Academic literature on the topic 'Promise (Law) in literature'
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Journal articles on the topic "Promise (Law) in literature"
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van Zyl, Nicole. "Sexual grooming of young girls: The promise and limits of law." Agenda 31, no. 2 (2017): 44–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10130950.2017.1369673.
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Kulovesi, Kati, Michael Mehling, and Elisa Morgera. "Global Environmental Law: Context and Theory, Challenge and Promise." Transnational Environmental Law 8, no. 3 (2019): 405–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2047102519000347.
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AbstractFew issue areas exemplify the centrifugal forces that have prompted the emergence of global law scholarship better than the environment. With its propensity to blur or transcend conventional distinctions between national and international, public and private, and formal and informal, environmental governance offers a consummate case study to test the promise and perils of global law. In this article we situate global environmental law in the broader debate about lawmaking and application beyond the nation state, tracing the evolution and elusive boundaries of this nascent field. Our survey allows us to identify conceptual ambiguities and missed opportunities in the literature on global environmental law, including challenges to its normativity and legitimacy. From there, however, we proceed to outline a twofold opportunity for the global environmental law project: (i) an opportunity to enrich environmental law with more diverse and inclusive practices; and (ii) an opportunity for collaborative self-reflexivity by the scholars and practitioners of environmental law as these not only interpret and apply but, through their work, actively shape the content of the law.
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Roark, Marc Lane. "Scaling Commercial Law in Indian Country." Texas A&M Law Review 8, no. 1 (2020): 89–140. http://dx.doi.org/10.37419/lr.v8.i1.3.
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How do you drive economic enterprise in a financial desert? Indian tribes, academics, economists, and policy makers have considered the means and methods for energizing economic growth for forty years. Efforts such as the creation and promotion of the Model Tribal Secured Transactions Act (“MTSTA”) promise much toward creating conditions that would gather financial opportunity to tribal regions that experience poverty at a strikingly higher rate than any other place in the United States. And yet, while the law has been available for more than ten years, tribes have been reticent to adopt it. This Article fills the vacuum in the literature around the promise of uniform laws in Indian Country by describing the inherent tension that exists between downscaling uniform laws into tribal contexts and the localism that seeks to preserve localized values. This Article argues that tribal choices to accept uniformity or reject uniformity in these areas are built around a combination of formal associations and organic relationships designed to create “institutional thickness” in the face of other scarce resources.
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Rabello, Alfredo Mordechai. "Gift Of Organs — A Note." Israel Law Review 27, no. 4 (1993): 661–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021223700011560.
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Is it possible to view human organs as assets that can be given as “the subject of a gift”? The view most widely accepted in the legal literature is that a dispositionary act in relation to our body cannot constitute the object of a binding contract, if the execution of the contract could endanger the life of the person (i.e. the person making the disposition) or constitute a risk to his physical well-being. In such a case, the contract would contradict the general principles of law and morality.It is an accepted legal principle that a person may make a commitment to give hair, to nurse a child or to donate blood. In a contract for consideration, the validity of the obligation must be determined, but stipulating specific performance is prohibited, thus the only remedy can be the awarding of damages. The law in Israel is clear that the giver of a gift can retract his promise up until the moment of giving, and if the intended recipient of the promised organ is detrimentally affected, the reluctant giver will be liable, at most, to compensate the frustrated recipient.
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APRIANI, TITIN. "KONSEP GANTI RUGI DALAM PERBUATAN MELAWAN HUKUM DAN WANPRESTASI SERTA SISTEM PENGATURANNYA DALAM KUH PERDATA." GANEC SWARA 15, no. 1 (2021): 929. http://dx.doi.org/10.35327/gara.v15i1.193.
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This research is a library research, which uses data in the form of books, laws, articles, journals and other literature related to the title, while the technique and data collection is to collect various ideas, theories and concepts from various literatures that focus on the process. comparison between arguments, articles or other laws. The results of the research can be concluded that regarding acts against the law are important things in the field of civil law. The application of the conception of an act against the law is often equated with the conception of breaking a promise (default). Whereas both are very different conceptions from one another, even though both originate from the agreement, namely the conception of default originating from an agreement which is born from an agreement and the conception of unlawful acts originating from an agreement born from a law.
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Kuiken, Kir. "Impasse, Promise, and Impossible Community: Blanchot’s Community of Lovers and Kleist’s Michael Kohlhaas." Comparative Literature 72, no. 2 (2020): 128–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00104124-8127427.
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Abstract While “impasse” in politics implies deadlock or standstill, this essay examines how a counter-tradition, exemplified by Blanchot’s The Unavowable Community, treats impasse as the condition of possibility of a new form of community. Focusing on Blanchot’s conception of the “community of lovers,” the essay examines why Blanchot associates this with the events of May 1968. This association centers on the notion of an “impossible community” that challenges the very structure of the state as the realization of the community’s sovereignty. The essay then turns to Kleist, mentioned briefly in Blanchot’s treatise, as a paradigmatic case of the literary dimension of impossible community. Focusing on Kleist’s novella Michael Kohlhaas, the essay argues that the novella articulates the episodic and insurrectional element of Blanchot’s conception of community. Rather than understand the titular character’s revolt in terms of his fanatical adherence to the universality of law, the essay argues that Kohlhaas’s insurrection is predicated on the death of his wife, Lisbeth, whose post-mortem appearance in the novella introduces a promise that is structurally prior to the state’s constitution. This promise transforms impasse into enactment, impossibility into actuality.
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Graeme, Michael. "Swimming and Diving in Grandpa's River: A Promise of Help with Respect to Water on Halalt Territory." Arbutus Review 9, no. 1 (2018): 80–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.18357/tar91201818388.
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Drawing on media reports, court proceedings, and ethnographic literature, this paper explores contentions between the Halalt First Nation and the Municipality of North Cowichan regarding rights and access to the Chemainus Aquifer. Using a well project proposed by the municipality as a focus, I describe colonial power dynamics and argue that a decolonizing shift is needed in law and society to reconcile Indigenous and non-Indigenous ways of using and regulating resources on unceded Coast Salish territory.
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Barnes, Victoria. "Anat Rosenberg, Liberalizing Contracts: Nineteenth Century Promises Through Literature, Law and History." American Journal of Legal History 60, no. 2 (2020): 250–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajlh/njaa002.
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McGinn, Thomas A. J. "Satire and the law: the case of Horace." Proceedings of the Cambridge Philological Society 47 (2001): 81–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0068673500000717.
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The idea of examining law as a cultural phenomenon seems surprisingly underappreciated – especially by legal scholars. Black-letter law, sociology of law, Eigentum und Besitz, law and life, life and law (which of you imitates the other?), all rank among the usual suspects in professional discourse, to the evident exclusion of law as culture. This is of course potentially a broad topic, even if we limit it to the assumptions or assertions about law found in literary discourse, an area of study that naturally requires no small degree of non-legal expertise. That may be the difficulty. A few exceptions, whom I admire and hope to emulate – for their ambitious, pioneering spirit, have spied an opportunity here. Perhaps the best-known example of this approach is John Crook, who writes:… legal talk and terminology seem rather more frequent and more at home in Roman literature than in ours. Legal terms of art could be used for literary metaphor, could be the foundation of stage jokes or furnish analogy in philosophical discussion. And a corollary of this is that many a passage of Latin belles lettres needs a knowledge of the law for its comprehension.Crook, disappointingly, lets it go at that, failing to fulfil the promise of boundless opportunity expressed in the last sentence.
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Sesay, Mohamed. "Hijacking the rule of law in postconflict environments." European Journal of International Security 4, no. 1 (2018): 41–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/eis.2018.6.
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AbstractThe positive effects of rule of law norms and institutions are often assumed in the peacebuilding literature, with empirical work focusing more on processes of compliance with international standards in war-torn countries. Yet, this article contends that purportedly ‘good’ rule of law norms do not always deliver benign benefits but rather often have negative consequences that harm the very local constituents that peacebuilders promise to help. Specifically, the article argues that rule of law promotion in war-torn countries disproportionately favours actors who have been historically privileged by unequal socio-legal and economic structures at the expense of those whom peacebuilders claim to emancipate. By entrenching an inequitable state system which benefits those with wealth, education, and influence, rule of law institutions have reinforced structural, social, and cost-related barriers to justice. These negative effects explain why war-torn societies avoid the formal courts and law enforcement agencies despite substantial international efforts to professionalise and strengthen these institutions to meet global rule of law standards. The argument is drawn from an historical, comparative, and empirical analysis of the UK-funded justice sector development programme in Sierra Leone and US-supported rule of law reforms in Liberia – two postwar countries often cited as prototypes of successful peacebuilding.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Promise (Law) in literature"
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Khopuangklang, Korrasut. "A critical analysis of promise in Scots law and Thai law." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/22831.
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This thesis critically analyses the law of promise. It does so for the purposes of identifying potential solutions to practical and doctrinal problems in the Thai law of promise. Scots law is chosen as the main point of comparison because, inter alia, both jurisdictions are mixed jurisdictions. Scots promissory law was influenced by the Canon Law and was part of the ius commune tradition. Scots law was not influenced by English law in this area. Scots law has developed its own promissory obligation as a free standing legal entity outwith contract. Thai promissory legal principles were derived from both Civilian and English sources. Consequently, promissory language is used both in the sense of a unilateral obligation and a contractual promise. Moreover, the Thai drafters did not acknowledge the different attitude towards a unilateral promise of French law (where a promise must be accepted in order to be binding) and German law (where particular types of unilateral obligations are recognised). This thesis argues that the flaws in promissory provisions under the Thai Code stem from the fact that, inter alia, the drafters did not understand the difference between unilateral and bilateral obligations. This thesis argues that the Scots promissory approach presents a more efficient structure of the law of obligations than the Thai approach. It encounters fewer problems than Thai law because a promise is deemed to be a standalone obligation. This thesis further analyses the practical applications of promise, arguing that a promissory analysis is useful in conceptualising practical circumstances. Adopting a promissory approach is beneficial, making doctrinal analysis clearer in comparison with the offer and acceptance approach. This thesis takes into account the role given to promise in the DCFR. The notion of a unilateral undertaking in the DCFR illustrates that the most recent model rule of European private law recognises the importance of a unilateral obligation. This reflects the fact that the notion of a contract cannot appropriately deal with certain situations in which a person unilaterally intends his/her undertaking to be bound without acceptance. It is concluded that the Scots approach of regarding a promise as an independent obligation separate from contract could be adapted to Thai law. There are certain resemblances between Scots and Thai law in promissory theories and the obligational nature of a promise. Therefore, Thai law is not unfamiliar with the notion that a declaration of wills can unilaterally create an obligation. The proposed approach provides a number of advantages e.g. eradicating an overlap between a promise and an offer; clarifying the legal status of promise; and making the legal status of a promise to make a contract compatible with a promise of reward. In particular, this thesis postulates that promise has a substantive role to play in governing an offer specifying a period of acceptance. This particular observation has, to date, not been made in relation to Thai law.
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Zolezzi, Ibárcena Lorenzo. "The trial in literature. A study of the legal aspects in three emblematic novels: The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club, by Dickens; Billy Budd, by Melville; and The Bonfire of the Vanities, by Tom Wolfe." Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2014. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/115948.
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The plots of Billy Budd and The Bonfire of the Vanities are organized entirely around a lawsuit. In The Pickwick Papers the trial is only a part, though an important one, of a series of related adventures in which the main characters of the novel participate. In the three novels there is a trial in which the accused is found guilty, although he is actually innocent. In The Posthumous Papers of the Club Pickwick, the author’s main purpose is to present the operation of the legal system, in which the modus operandi of unscrupulous lawyers, who rely only on cheating and deceiving methods, is atthe beginning of and determines the outcome of the lawsuit. In Billy Budd, an innocent is sentenced to death in order to preserve a supposed higher interest: the common good. In The Bonfire of the Vanities, political factors, personal interests, resentments and other worldly elements determine the outcome of the trial. In the three cases, the watchmaking mechanism that a lawsuit appears to be is completely overcome by factors outside it.<br>Las tramas de Billy Budd y La hoguera de las vanidades están organizadas íntegramente alrededor de un juicio. En Los papeles póstumos del Club Pickwick, el proceso es una parte importante de la obra, pero también existen aventuras relacionadas en las que participan los diversos personajes. En los tres juicios se juzga a un inocente. En Los papeles póstumos del Club Pickwick, el autor busca presentar el funcionamiento real del sistema legal, en el cual el modus operandi de abogados inescrupulosos, quienes emplean únicamente métodos tramposos y fraudulentos, determina el origen y el resultado del proceso. En Billy Budd, un inocente es condenado a muerte para preservar un supuesto interés mayor: el bien común. En La hoguera de las vanidades, factores políticos, intereses personales, resentimientos y otros elementos de carácter mundano determinan el resultado del proceso. En los tres casos, el mecanismo de relojería que parece ser el proceso es totalmente sobrepasado por factores externos al mismo.
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Weaver, Kimberly C. "Mothering and Surrogacy in Twentieth-Century American Literature: Promise or Betrayal." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2011. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/english_diss/77.
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Twentieth-century American literature is filled with new images of motherhood. Long gone is the idealism of motherhood that flourished during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries in life and in writing. Long gone are the mother help books and guides on training mothers. The twentieth-century fiction writer ushers in new examples of motherhood described in novels that critique the bad mother and turn a critical eye towards the role of women and motherhood. This study examines the trauma surrounding twentieth-century motherhood and surrogacy; in particular, how abandonment, rape, incest, and negation often results in surrogacy; and how selected authors create characters who as mothers fail to protect their children, particularly their daughters. This study explores whether the failure is a result of social-economic or physiological circumstances that make mothering and motherlove impossible or a rejection of the ideal mother seldom realized by contemporary women, or whether the novelists have rewritten the notion of the mother’s help books by their fragmented representations of motherhood. Has motherhood become a rejection of self-potential?
The study will critique mother-daughter relationships in four late twentieth-century American novels in their complex presentations of motherhood and surrogacy: Toni Morrison’s The Bluest Eye (1970), Kaye Gibbons’s Ellen Foster (1990), Dorothy Allison’s Bastard Out of Carolina (1992) and Sapphire’s Push (1997). Appropriated terminology from other disciplines illustrates the prevalence of surrogacy and protection in the subject novels. The use of surrogate will refer to those who come forward to provide the role of mothering and protection.
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Sonett, Alexandra. "A Promise is a Promise: The Ethical Implications for CEO’s Acting Socially Responsible within a Corporation." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2015. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/1182.
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The prevalence of corporate social responsibility has been continually increasing over recent years. The debate of whether a business should act in a manner that furthers societal needs or if they should simply focus their efforts on maximizing shareholder value is of popular interest since it affects the fundamental structures of how a business will operate. One of the major influencing theories in favor of social responsibility is the stakeholder theory. The opposing viewpoint is the shareholder theory, which highlights that the sole responsibility for a corporation is to act in a way that maximizes profits. This thesis will outline the stakeholder and shareholder theories to gain a more comprehensive understanding of the debate and then offer a critical and philosophical analysis of shareholder theory to ultimately argue why the moral significance of a promise better promotes maximizing shareholder value.
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Villanueva, Hector. "The Challenge of Police and Judicial Reform in Mexico and the Promise of Civil Engagement." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2013. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/655.
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This piece examines the lack of rule of law in Mexico through an analysis of police and judicial reform efforts. After providing a historical overview of the development of Mexican policing and the judicial branch, it pinpoints shortcomings of reform operations in the justice sector. It suggests that without addressing corruption and informal procedures in those institutions, meaningful reform and true rule of law in Mexico will be unlikely. The piece then focuses on civil society's capacity to bolster justice reform and act as an agent of rule of law.
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Latham, J. "En route vers la terre promise : The radical £Tfilm making of Alain Tanner£T." Thesis, University of Stirling, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.377536.
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Harloe, Katherine Cecilia. "Franz Neumann, the rule of law and the unfulfilled promise of classical liberal thought." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2004. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.614664.
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This thesis draws on the work of Franz Neumann, a critical theorist associated with the early Frankfurt School, to evaluate liberal arguments about political legitimacy and to develop an original account of the justification for the liberal state.
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O'Loughlin, Ailbhe. "Balancing rights? : dangerous offenders with severe personality disorders, the public, and the promise of rehabilitation." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2016. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/3356/.
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This thesis examines the emergence of the concept of dangerous and severe personality disorder (DSPD) in England and Wales and its subsequent interactions with criminal justice and health policy, mental health law and the law of sentencing. It also presents a normative critique of the promise of rehabilitation as a limit on the preventive detention of offenders perceived to be dangerous and personality disordered. In the first part of the thesis it is argued that the DSPD initiative was a compromise between the objectives of the Home Office and Department of Health intended to provide a solution to the long-standing problems personality disordered offenders presented for the prison and secure hospital systems. The plans also sought to strike a “balance” between the recognised rights of the offender to liberty and the more contested and nebulous “right” of the public to protection against harm. In essence, the bargain struck meant that, in exchange for their detention to protect the public, dangerous offenders with severe personality disorders would be offered tailored treatments aimed at alleviating their personal distress and reducing the risks they posed to the public so that they could eventually be released. Problematically, however, the effectiveness of the treatments on offer in reducing risk has not yet been proven. In the second part of the thesis, it emerges that the domestic and European legal framework governing the DSPD group takes a similar approach to “balancing” competing rights. In the final analysis, however, the legal and policy framework prioritises the pursuit of public security over the rights of the offender and risk subjecting the latter to disproportionate punishment. In this context, it is argued that the promise of rehabilitation may be more accurately characterised as means of rendering the coercive practice of preventive detention more palatable for liberal governments than as a true safeguard against the violation of prisoners’ rights. Finally, some suggestions for a new normative framework that is more responsive to the risks of disproportionate punishment presented by the current system are put forward.
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Seppälä, Markus. "The Promise of Ethical Business: On the Legal Status of Corporate Codes of Conduct." Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Management and Economics, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-2727.
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<p>The legal status of corporate codes of conduct, whereby a corporation promises to behave in an ethical manner, is uncertain. Such codes are often claimed to be legally unenforceable. But even if codes per se are not regulated by a legal system, there are still numerous rules governing the making and keeping of promises. Contracts, constitutions and advertising are examples of promises recognized in many legal systems. </p><p>This thesis will show, using general principles found in several legal systems, that codes of conduct can indeed be enforceable. </p><p>Firstly, a contract is an agreement between two or more parties. According to different theories, it derives its legal validity from either the ethics of promise-keeping or the reliance of one party. Codes of conduct may, in some cases be considered enforceable contracts. </p><p>Secondly, corporations, like states have constitutions, which outline the basic principles of the organization in a way recognized by the law. A code of conduct can be made enforceable by incorporation into this constitution. </p><p>Finally, promises made in advertising can also be binding for the corporation. If the code is regarded as advertising, it can become enforceable.</p><br><p>Genom etiska policyer (uppförandekoder) kan företag lova att bete sig på et etiskt sätt. Dessa koders rättsliga status är emellertid osäker, och ofta hävdas att sådana de inte är rättsligt bindande. Men även om etikpolicyer i sig inte regleras av rättssystemet, finns det flertaliga regler om att ge och hålla löften. Avtal, författningar och marknadsföring är alla exempel på löften som erkänns som bindande av många rättssystem. </p><p>Denna uppsats visar, genom att åberopa allmänna principer som finns i flera rättssystem, att uppförandekoder faktiskt är bindande. </p><p>Ett avtal är en överenskommelse mellan två eller flera parter. Enligt olika teorier blir det bindande på grund av antingen etiska normer om löften eller en parts tilltro till avtalet. Uppförandekoder kan, under vissa förutsättningar, anses vara avtal. </p><p>Företag, likt stater har författningar som reglerar organisationens mest grundläggande principer på ett sätt som av lagen tillmäts betydelse. En uppförandekod kan göras bindande genom att inkorporeras i denna författning. </p><p>Löften som ges i marknadsföring kan också skapa rättsliga plikter för företaget. Om koden ses som reklam kan den vara bindande.</p>
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Largent, Emily. "The Promise and Peril of Using the Law to Promote Ethical Outcomes in Health and Healthcare." Thesis, Harvard University, 2016. http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:33493517.
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NOTA: NOT A GOOD ACT FOR TISSUES TO FOLLOW
The National Organ Transplant Act of 1984 (NOTA) articulates the U.S. federal policy for organ transplantation. It seeks to ensure equitable allocation of donor organs and strives to increase the number of organs available for transplant. A trio of ethical concerns—commodification, exploitation, and coercion—motivated passage of NOTA broadly and the prohibition on organ sales in particular. Notably, NOTA does not distinguish between organs and tissues, a devastating oversight given the differences between the two, which include: who can donate; when donation can occur; how donated items are procured, processed, and stored; who receives the donated item and why; and government oversight. Tissues are not like organs in the ways that made NOTA an appropriate legislative solution to commodification, exploitation, and coercion. Rather, NOTA failed to address tissue-specific concerns both ethical and practical in nature. Thus, there is an acute need to develop tissue-specific legislation that enhances informed consent to protect donor autonomy; sets a schedule of payments for donors and intermediaries to promote distributive justice; and improves tracking of donated tissues to address patient safety concerns.
REGULATORY UNCERTAINTY, CONCEPTUAL CONFUSION, AND A PATH FORWARD ON OFFERS OF PAYMENT TO RESEARCH PARTICIPANTS
The practice of offering payment to individuals in exchange for their participation in clinical research is widespread and longstanding. Nevertheless, such payment remains the source of substantial debate, in particular about whether or the extent to which offers of payment coerce and/or unduly induce individuals to participate. Yet, the various laws, regulations, and ethical guidelines that govern the conduct of human subjects research offer relatively little in the way of specific guidance regarding what makes a payment offer ethically acceptable. This paper systematically examines the legal and ethical dimensions of offering payment to research participants. It argues that concerns about offers of payment to research participants can be attributed to the misguided view that such offers ought to be treated differently than offers of payment in other contexts, a form of “research exceptionalism.” We show that rejection of research exceptionalism with respect to payment helps settle open debates about both how best to define coercion and undue influence, and how to understand the relation between these concepts and offers of payment. We argue for adoption of our preferred definitions, ideally by regulatory authorities, and against the conventional conservatism toward payment of research participants. Instead, we draw attention to the rarely asked, even radical, question: are research participants paid enough? We conclude by arguing that we ought to change the default to favor, rather than encourage suspicion of, offers of payment to research participants.
EBOLA & FDA: REVIEWING THE RESPONSE TO FIND LESSONS FOR THE FUTURE
In 2014, West Africa confronted the most severe outbreak of Ebola virus disease (EVD) in history. At the onset of the outbreak—as now—there were no therapies approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for prevention of, post-exposure prophylaxis against, or treatment of EVD. As a result, the outbreak spurred interest in developing novel treatments and vaccines; sparked calls to use experimental interventions in the field; and highlighted challenges to the standard approach to FDA approval of new drugs. Although the outbreak was geographically centered in West Africa, it brought to the fore issues of food and drug law and showcased FDA’s global role in drug development, approval, and access. FDA’s response to EVD highlights the panoply of Agency powers and demonstrates the flexibility of FDA’s regulatory framework. This paper evaluates the strengths and weaknesses of FDA’s response and makes policy recommendations regarding how FDA should respond to new and re-emerging public health threats going forward. The current pandemic of Zika virus infection is but one example of an emerging health threat that will require FDA involvement in order to achieve a successful response.<br>Health Policy
Books on the topic "Promise (Law) in literature"
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American literary realism and the failed promise of contract. University of California Press, 1997.
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Promising language: Betrothal in Victorian law and fiction. State University of New York Press, 2000.
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The promised end: Eschatology in theology and literature. Blackwell Publishers, 2000.
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The failed promise of originalism. Stanford Law Books, an imprint of Stanford University Press, 2012.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Promise (Law) in literature"
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Helvacı, İlhan. "Public Promise." In Turkish Contract Law. Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-60061-1_2.
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Kruger, Marie. "Promise and Fraud." In Women's Literature in Kenya and Uganda. Palgrave Macmillan US, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230116412_2.
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Burkard, Michael. "A Promise for Objectivity." In Conflicting Philosophies and International Trade Law. Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-61067-2_7.
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Lammasniemi, Laura. "Processing literature." In Law Dissertations. Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315282855-10.
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Lammasniemi, Laura. "Literature review." In Law Dissertations. Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315282855-11.
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Miller, Richard E. "Schooling Misery: the Ominous Threat and the Eminent Promise of the Popular Reader." In Teaching Literature. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230507906_10.
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Akhtar, Shabbir. "Crisis of law, promise of grace." In The New Testament in Muslim Eyes. Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315448282-9.
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Green, Richard Firth. "Literature and Law." In A Companion to Medieval English Literature and Culture c.1350-c.1500. Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470996355.ch18.
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Fortier, Mark. "Literature v. Law." In Literature and Law. Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781351203838-2.
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Morawetz, Thomas. "Law and Literature." In A Companion to Philosophy of Law and Legal Theory. Wiley-Blackwell, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781444320114.ch29.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Promise (Law) in literature"
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Pan, Liming, Ben Dawson, Jacqueline Krim, et al. "Nanoscale Design of Adaptive Tribological Coatings." In STLE/ASME 2008 International Joint Tribology Conference. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ijtc2008-71196.
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We report a joint theoretical and experimental study of the tribological properties of gold-yttrium stabilized zirconia (YSZ) based nanocomposite coatings, with a focus on the role of nanocrystalline grain size. Nanocomposites hold great promise for space and ambient applications, on account of their ability to adapt to and exhibit low friction and wear rates in constantly varying environmental conditions. Their internal structure has been the topic of prior literature, but the impact of grain size on tribological performance has heretofore not been considered, and the surface topology has not been reported. As such, we have performed both experimental and theoretical studies, to model the impact of grain size on film stress and wear attributes, and to document surface region grain size distributions through scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) measurements of self-affine fractal scaling properties. Nanocrystalline gold crystal sizes, as determined from STM and x-ray diffraction (XRD) data are consistent with those inferred from high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) measurements. Our modeling results associate smaller grain sizes with lower wear rates, consistent with experiments. The findings show promise for nanoscale customization of coatings so as to tailor them at the nanoscale in an application specific manner.
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Cora, O¨mer Necati, Yusuf Usta, and Muammer Koc¸. "Experimental Investigations on Development of Rapid Die Wear Tests for Stamping of Advanced High Strength Steels." In ASME 2007 International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/msec2007-31016.
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In a quest to achieve low-mass vehicles (i.e., higher fuel economy and lower emission), the automotive industry has been actively investigating the use of lightweight materials for a wide range of body panels and structural parts. Among the lightweight materials considered, Advanced and Ultra High Strength Steels (A/UHSS) hold promise as a prominent choice for the near future due to their relatively high formability and low cost compared to Aluminum and Magnesium alloys. However, due to their significantly higher strength than mild steel, in addition to the springback, blanking and joining issues, serious problems with the die wear are expected to arise during manufacturing. Although the die wear literature for the forming of conventional steels is prevalent, tribological issues of high strength steels have not been understood well yet. This study aims to develop a new, rapid and automated wear test for the die materials used in sheet metal forming operations of high strength steels (mainly DP and TRIP steels) and to investigate the wear, friction, and lubrication issues. With this test, the actual stamping conditions such as contact pressure, temperature, and sliding velocity can be represented well. Our preliminary tests on two different extreme contact conditions (soft-soft, hard-hard) indicate that this novel wear test method results in relatively reasonable wear rate estimations/measurements when compared to the results in the literature.
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Panchal, Kapil, Santosh Abraham, Srinath V. Ekkad, Wing Ng, Barry J. Brown, and Anthony Malandra. "Investigation of Effect of End Wall Contouring Methods on a Transonic Turbine Blade Passage." In ASME 2011 Turbo Expo: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2011-45192.
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End wall contouring has been widely studied during past two decades for secondary loss reduction in turbine passages. Recent non-axisymmetric end wall contouring methods have shown more promise for loss reduction as compared to the axisymmetric end wall contouring methods used in initial studies. The end wall contouring methods have shown definite promise, especially, for the turbine passages at low design exit Mach numbers. A class of methods exists in the literature where the end wall surface is defined by using a combination of two curves. These curves specify surface topology variation in streamwise and pitchwise directions. Another class of methods depends on surface contour optimization, in which the modification of surface contours is achieved by changing the control point locations that define the surface topology. A definitive, passage design parameter based method of contouring is still not available. However, a general guideline for the trend of contour variation, along pitchwise and streamwise direction, can certainly be extrapolated from the existing literature. It is not clear, however, whether such a trend can be fitted to any blade profile to achieve, least of all a nonoptimum but a definite, reduction in losses. Moreover, almost all of the existing studies have focused on end wall contouring of passages with low exit Mach numbers. Some researchers, indeed, have used blades designed for high turning and high exit Mach number. However, such studies were done at Mach number well below the intended design condition. A study of effect of end wall contouring on a high turning blade with high design exit Mach number is not available in open literature. The present study investigates the effect of application of three different types of end wall contouring methods through numerical simulation, on a high turning transonic turbine blade passage. The main contouring method is based on total loss reduction criterion which is described here in detail. The contouring methodology described here avoids the deficiency of current commercial mesh generation software in context of automated meshing and provides a robust end wall optimization methodology. The geometry that gives minimum SKE values is compared with this loss optimized geometry. Additionally, a normalized contoured surface topology was extracted from a previous study that has similar blade design parameters and this surface was fitted to the turbine passage under study in order to investigate the effect of such trend based surface fitting. This contour geometry has also been compared with the other two contour geometries. Aerodynamic response of these geometries has been compared in detail with the baseline case without any end wall contouring. A comparison of shape and location of end wall contours on aerodynamic performance has been provided. The results indicate that end wall contouring for transonic turbine blades may not result in as significant gains at design conditions as those claimed for low speed turbine passages in previous studies.
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Hall, Benjamin F., Kam S. Chana, and Thomas Povey. "Design of a Non-Reacting Combustor Simulator With Swirl and Temperature Distortion With Experimental Validation." In ASME Turbo Expo 2013: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2013-95499.
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Nonuniform combustor outlet flows have been demonstrated to have significant impact on the first and second stage turbine aerothermal performance. Rich-burn combustors, which generally have pronounced temperature profiles and weak swirl profiles, primarily affect the heat load in the vane but both the heat load and aerodynamics of the rotor. Lean burn combustors, in contrast, generally have a strong swirl profile which has an additional significant impact on the vane aerodynamics which should be accounted for in the design process. There has been a move towards lean burn combustor designs to reduce NOx emissions. There is also increasing interest in fully integrated design processes which consider the impact of the combustor flow on the design of the HP vane and rotor aerodynamics and cooling. There are a number of current large research projects in scaled (low temperature and pressure) turbine facilities which aim to provided validation data and physical understanding to support this design philosophy. There is a small body of literature devoted to rich burn combustor simulator design but no open literature on the topic of lean burn simulator design. The particular problem is that in non-reacting, highly swirling and diffusing flows, vortex instability in the form of a precessing vortex core or vortex breakdown is unlikely to be well matched to the reacting case. In reacting combustors the flow is stabilised by heat release, but in low temperature simulators other methods for stabilising the flow must be employed. Unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes and Large eddy simulation have shown promise in modelling swirling flows with unstable features. These design issues form the subject of this paper.
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Baines, Nicholas C. "Flow Development in Radial Turbine Rotors." In ASME 1996 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exhibition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/96-gt-065.
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This paper surveys the development of the primary and secondary flows in the rotors of radial-inflow turbines. Information previously scattered throughout the literature has been brought together, and it has been possible to create a coherent picture and a good understanding of the complex flow processes which occur. The secondary flow is generated by cross-passage forces due to the turning of the blades, and Coriolis forces. Near the leading edge these give rise to a strong vortex adjacent to the pressure surface, moving low momentum fluid from hub to tip. This feature helps to explain why best efficiency occurs typically at 20°–30° negative incidence. Attempts to correlate the optimum incidence angle using traditional slip factor expressions can give quite misleading results, but a new approach based on the blade loading shows considerable promise. Nearer the exit there is motion of fluid from hub to tip near the suction surface and a vortex in the suction surface-shroud corner, and this is linked to the highly non-uniform flow at exit. The latter effect makes the prediction and correlation of rotor deviation information very difficult, despite the development of a rational exit averaging procedure. The present deviation data are sparse and not easy to correlate.
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Darmawati, Besse. "Law, Social, and Humanity in Buginese Literature." In 2018 3rd International Conference on Education, Sports, Arts and Management Engineering (ICESAME 2018). Atlantis Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/amca-18.2018.41.
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Gupta, Sreenath B. "Fouling Mitigation for Laser Igniters in Natural Gas Engines." In ASME 2020 Internal Combustion Engine Division Fall Technical Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icef2020-2963.
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Abstract Due to several recent developments in lasers and optics, laser igniters can now be designed to be (i) compact so as to have the same footprint as a standard spark plug, (ii) have low power draw, usually less than 50 Watts, and (iii) have vibration and temperature resistance at levels typical of reciprocating engines. Primary advantages of these laser igniters remain (i) extension of lean or dilution limits for ignition of combustible mixtures, and (ii) improved ignition at higher pressures. Recently, tests performed in a 350 kW 6-cylinder stationary natural gas reciprocating engine retrofitted with these igniters showed an extension of the operational envelope to yield efficiency improvements of the order of 2.6% points while being compliant with the mandated emission regulations. Even though laser igniters offer promise, fouling of the final optical element that introduces the laser into the combustion chamber is of concern. After performing a thorough literature search, a test plan was devised to evaluate various fouling mitigation strategies. The final approach that was used is a combination of three strategies and helped sustain an optical transmissivity exceeding 98% even after 1500 hrs. of continuous engine operation at 2400 rpm. Based on the observed trend in transmissivity, it now appears that laser igniters can last up to 6000 hrs. of continuous engine operation in a stationary engine running at 1800 rpm.
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Midlam-Mohler, Shawn, and Yann Guezennec. "Modeling of a Partial-Flow, Diesel, Lean NOx Trap Systems." In ASME 2005 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2005-80834.
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Lean NOx Traps (LNTs) have shown promise for Diesel applications; however, production implementation in vehicles poses a number of challenges. Much of the literature reports on LNT systems in which the catalyst always receives the full flow of exhaust from the engine, referred here as full-flow regeneration systems. Another implementation of the LNT is one in which the exhaust can be partially or fully diverted from the catalyst to allow local introduction of the necessary reductants for regeneration. The physical aspects of one such system, as well as a control-oriented model are presented with experimental validation. In the system described here, the exhaust flow is diverted around the catalyst during regenerations. In the low exhaust flow through the catalyst, reductant is added (Diesel fuel typically) which provides the rich conditions for regenerating the trap. This allows the engine to continue to run in normal lean mode, which overcomes one of the major challenges for full-flow regeneration systems. Successful regeneration with liquid Diesel fuel is strongly dependent on catalyst temperature, which is addressed by proper thermal management of the system through the addition of fuel prior to regeneration. In this paper, both component level and vehicle level simulations are presented in terms of fuel economy versus NOx reduction. Several different system configurations and control strategies are compared.
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Jones, Rory J., Daniel T. Pate, and Sushil H. Bhavnani. "Control of Instabilities in Two-Phase Microchannel Flow Using Artificial Nucleation Sites." In ASME 2007 InterPACK Conference collocated with the ASME/JSME 2007 Thermal Engineering Heat Transfer Summer Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipack2007-33602.
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Microchannel heat sinks offer the promise of an effective and compact technique for heat dissipation from high-powered microelectronics. When combined with phase-change mechanisms, it is possible to extend heat removal capabilities over several future technology nodes on electronics roadmaps. Many studies have documented instabilities in phase-change flows associated with uncontrolled transition from bubbly flows to slug flows at fairly low void fraction. The phase-change thermal transport reported here was carried out on microchannel heat sinks etched in silicon and cooled by the dielectric fluid FC72. Microchannels with a hydraulic diameter of 253 microns were studied. The base of each microchannel is augmented with 20-micron cavities to trigger controlled nucleation activity and help control large-scale instabilities reported in the literature. The cavities significantly impact the flow regime by promoting stable nucleate boiling. Temperature and pressure measurements show stable flow regimes under all combinations leading to saturated channel exit conditions and even for subcooled exit conditions at low-to-moderate heat fluxes. These measurements are confirmed by high-speed photography. Instabilities observed were confined to a sub-set of the subcooled exit flow regime. Within this region, an analysis of the data shows that the frequency of the flow instability is between 8–14 Hz. Instability maps demarcating regions of stable and unstable flow are presented as functions of mass flux (535–2140 kg/m2–s), and inlet subcooling (5–25°C).
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Algermissen, Stephan, and Hans P. Monner. "Reduction of Low-Frequency Sound Transmission Using an Array of 3D-Printed Resonant Structures." In ASME 2018 Conference on Smart Materials, Adaptive Structures and Intelligent Systems. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/smasis2018-7985.
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The reduction of low-frequency noise transmission through thin-walled structures is a topic of research for many years now. Due to large wavelengths and the mass law, passive solutions usually gain low performance in the frequency range below 500 Hz. Active systems promised to fill the gap and to achieve significant reductions of transmitted sound. Nevertheless, experiments showed the outstanding performance of such specialized systems, but also demonstrated the computational and hardware effort of such solutions. The upcoming additive manufacturing technology enabled new multi-material designs of complex structures. Based on this technology, acoustic metamaterials emerged in the laboratories and in literature. Arrays of miniaturized locally resonant structures are able to change the noise transmission of thin walled structures beyond the limits of the given mass law in certain frequency bands. For future aircraft contra-rotating open rotor (CROR) engines are a promising technology to reduce their CO2 footprint. Since the contribution of CROR engines to the cabin noise is higher than for jet engines, new strategies for the reduction of noise transmissions for frequency bands below 200 Hz are necessary. For the tonal noise of the CROR engines, acoustic metamaterials seem to be an appropriate solution. In this paper a 110 × 110 × 1 mm3 thin-walled sample plate is presented. It is covered with a 5 × 5 array of multi-material resonant structures, which are printed as mass on a beam. The rubber-like beam material combines a low Young’s modulus with a high material damping, leading to a low eigenfrequency of the resonators. The design of the resonators using simulations and experimental data is shown. To explore the potential of the design, an acoustic test box is manufactured. Starting with all resonators unblocked the emitted sound intensity of the plate is measured. Sequential blocking of selected resonators proves the concept. Additional laser scanning vibrometer measurements give insights into the vibration behavior of single resonators.
Reports on the topic "Promise (Law) in literature"
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Habyarimana, James, Ken Ochieng' Opalo, and Youdi Schipper. The Cyclical Electoral Impacts of Programmatic Policies: Evidence from Education Reforms in Tanzania. Research on Improving Systems of Education (RISE), 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.35489/bsg-rise-wp_2020/051.
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A large literature documents the electoral benefits of clientelistic and programmatic policies in low-income states. We extend this literature by showing the cyclical electoral responses to a large programmatic intervention to expand access to secondary education in Tanzania over multiple electoral periods. Using a difference-indifference approach, we find that the incumbent party's vote share increased by 2 percentage points in the election following the policy's announcement as a campaign promise (2005), but decreased by -1.4 percentage points in the election following implementation (2010). We find no discernible electoral impact of the policy in 2015, two electoral cycles later. We attribute the electoral penalty in 2010 to how the secondary school expansion policy was implemented. Our findings shed light on the temporally-contingent electoral impacts of programmatic policies, and highlight the need for more research on how policy implementation structures public opinion and vote choice in low-income states.
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Idris, Iffat. LGBT Rights and Inclusion in Small Island Developing States (SIDS). Institute of Development Studies (IDS), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.067.
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This review looks at the extent to which LGBT rights are provided for under law in a range of Small Island Developing States (SIDS), and the record on implementation/enforcement, as well as approaches to promote LGBT rights and inclusion. SIDS covered are those in the Caribbean, Pacific, and Atlantic-Indian Ocean-South China Sea (AIS) regions. The review draws on a mixture of grey literature (largely from international development agencies/NGOs), academic literature, and media reports. While the information on the legal situation of LGBT people in SIDS was readily available, there was far less evidence on approaches/programmes to promote LGBT rights/inclusion in these countries. However, the review did find a number of reports with recommendations for international development cooperation generally on LGBT issues. Denial of LGBT rights and discrimination against LGBT people is found to varying extents in all parts of the world. It is important that LGBT people have protection in law, in particular the right to have same-sex sexual relations; protection from discrimination on the grounds of sexual orientation; and the right to gender identity/expression. Such rights are also provided for under international human rights conventions such as the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, while the Sustainable Development Goals are based on the principle of ‘leave no one behind'.
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Gonçalves, Maria Eduarda, and Maria Inês Gameiro. Does the centrality of human values in the Lisbon treaty promise more than it can actually offer? Biometrics law and policy as a case study. DINÂMIA'CET-IUL, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.7749/dinamiacet-iul.wp.2010.02.
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Tull, Kerina. Social Inclusion and Immunisation. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.025.
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The current COVID-19 epidemic is both a health and societal issue; therefore, groups historically excluded and marginalised in terms of healthcare will suffer if COVID-19 vaccines, tests, and treatments are to be delivered equitably. This rapid review is exploring the social and cultural challenges related to the roll-out, distribution, and access of COVID-19 vaccines, tests, and treatments. It highlights how these challenges impact certain marginalised groups. Case studies are taken from sub-Saharan Africa (the Democratic Republic of Congo, South Africa), with some focus on South East Asia (Indonesia, India) as they have different at-risk groups. Lessons on this issue can be learned from previous pandemics and vaccine roll-out in low- and mid-income countries (LMICs). Key points to highlight include successful COVID-19 vaccine roll-out will only be achieved by ensuring effective community engagement, building local vaccine acceptability and confidence, and overcoming cultural, socio-economic, and political barriers that lead to mistrust and hinder uptake of vaccines. However, the literature notes that a lot of lessons learned about roll-out involve communication - including that the government should under-promise what it can do and then over-deliver. Any campaign must aim to create trust, and involve local communities in planning processes.
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DeJaeghere, Joan, Bich-Hang Duong, and Vu Dao. Teaching Practices That Support and Promote Learning: Qualitative Evidence from High and Low Performing Classes in Vietnam. Research on Improving Systems of Education (RISE), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.35489/bsg-rise-ri_2021/024.
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This Insight Note contributes to the growing body of knowledge on teaching practices that foster student learning and achievement by analysing in-depth qualitative data from classroom observations and teacher interviews. Much of the research on teachers and teaching in development literature focuses on observable and quantified factors, including qualifications and training. But simply being qualified (with a university degree in education or subject areas), or trained in certain ways (e.g., coaching versus in-service) explains very little of the variation in learning outcomes (Kane and Staiger, 2008; Wößmann, 2003; Das and Bau, 2020). Teaching is a complex set of practices that draw on teachers’ beliefs about learning, their prior experiences, their content and pedagogical knowledge and repertoire, and their commitment and personality. Recent research in the educational development literature has turned to examining teaching practices, including content knowledge, pedagogical practices, and teacher-student interactions, primarily through quantitative data from knowledge tests and classroom observations of practices (see Bruns, De Gregorio and Taut, 2016; Filmer, Molina and Wane, 2020; Glewwe et al, in progress). Other studies, such as TIMSS, the OECD and a few World Bank studies have used classroom videos to further explain high inference factors of teachers’ (Gallimore and Hiebert, 2000; Tomáš and Seidel, 2013). In this Note, we ask the question: What are the teaching practices that support and foster high levels of learning? Vietnam is a useful case to examine because student learning outcomes based on international tests are high, and most students pass the basic learning levels (Dang, Glewwe, Lee and Vu, 2020). But considerable variation exists between learning outcomes, particularly at the secondary level, where high achieving students will continue to upper-secondary and lower achieving students will drop out at Grade 9 (Dang and Glewwe, 2018). So what differentiates teaching for those who achieve these high learning outcomes and those who don’t? Some characteristics of teachers, such as qualifications and professional commitment, do not vary greatly because most Vietnamese teachers meet the national standards in terms of qualifications (have a college degree) and have a high level of professionalism (Glewwe et al., in progress). Other factors that influence teaching, such as using lesson plans and teaching the national curriculum, are also highly regulated. Therefore, to explain how teaching might affect student learning outcomes, it is important to examine more closely teachers’ practices in the classroom.
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Macdonald, Keir. The Impact of Business Environment Reforms on Poverty, Gender and Inclusion. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.006.
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This rapid review synthesises the literature from academic, policy, and knowledge institution sources on how business environment reforms in middle-income countries impacts on poverty, gender and inclusion. Although, there is limited evidence on the direct impact of business environment reforms on poverty, gender, and inclusion, this review illustrates that there is evidence of indirect effects of such reforms. Business environment reform (BER) targets inadequate business regulations and institutions, in order to remove constraints to business investment and expansion, enabling growth and job creation, as well as new opportunities for international business to contribute to and benefit from this growth. However, there is a lack of detailed knowledge of the impact of BER on gender and inclusion (G&I) outcomes, in terms of the potential to remove institutional barriers which exclude formerly marginalised groups from business opportunities, in ways that promote equal access to resources, opportunities, benefits, and services. The literature shows how the business environment affects women in business, and how women’s experiences of a given business environment can be different from those of men. This is the result of disparities in how they are treated under the law, but also based on structural and sociocultural factors which influence how men and women behave in a given business environment and the barriers they face.
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de Almeida, Lucila. Peer-to-Peer Trading and Energy Community in the Electricity Market : Analysing the Literature on Law and Regulation and Looking Ahead to Future Challenges. User-Centred Energy Systems Technology Collaboration Programme, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.47568/5xr108.
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Morrison, Laura, Anushah Hossain, Myles Elledge, Brian Stoner, and Jeffrey Piascik. User-Centered Guidance for Engineering and Design of Decentralized Sanitation Technologies. RTI Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3768/rtipress.2018.rb.0017.1806.
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Technological innovations in sanitation are poised to address the great need for sanitation improvements in low-income countries. Worldwide, more than 2.4 billion people lack access to improved sanitation facilities. Innovative waste treatment and sanitation technologies aim to incorporate user-centered findings into technology engineering and design. Without a focus on users, even the most innovative technology solutions can encounter significant barriers to adoption. Drawing on a household survey conducted in urban slum communities of Ahmedabad, India, this research brief identifies toilet and sanitation preferences, amenities, and attributes that might promote adoption of improved sanitation technologies among potential user populations. This work uses supplemental insights gained from focus groups and findings from the literature. Based on our research, we offer specific guidance for engineering and design of sanitation products and technologies.
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Baker, James E. Ethics and Artificial Intelligence: A Policymaker's Introduction. Center for Security and Emerging Technology, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.51593/20190022.
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The law plays a vital role in how artificial intelligence can be developed and used in ethical ways. But the law is not enough when it contains gaps due to lack of a federal nexus, interest, or the political will to legislate. And law may be too much if it imposes regulatory rigidity and burdens when flexibility and innovation are required. Sound ethical codes and principles concerning AI can help fill legal gaps. In this paper, CSET Distinguished Fellow James E. Baker offers a primer on the limits and promise of three mechanisms to help shape a regulatory regime that maximizes the benefits of AI and minimizes its potential harms.
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Bolton, Laura. Criminal Activity and Deforestation in Latin America. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.003.
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This review examines evidence on criminal deforestation activity in Latin America (particularly, but not exclusively the Amazon) and draws from the literature on the lessons learned in combatting criminal deforestation activity. This review focuses on Brazil as representative of the overwhelming majority of literature on criminal activity in relation to deforestation in the Amazon. The literature notes that Illegal deforestation occurs largely through criminal networks as they have the capacity for coordination, processing, selling, and the deployment of armed men to protect operations. Bribery, corruption, and fraud are deeply ingrained in deforestation. Networks may bribe geoprocessing experts, police, and public officials. Members of the criminal groups may become council members, mayors, and state representatives. Land titles are fabricated and trading documentation fraudulent. The literature also notes some interventions to combat this criminal deforestation activity: monitoring and law enforcement; national systems for registry and monitoring; legal enforcement for compliance of environmental law; International agreements and action; and Involving indigenous communities in combatting deforestation.