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Journal articles on the topic 'Pronominal and nominal address forms'
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1
Havu, Eva. "Discours médiés par ordinateur et stratégies d’adresse." Bergen Language and Linguistics Studies 10, no. 1 (November 7, 2019): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.15845/bells.v10i1.1404.
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Generally, interviewers and interviewees address each other by the “traditional” deferential pronoun vous in French oral and written media, whereas in specialized magazines and television programs, tu often seems to be the usual address pronoun (cf. Williams & van Compernolle 2009; Coveney 2010). However, Internet forums discussing the use of forms of address (consulted in 2015), point out the prevalence of very traditional opinions, contrasting with the above-mentioned observation. In general, less attention has been paid to nominal forms of address.
This paper examines the use of pronominal and nominal forms of address in blogs on politics and in forums discussing current political events, that is in two types of Computer-Mediated Communication where the writers lack information about their interlocutor (age, social status, profession…). It shows to what extent their choice is dependent on the type of medium and on the context as well as on the relation between the interlocutors (conflictual, neutral…) and how nominal forms of address accentuate certain aspects of interpersonal relations. It also points out that the generalization of tu in special contexts does not reflect a drastic change in the use of forms of address in general.
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Kretzenbacher, Heinz L. "Perceptions of national and regional standards of addressing in Germany and Austria." Pragmatics. Quarterly Publication of the International Pragmatics Association (IPrA) 21, no. 1 (March 1, 2011): 69–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/prag.21.1.04kre.
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This article investigates the use of German forms of address in different national and regional varieties of German, as perceived by speakers of those varieties. For particular domains such as the workplace, informants report significant regional and national differences in use not only of pronominal address but also of nominal address and linguistic structures linked to addressing such as greetings. The data also confirm differences in information about and sensitivity for different national varieties between speakers of the dominant and of non-dominant varieties characteristic for asymmetrical pluricentricity.
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Weissenböck, Maria. "Pronouns of address in western Ukrainian." Australian Review of Applied Linguistics 29, no. 2 (January 1, 2006): 20.1–20.15. http://dx.doi.org/10.2104/aral0620.
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This article examines the current usage of terms of address in the Western Ukrainian variety of the Ukrainian language. It investigates the use of pronominal (ty – intimate form; [Vy – polite, distant form) and nominal forms of address (such as first name, father’s name, surname, title, pan/pani (Mr/Mrs), tovaryš (Comrade) etc.) in Western Ukrainian, as well as strategies to avoid direct address, through quantitative (questionnaires) and qualitative (oral discussion) data. The data were analysed using both descriptive and interpretive methods. A set of factors that determine address choice in Ukrainian was isolated and a model was developed which reflects the hierarchical relationships and mutual influences between these factors. The factors were divided into key factors (age, style of upbringing, personal value system, gender, and political convictions) and factors of interaction (relative age, relative status, setting, social distance, and kinship). Combining different address habits and the weight of pragmatic factors in the choice of address forms, the analysis demonstrates that two tendencies currently exist. Some people are traditionalists who adhere to fairly conservative patterns of address, whereas others are brought up more liberally and tend to have a more relaxed attitude towards the choice of address terms.
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Weissenböck, Maria. "Pronouns of address in Western Ukrainian." Australian Review of Applied Linguistics 29, no. 2 (2006): 20.1–20.15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/aral.29.2.05wei.
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This article examines the current usage of terms of address in the Western Ukrainian variety of the Ukrainian language. It investigates the use of pronominal (ty– intimate form; [Vy– polite, distant form) and nominal forms of address (such as first name, father’s name, surname, title,pan/pani(Mr/Mrs),tovaryš(Comrade) etc.) in Western Ukrainian, as well as strategies to avoid direct address, through quantitative (questionnaires) and qualitative (oral discussion) data. The data were analysed using both descriptive and interpretive methods. A set of factors that determine address choice in Ukrainian was isolated and a model was developed which reflects the hierarchical relationships and mutual influences between these factors. The factors were divided into key factors (age, style of upbringing, personal value system, gender, and political convictions) and factors of interaction (relative age, relative status, setting, social distance, and kinship). Combining different address habits and the weight of pragmatic factors in the choice of address forms, the analysis demonstrates that two tendencies currently exist. Some people are traditionalists who adhere to fairly conservative patterns of address, whereas others are brought up more liberally and tend to have a more relaxed attitude towards the choice of address terms.
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Caggiano Blanco, Ramiro Carlos Humberto, and María Zulma M. María Zulma. "Forms of address as a strategic activity and as an index of categorization within societies of approximation or distancing." Textos en Proceso 4, no. 2 (December 15, 2018): 174–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.17710/tep.2018.4.2.3blancoykulikowski.
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The objective of this work is to describe similarities and differences in the address forms in non-polite acts formulated by university students from the cities of Córdoba (Argentina) and Sao Paulo (Brazil), which favor the use of extrinsic politeness. We will analyze, specifically, nominal, pronominal and vocative forms, used in directive acts for personal benefit (requests) and non-preferred responses (rejections) as linguistic procedures for pragmatic attenuation. As discursive-argumentative strategies, we will analyze how the forms of treatment serve the purposes of approximation - or non-distancing - social of the interactants, in the search for the balance of the images. As it is a corpus formed by university students' statements, the address forms, which we will work, will be the informal ones corresponding to each of the speech communities: você (São Paulo, Brazil) and vos (Córdoba, Argentina). The different formulas that pass between the gradation of greater or less colloquiality in each of the cities will also be indicated. Our hypothesis is that such differences and similarities will allow us to record important data for the categorization of each of the speech communities in the continuum proposed by Haverkate (2004) and Briz (2007) of approximation and distancing societies. We emphasize that this work is part of an intercultural research developed within the methodological parameters of the project Es.Por.Atenuación, which establishes the theoretical framework for the realization of both comparative studies between Spanish and Portuguese, as well as the different regional variants of each of those languages.
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Kretzenbacher, Heinz L., Michael Clyne, and Doris Schüpbach. "Pronominal address in German." Australian Review of Applied Linguistics 29, no. 2 (January 1, 2006): 17.1–17.18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2104/aral0617.
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Choice of address forms, a socially crucial feature in German communication, is context-dependent on situations (a) where the unmarked form of address is du (T), (b) where it is Sie (V), and (c) where the two systems (a and b) coexist. The first two situations are, apart from their fuzzy edges, rather clearcut. The third situation, however, appears anarchic and has a high embarrassment potential. In an empirical study based on 72 interviews conducted in three regions of the German speaking area, the three prototypical situations are explored. A number of potentially conflicting rules and preferences for ambiguity are isolated. These include individual preferences, network preferences and perceptions of social distance, based on factors such as relative age, emotional closeness of interlocutors, and perceived commonalities between them. In spite of the complex interplay of competing rules and preferences and the consequent embarrassment potential, German speakers appear to reject any imposition from outside of a particular address form. This study is part of a larger, Australian-based project comparing the address systems of French, German and Swedish.
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Kretzenbacher, Heinz L., Michael Clyne, and Doris Schüpbach. "Pronominal address in German." Australian Review of Applied Linguistics 29, no. 2 (2006): 17.1–17.18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/aral.29.2.02kre.
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Choice of address forms, a socially crucial feature in German communication, is context-dependent on situations (a) where the unmarked form of address isdu(T), (b) where it isSie(V), and (c) where the two systems (a and b) coexist. The first two situations are, apart from their fuzzy edges, rather clearcut. The third situation, however, appears anarchic and has a high embarrassment potential. In an empirical study based on 72 interviews conducted in three regions of the German speaking area, the three prototypical situations are explored. A number of potentially conflicting rules and preferences for ambiguity are isolated. These include individual preferences, network preferences and perceptions of social distance, based on factors such as relative age, emotional closeness of interlocutors, and perceived commonalities between them. In spite of the complex interplay of competing rules and preferences and the consequent embarrassment potential, German speakers appear to reject any imposition from outside of a particular address form. This study is part of a larger, Australian-based project comparing the address systems of French, German and Swedish.
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Scrobot, Alla. "THE CONCEPT LOVE IN THE SPANISH BIBLE: LEXICAL, GRAMMATICAL AND NARRATIVE ASPECTS." PROBLEMS OF SEMANTICS, PRAGMATICS AND COGNITIVE LINGUISTICS 31 (2017): 119–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2663-6530.2017.31.11.
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The article focuses on lexical, grammatical and narrative manifestations of the concept LOVE in the Spanish Bible. Pronominal and nominal means of address are analyzed. Is defined the interaction of lexical and grammatical means in the narrative structure of the Spanish Bible.
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Stewart, Thomas W. "How big can case systems get? Evidence from Scottish Gaelic." Word Structure 2, no. 1 (April 2009): 108–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/e1750124509000312.
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It is well known that case systems can be augmented by the accretion of adpositions to their objects. This paper documents and explores an extensive instance of such augmentation, far exceeding any studied to date, based on an analysis of a class of words in modern Scottish Gaelic (SG) the members of which have attributes of both prepositions and pronouns. Pedagogical materials tend to call these forms prepositional pronouns, yet present the forms in paradigms organized by prepositional element, as if they represented person-number inflections on prepositional bases. This approach does not translate well into a synchronic description, however, because deriving these forms from underlying sequences requires numerous ad hoc morphophonemic stipulations. Regardless of diachronic source(s), these forms are synchronically pronominal in distribution. Shifting to a whole-heartedly pronominal analysis entails a targeted expansion of pronominal paradigms, beyond the traditional 3 nominal cases to 14. Although a number of languages present a richer array of distinct pronominal case forms than those found among nouns (e.g. English, Spanish), SG is unique in the extent to which pronoun case forms exceed those of nouns. Moreover, English and Spanish pronouns show the remnants of a case system, whereas SG has created these distinctions.
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Zheltova, Elena V., and Alexander Ju Zheltov. "Latin Case System: Towards a Motivated Paradigmatic Structure." Philologia Classica 15, no. 2 (2020): 208–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu20.2020.203.
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The article attempts, firstly, to critically analyze the traditional order of cases in Latin, secondly, to discover an internal mechanism that brings the elements of a paradigm together, and thirdly, to present a new model of the nominal and pronominal case paradigms in Latin. The authors develop the idea that the crucial role in structuring a case paradigm belongs to morphemic syncretism. The syncretism is treated as a systemic phenomenon of morpheme neutralization rather than a result of phonetic reduction. In the paradigm built on this principle, the cases marked with the same endings necessarily take adjacent positions. There is a certain correlation between the morphemic syncretism and the semantics of cases extensively exemplified in the Latin literature. Taking this as reference point, the authors establish a formally motivated paradigmatic order of cases and single out a set of semantic features that shape the case paradigm. This method enables authors to find the non-contradictory paradigmatic positions for both the core and the “marginal” cases (vocative and locative). Applied to the pronominal cases, however, it reveals the significant discrepancy between the nominal and pronominal paradigms concerning two cases — nominative and genitive. The pronominal nominative’s special status is determined by its pragmatic rather than syntactic functions, which is typical for pro-drop languages. The genitive case appears in three different forms that originate from the possessive pronouns and correspond to the three basic functions of the genitive — possessive, objective, and partitive ones. Such transparadigmatic syncretism brings together the paradigms of personal and possessive pronouns, which are related by nature. The approach suggested in this study makes it possible to present in a new way the nominal and pronominal case paradigms, to demonstrate in what points they differ from each other, and to highlight some functional and semantic features of the particular cases.
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Nanbakhsh, Golnaz. "Moving beyond T/V pronouns of power and solidarity in interaction : Persian agreement mismatch construction." Linguistica 52, no. 1 (December 31, 2012): 253–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/linguistica.52.1.253-266.
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Research on Persian pronominal address forms (to the intimate "you" represented as "T" after French tu and šoma the deferential "you" similar to French vous represented as "V", historically plural but now also used as singular) has been limited to questionnaire data with a simplistic analytical model of T/V distinction. This paper documents the communicative strategies indexed by agreement mismatch construction (e. g. the mixed šoma pronoun use with the second person singular verbal agreement). The qualitative analysis is based on a corpus of interactional data and open-ended interviews to explain variations observed in the Persian pronominal address system. Strategic use of agreement mismatch construction suggests that politeness in address forms could be based on interlocutors stancetaking in negotiating relationships.
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Antonova, Anna Aleksandrovna. "Pronominal Forms of Address in the English, Russian and Korean Languages." Filologičeskie nauki. Voprosy teorii i praktiki, no. 12 (December 2020): 246–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.30853/filnauki.2020.12.50.
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Luzón Marcos, María José. "Translation of pronominal forms of address in for whom the bell tolls." Pragmalinguistica, no. 7 (1999): 161–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.25267/pragmalinguistica.1999.i7.07.
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Alberdi-Larizgoitia, Xabier. "Forms of address in Basque." Pragmatics. Quarterly Publication of the International Pragmatics Association (IPrA) 28, no. 3 (August 27, 2018): 303–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/prag.00009.alb.
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Abstract The aim of this article is twofold: first, to analyze and characterize forms of address in present-day Basque from a linguistic and sociolinguistic point of view, and, second, to underscore some of the distinctive features that make Basque interesting with regard to address. This work characterizes forms and systems of address in Basque based on two main factors: second-person pronouns and allocutivity. Five types are proposed depending on dialectal variety, and the existing differences in each of these systems are described. This article aims to fill a gap in Basque studies by analyzing modes of address in present-day Basque as a whole and going beyond mere grammatical analysis: previous studies are rather partial and confusing in terms of linguistic description, dialectal distribution and social usage (hierarchy among modes of address); in contrast, this article, based on extensive field work, gives an account of the different address systems according to the dialect and shows the sociopragmatic value (i.e., level of formality or politeness and personal distance) that each mode of address acquires in its system. The article will also highlight some of the distinctive linguistic features that make Basque interesting with regard to address. Forms of address in Basque display strong similarities with those in other languages in terms of the pronominal system and its historical development, yet they also show some distinctive features, namely: verbal allocutivity, which presents the speaker-hearer axis; gender differences in verb forms for familiar address; and the grammaticalization of expressive palatalization in the case of the xu form of address (xu being an expressive variant of the polite pronoun zu). Current trends towards simplification of the systems of address are also discussed, as is the existence of groups of speakers who use a simplified system.
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Lee, Kiri, and Young-mee Yu Cho. "Beyond ‘power and solidarity’." Korean Linguistics 15, no. 1 (May 24, 2013): 73–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/kl.15.1.04lee.
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This study examines the nominal address terms in Korean and Japanese and argues that the notion of ‘Intimacy’ plays a crucial role in choosing an appropriate nominal address term in both languages. In the past several decades, a long list of researchers working in diverse languages have evaluated the validity of the Power and Solidarity semantics proposed by Brown and Gilman (1960), which provided a ground-breaking framework to account for the selection of pronominal address terms in the T-V languages. Building on the Power and Solidarity semantics, we propose to fine-tune it by adding Intimacy as the third dimension crisscrossing the first two well-established dimensions. We take Power and Solidarity as socially prescribed notions while Intimacy is personally defined. We demonstrate how this highly subjective notion dictates and often manipulates the ways the Korean/Japanese speaker selects an appropriate nominal address term. In particular, we argue that the Korean selection of pseudo-kinship terms over the neutral title ssi, or the Japanese use of chan/kun by adult speakers in lieu of the default ‘Last Name+san’, cannot be accounted for without applying Intimacy as a crucial indexing device. Furthermore, we suggest that Intimacy is not an ad hoc dimension specific to Korean and Japanese, but that it is relevant to all languages whether or not a given language has an overt way of encoding it.
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Weiss, Michael. "The Genitive-Accusative of the Personal Pronouns in Old Church Slavonic." Indo-European Linguistics 3, no. 1 (2015): 118–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22125892-00301005.
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In those Slavic languages that retain both a case system and clitic pronominal forms two case-related phenomena partially overlap: (1) Masculine animate nouns and gendered pronouns display differential object marking with sensitivity to the animacy hierarchy. Some subset of these forms with the highest score on the animacy hierarchy show the original genitive form instead of the expected accusative in contexts that otherwise call for that case, the so-called genitive-accusative. (2) Personal pronouns also show instances of the genitive for the accusative but with important differences. In languages with a clitic~stressed contrast for oblique pronominals the accusative forms generally are continued as clitics and the genitive forms as stressed. It is unlikely that the nominal and personal-pronominal gen.-acc. are unrelated. On the other hand, the case choice for nouns and gendered pronouns is sensitive to the animacy hierarchy, but for the personal pronouns the choice between genitive and accusative is phono-semantic. Whatever semantic structure evokes the stressed forms leads to the production of the gen.-acc. I suggest that gen.-acc. began with o-stem masculine personal names, the most prototypical expression of the semantic class [+human, +male, +free, +definite] and was extended to the interrogative pronoun (gen.-acc. kogo). The interrogative pronoun had just those properties that allowed the remapping of an animacy hierarchy into a tonicity distinction.
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Lauze, Linda. "THE SYSTEM OF PRONOMINAL ADDRESS IN LATVIAN: A SOCIOLINGUISTIC ASPECT." Proceedings of CBU in Social Sciences 1 (November 16, 2020): 134–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.12955/pss.v1.60.
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This paper represents the study of sociolinguistic variation. The Latvian language has two singular personal pronouns tu (T) and jūs (V) used for addressing one person but sociolinguistic processes in society reflects that the use of the T pronoun intensifies outside informal speech situations. The aim of the research is to characterize the system of pronominal address as well as to test the steadiness of the V pronoun (jūs) in the Latvian language. The empiric part of the research is a qualitative study based on personal interviews, direct observation, and responses in two questionnaires distributed in 1999–2000 and in 2018.
The use of Latvian address forms has been changed in comparison with the Soviet period. For instance, in education. It seems that the high prestige of English and changes of communication style in Latvia are one of the factors making a positive linguistic attitude to the wider use of the T pronoun. However, according to the results of the research, at present Latvians are not ready to reject the pronoun jūs. This was concluded in both questionnaires by answers of 85.5 % of respondents in 1999–2000 and 87 % – in 2018. The Latvian personal pronoun jūs as a significant part of the address system is no doubt the feature of Latvia’s culture.
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Duffley, Patrick. "The Cognitive Structure of Full-Verb Inversion and Existential Structures in English." Cognitive Semantics 4, no. 2 (August 2, 2018): 184–229. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/23526416-00402002.
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The goal of this study is to build on the Cognitive Grammar analysis of full-verb inversion (FVI) and existential structures proposed by Chen (2003, 2011 and 2013). Close attention will be given to two characteristics of these constructions not discussed by this author – lack of subject-verb agreement and the type of pronominal forms that occur in them – and their consequences for FVI’s cognitive structure will be worked out. Further parallels between FVI and the existential there-construction will be brought to light concerning the type of verbal predicate allowed, negation, transitivity, agreement patterns, presentational function, pronominal forms and heaviness of postverbal NPs. The cognitive structure of FVI with lack of S-V concord is argued to be: (1) ground-setter, (2) verb heralding presence/appearance of a generic third-person figure in the ground, (3) nominal identifying the generic figure. Chen’s Invertability Hypothesis is shown to generate false predictions with fronted adjectives and adverbials, and the claim that the preverbal element is in focus is shown to be problematic in the light of its usual status as given information. FVI is argued to be a construction in Goldberg’s (2006) sense of the term, although it does not constitute a meaning-form pairing which is completely independent of the lexical items that instantiate it.
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Marques, Maria Aldina, and Isabel Margarida Duarte. "Formas de tratamento e preservação da face em interações verbais online." Revista da Associação Portuguesa de Linguística, no. 5 (November 21, 2019): 236–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.26334/2183-9077/rapln5ano2019a17.
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The forms of address constitute a complex system that regulates the interpersonal relations created in the situation of communication. It is a pragmatic category with direct impact on the relations established by each social and linguistic community. As we have already mentioned in a previous unpublished communication, some forms of pronominal address, the forms Tu, Vós, Você and Vocês are a current social concern, which speakers refer to on social networks but also in more traditional public discourses, such as political discourse and media discourse or academic discourse. We aim to analyse and systematize the way in which speakers represent, in explicit comments, but also implicitly, the functions and values of these forms of address in the construction of a (im)polite speech. Within a discursive-pragmatic approach, the present analysis combines interpersonal relations and the politeness theory, in particular the pragmatic concept of face. Data for analysis were collected from web sites, namely blogs and Facebook.
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Sutarman, Sutarman, Martin L. Manda, and Hamzah A. Machmoed. "On Morphological Analysis of Spatial Deixis in Mǝriaq-mǝriqu Dialect of Sasak Language." ELS Journal on Interdisciplinary Studies in Humanities 3, no. 3 (September 25, 2020): 415–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.34050/elsjish.v3i3.11323.
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This paper concentrates on the spatial deixis and its morphological structures in Mǝriaq-mǝriqu dialect of Sasak language. It includes in a typological study with qualitative method. This research employs two forms of data; primary data and secondary data. The primary data include the information obtained from the informants from every dialect. Secondary data are the data obtained from any documents of Sasak language such as folklore. There are two methods of data collection; field linguistic method and library method. Of the two methods, there are two techniques used in collecting data: Observation and interview. The results of this study accommodated all types of demonstratives by Diessel (1999) and Dixon (1988) and discover some new types contributing to the theory. The types of spatial deixis in this dialect are pronominal, adnominal, quantifier, intensifier, identificational, adverbial, verbal, and referential. In term of morphological structure, the demonstrative in this dialect is constructed of some affixes and the combination of two or more spatial deixis. Nominal demonstrative usually becomes stem of other demonstratives. Quantifier is constructed of prefix ‘se-‘plus manner demonstrative adverb(MDA). Intensifier is constructed of prefix ‘s-‘ plus pronominal, LDA is constructed of prefix ‘n-‘ plus pronominal for proximal, MDA is constructed of prefix ‘mer-‘ and ‘m-‘ plus pronominals, verbal demonstrative is constructed of confix ‘pe-q’ plus MDA, Referential demonstrative is constructed of MDA plus suffix ‘-q’.
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Teletin, Andreea, and Veronica Manole. "Formes nominales d’adresse au vocatif et l’expression des relations sociales en roumain, portugais et français." Studia Universitatis Babeș-Bolyai Philologia 65, no. 4 (October 30, 2020): 383–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/subbphilo.2020.4.23.
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"Vocative Nominal Address Forms and the Expression of Social Relations in Romanian, Portuguese, and French. In this paper we analyze the vocative, the grammatical case that speakers use to encode the interlocutor in discourse, based on several criteria: symmetrical or asymmetrical social relations, close or distant relations, written vs spoken communication, regional usages, etc. Our socio-pragmatic analysis based on vocatives used in the novel Wasted Morning by Gabriela Adameșteanu and the Portuguese and French translations identifies the values of these linguistic means according to the relational dynamics among characters, their social status, the level of education, and gender. Keywords: vocative, nominal address forms, Romanian, Portuguese, French."
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Fetzer, Anita, and Peter Bull. "‘Well, I answer it by simply inviting you to look at the evidence’." Journal of Language and Politics 7, no. 2 (November 3, 2008): 271–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jlp.7.2.05fet.
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In the discourse of political interviews, references to participants can be expressed explicitly by proper nouns and forms of address, and they can be expressed implicitly by personal pronouns and other indexical expressions. The meaning of personal pronouns is context-dependent and retrievable only by inference, and therefore is less determinate. Furthermore, it can shift according to the status of the participants in interaction. This may occur both in terms of social roles and in terms of roles in talk and footing. In this context, an analysis was conducted of televised political interviews broadcast during the 1997 and 2001 British general elections and just before the war with Iraq in 2003. Question-response sequences were identified in which politicians made use of pronominal shifts as a form of equivocation. These sequences were analyzed in the context of Bavelas et al.s (1990) theory of equivocation and Goffmans (1981) concept of footing. The polyvalent function of pronominal shifts, their potential perlocutionary effects and strategic advantages are discussed.
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Calle-Martín, Javier, and Jesús Romero-Barranco. "Third person present tense markers in some varieties of English." English World-Wide 38, no. 1 (June 17, 2017): 77–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/eww.38.1.05cal.
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Abstract In British Standard English, number in the verb phrase is exclusively characterized by the use of the -s inflection with the third person singular present tense. World Englishes present a high level of variation as the uninflected third person singular and the inflected third person plural may also occur in these contexts. This paper pursues four objectives: a) to analyse the use of present third person inflections and compare their distribution in different varieties of English; b) to assess the occurrence of forms across speech and writing, text categories and the informants’ age and gender; c) to classify the instances by type of subject (nominal vs. pronominal); and d) to evaluate the impact of proximity agreement, notional agreement and the existence of intervening elements in the choice of the inflection. Our evidence comes from the New Zealand, Indian, Singaporean and Hong Kong components of the International Corpus of English.
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Beníšek, Michael. "Middle Indo-Aryan Ablative and Locative Markers in Romani." Indo-Iranian Journal 52, no. 4 (2009): 335–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/001972409x445951.
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AbstractThe paper inquires into the origin of Romani ablative and locative markers against the background of the Middle Indo-Aryan development. It shows that there are no overt reflexes of the old thematic locative ending -e in Romani, although several zero-marked adpositions and adverbs are reflexes of the forms in -e. The paper argues for the origin of Romani -e in the late MIA locative -ahim, and of Romani -al in the Śaurasenī ablative -ādo. A degree of adverbial productivity of both suffixes is also dealt with. Then the paper analyses the nominal locative and ablative markers -te and -tar respectively, which derive from postpositions. The initial consonant of both suffixes is proposed to reflect their common ancestor in the pronominal base t-, whereas the final segments -e and -ar are argued to be remnants of inflectional affixes related to -e and -al respectively.
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Petrova, G. "STUDENT’S MISTAKES AS MIRROR OF STRUCTURAL DIFFERENCES BETWEEN PORTUGUESE AND RUSSIAN LANGUAGES." Cuadernos Iberoamericanos, no. 1 (March 28, 2016): 123–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.46272/2409-3416-2016-1-123-137.
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The present work touches on several structural differences between Russian and Portuguese which cause students to make typical mistakes while translating. Causes of mistakes with use of articles are analyzed, cases of wrong words order influenced by the student’s native language are examined, particularities of personal and possessive pronouns usage in address modes and desemantization of the word a gente are investigated. The alternation of anaphoric and cataphoric usage of personal pronouns in Russian and Portuguese phrases, structural distinctions in sentence construction, verbal structure in Portuguese versus nominal structure in Russian, the possibilities of metonymic transfer usage and abstract nouns translation in plural are examined. Separate paragraphs are devoted to demonstrative pronouns usage in anaphoric function, usage of articles o (a),-s in the pronominal function, alternation of perfect/imperfect, indicative/subjunctive modes, expressionof possessive relations with the verbs быть in Russian and ter in Portuguese, and of existential and spatial relations with the verbs быть in Russian and haver/ter in Portuguese are analyzed.
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Cepeda Ruiz, Cristal Yeseidy. "‘¿Eres feliz con su abuela?’ Alternancia pronominal / verbal en el español bogotano. Un primer acercamiento." Anuario de Letras. Lingüística y Filología 9, no. 2 (July 4, 2021): 81–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.19130/iifl.adel.2021.9.2.47363.
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This paper examines the alternation forms between the 2nd person treatment —tú, usted, sumercé and vos— when it comes to address a single interlocutor in Bogotá, Colombia. Whilst a case vaguely described in the literature it is though quite frequent and systematic in the Spanish of Bogotá. Based on oral data (fragments of spontaneous conversations and direct observations) plus the information provided by both personal impression along with sociolinguistic questionnaires and the social media, we describe three types of pronominal alternation —1. Intra-verb (type I), 2. Intra-sentence (type II) and 3. Extra-sentence (type III)—. Our aims fall on qualitatively determine of the linguistic, social and pragmatics parameters which facilitate these constructions.
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Manfredi, Stefano. "Demonstratives and the emergence of a definite article in Juba Arabic and Ki-Nubi." Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 32, no. 2 (December 4, 2017): 205–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jpcl.32.2.01man.
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In this study I provide a description of the morphosyntax and the functions of demonstratives in Juba Arabic and Ki-Nubi, two closely related Arabic-based contact languages. The study describes the process of acquisition of demonstrative pronouns and determiners and it explains the formal and functional changes that have taken place in the demonstrative system of Arabic as a consequence of pidginization and subsequent creolization. Broadly speaking, the reduction of the inflection of Arabic demonstratives and the gradual loss of their deictic value corresponds to a change of their grammatical functions along the common grammaticalization path deictic demonstrative > anaphoric demonstrative > definite article. However, Juba Arabic and Ki-Nubi clearly differ in terms of both forms and functions of pronominal and adnominal demonstratives. If Juba Arabic demonstratives are characterized by a certain morphological continuity with those of its Arabic lexifier, Ki-Nubi gives evidence of an innovative, and rather complex, system of demonstrative pronouns and determiners. This morphosyntactic divergence is also reflected on a functional ground insofar as the adnominal demonstrative de “this” is mainly used as a tracking device in Juba Arabic, whereas it can mark nominal definiteness in Ki-Nubi. The study eventually proposes a unified diachronic hypothesis that accounts for a greater degree of grammaticalization of nominal determination in Ki-Nubi as a result of its radical creolization.
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O’Shannessy, Carmel, and Connor Brown. "Reflexive and Reciprocal Encoding in the Australian Mixed Language, Light Warlpiri." Languages 6, no. 2 (June 10, 2021): 105. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/languages6020105.
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Mixed languages combine significant amounts of grammatical and lexical material from more than one source language in systematic ways. The Australian mixed language, Light Warlpiri, combines nominal morphology from Warlpiri with verbal morphology from Kriol (an English-lexified Creole) and English, with innovations. The source languages of Light Warlpiri differ in how they encode reflexives and reciprocals—Warlpiri uses an auxiliary clitic for both reflexive and reciprocal expression, while English and Kriol both use pronominal forms, and largely have separate forms for reflexives and reciprocals. English distinguishes person and number in reflexives, but not in reciprocals; the other source languages do not distinguish person or number. This study draws on naturalistic and elicited production data to examine how reflexive and reciprocal events are encoded in Light Warlpiri. The study finds that Light Warlpiri combines near-maximal distinctions from the source languages, but in a way that is not a mirror of any. It retains the person and number distinctions of English reflexives and extends them to reciprocals, using the same forms for reflexives and reciprocals (like Warlpiri). Reflexives and reciprocals occur within a verbal structure (perhaps under influence from Warlpiri). The results show that a mixed language can have discrete contributions from three languages, that the source languages can influence different subsystems to different extents, and that near-maximal distinctions from the source languages can be maintained.
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Jucker, Andreas H. "Courtesy and Politeness in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight." Studia Anglica Posnaniensia 49, no. 3 (December 1, 2014): 5–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/stap-2015-0007.
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Abstract A close reading of three selected passages of the Middle English alliterative romance Sir Gawain and the Green Knight provides a detailed picture of fictional and fairy-tale manifestations of courtly and polite behaviour in Middle English, a period that imported many new terms of courtesy and politeness from French. In the three passages Sir Gawain is visited in his bedchamber by the lady of the house, who tries to seduce him and thus puts him in a severe dilemma of having to be courteous to the lady and at the same time loyal to his host and to the code of chivalry. The analysis shows how Sir Gawain and the lady of the house engage in a discursive struggle of the true implications of courteous behaviour. It also shows how the two characters use nominal and pronominal terms of address to negotiate their respective positions of power, dominance and submission towards each other. And, finally, an analysis of requests reveals how the lady carefully selects appropriate strategies to reflect the severity of the imposition of her requests and her momentary standing in their discursive struggle.
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Formentelli, Maicol. "Address strategies in a British academic setting." Pragmatics. Quarterly Publication of the International Pragmatics Association (IPrA) 19, no. 2 (June 1, 2009): 179–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/prag.19.2.02for.
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The English system of address constitutes an exception among the European languages, in that it does not have a grammatical distinction between a formal pronoun of address and an informal one. Rather, English speakers exploit lexical strategies (i.e. nominal vocatives). This study aims to shed light on the address strategies used by students and members of the teaching staff in academic interactions, with reference to the University of Reading (UK). Data from semi-structured interviews and video-recordings outline an unmarked pattern of asymmetry between the parties, in which students mainly employ formal vocatives towards lecturers (title+surname, honorifics), while lecturers frequently use first names and other informal expressions. Reciprocal informal vocatives, by contrast, emerges as a marked practice, which is resisted or delayed in time. This asymmetrical distribution of forms questions classical models and previous research on address and calls for the necessity of new components for the understanding of the phenomenon.
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Horton, David. "Social deixis in the translation of dramatic discourse." Babel. Revue internationale de la traduction / International Journal of Translation 45, no. 1 (July 23, 1999): 53–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/babel.45.1.05hor.
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Abstract Pronominal modes of address are an instance of the kind of structural incompatibility between languages which presents a considerable challenge to the translator. Indeed, they have been described as an "impossibility of translation" (Lyons). The structural contrast between English and most other European languages with regard to this feature has significant implications for literary translations, since address behaviour encodes social relations and thus functions as an important signal of unfolding interpersonal dynamics in texts. This article explores the implications of divergent address systems in the translation of dramatic discourse, using examples from French-English and English-German translation to illustrate the problems involved. In the first case, the absence of differentiated second-person pronouns in modern English means that other signals have to be found to encode the social dynamics of the text. In Sartre's subtle exploration of shifting human relations in Huis Clos/In Camera we witness a constant switching between the "tu" and "vous" forms of address as the characters seek to establish their roles. Translation into English inevitably results in a loss of explicitness and the introduction of alternative indices of interpersonal relations. In translation from English into German, on the other hand, as an analysis of Pinter's The Caretaker/Der Hausmeister demonstrates, selection between the "du" and "Sie"-forms becomes necessary, and a further level of differentiation is added to those available in the original. Here, pronominal choice presupposes a careful analysis of the dynamics of the text, and results in an explicitation of the attitudinal nuances of the original. In both cases, the process of translation implies a re-encoding based on the translator's individual conception of the source texts. The issue under discussion thus emerges as an archetypal feature of literary translation, showing how the latter manipulates texts by opening up some interpretive possibilities and closing down others. Résumé Les pronoms appellatifs sont un exemple du type de l'incompatibilité structurelle entre les langues qui représente un défi considérable pour le traducteur. En fait, ces pronoms ont été décrits comme une "impossibilité de traduction" (Lyons). Le contraste structurelle entre l'anglais et la plupart des autres langues européennes vis-à-vis de cet aspect a des implications significatives pour la traduction littéraire, car la façon de s'adresser encode des relations sociales et fonctionne donc comme un signal important d'ouverture des dynamiques interpersonnelles dans les textes. Cet article explore les implications des systèmes divergents d'appellation dans la traduction du discours dramatique, en utilisant des exemples de traduction français-anglais et anglais-allemand pour illustrer les problèmes. Dans le premier cas, l'absence de pronoms de la seconde personne différenciés dans l'anglais moderne signifie que d'autres signaux doivent être trouvés pour encoder la dynamique sociale du texte. Dans l'exploration subtile de Sartre des glissements de relations humaines dans Huis Clos (en anglais In Camera), nous sommes les témoins d'un transfert constant entre les formes d'abord "tu" et "vous", alors que les personnages cherchent à définir leurs rôles. La traduction vers l'anglais résulte inévitablement en une perte d'explicité et l'introduction d'indices alternatifs pour les relations interpersonnelles. Dans la traduction de l'anglais vers l'allemand, telle que le démontre une analyse de The Caretaker de Pinter (en allemand Der Hausmeister), le choix entre les formes de tutoiement et de vouvoiement devient nécessaire, et un niveau ultérieur de différenciation s'ajoute à ceux disponibles dans l'original. Ici le choix pronominal présuppose une analyse soigneuse de la dynamique du texte, et se conclut par une explicitation des nuances d'aptitude de l'original. Dans les deux cas, le processus de traduction implique un ré-encodage basée sur la conception individuelle du traducteur des textes sources. Le point discuté apparaît donc comme une caractéristique de type archétypal de la traduction littéraire, indiquant comment cette dernière manipule les textes en les ouvrant à certaines possibilités d'interprétation et en les fermant à d'autres.
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Ignat, Anca, and Alexandru M. Călin. "Of “You” and “Thou,” Lips and Pilgrims in the Translation of Romeo and Juliet’s “Shared Sonnet”: A Hands-On Perspective." American, British and Canadian Studies 32, no. 1 (June 1, 2019): 20–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/abcsj-2019-0003.
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Abstract It is not a recent discovery in the field of language history that the address pronouns thou and you were not, in Shakespeare’s time, used indiscriminately. If the speaker did have a choice between the two forms, that choice was by no means random, idiosyncratic or arbitrary, but always dictated by the social, relational or attitudinal context of a speech act. Nonetheless, all 20th-century Romanian translations of Romeo and Juliet (and of other Shakespearean plays) – from Haralamb Leca’s rather loose rendering (1907) to Ștefan-Octavian Iosif’s and to Virgil Teodorescu’s more refined versions (1940 and 1984, respectively) – seem to ignore the difference in associative meaning between the two forms, which is sometimes essential for a correct assessment of the relationships between characters. The latest Romanian translation of the play, which we have jointly submitted for publication within the Shakespeare for the Third Millennium project (William Shakespeare. Opere XIII, 2018) acknowledges the importance of the various associative meanings that the two pronouns carry and strives to restore these meanings to the text, though not without difficulty, given the rather restrictive form of the original, i.e. iambic pentameters, often with strict rhyme schemes. Thus, focusing on the well-known “shared sonnet” as one of the most relevant instances of pronoun alternation in the play, our paper discusses the uses of you and thou in Early Modern English and sets out to assess how much is lost in 20th-century translations, to show how our own translation restores the associative meanings of the two pronominal forms and finally to exemplify how we managed to overcome translation difficulties entailed by the metrical and stylistic demands of the text.
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MORATELLI, RICARDO, ADRIANO L. PERACCHI, and JOÃO A. DE OLIVEIRA. "Morphometric and morphological variation in Myotis simus Thomas (Chiroptera, Vespertilionidae), with an appraisal of the identity of Myotis guaycuru Proença based on the analysis of the type material." Zootaxa 2985, no. 1 (August 4, 2011): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2985.1.3.
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Twelve species are recognized in the South American bat genus Myotis Kaup (Vespertilionidae, Myotinae), with several nominal forms currently regarded as synonyms, among them Myotis guaycuru Proença, 1943. Its holotype, so far the only specimen assigned to the species, has not been examined in recent taxonomic reviews. To address the taxonomic status of M. guaycuru, we located and redescribed its holotype and compared it to representatives and/or descriptions of all South American species in the genus. Qualitative traits, namely the plagiopatagium attached at ankles, the short and wooly fur and the lingually displaced P3, unambiguously assign the holotype of M. guaycuru to Myotis simus Thomas (1901). The analysis of cranial variation and pelage color across a wide geographical range of M. simus reveals morphometric and morphological discontinuity between Bolivian and Amazonian/Peruvian samples, the latter including topotypes of M. simus. The holotype of M. guaycuru was found to be morphometrically and morphologically more similar to these Amazonian samples than to the geographically nearer Bolivian sample, preventing the use of this nominal form to refer to the Bolivian population if its distinction suggested by morphometric analyses is confirmed by the analyses of other character systems.
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Liu, Juan, James Wilton, Ashleigh Sullivan, Alex Marchand-Austin, Beth Rachlis, Madison Giles, Lucia Light, Doug Sider, Abigail E. Kroch, and Mark Gilbert. "Cohort profile: Development and profile of a population-based, retrospective cohort of diagnosed people living with HIV in Ontario, Canada (Ontario HIV Laboratory Cohort)." BMJ Open 9, no. 5 (May 2019): e027325. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-027325.
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PurposePopulation-based cohorts of diagnosed people living with HIV (PLWH) are limited worldwide. In Ontario, linked HIV diagnostic and viral load (VL) test databases are centralised and contain laboratory data commonly used to measure engagement in HIV care. We used these linked databases to create a population-based, retrospective cohort of diagnosed PLWH in Ontario, Canada.ParticipantsA datamart was created by integrating diagnostic and VL databases and linking records at the individual level. These databases contain information on laboratory test results and sociodemographic/clinical information collected on requisition/surveillance forms. Datamart individuals enter our cohort with the first record of a nominal HIV-positive diagnostic test (1985–2015) or VL test (1996–2015), and remain unless administratively lost to follow-up (LTFU; no VL test for >2 years and no VL test in later years). Non-nominal diagnostic tests are excluded as they lack identifying information to permit linkage to other tests. However, individuals diagnosed non-nominally are included in the cohort with record of a VL test. The LTFU rule is applied to indirectly censor for death/out-migration.Findings to dateAs of the end of 2015, the datamart contained 40 372 HIV-positive diagnostic tests and 23 851 individuals with ≥1 VL test. Almost half (46.3%) of the diagnostic tests were non-nominal and excluded, although this was lower (~15%) in recent years. Overall, 29 587 individuals have entered the cohort—contributing 229 302 person-years of follow-up since 1996. Between 2000 and 2015, the number of diagnosed PLWH (cohort individuals not LTFU) increased from 8859 to 16 110, and the percent who were aged ≥45 years increased from 29.1% to 62.6%. The percent of diagnosed PLWH who were virally suppressed (<200 copies/mL) increased from 40.7% in 2000 to 79.5% in 2015.Future plansWe plan to conduct further analyses of HIV care engagement and link to administrative databases with information on death, migration, physician billing claims and prescriptions. Linkage to other data sources will address cohort limitations and expand research opportunities.
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Huang, Chih-Peng. "SpecificD-Admissibility and Design Issues for Uncertain Descriptor Systems with Parametric Uncertainty in the Derivative Matrix." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2016 (2016): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/6142848.
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Stability analysis issues and controller synthesis for descriptor systems with parametric uncertainty in the derivative matrix are discussed in this paper. The proposed descriptor system can extend the system’s modeling extent of physical and engineering systems from the traditional state-space model. First, based on the extendedD-stability definitions for the descriptor model, necessary and sufficient admissibility andD-admissibility conditions for the unforced nominal descriptor system are derived and formulated by compact forms with strict linear matrix inequality (LMI) manner. In contrast, existing results need to involve nonstrict LMIs, which cannot be evaluated by current LMI solvers and need some extra treatments. Deducing from the obtained distinct results, the roust admissibility andD-admissibility of the descriptor system with uncertainties in both the derivative matrix and the system’s matrices thus can be coped. Furthermore, by involving a proportional and derivative state feedback (PDSF) control law, we further address the controller design for the resulting closed-loop systems. Since all the proposed criteria are explicitly expressed in terms of the strict LMIs, we can use applicable LMI solvers for evaluating the feasible solutions. Finally, the efficiency and practicability of the proposed approach are demonstrated by two illustrative examples.
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Wierzbicka, Anna. "A whole cloud of culture condensed into a drop of semantics." International Journal of Language and Culture 2, no. 1 (November 6, 2015): 1–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ijolc.2.1.01wie.
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This paper investigates the meaning and use of the German word Herr as a form of address, in a historical and cross-linguistic perspective. The paper argues that despite their apparent insignificance, generic titles used daily across Europe, and in all the parts of the world to which European languages have travelled, can reveal complex and intricate webs of cultural assumptions, attitudes, and values, as well as how these assumptions, attitudes, and values change across time and space. Terms of address available for everyday use in a particular language can provide keys to the inmost recesses of the speakers’ cultural and mental worlds. But if we are to use these keys effectively, we need some basic locksmith skills. Natural Semantic Metalanguage (NSM) semantics, with its stock of primes and molecules and its mini-grammar for combining these into semantic texts, provides both the necessary tools and the necessary techniques. It allows us to practice semantic microanalysis with rigor and accountability, while at the same time exploring big questions of values, history, and culture. There has been an upsurge of interest in nominal terms of address in recent years, but as illustrated by the rich and valuable recent volume S’adresser à autrui (2014), edited by Catherine Kerbrat-Orecchioni, research of this kind focuses on frequencies, forms, and functions, with virtually no mention of meaning — as if basic titles such as Monsieur and Madame, Signore and Signora, or Herr and Frau had no meaning at all. As a result, while formal and functional aspects are carefully examined, the secrets hidden in the meanings of such words (and in their semantic evolution) escape scholars’ attention. To uncover these secrets and to bring to light their cultural significance, we need an appropriate methodology. By putting the German word Herr under the microscope, this paper demonstrates that NSM is a methodology that allows it to be done in illuminating and empirically verifiable ways.
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Kim, Kyumin. "Oblique nominals, a verbal affix and late merge." Linguistics 58, no. 6 (November 25, 2020): 1737–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ling-2020-0179.
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AbstractThe goal of this paper is to address the syntax of certain oblique nominals in Blackfoot (Algonquian) that are introduced by a set of verbal prefixes called linkers. In the literature, an oblique nominal introduced by a verbal affix always shows certain properties of objects, e.g., agreement. This type of affix is analyzed as forming a complex verb with the main verb via head movement, and the oblique nominal is treated as an object of the complex verb. However, this paper demonstrates that oblique nominals introduced by linkers in Blackfoot do not show certain object properties even though the linker looks like it forms a complex verb. Building on the lack of object properties, linker phrases are proposed to be adjuncts. As proposed for adjuncts generally (e.g., Stephanov, Arthur. 2001. Late adjunction and minimalist phrase structure. Syntax 4(2). 94–125), this paper proposes a late merge analysis for linker phrases. Within an Agree-based model (Chomsky, Noam. 2000. Minimalist inquiries: The framework. In Roger Martin, David Michaels & Juan Uriagereka (eds.), Step by step: Essays on minimalist syntax in honor of Howard Lasnik, 89–155. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, 2001. Derivation by phase. In Michael Kenstowicz (ed.), Ken Hale: A life in language, 1–52. Cambridge: The MIT Press) where the derivation proceeds by phases (Chomsky 2008), a linker phrase, as an adjunct, lacks the relevant features to participate in the derivation via Agree, and thus it merges late at the end of a given phasal derivation such as vP. When spell out applies, the linker linearizes with a [V-v] complex in the base position, i.e., vP, giving its surface appearance as a verbal affix. Under this view, a linker does not lead to formation of a complex verb as it does not undergo head movement to the verb, unlike applicative affixes, consistent with the absence of object properties.
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Luraghi, Silvia. "The development of local particles and adverbs in Anatolian as a grammaticalization process." Diachronica 18, no. 1 (December 31, 2001): 31–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/dia.18.1.04lur.
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Summary The paper aims at giving a unified account of the origins and development of the Anatolian ‘local particles’, which, as such, are not attested in any other Indo-European language. The particles are P2 clitics and mostly co-occur with some type of local expression. The function of the Indo-European preverbs is taken by a set of adverbs which, in the earliest stages of Anatolian, display a number of features typical of nominal constituents, as in the expression attas=mas appan, ‘after my father’, where the adverb appan takes a modifier in the genitive. The adverbs often co-occur with the particles. Etymologically, both the adverbs and the particles can in part be connected with the Indo-European preverbs. Since postpositional and preverbal syntax for the adverbs appears to develop during the history of Hittite, it has been suggested that Anatolian is particularly archaic, because it mirrors a stage of Indo-European at which there where no adpositions and no preverbs, but only independent adverbs. I argue that the particles go back to adverbial elements, and were formerly the functional equivalent of the Indo-European preverbs/adpositions. Later, these forms underwent semantic bleaching, became clitic and were attracted toward P2. (It must be mentioned that Anatolian is particularly rich in P2 clitics, which also include sentence particles, modal particles, and various types of pronominal forms). After cliticization of the former preverbs, the class of preverbs/adposition was reconstructed through the creation of local adverbs, which, in their turn, partly derive from nominal forms, partly from Indo-European adverbs. My claim has two consequences: a) it shows that the alleged archaism of Anatolian, at least as far as the existence of preverbs/adpositions is concerned, is an illusion; this word class did exist before Anatolian split from the rest of Indo-European already, but it was lost and renewed: what we observe in Old Hittite is the beginning of this renewal; b) it provides an example of a grammaticalization chain shift: former preverbs have undergone semantic bleaching and phonological reduction, becoming particles, and new preverbs have been created out of former adverbs and nouns to replace the older ones. Résumé On affirme souvent que l’anatolien garde un caractère archaïque de l’indoeuropéen, parce qu’il n’y a pas, dans l’hittite archaïque, des adpositions ou vraies préverbes, l’usage préverbale et adpositionale des adverbes locaux s’étant developé plus tard. Dans l’hittite archaïque, les adverbes locaux sont employés davantage comme adverbes libres; en outre, ils semblent parfois préciser le sens des particules locales, qui sont encore beaucoup employées. Étymologiquement, les adverbes et les particules peuvent être partiellement liés aux préverbes indoeuropéennes. On affirme dans l’article présent que les particules d’une époque prélittéraire sont emploiées dans la même manière que les préverbes/adpositions des autres langues indoeuropéennes. Plus tard elles ont subi un processus de grammaticalisation, pendant lequel elles ont perdu leur contenu sémantique et leur autonomie phonologique, en devenant clitiques. Dans l’usage préverbal et adpositionel elles ont été remplacées par les adverbes. Dans les documents les plus anciens, on observe une période où ce changement n’était pas encore complèté. Zusammenfassung Es wird oft behauptet, dass das Anatolische einen besonderen archaischen Zug des Ur-Indogermanischen bewahrt, da es im Alt-Hethitischen keine echten Adpositionen und Präverbien gab, wobei der adpositionale und präverbale Gebrauch der Ortsadverbien sich erst spät entwickelt hat. Im Alt-Hethitischen werden die Ortsadverbien überwiegend als freie Adverbien verwendet; übrigens scheinen sie manchmal die Bedeutung der noch weitgehend verwendeten Ortsbezugspartikeln zu präzisieren. Ortsadverbien und Partikeln können teilweise etymologisch auf die indogermanischen Präverbien zurückgeführt werden. In diesem Aufsatz wird behauptet, dass die Partikeln dieselbe Funktion der Präverbien/Adpositionen der anderen indogermanischen Sprachen zu vorliterarischer Zeit ausgeführt haben. Später wurden sie einem Grammatikalisierungsprozess unterzogen, wobei sie sowohl ihre Bedeutung als auch die phonologische Autonomie verloren haben und zu Klitika geworden sind. Im präverbialen und adpositionalen Gebrauch sind sie durch Ortsadverbien ersetzt worden. In den ältesten Urkunden ist eine Zwischenstufe bewahrt, in der die oben geschilderte Entwicklung noch nicht abgeschlossen ist.
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Hill, Eugen. "Proportionale Analogie, paradigmatischer Ausgleich und Formerweiterung." Diachronica 24, no. 1 (June 1, 2007): 81–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/dia.24.1.05hil.
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Traditionally three independent types of analogical change in inflectional paradigms are distinguished: proportional analogy, paradigmatic leveling and analogical extension. However, the investigation of the data reveals that out of these types only that of proportional analogy can be empirically verified, being supported by clear evidence from languages with well documented history. Moreover, as shown by data from Russian, Old High German dialects, Old Saxon, Old English, and Latin, even in the most secure cases of paradigmatic leveling or analogical extension found in the literature the assumption of proportional analogy is either probable or cannot be excluded. Consequently the three traditional types of analogical change seem to differ with respect to their ontological status. On the one hand, paradigmatic leveling, i.e. the elimination of allomorphy in inflectional paradigms, is to be viewed merely as a motivation for change whose operating principle really is proportional analogy. On the other hand, analogical extension, i.e., the extension of already existing inflection forms through affixes with comparable function, seems to be just a possible way to describe the results of changes which, again, may in fact be instances of proportional analogy. These findings have the following implications for linguistic theory and practice. In practical work on inflectional morphology paradigmatic leveling and analogical extension without the use of proportional analogy can no longer be used in explanations on reconstructed stages of language development. All proposed explanations of this kind are to be supported by establishing an underlying proportional analogy or reconsidered if this is impossible. The proposed distinction between the motivational factors of change, to which paradigmatic leveling may belong, and its operational principle, which always seems to be proportional analogy, leads to a new three-level model of analogical change in inflectional paradigms: On the first level there are the motivational factors, on the second the proportional relations, and on the third level we find the factors governing the choice of a particular proportional relation. Furthermore, it can be shown that a number of morphological processes that have been described recently, such as the spread of the so called ‘superstable inflectional markers’ in nominal paradigms, the ‘externalization of inflection’ in pronouns and ‘product-oriented modifications’ in verbal conjugation, actually operate on the basis of proportional analogy. The widespread belief that assumed ‘superstable markers’ can be transferred from one inflectional type to another without a proportional base is founded on an unnecessary modification of the notion of proportional analogy that can be shown to be highly problematic by adducing empirical evidence. The most prominent instances of ‘superstable marker’ transfer in the North Germanic noun inflection are in fact clearly based on proportional relations between the inflectional patterns involved as soon as the chronology of the development is taken into consideration. It can also be shown that the shape of the ‘externalized’ inflection forms in pronominal paradigms of Old Norse cannot be accounted for by means of analogical extension but that, again, only proportional analogy provides a sufficient explanation for the attested structures. In addition, it can be demonstrated that proportional analogy offers an explanation for a similar development in Georgian. The often-supposed cases of ‘product oriented modifications’ without proportional analogy in the history of English verb inflection can be explained differently with the help of dialectal variation. Hence, they are not a counterargument against the notion of proportional analogy as the only empirically supported operational principle of analogical change in inflectional paradigms, argued for in this paper.
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S., Pradeep, and Jagadish S. Kallimani. "Machine Learning Based Predictive Action on Categorical Non-Sequential Data." Recent Advances in Computer Science and Communications 13, no. 5 (November 5, 2020): 1020–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/2213275912666190417150421.
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Background: With the advent of data analysis and machine learning, there is a growing impetus of analyzing and generating models on historic data. The data comes in numerous forms and shapes with an abundance of challenges. The most sorted form of data for analysis is the numerical data. With the plethora of algorithms and tools it is quite manageable to deal with such data. Another form of data is of categorical nature, which is subdivided into, ordinal (order wise) and nominal (number wise). This data can be broadly classified as Sequential and Non-Sequential. Sequential data analysis is easier to preprocess using algorithms. Objective: The challenge of applying machine learning algorithms on categorical data of nonsequential nature is dealt in this paper. Methods: Upon implementing several data analysis algorithms on such data, we end up getting a biased result, which makes it impossible to generate a reliable predictive model. In this paper, we will address this problem by walking through a handful of techniques which during our research helped us in dealing with a large categorical data of non-sequential nature. In subsequent sections, we will discuss the possible implementable solutions and shortfalls of these techniques. Results: The methods are applied to sample datasets available in public domain and the results with respect to accuracy of classification are satisfactory. Conclusion: The best pre-processing technique we observed in our research is one hot encoding, which facilitates breaking down the categorical features into binary and feeding it into an Algorithm to predict the outcome. The example that we took is not abstract but it is a real – time production services dataset, which had many complex variations of categorical features. Our Future work includes creating a robust model on such data and deploying it into industry standard applications.
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Faraj, Reem. "Morphosyntactic Transfer from a Spoken Heritage Dialect to the Standard Variety." Heritage Language Journal 17, no. 2 (September 1, 2020): 202–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.46538/hlj.17.2.5.
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This study examines cases of morphosyntactic transfer from Syrian Arabic to Modern Standard Arabic (MSA) in the production of heritage speakers who are not only bilingual (L1 Syrian Arabic, L2 English), but also diglossic; Syrian Arabic is their heritage language (HL), and MSA is the form they learned in school. Two control groups, native speakers of Syrian Arabic and learners of MSA, were also included. The proposal presented here is that adolescent heritage speakers of Syrian Arabic have a more developed Syrian Arabic grammar, which results in- transfer to MSA, and that degree and duration of input-output and exposure to both varieties impact the type and number of non-target forms in the production of the studied heritage group. The goal is to find the extent of such transfer, how it is manifested, and whether it is also related to sentence and subject type or other factors. The focus of this study is verbs in SV and VS sentences in MSA, where the subject is a nominal DP and the verb is in the third person. The agreement patterns in VS and SV sentences are asymmetrical in MSA but they are not in Syrian Arabic. The SV order in MSA reflects different agreement patterns with both genders and all three numbers, whereas in Syrian Arabic there is one default non-singular verb form. In this paper I provide a formal account of the differences among the agreement patterns in MSA and Syrian Arabic within the Minimalist framework. Using this approach, a morphosyntactic transfer of agreement features from Syrian Arabic to MSA is argued to be a transfer of T0 features. The results demonstrate that errors in the MSA verb produced by the heritage speakers differ from those of MSA learners and that more than half of the heritage speakers’ errors are compatible with morphosyntactic agreement forms in Syrian Arabic. These findings provide evidence for transfer from Syrian Arabic to MSA. It is possible that when three linguistic systems are competing (L1, L2, and L3) and where L1 is the most dominant, L2 is less developed than L1 but more developed than L3, and L2 and L3 are typologically close, transfer takes place from L2 to L3. More research to address this question is needed. The study contributes to the understanding of agreement in heritage speakers’ production and the phenomenon of transfer in bilingual and diglossic situations.
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RITT, NIKOLAUS, and KAMIL KAZMIERSKI. "How rarities likegoldcame to exist: on co-evolutionary interactions between morphology and lexical phonotactics." English Language and Linguistics 20, no. 1 (March 2, 2015): 1–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1360674315000040.
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We address the question of when, how and why highly marked rhymes of the structure VVCC (as ingold, falseorbind) came to be established in the lexical phonotactics of English. Specifically, we discuss two hypotheses. The first is that lexical VVCC clusters owe their existence to the fact that similar rhyme structures are produced routinely in verbal past tenses and third-person singular present tense forms (fails, fined), and in nominal plurals (goals, signs), The other is based on the insight emerging in morphonotactic research (Dressler & Dziubalska-Kołaczyk 2006) that languages tend to avoid homophonies between lexical and morphotactically produced structures. We hold both hypotheses against a body ofOEDand corpus data, reconstruct the phases in which the lexical VVCC rhymes that are still attested in Present-day English emerged, and relate them to the phases in which productive inflectional rules came to produce rhymes of the same type. We show that the emergence of morphotactic models is indeed likely to have played a role in establishing VVCC rhymes in the English lexicon, since VVCC rhymes of the types VV[sonorant]/d|z/ began to establish themselves in lexical phonotactics at the same period in which they also started to be produced in inflection, and clearly before similar types that had no inflectionally produced analogues (i.e. VV[sonorant]/t|s/ as infault, dance). At the same time, we show that this does not necessarily contradict the hypothesis that homophonies between lexical and morphotactic rhymes are dispreferred. We argue that under the specific historical circumstances that obtained in English, natural ways of eliminating the resulting ambiguities failed to be available. Finally, we show that, once the phonotactically and semiotically dispreferred VV[sonorant]/d|z/ rhymes had been established, the emergence of morphotactically unambiguous rhymes of the types VV[sonorant]/t|s/ was to be expected, since they filled what was an accidental rather than natural gap in the phonotactic system of English (see Hayes & White 2013).
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Vergaro, Carla, and Hans-Jörg Schmid. "Do the meanings of abstract nouns correlate with the meanings of their complementation patterns?" Pragmatics and Cognition 24, no. 1 (December 31, 2017): 91–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/pc.17003.ver.
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Abstract There is a widespread assumption in Construction Grammar (but also before and elsewhere) that the meanings of verbs correlate with or even determine their complementation forms and patterns. There is much less research on noun complementation, however, although this category is even more interesting for a number of reasons such as the potential for valency reduction, nominal topicalization constructions, and additional complementation options, e.g. of-PPs and existential constructions. In this paper we focus on the class of nouns reporting commissive illocutionary acts (promise, offer, pledge, refusal, bet, threat, etc.), and address the question of whether there is a correlation (i) between the meaning of these nouns and their preferred complementation patterns, and (ii) between their semantic similarity and their similarity in the distribution of complementation patterns. We report the results of a study of a set of 17 commissive nouns chosen from a wider collection of illocutionary nouns. Two types of analysis were carried out in order to compare the semantic and grammatical characteristics of these nouns. The semantic analysis was based on insights from speech act theory and the philosophy of language. We developed a framework for a systematic comparative description of the nouns in our word field. The results were tallied with a corpus-based grammatical analysis. Two hundred tokens of each noun type were randomly sampled from the Corpus of Contemporary American English. Using these data, the 17 nouns were subjected to an analysis of the relative frequencies of their complementation patterns. Results indicate a general match between noun meanings and complementation patterns. More specifically, however, they indicate that the closeness of this match depends on the prototypicality of nouns as members of the class of commissives. The study, then, contributes to our understanding of the relation between lexis and syntax. At the same time, it confirms the need for a close semantic analysis to account for the great extent to which item-specific information, i.e. properties of individual nouns, have to be taken into consideration at the expense of large-scale generalizations.
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Vela Delfa, Cristina. "La apelación en el género discursivo del correo electrónico: fórmulas nominales de tratamiento en las aperturas y los cierres de los mensajes de email." Onomázein Revista de lingüística filología y traducción, add (October 2018): 98–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.7764/onomazein.add.06.
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Juan Pablo, Larreta Zulategui. "Scheinäquivalente/Potenzielle falsche Freunde im phraseologischen Bereich (am Beispiel des Sprachenpaares Deutsch–Spanisch)." Yearbook of Phraseology 10, no. 1 (December 18, 2019): 113–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/phras-2019-0007.
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Abstract In comparison to the contributions that address interlingual phraseological equivalence, the number of papers about the topic of phraseological false friends is relatively low. This is probably explained by the fact that this is a marginal phenomenon from a quantitative point of view. Nonetheless, there are relevant contributions in the field of foreign German Studies. The aim of this article is, on the one hand, to discuss theoretical questions about tertium comparationis and terminology and, on the other hand, to develop a classification of the types of potential phraseological false friends. This paper must therefore be understood as a preliminary stage for applied work in the areas of foreign language teaching, (not only) bilingual lexicography and translation theory and practice. Based on a comprehensive empirical basis, the present article studies nominal, adjectival and especially verbal idioms. For the collection of both corpora and the codification of the lemmas various methods were used: the consultation of specialized dictionaries, the use of the author’s own foreign and native language competence, the search of context examples from the databases Corpus de referencia del español actual (CREA) and Deutsches Referenzkorpus (DeReKo), and the consultation of informants. Through this methodological approach, the article tackles the levels of the language system and also of the language usage. In this respect, and due to the problem of the so-called broad or complex meaning of idioms, difficulties associated with the analysis of lexicographic definitions are of particular relevance. Depending on the lexicographic sources, differences in questions such as the complexity of the definitions or the number of sememes are noticeable. On the level of meaning, componential analysis represents the theoretical framework. Thus, the semantic structures of the idioms to be compared are analyzed in order to discover to what extent the whole meaning (sememe) or some of the minimal semantic features (semes) of the units are qualitatively different or in unequal numbers. Differences can be found both at the level of monosemic units – where either (i.1) the sememes of the units to be compared is basically different, or (i.2) one or several semes of the units to be compared differ – and also at the level of polysemic units, if the form of the idiom of one language with several sememes finds an identical or similar form in the other language but the latter does not have the same sememes. The semantic analysis performed is thus the basis for the determination of the different types of semantic interferences, which can lead to communicative misinterpretations to various degrees. On the level of expression, the analysis is based on a structural-cognitive hypothesis that postulates both a figurative and a logical-abstract formal identity. The formal similarity between idioms (and other types of phraseologisms) in different languages is not rooted in the phonetic and graphical (quasi-)identity of the units to be compared, but in the identity or in the somewhat similar height of the phrase image. Beyond such a concept of lexical-figurative identity, we find a broader conception of formal equality, which is understood not only as a structural lexical-figurative identity, but also as a likeness or identity of the logical-hidden scheme beyond the image; this scheme can initiate the same idiomatic inference procedures, even if the idioms diverge figurative-lexically. A meticulous interlinguistic analysis of the phraseological false friends is only possible by means of a clear distinction between both levels of meaning and expression, which must be reflected terminologically. In this sense, we refer to the proposal of B. Wotjak, which uses the term Kongruenz to denote cases of equality of linguistic forms, as a counterpart to the term Äquivalenz on the content level, i.e. the equality on the level of meaning. The term interlingual homonymy, on the other hand, is avoided because of the special nature of formal equality between idioms.
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Bentein, Klaas. "Politeness in Pronouns." Philologus 161, no. 2 (January 27, 2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/phil-2016-5020.
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AbstractIn many languages, a person can be addressed either in the second person singular or the second person plural: the former indicates familiarity and/or lack of respect, while the latter suggests distance and/or respect towards the addressee. While in Ancient Greek pronominal reference initially was not used as a ‘politeness strategy’, in the Post-classical period a T–V distinction did develop. In the Early Byzantine period, I argue, yet another pronominal usage developed: a person could also be addressed in the third person singular. This should be connected to the rise of abstract nominal forms of address, a process which can be dated to the fourth century AD.
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Placencia, María Elena, Catalina Fuentes Rodríguez, and María Palma-Fahey. "Nominal address and rapport management in informal interactions among university students in Quito (Ecuador), Santiago (Chile) and Seville (Spain)." Multilingua 34, no. 4 (January 1, 2015). http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/multi-2014-0107.
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Sinnott, Sarah. "The Role of Implicature in Castilian Pronominal Address Forms." Studies in Hispanic and Lusophone Linguistics 6, no. 2 (January 1, 2013). http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/shll-2013-1152.
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AbstractSecond person singular address forms in Castilian Spanish are shown to contribute meaning to an utterance via conventional and conversational implicature. The V form conventionally implicates distance regardless of context. The motivation behind the expression of distance is inferred based on context; it is conversationally implicated. Motivations for distance marking include respect and anger (among others). The T form relies on its opposition with V, in combination with context, to conversationally implicate content such as intimacy or disrespect (among others). Conclusions are based on interview and survey data from 92 native speakers in Madrid and Manzanares, Spain.
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Bernhardt, Mariann. "Encoding definiteness on pronominal objects in Mordvinic." Finnisch-Ugrische Forschungen 2020, no. 65 (December 1, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.33339/fuf.97179.
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This article examines the morphosyntax of pronouns in object function and reveals the syntactic and morphological differences between nominal and pronominal objects in Mordvinic. The variation in case marking and declension type of nominal objects is affected by definiteness. Indefinite objects are in the basic declension nominative, whereas definite ones are in the definite or possessive declension genitive. Furthermore, definite objects may be indexed on the verb. In this paper, I analyze the morphosyntax of pronouns, in order to reveal the regularities between semantics and morphological marking and to provide a better understanding of definiteness. For this purpose, the finite forms of perception verbs were collected from the MokshEr corpus, which contains written texts in the literary languages, and native speakers were consulted on the results. Perception verbs were chosen for this study because they agree with the object in person and number more frequently than other semantic classes of verbs, thus providing good material for examining the correlation of definiteness with verbal conjugation. The paper shows how definiteness is displayed within the morphosyntax of pronouns and uncovers how verbal conjugation correlates with different pronominal objects.
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Nesse, Agnete. "From everyday speech to literary style: The decline of the distant address De in Norwegian during the twentieth century." Journal of Historical Sociolinguistics 5, no. 1 (April 4, 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jhsl-2017-0027.
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AbstractChange in norms for the use of address forms and change in the actual usage of these forms are an important part of the history of any language. By investigating how certain grammatical features are chosen for specific pragmatic meaning, we deepen our understanding of the relationship between language and society. These changes can be described from several angles by focussing on intralinguistic factors (which linguistic features are used) or on social factors. In this article, we will take both perspectives into consideration by looking at the forms of pronominal address that have been used in Norway, as well as how and why they have changed. The data is drawn primarily from radio and weekly magazines, the popular media of the twentieth century.