the therapeutic processing of related emotions and to decondition the learning cycle of the disorder via a habituation–extinction process. Prolonged exposure, one of the best-evidenced forms of exposure therapy, incorporates psychoeducation, controlled breathing techniques, in vivo exposure, prolonged imaginal exposure to traumatic memories, and processing of traumatic material, typically for 9 to 12 therapy sessions of about 90 minutes each. However, avoidance of reminders of the trauma is a defining feature of PTSD, so it is not surprising that many patients are unwilling or unable to visualize effectively and recount traumatic events repeatedly. Some studies of imaginal exposure have reported 30% to 50% dropout rates before completion of treatment. Adding to the challenge, some patients have an aversion to “traditional” psychotherapy as well as to pharmacotherapy, and may find alternative approaches more appealing. Younger individuals in particular may be attracted to virtual reality-based therapies.
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24

The effect of prolonged exposure to 750⁰C air on the tribological performance of PM212. [Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1994.

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25

Rothbaum, Barbara, Edna Foa, and Elizabeth Hembree. Prolonged Exposure Therapy for PTSD: Emotional Processing of Traumatic Experiences Therapist Guide (Treatments That Work). Oxford University Press, USA, 2007.

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26

Rothbaum, Barbara, Edna Foa, and Elizabeth Hembree. Reclaiming Your Life from a Traumatic Experience: A Prolonged Exposure Treatment Program Workbook (Treatments That Work). Oxford University Press, USA, 2007.

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27

Belcher, Harolyn M. E., and Samantha Hutchison. Neurobiology of Intrauterine Opiate and Cocaine Exposure. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199937837.003.0182.

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Drug abuse results from a complex interplay among the drug, the individual and the socio-cultural environment. Current pain reliever, heroin, and OxyContin® use is reported in 0.9% (n = 19,000), 0.2% (n = 4,000), and 0.1% (n = 3,000), respectively, of pregnant women in the United States each year. Cocaine use was reported in 0.2% of pregnant women. Intrauterine drug exposure to opiates is associated with risk for narcotic abstinence syndrome, prenatal infections, and sudden infant death. Illicit drug use during pregnancy also places the mother-to-be at risk for reduced prenatal care, obstetric complications, including abruption placentae, prolonged rupture of membranes, and fetal distress. This chapter focuses on the neurobiological effects of intrauterine opiate and cocaine exposure on the developing fetus.
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28

Rothbaum, Barbara Olasov, Edna B. Foa, Elizabeth A. Hembree, and Sheila A. M. Rauch. Reclaiming Your Life from a Traumatic Experience. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med-psych/9780190926892.001.0001.

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This workbook, written for patients, is part of a brief cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) program for individuals who are diagnosed with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) or who manifest PTSD symptoms that cause distress and/or dysfunction following various types of trauma. The overall aim of the treatment is to help trauma survivors emotionally process their traumatic experiences to diminish or eliminate PTSD and other trauma-related symptoms. The term “prolonged exposure” (PE) reflects the fact that the treatment program emerged from the long tradition of exposure therapy for anxiety disorders in which patients are helped to confront safe but anxiety-evoking situations to overcome their unrealistic, excessive fear and anxiety. PE is designed to get the patient in touch with these emotions and reactions. This workbook is a companion to the Therapist’s Guide, Prolonged Exposure Therapy for PTSD.
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29

Markowitz, John C. Interpersonal Psychotherapy for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med:psych/9780190465599.001.0001.

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Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a prevalent, debilitating public health problem. It is a treatable condition, but the predominant approach to treatment has involved exposing patients to their worst fears, the reminders of their traumas. Many patients and therapists find this process unpleasant, and exposure-based treatment does not help everyone. We recently studied Interpersonal Psychotherapy (IPT), a non-exposure treatment that focuses on restoring the numbed emotions of patients with PTSD and helping patients use them to reconstruct a sense of safety in their environment. IPT focuses on patients’ feelings as helpful signals in current interpersonal encounters, not on reconstructing past traumatic events. IPT worked as well as Prolonged Exposure, the best-tested exposure-based treatment, in a randomized controlled trial for patients with chronic PTSD. Moreover, IPT had advantages for the half of patients who suffered both from PTSD and from major depression. This book describes for clinicians the use of IPT and its emotion- and attachment-based approach.
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30

Banjara, Manoj, and Damir Janigro. Effects of the Ketogenic Diet on the Blood-Brain Barrier. Edited by Detlev Boison. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190497996.003.0030.

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Ketone bodies (KBs) are always present in the blood, and their levels increase after high-fat diet intake, prolonged exercise, or extended fasting. Thus, one can predict effects on the brain capillary endothelium from high levels of ketones in the blood. Prolonged exposure of blood-brain barrier (BBB) endothelial cells to KBs induces expression of monocarboxylate transporters and enhances brain uptake of KBs. In addition, cell migration and expression of gap junction proteins are up-regulated by KBs. Thus, beneficial effects of the ketogenic diet may depend on increased brain uptake of KBs to match metabolic demand and repair of a disrupted BBB. As the effects of KBs on the BBB and their transport mechanisms across the BBB are better understood, it will be possible to develop alternative strategies to optimize the therapeutic benefits of KBs for brain disorders where the BBB is compromised.
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31

Rothbaum, Barbara Olasov, Edna B. Foa, and Elizabeth A. Hembree. Reclaiming Your Life from a Traumatic Experience: Workbook. Oxford University Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med:psych/9780195308488.001.0001.

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Best used in combination with treatment with a mental health professional, this online workbook will help patients work through PTSD regardless of the type of trauma experienced. This program will reduce anxiety and distress as patients learn to face memories of trauma, while processing emotions about the event using a scientifically tested and proven technique called Prolonged Exposure Therapy (PE). It provides a guide for patients to learn how to confront these situations and begin to re-evaluate feelings and beliefs in order to think differently about the experience. It covers how to participate in exposure exercises as well as any real-life situations that bring about feelings of fear in a step-by-step controllable way. Breathing retraining exercises, information on PTSD, case examples, self-assessment tools, and homework assignments are also included.
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32

Hainline, Brian, Lindsey J. Gurin, and Daniel M. Torres. Concussion. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190937447.001.0001.

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Concussion is a type of mild traumatic brain injury, is common, and occurs both in sport and as a result of falls or accidents. Concussion has become an increasingly recognized public health concern, largely driven by prominent media coverage of athletes who have sustained concussion. Although much has been written about this condition, its natural history is still not well understood, and practitioners are only now beginning to recognize that concussion often manifests in different clinical domains. These may require targeted treatment in and of themselves; otherwise, persistent post-concussive symptoms may develop. Although most individuals who sustain a concussion recover, and although concussion is a treatable condition, it is important that concussion be managed early and comprehensively to avoid a more prolonged clinical trajectory. A relatively recent term often used in the setting of concussion is repetitive head impact exposure—a biomechanical force applied to the head that does not generate a clinical manifestation of concussion, but may result in structural brain changes. Although it is often assumed that repetitive head impact exposure leads to long-term neurological sequelae, the science to document this assumption is in its infancy. Repeated concussions may lead to depression or cognitive impairment later in life, and there is an emerging literature that repeated concussion and repetitive head impact exposure are associated with chronic traumatic encephalopathy or other neurodegenerative diseases. Currently there is no known causal connection between concussion, repetitive head impact exposure, and neurodegeneration, although this research is also still in its infancy.
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33

Tol, Wietse A., Mark J. D. Jordans, Dessy Susanty, and Joop T. V. M. de Jong. Trials for people with mental disorders and conditions associated with stress. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199680467.003.0013.

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Exposure to negative life events is associated with worse mental health outcomes. The chapter provides an overview of mental disorders and conditions specifically associated with stress. It discusses proposals for a new category of conditions and disorders specifically associated with stress (e.g. symptoms of acute stress, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), complex PTSD, prolonged grief disorder, adjustment disorder) and summarizes recent guidance for interventions. A preventive school-based intervention with children affected by armed conflict and cluster randomized trial in Indonesia is described and findings compared with trials in Burundi, Nepal, and Sri Lanka. These studies showed diverse effects of the same preventive intervention in different contexts and for different sub-populations. In accordance with a socioecological framework, intervention results were dependent on the extent to which children were exposed to ongoing events and the level of support they could draw on.
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34

Rauch, Sheila A. M., and Israel Liberzon. Mechanisms of Action in Psychotherapy. Edited by Israel Liberzon and Kerry J. Ressler. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190215422.003.0019.

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Therapy at its core is based on learning, and learning at its core is biological. Experience that is not in some way encoded in the brain and/or body is lost. This chapter provides a discussion of mechanisms of therapy research in PTSD in which the goal is to understand how PTSD therapy works. First, the chapter reviews what a mechanism is and how therapeutic mechanisms are examined. It then discusses the importance of therapeutic mechanisms research within the broader realm of mental health research. It focuses on prolonged exposure (PE) therapy for PTSD as an example of application of mechanisms research methodology and begins with the presentation of a theoretical model that builds on previous theory and mechanisms research to date. While much of this model is theoretical, the goal is to show how mechanisms research may apply to clinical practice to improve precision, efficiency, and efficacy.
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35

Nielsen-Saines, Karin. Antiretroviral Therapy in Children and Newborns. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190493097.003.0027.

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HIV-infected infants and children have a different, more progressive disease course compared to that of adults given that early infection leads to sustained, high-magnitude viremia with significant seeding of reservoirs in the first months of life. Early diagnosis of HIV infection is pivotal in the management of infants and prevention of HIV-associated morbidity and mortality. The availability of potent pediatric antiretroviral formulations encompassing different classes of drugs for infected infants and young children is limited. Significant advancements have been achieved in the area of infant post-exposure prophylaxis. Early antiretroviral treatment is still the mainstay of pediatric HIV infection, particularly for infants younger than age 12 months, but it is also highly recommended for older children. Early treatment of young infants diagnosed soon after birth appears to be the best approach to reduce the seeding of viral reservoirs and potentially attain prolonged periods of HIV remission off antiretrovirals.
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36

Ware, Lorraine B. Pathophysiology of acute respiratory distress syndrome. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0108.

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The acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a syndrome of acute respiratory failure characterized by the acute onset of non-cardiogenic pulmonary oedema due to increased lung endothelial and alveolar epithelial permeability. Common predisposing clinical conditions include sepsis, pneumonia, severe traumatic injury, and aspiration of gastric contents. Environmental factors, such as alcohol abuse and cigarette smoke exposure may increase the risk of developing ARDS in those at risk. Pathologically, ARDS is characterized by diffuse alveolar damage with neutrophilic alveolitis, haemorrhage, hyaline membrane formation, and pulmonary oedema. A variety of cellular and molecular mechanisms contribute to the pathophysiology of ARDS, including exuberant inflammation, neutrophil recruitment and activation, oxidant injury, endothelial activation and injury, lung epithelial injury and/or necrosis, and activation of coagulation in the airspace. Mechanical ventilation can exacerbate lung inflammation and injury, particularly if delivered with high tidal volumes and/or pressures. Resolution of ARDS is complex and requires coordinated activation of multiple resolution pathways that include alveolar epithelial repair, clearance of pulmonary oedema through active ion transport, apoptosis, and clearance of intra-alveolar neutrophils, resolution of inflammation and fibrinolysis of fibrin-rich hyaline membranes. In some patients, activation of profibrotic pathways leads to significant lung fibrosis with resultant prolonged respiratory failure and failure of resolution.
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37

Nadel, Ira. Philip Roth. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199846108.001.0001.

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This account of Philip Roth traces the psychological and artistic origins of his creative life. It examines the major events of his career, while identifying a series of personal themes in his writing, from his relationship with Judaism to family, marriage, Eastern Europe, and America. It addresses his private challenges, from romance and health to surviving as a writer burdened with success. The book also reflects how living outside the United States, initially in Italy and then England, plus his visits to Eastern Europe and exposure to their oppressed writers, affected his writing. In particular, it primed him for a new engagement with American political and social history, resulting in a renewed determination to rewrite America through his American trilogy and The Plot Against America. Although chronology is the framework, this is a thematic reading of Roth’s life and career with attention to family, self-identity, and success. A set of contrasting angles form this approach, beginning with his prolonged sense of discontent yet public image of success, his search for sustained relationships but then decision to end them, his idealization of his parents but persistent undercurrent of criticism. Three overlapping issues provide the impetus for this reading: the aesthetic, the emotional, and the historical. The lasting importance of such themes as anger, betrayal, and failure has a vital role in understanding Roth’s character and work. So, too, does his sense of performance on and off the page.
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38

Aksamit, Timothy R. Diffuse Lung Disease. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199755691.003.0617.

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Diffuse lung disease includes a wide range of parenchymal lung diseases that have infectious, inflammatory, malignant, drug, occupational or environmental, and other causes. Although many identifiable causes are recognized, the cause of most cases of diffuse lung disease in many published series is idiopathic. The clinical course may be acute or prolonged and may progress rapidly to life-threatening respiratory failure with death, or it may be indolent over many years. In most instances, a differential diagnosis can readily be formulated by obtaining the medical history, with emphasis on the nature of the symptoms, duration, and pertinent environmental, occupational, drug, and travel exposures.
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