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Journal articles on the topic 'Pronunciation adaptation'
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1
Goronzy, Silke, Stefan Rapp, and Ralf Kompe. "Generating non-native pronunciation variants for lexicon adaptation." Speech Communication 42, no. 1 (January 2004): 109–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.specom.2003.09.003.
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Kaneko, Emiko, Younghyon Heo, Gregory Iverson, and Ian Wilson. "Quasi-neutralization in the acquisition of English coronal fricatives by native speakers of Japanese." Journal of Second Language Pronunciation 1, no. 1 (March 30, 2015): 65–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jslp.1.1.03kan.
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Second language learners show various forms of mispronunciation, or modification, of target pronunciation, most perhaps due to direct native language transfer, but others, summarized here, to deflected contrast, hypercorrection and covert contrast. The present paper reports on a novel form of adaptation that we term ‘quasi-neutralization,’ in which acoustic characteristics of competing target phonemes are found within the same interlanguage segment (e.g., think [θɪŋk] pronounced as [θsiŋk]). The three English voiceless coronal fricatives /s/, /ʃ/, /θ/ were elicited from Japanese learners of English via two techniques: a wordlist reading task that encouraged participants to focus on their pronunciation, and a sentence construction task that diverted their attention from pronunciation. Among different types of modification, quasi-neutralization was observed predominantly when participants were conscious of their pronunciation, which could reflect their linguistic insecurity as learners. This research thus illuminates another of the strategies that learners employ in the acquisition of L2 pronunciation.
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Chen, Hsueh Chu. "In-service Teachers’ Intelligibility and Pronunciation Adjustment Strategies in English Language Classrooms." English Language Teaching 9, no. 4 (February 29, 2016): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/elt.v9n4p30.
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<p>A realistic goal of pronunciation teaching in the second language context is to acquire comfortably intelligible rather than native-like pronunciation. To establish a set of teaching and learning priorities necessary for English teachers and students whose first language is Chinese, the purposes of this study are three fold: (1) Identify the pronunciation aspects that are crucial for intelligible pronunciation in actual second language (L2) Hong Kong (HK) and foreign language mainland (ML) China classrooms from in-service teachers’ points of view; (2) Investigate how teachers help their students successfully understand English classroom input through teachers’ self-reflection on which aspects of their own pronunciation they modify and adapt to make classroom discourse intelligible to students; and (3) explore the most frequently taught pronunciation aspects and the most frequently used pronunciation teaching strategies used by teachers to teach pronunciation in English classrooms. Forty-seven questionnaires were collected and analysed from in-service teachers in primary schools. Four teachers were invited to attend follow-up interviews. In order to further investigate the application of adaptation strategies and pronunciation teaching strategies in real classroom settings, eight classroom videos were collected. The data were triangulated allowing for cross checking.<strong> </strong>The findings will not only help frontline teachers become self-aware of their own pronunciation, rectify students’ recurrent difficulties in using phonological features, and improve mutual intelligibility in English language classrooms but also help explore the ways to integrate phonology courses and pronunciation teaching in second/foreign language teaching and teacher education.</p>
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LESTARI, Dessi Puji, and Sadaoki FURUI. "Adaptation to Pronunciation Variations in Indonesian Spoken Query-Based Information Retrieval." IEICE Transactions on Information and Systems E93-D, no. 9 (2010): 2388–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1587/transinf.e93.d.2388.
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Lee, Damheo, Donghyun Kim, Seung Yun, and Sanghun Kim. "Phonetic Variation Modeling and a Language Model Adaptation for Korean English Code-Switching Speech Recognition." Applied Sciences 11, no. 6 (March 23, 2021): 2866. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11062866.
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In this paper, we propose a new method for code-switching (CS) automatic speech recognition (ASR) in Korean. First, the phonetic variations in English pronunciation spoken by Korean speakers should be considered. Thus, we tried to find a unified pronunciation model based on phonetic knowledge and deep learning. Second, we extracted the CS sentences semantically similar to the target domain and then applied the language model (LM) adaptation to solve the biased modeling toward Korean due to the imbalanced training data. In this experiment, training data were AI Hub (1033 h) in Korean and Librispeech (960 h) in English. As a result, when compared to the baseline, the proposed method improved the error reduction rate (ERR) by up to 11.6% with phonetic variant modeling and by 17.3% when semantically similar sentences were applied to the LM adaptation. If we considered only English words, the word correction rate improved up to 24.2% compared to that of the baseline. The proposed method seems to be very effective in CS speech recognition.
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OH, Yoo Rhee, and Hong Kook KIM. "A Hybrid Acoustic and Pronunciation Model Adaptation Approach for Non-native Speech Recognition." IEICE Transactions on Information and Systems E93-D, no. 9 (2010): 2379–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1587/transinf.e93.d.2379.
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Oh, Yoo Rhee, Jae Sam Yoon, and Hong Kook Kim. "Acoustic model adaptation based on pronunciation variability analysis for non-native speech recognition." Speech Communication 49, no. 1 (January 2007): 59–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.specom.2006.10.006.
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Metcalf, George J. "Translation Pronunciation: A Note on Adaptation of Foreign Surnames in the United States." Names 33, no. 4 (December 1985): 268–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/nam.1985.33.4.268.
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Schiel, Florian. "A new approach to speaker adaptation by modelling pronunciation in automatic speech recognition." Speech Communication 13, no. 3-4 (December 1993): 281–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-6393(93)90026-h.
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Duběda, Tomáš. "The Phonology of Anglicisms in French, German and Czech: A Contrastive Approach." Journal of Language Contact 13, no. 2 (December 11, 2020): 327–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/19552629-01302003.
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Abstract In this article, I analyse the phonological adaptation of Anglicisms in three languages (French, German and Czech) from a contrastive perspective. The classification of standard phonological forms, based on a system of eight adaptation principles, aims at capturing the degree of phonological permeability/resistance for each of the languages. Phonological approximation (the substitution of foreign phonemes with native ones) seems to be the fundamental principle in all three languages analysed. The spelling pronunciation principle is observed predominantly in French; phonological import occurs only in German. Globally, phonological resistance increases in the following order: German – Czech – French.
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Hamid, Twana S. "Kurdish Adaptation of Arabic Loan Consonants." Koya University Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences 4, no. 1 (June 30, 2021): 129–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.14500/kujhss.v4n1y2021.pp129-136.
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This paper addresses the status of the Arabic loan consonants in Central Kurdish (CK). Based on the Arabic loanwords, it assesses different scenarios on how the foreign consonants are adapted. The paper finds out that Arabic loan consonants in CK can be classified into three groups: Consonants that are part of the phonemic inventory of both languages; consonants that are borrowed faithfully, i.e. without adaptation and finally consonants that are not allowed in the phonemic inventory of CK, i.e. require feature adaptation. The paper also makes contribution to the theories of loan adaptation. It shows that neither Phonological Stance Model nor Phonetic Stance Model can account for the way Arabic consonants are (un)adapted in CK. The faithful borrowing of guttural consonants and the adaptation of dental fricatives and emphatics to match the phonemic inventory of CK shows that there are active marking statements that (dis)allow a combination of features that form a segment. Some other factors also play roles in the faithful borrowing of the loan consonants such as frequency of the loanwords with loan phonemes, orthographic input and the sensitivity of the faithful pronunciation of the loanwords such as the loanwords that are proper names. Common proper names with guttural phonemes are borrowed faithfully.
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Dolyna, Alina V. "ВИКОРИСТАННЯ СИСТЕМИ MOODLE ДЛЯ ВДОСКОНАЛЕННЯ ФОНЕТИЧНОЇ КОМПЕТЕНТНОСТІ МАЙБУТНІХ УЧИТЕЛІВ АНГЛІЙСЬКОЇ МОВИ." Information Technologies and Learning Tools 70, no. 2 (April 27, 2019): 205. http://dx.doi.org/10.33407/itlt.v70i2.2382.
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The article examines the suitability of using learning management system Moodle as tools for organizing pre-service English teachers' self-study work at improving their phonological competency. As a result of analysis of the main advantages and disadvantages of developing, programming and using the existing multimedia computer courses it was concluded that the revealed disadvantages can be solved by their adaptation and reproduction on distance learning platform Moodle. A reflexive model of improving phonological competency in self-study work is suggested as the basis for exercises and tasks arrangement to improve teachers' to be pronunciation. The structure of the multimedia computer course «Sound English» is analyzed in detail, and the ways of its implementation on learning management system Moodle are suggested, in particular, distribution of learning material into modules and their smaller structural units – cycles. The notion «learning objects» is examined; the advantages of their use and the peculiarities of combination on different levels are given. To implement the seven stages of improving phonological competency the available types of activities in learning management system Moodle were analyzed. The following activities suitable for pronunciation improvement in self-study work are picked out: Read aloud, Questionnaire, Workshop, Lesson, Quiz, Glossary, Assignment. These types of activities are correlated with the multimedia computer course «Sound English» cycle headings: Watch Video, Check Pronunciation, Review Pronunciation Rules, Do Exercises, See Progress. To optimize the process of control and self-control of students' self-study work it is suggested to use self-monitoring worksheets, training questionnaires, and learning diaries. An algorithm of doing the exercises and tasks for improving phonological competency with the use of the system of learning management Moodle is suggested.
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Kusuma, Deny. "Strategy Of Translating Gadget Brochure." RETORIKA: Jurnal Ilmu Bahasa 1, no. 2 (February 21, 2017): 339–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.22225/jr.1.2.38.339-351.
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The title of this writing is strategy of translating gadget brochure. There were two problems discussed in this thesis, namely (1) terms found in the gadget manual book and its equivalence in Indonesia, (2) strategies applied in translating gadget brochure. Based on the analysis result, it was found that the terms and its equivalent words found in the gadget brochure were classified based on: 1) simple words or compound words and terminology forming phrase. 2) words category found are: noun and verb. The recommended pattern to determine the equivalent word was pure borrowing strategy, not adaptation borrowing strategy. The adaptation borrowing in this context was related to the spellings, the pronunciation or sound adaptation in the TL rather than adaptation for the cultural substitutes that conceptually mismatches with the standardized terminology in the SL. In addition, the result of the analysis that there were seven strategies found in gadget brochure, they were translation by more general word (Superordinate), translation by a more neutral/expressive word, translation by cultural substitution, translation by using loan word or loan word plus explanation, translation by paraphrase using related word, translation by omission and translation by illustration. Keywords: Gadget brochure, Strategies of translation
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Nidzelsky, M., V. Chikor, and N. Tsvetkova. "PHONETIC REHABILITATION FOR REMOVABLE DENTAL PROSTHETICS." Ukrainian Dental Almanac, no. 2 (June 19, 2019): 44–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.31718/2409-0255.2.2019.09.
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Removable prosthesis is considered as a device with therapeutic, rehab and prophylactic functions, which allows to improve the quality of life of the dentist. Its use is always aimed at solving three problems: restoration of chewing; restoration of pronunciation of sounds; restoration of aesthetic norms of a person.
Fixation of the complete removable denture depends on the anatomical retention, which is determined by the area and form of the prosthetic bed; from adhesion (capillary forces, viscosity of saliva) and from the functional suction of the prosthesis. For the stabilization of prostheses, the contour of the alveolar appendix and the production of artificial teeth are of special importance.
Therefore, a complete removable denture is a complex design, which always has a single plan of construction (basis and artificial teeth), but in each case is made taking into account the individual characteristics of the patient's body.
Adaptation to a complete removable denture is a multi-layered process. Its inalienable component is neuro-reflex mechanisms. From these positions, the habit of prosthetics is explained by the development of cortical inhibition, which leads to the disappearance of the feeling of a foreign subject in the oral cavity. These changes occur on the basis of the general law, according to which repeatedly the stimulus becomes a brake agent. Based on masticatography, it has been established that addiction to prosthetics is associated with the appearance, perfection and consolidation of new conditioned motor reflexes. An important component of the adaptation process in patients with prosthetics is psychological adaptation. It is believed that it represents the sum of complex conditioned-reflex responses of the patient, which belong to the sphere of human emotions and determine the degree of satisfaction with dentures. The significance of psychological factors in the development of adaptation to prosthetics stimulates the creation of new and improved existing methods for assessing the psycho-emotional state of orthopedic dental patients. According to the results of these methods, high personal anxiety is the main factor that causes the development of psycho-emotional stress during orthopedic treatment.
There is also a speech adaptation, which is the result of the interaction of the active organs of the articulation apparatus with dentures. The appearance of improper pronunciation of sounds is considered as a result of motor and sensory disorders of the central or peripheral nature: changes in the structure of the articulation apparatus and violations of muscle inertia involved in articulation; reduction of peripheral hearing and violations of the auditory perception of the central character. Wrong pronunciation is most often observed in groups of whistling, silent sounds, [p], [l], which are characterized by complexity of sounding and, accordingly, the complexity of articulation work. A certain range of works is devoted to methods of studying pronunciation of sounds from different points of view: physical (acoustic), anatomical-physiological and linguistic.
Detection of defects of articulation was done by listening. In a number of studies the study of violations of articulation of sounds was carried out using anatomical-physiological and acoustic characteristics with the help of apparatus. Modern methods of speech research are based on listening, audiometry and spectral analysis of sound.
Consequently, the features of rehabilitation of toothless patients with the help of a complete removable denture are widely covered in the literature. The concept of pathogenesis of violations with full or partial adentia and about mechanisms of their overcoming with the help of dentures is deepened. However, until now, the literature remains almost uninvolved into the consideration of phonetic aspects as in the analysis of anatomical and physiological features of the toothless mouth during preparation for prosthetics, and at different stages of the use of dentures.
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Jasińska, Katarzyna, and Dariusz R. Piwowarczyk. "On the Relatinization of the Latin Term 'magister'." Classica Cracoviensia 21 (July 2, 2019): 95–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.12797/cc.21.2018.21.06.
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The expansion of the linguistic lexicon by means of loanwords is a common phenomenon. During this process the word is taken from the donor language and assimilated in the system of the recipient language. Loanword adaptation is carried out on the semantic and formal level which concerns the pronunciation, spelling and grammatical characteristics of a word in question. In this article we present the case of the Latin word magister concentrating on its phonetic accommodation and process of its relatinization after the original borrowing in the Old Polish language. The word was relatinized in Polish, that is reborrowed from the Latin orthographic form and as such it functions in the Polish lexicon to this very day. Additionally, we investigate the semantic adaptation of the word, describing the relations between the Latin and the Polish meanings of the word magister at different stages of development of both languages.
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조완철 and 조위수. "Analysis of the Practice Characteristic of Education of Pronunciation and Intonation for North Korean Refugees’ Language Adaptation." Review of North Korean Studies 21, no. 1 (April 2018): 208–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.17321/rnks.2018.21.1.006.
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Vasiliev, R. A. "Adaptation of the biometric voice identification method to the quiet pronunciation of passphrases to counteract acoustic speech intelligence." Information Security Questions, no. 1 (2021): 33–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.52190/2073-2600_2021_1_33.
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Kudirka, Robertas. "Morphology and Adaptation Features of the Slang Suffixal Adverbs in Lithuanian Language: Hybrid Derivatives of Suffix -ai from Suffixal Adjectives of Russian." Respectus Philologicus, no. 36(41) (October 16, 2019): 47–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/respectus.2019.36.41.22.
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This article analyses 127 suffixal adverbs from Lithuanian slang and non-standard dictionary (Kaunas, 2012). The suffixal adverbs of Lithuanian slang have not been researched systematically according to grammatical classification. This research is based on the morphological analysis. The suffixal adverbs are divided into groups: every group includes some subgroups. First, the most productive derivatives groups are analyzed, then the less productive groups are involved. In each subgroup are described derivatives of individual suffixes; where necessary, due consideration is given to the underlying structure and various morphological properties. Every subgroup has a small description of the accentuation and the pronunciation or the root vocalism.
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Rusak, V. P., V. A. Mandik, Yu S. Hetsevich, and S. I. Lysy. "About comprehensive edition on the culture of Belarusian speech." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Humanitarian Series 64, no. 1 (February 16, 2019): 69–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.29235/2524-2369-2019-64-1-69-80.
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The introduction of this paper depicts the issues related to the creation of the first in Belarusian linguistics “Pronouncing dictionary of the Belarusian language”, prepared at the junction of interdisciplinary research by specialists of two academic institutions. The dictionary proposes literary pronunciation for 117,000 words with full transcription taking into account existing orthoepic options that do not contradict the norm. It also describes the methodological basis of the work associated with the consolidation of the norms of the literary pronunciation. the main part describes in detail the structure and mechanism of algorithms for generating spelling words in phonetic transcription.The main types of combinatorial consonant changes that determine the specificity of the phonetic system of the Belarusian literary language are shown. The authors provide examples and results of instrumental processing of sound files to explain orthoepical controversial points mainly related to the phonetic adaptation of borrowed vocabulary, as well as clarification of certain phonetic positions. In particular, there are specific cases of operation for the new literary language of the opposition “voiceless fricative [ф] – voiced fricative [в]ˮ with a description of the physical characteristics of these sounds. The reasonability of displaying phonetic variations in the dictionary as a consequence of the development of language is also substantiated.Conclusion draws attention to the innovation, economic and social importance of the publication. It provides guidance on its practical use, the expediency of further interdisciplinary research in linguistics and information technology.
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Sicherl, Eva. "The English-Slovene language contact: borrowing of personal names." Linguistica 55, no. 1 (December 31, 2015): 273–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/linguistica.55.1.273-289.
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The article aims to shed some light on the growing tendency of Slovene native speakers towards borrowing English personal names when naming new-born children. Some historical overview of the borrowing of English personal names into Slovene is given, starting with lists compiled from 1931 onwards, established from the data supplied by the Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia (SURS). The phenomenon of borrowing personal names is discussed from the point of view of pragmatic borrowing as advocated by G. Andersen (2014), taking into account the traditional distinction between necessary loans on the one hand and luxury loans on the other. The article illustrates how in the case of personal names, ‘exoticisms’ (e.g. Alex, Liam, Kevin, Kim, Ian, Vanessa, Adrian, Ella, Emma, Patrick, Nick, Alan, Lucas, listed among the most popular 200 first names in the 2001–2013 period) compete with name forms that have been adapted and nativised long ago (e.g. Patrik), or are currently being introduced for the first time into Slovene. In these recent borrowings, the foreign forms undergo some adaptation, but at the same time, unlike other anglicisms, show the tendency to resist complete adaptation, particularly in terms of spelling and pronunciation. Such pragmatically borrowed items carry significant sociolinguistic signals about the borrowers’ attitudes, and these are briefly commented on.
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Agus hermawan, Agus Hermawan. "PENGGUNAAN KATA (DIKSI) DALAM NASKAH PIDATO KEAGAMAAN SANTRI PONDOK PESANTREN MAMBAUS SHOLIHIN 2 BLITAR." Paradigma: Jurnal Filsafat, Sains, Teknologi, dan Sosial Budaya 26, no. 2 (October 22, 2020): 134–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.33503/paradigma.v26i2.899.
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Language is a means of communication between community members in the form of sound symbols produced by human speech tools. Speech is a form of spoken language activity. Therefore, giving a speech requires and emphasizes the expression of ideas and reasoning using spoken language which is supported by non-language aspects, such as facial expressions, eye contact, and voice intonation. In connection with this definition, there are four functions of the Indonesian language, namely (1) to express self-expression, (2) as a means of communication, (3) as a tool for social integration and adaptation, and (4) as a tool for exercising social control. . Matters that need to be nurtured and developed in the guidance and development of the Indonesian language include pronunciation, spelling, writing, vocabulary / terms, and grammar. These four things are the most important material in language coaching and development, so that language users are able to use good and correct language.
Keywords: Skill, Writing, Speech
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Doszhan, Gulzhan, and Gulzhan Gauriyeva. "Problems of vitality of the Turkic languages in the age of globalisation." New Trends and Issues Proceedings on Humanities and Social Sciences 6, no. 5 (September 30, 2019): 92–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.18844/prosoc.v6i5.4378.
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In recent years, there is an apparent increase in interest of linguists to do comparative studies on lexicology over the genetic and typologically related languages. This paper has sought to critically research the role of mutual lexical enrichment of kindred languages and assimilation of loanwords, in particular, anglicisms to the vitality, maintenance and revitalisation of Turkic languages in the age of globalisation. The most important reasons for penetration and use of words and terms borrowed from English in modern Turkic languages have extra linguistic nature. However, intra linguistic factors are not an exception. Owing to distinctions of graphic bases of the alphabets and pronunciation norms of Turkic languages, the level of phonetic, grammatical and semantic assimilation of loanwords and terms in these languages are not identical. Because of incomplete phonological and graphic adaptation of loanwords, it becomes clear that in the Turkic languages national colouring, phonetic and orthographic norms of these languages are partly changed.
Keywords: Vitality, lexical system, Turkic languages, globalisation, anglicisms.
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Vázquez Diéguez, Ignacio. "Tonicidad diferente entre portugués y español. Procesos de adecuación." Epos : Revista de filología, no. 33 (August 23, 2018): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5944/epos.33.2017.19274.
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En este artículo se dan ciertas informaciones para intentar explicar la diferente pronunciación de un conjunto de palabras entre español y portugués. Las causas de dicha diferencia son diversas. Se observa, sobre todo, una distinta evolución y/o adaptación del término originario (principalmente latín y griego), en ocasiones esperable y en otras no; también se ve la influencia de una tercera lengua (francés, sobre todo, inglés y otras) y en palabras formadas a partir de otras dos, a veces domina el acento de una y a veces el de la otra.The aim of this article is to try and explain the different pronunciation of a set of words between Spanish and Portuguese. The causes of this difference are diverse. We observe, above all, a different evolution and/or adaptation of the original term (mainly Latin and Greek), sometimes expected and sometimes not; the influence of a foreign language (French, especially, English and others) is also seen, and —in compound words formed from other two— sometimes prevails the stress of one word and sometimes prevails the other.
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Souza, Raphael Freitas de, and Marco Antonio Compagnoni. "Relation between speaking space of the /s/ sound and freeway space in dentate and edentate subjects." Brazilian Oral Research 18, no. 4 (December 2004): 333–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1806-83242004000400011.
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The purpose of this study is to assess the relation between the speaking space of the /s/ sound and the freeway space in two subject groups. One group had natural dentition (Group I, n = 61) and the other comprised complete denture wearers (Group II, n = 33). The analysis was done by means of a jaw-tracking device (K6-I Diagnostic System, Myotronics Research Inc., Seattle, WA, USA). Freeway space was determined by asking the subjects to occlude from the postural rest position. Speaking space of /s/ was measured during the pronunciation of the word "seis" and comprised the mean distance from the /s/ speaking position to maximal intercuspation. A weak correlation was found between the speaking space of /s/ and the freeway space in Group I (r = 0.41, p < 0.01), but in Group II, the correlation was stronger (r = 0.75, p < 0.01). The speaking space of /s/ and freeway space were different in Group I, but statistically similar in Group II (paired t-test, a = 0.05). It can be suggested that anatomic changes following prosthetic procedures caused a functional adaptation which resulted in more similar values for the speaking space of /s/ and the freeway space.
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Ryzhikova, T. R. "Study of the intermittent vowels of the Surgut dialect of the Khanty language through the method of direct digital laryngoscopy: preliminary results." Bulletin of Ugric studies 11, no. 1 (2021): 102–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.30624/2220-4156-2021-11-1-102-111.
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Introduction: the Khanty language and its dialects (in particular, the Surgut one) are still poorly studied from the point of view of the experimental phonetics. Direct digital laryngoscopy is one of the methods of dynamic observation of speech production processes in the larynx, which allows to describe not only the articulatory features of a concrete sound, but also to trace the processes of co-articulation and adaptation. Objective: to analyze articulatory features of the previously identified intermittent vowels. Research materials: the laryngo-grams of the intermittent vowels in the pronunciation of the native speakers of the Tromagan subdialect of the Surgut dialect of the Khanty language. Results and novelty of the research: the study revealed that the phonation of intermittent vowels can be divided into several phases with the corresponding acoustic and articulatory effects. Analysis of the laryngo-grams allowed to classify the Surgut vowels i, ɵ, e as injective, i. e. pronounced with a lowered larynx. The vowel a requires further study and verification with the help of somatic and acoustic methods. The data obtained are in a good agreement with the works by B. B. Feyer on the Ket vocalism.
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REINISCH, EVA. "Speaker-specific processing and local context information: The case of speaking rate." Applied Psycholinguistics 37, no. 6 (December 29, 2015): 1397–415. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0142716415000612.
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ABSTRACTTo deal with variation in the speech signal, listeners rely on local context, such as speaking rate in a carrier sentence directly preceding a target, as well as more global properties of the speech signal, such as speaker-specific pronunciation variants. The present study addressed whether, despite its variability even within one speaker, habitual speaking rate can be tracked as a speaker-specific property and how such speaker-specific tracking of habitual rate would interact with effects of local-rate normalization. In two experiments, listeners were exposed to a 2-min dialogue between a fast and a slow speaker. At test, listeners categorized minimal word pair continua differing in the German /a/–/a:/ duration contrast spoken by the same two speakers. The results showed that listeners responded with /a:/ more often for the fast speaker but only when words were presented in isolation and not when presented with additional local-rate information. That is, despite the general assumption that duration cues and speaking rate are too variable to be used in a speaker-specific fashion, tracking habitual speaking rate may help speech perception. The results are discussed in relation to a belief-updating model of perceptual adaptation and exemplar models.
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Nhut, Nguyen Minh. "Assessment of ITP Learners’ English: A Needs Analysis." Journal of Language Teaching and Research 12, no. 5 (September 1, 2021): 822–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.17507/jltr.1205.22.
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This study is to seek out learners’ needs of International Training Program (ITP) English course (batch 58) at the English and Foreign Languages University (EFLU) in India. Thirty participants involved in the survey come from nine different countries. The questionnaire-based survey is designed with a focus on two main categories: Target situation analysis (TSA) and Present situation analysis (PSA), which is based on the adaptation of the theoretical frameworks of Dudley-Evans and St John (1998) and of Hutchinson and Waters (1987). The result of TSA has shown that Office job and Social communication are learners’ main purposes for this English course. Two most important elements that the learners expect to develop from this course are oral communication and listening skills, and linguistic knowledge of grammar and pronunciation. Meanwhile, the finding of PSA has indicated vocabulary as their most difficult element. The majority of learners perceive that they are at the third current level of English proficiency, whereas speaking skills are most frequently used in the workplace. Finally, this study has indicated the proportional relation of the elements of PSA to those of TSA. The overall finding contributes to the design for a proper English specific course for learners’ needs in the future.
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OSINCHUK, Yurii. "CHURCH SLAVONIC BORROWINGS IN THE LEXICAL SYSTEM OF UKRAINIAN LANGUAGE OF 16–17 CENTURIES." Ukraine: Cultural Heritage, National Identity, Statehood 33 (2020): 379–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.33402/ukr.2020-33-379-393.
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The article describes Church Slavonic loanwords' functioning and use in the lexical-semantic system of the Ukrainian written literary language of the XVI – first half of the XVII century. It discloses the concepts of «Church Slavonic language», «Church Slavonic loanwords». The composition and semantics of Slavonic loanwords in the language of various genres of Ukrainian memos (certificates, court documents, wills, diplomas, descriptions of castles, rounders Hetman of offices, documents of the Church and school fraternities, annals, works of religious polemic and imaginative literature, memos of scientific and educational literature, liturgical books etc.), walked to the source base of «Dictionary of the Ukrainian language of 16 – the first half 17 centuries» and its unique lexical card index are clarified. The study highlights specific features of the investigated borrowings in the Ukrainian language, specified time, set them apart from other words (Latinisms, Grecisms, Polonisms, and the like). These features are most active at the phonetic, word formation, and semantic levels of language. It is established that in the course of the historical development of the Church Slavonic language, some Church Slavonic loanwords, under the influence of the phonetic features of the Ukrainian language (the pronunciation of ancient etymological ы and и as a single sound in the front row and high raise [и]; use e in place of the stressed or unstressed ѣ; pronunciation of ѣ as i «new» ѣ at the place of the etymological e; writing e in place of Proto-Slavic ę; the alternation у/в; sound transformation in the individual prefixes and suffix; the softening of the ц; the transition in unstressed position у – о; loss of primary і; simplification in groups of consonants, etc.), changes in the sound structure of the word. Part of the Church Slavonic words, adapting to the semantic system of the Ukrainian language of 16 – the first half 17 centuries, changed to lexico-semantic level, particularly the expansion or narrowing semantics. Other old Church Slavonic lexemes are components of the diverse lexico-grammatical patterns of collocations and idioms connected with the Church ritual sphere. Keywords: adaptation, written memos, semantics, phrases, phonetic changes, Church Slavonicism.
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Sheldon, John S. "Iranian Evidence for Pindar's ‘Spurious San’?" Antichthon 37 (November 2003): 52–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0066477400001416.
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In a much discussed passage Pindar uses the expression when speaking of early performances of the dithyramb. The passage was famous in antiquity and before the discovery of a papyrus fragment early in the Twentieth Century, we owed our knowledge of it chiefly to citations in Athenaeus. In discussing it, Athenaeus explains the words in the context of asigmatic odes, i.e. odes in which for the sake of euphony the letter sigma was avoided or omitted altogether. This explanation remains the most commonly accepted one, though scholars continue to puzzle over it, as it is hard to see why Pindar would use the word which means ‘false’ or ‘counterfeit’ in such a context. A more natural interpretation, and one which would, I believe, have been readily accepted had it not been for the comments of Athenaeus, is that in early dithyrambic performances the ‘s’ sound was in some way impure or unauthentic when compared with current practice. In what follows, I will re-open the discussion, arguing that Athenaeus misunderstood the passage or based his explanation on a tradition which obscured its true meaning. It will be necessary in the first place to examine evidence for the pronunciation of Greek sibilants and it is here that some light may be cast upon the discussion from a rather unexpected source—the adaptation of the Greek alphabet for writing down the Middle Iranian language of Bactria.
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Laturnus, Rebecca. "Comparative Acoustic Analyses of L2 English: The Search for Systematic Variation." Phonetica 77, no. 6 (2020): 441–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000508387.
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<b><i>Background/Aims:</i></b> Previous research has shown that exposure to multiple foreign accents facilitates adaptation to an untrained novel accent. One explanation is that L2 speech varies systematically such that there are commonalities in the productions of nonnative speakers, regardless of their language background. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> A systematic acoustic comparison was conducted between 3 native English speakers and 6 nonnative accents. Voice onset time, unstressed vowel duration, and formant values of stressed and unstressed vowels were analyzed, comparing each nonnative accent to the native English talkers. A subsequent perception experiment tests what effect training on regionally accented voices has on the participant’s comprehension of nonnative accented speech to investigate the importance of within-speaker variation on attunement and generalization. <b><i>Results:</i></b> Data for each measure show substantial variability across speakers, reflecting phonetic transfer from individual L1s, as well as substantial inconsistency and variability in pronunciation, rather than commonalities in their productions. Training on native English varieties did not improve participants’ accuracy in understanding nonnative speech. <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> These findings are more consistent with a hypothesis of accent attunement wherein listeners track general patterns of nonnative speech rather than relying on overlapping acoustic signals between speakers.
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Nanzatov, B. Z., and V. V. Tishin. "On the Buryat-Yakut Ethnic Connections: *J̌imken || *Yemkon, *Žemkon." Bulletin of the Irkutsk State University. Geoarchaeology, Ethnology, and Anthropology Series 35 (2021): 100–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.26516/2227-2380.2021.35.100.
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The article is devoted to the analysis of the Yakut ethnonym *J̌emkon and *Yemkon, which can be identified in the personal onomastics (the name Zhemkon and surname Yemkonov) and derived names of various administrativeterritorial units (Yemkonskaya or Yamkonskaya volost’, Zhemkonskiy nasleg) recorded in the Russian documents. For the first time, the ethnonym becomes known in the documents of 17th century related to the population of the Lena River valley, which later became part of the Kangalasskiy ulus. Later the name was recorded in Vilyuy region. The modern Yakut spelling cöppön, cökpön, cökkön, cömkön reflects a late adaptation in the Yakut environment. In this connection the authors of the article draw their attention to the ethnonym known among the Buryats. It is widespread in different versions over vast territories among several ethnic-territorial groups of the Buryats. It is form Zemχed (letter ǰimked) of the Khori (Qori) tribe Khudai (Qudai). The various forms of the ethnonym and the corresponding eponyms as Yenχen, Zenχen, Ženχen, Žinχen are widely represented both among the Khori (Qori) tribe Galzut (Γalzuud) settled not only among the Khori (Qori) and Aga Buryats, and among the Verkholensk, Ol’khon, and Barguzin ethno-territorial groups of Western Buryats. The analysis shows that the Russian spelling of the Yakut ethnonym could reflect an adaptation of the original variant to be close to the pronunciation of *ǰimken (~ *dʹimken?), which in turn makes it possible to characterize its phonetic appearance as tending to Western Buryat dialects. Therefore, there are reasons to associate the penetration of this ethnonym into the Yakut environment with native speakers of a Western Buryat type language. The etymology of the analyzed name is difficult. Formal analysis of morphology leads to the opinion that the possible reconstructed semantics would be more likely to a personal name or toponym. It is also noted that it is possible to consider the spelling *J̌imken ~ *Yimken as correspond in its Mongolic form to the name known from the sources of the 11th–14th centuries and related to the Turkic tribe Yemäk ~ Yimäk. However, the authors leave this remark only as a hypothesis to be possible for further discussions.
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Adika, Gordon Senanu Kwame. "English in Ghana: Growth, Tensions, and Trends." International Journal of Language, Translation and Intercultural Communication 1 (January 1, 2012): 151. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/ijltic.17.
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<strong><strong></strong></strong><p align="LEFT">T<span style="font-family: DejaVuSerifCondensed; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: DejaVuSerifCondensed; font-size: small;">his paper provides snapshots of the growth of English in Ghana by reviewing </span></span>the debates that have characterised its usage, recapitulating the distinctive features of Ghanaian English (GhaE), and examining current directions of its growth. From its fi rst implantation in Ghana, then the Gold Coast, in the early part of the 16 <span style="font-family: DejaVuSerifCondensed; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: DejaVuSerifCondensed; font-size: xx-small;">th </span></span><span style="font-family: DejaVuSerifCondensed; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: DejaVuSerifCondensed; font-size: small;">century to date, English in Ghana, like in other West African countries </span></span>has shown formidable resilience as the language of formal education, and a medium for cross-ethnic communication in a predominantly multilingual environment. The tensions attendant upon which language to use as a medium of instruction at the lower levels of education appear to be yielding to the logic of complementarities and bilingualism within the local language ecology. English in Ghana, as an outercircle phenomenon, has been travelling the delicate expansionist path of innovation, adaptation, and maintenance of standards over the years. The distinctive Ghanaian linguistic and cultural colouration continues to permeate the English language on all levels, including vocabulary, idiomatic usage, and pronunciation.</p>
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Kolyvanova, L. A., A. S. Seregin, and A. A. Kolyvanov. "DIGITAL TECHNOLOGIES IN MEDICAL AND LOGOPEDIC REHABILITATION OF CHILDREN WITH CONGENITAL FRACTURES OF THE UPPER LIP AND PALATE." Izvestiya of the Samara Science Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Social, Humanitarian, Medicobiological Sciences 22, no. 75 (2020): 47–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.37313/2413-9645-2020-22-75-47-52.
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In the modern world, one of the urgent problems of teaching children the correct word pronunciation is congenital clefts of the upper lip and palate caused by the malfunctioning of organs and tissues of the oral cavity and some difficulties in their prevention and treatment. Congenital malformations of the maxillofacial region occupy one of the main places among diseases of childhood in terms of prevalence. The average incidence of this defect is 0.5-1.5 cases per thousand children born. Currently, there is a steady upward trend in the prevalence of congenital clefts of the upper lip and palate in Samara and the Samara region, and today it is 1.18 per 1000 newborns. In this regard, based on a comprehensive decision of the medical-psychological-pedagogical commission, timely rehabilitation of such children is carried out, which is based on the use of modern digital technologies for the purpose of their correctional and developmental education. These technologies contribute to the solution of many diverse tasks in a short time of education for children with congenital clefts of the upper lip and palate. Correctional work with such children involves the use of specialized or adapted diagnostic and developmental computer programs, which are an effective way of forming their correct speech. However, it should be noted that the effect of their use depends on the professional competence of a specialist, his ability to use information and communication technologies in the learning process of each child, while creating psychological comfort in the classroom, increasing working capacity, and also forming personal qualities necessary for full adaptation in the environment. environment.
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Nur, Muhamad. "Harmoni Bahasa dari Persfektif Penerjemahan dalam Kasus Pemadanan Istilah Teknis." Ranah: Jurnal Kajian Bahasa 6, no. 2 (December 19, 2017): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.26499/rnh.v6i2.100.
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The language harmony in this study is oriented to the idea of the awakening of sincronized or similar object, concept, definition and term in relation to the terms adoption strategy by a general translation from one language to another (donor by recipient language). Terms are important pillars in the science systems that they must have the same meaning for everyone using it so the information exchange will obtain a good result. Thus, through a general consensus on meanings, names and specific terms along with the usages consistently will result in the uniformity of a special vocabulary containing the standard concepts, terms and definitions. The data collecting method is by browsing electronic library (e-lib) with data source taken as samples such as (1) Phonological adaptation of borrowed terms in Duramazwi reMimhanzi, (2) Translation journal of translation procedures, strategies and methods, (3) Are there connections between English and Romanian terminology in Medicine?, (4) Third-year students’ difficulties in translating computing terms from English into Arabic, (5) Studying Loanwords and Loanword Integration: Two Criteria of confirmity. The analysis is conducting by observing phonological aspects phenomenon (concerning pronunciation system) and orthographic aspect (concerning writing system). Based on these data, it is shown that the technical term equivalence strategy is conducted through the adjustment of sound and the foreign writing system (donor language) with changes based on the phonological system according to the pronunciation and the orthography system of a language (recipient language). The strategy is an attempt to maintain the full meaning of the concept contained in the terms of a language which meaning is not revealed in other languages in order to establish harmony or similarity of vision in the context of the use of the term to build language harmony among language speakers or users. Abstrak Istilah merupakan sendi penting di dalam sistem ilmu pengetahuan, harus mempunyai makna yang sama bagi semua orang yang menggunakannya, agar pertukaran informasi memperoleh hasil yang baik, maka melalui kesepakatan umum tentang makna, nama dan istilah khusus serta penggunaannya secara konsisten akan menghasilkan keseragaman suatu kosa kata khusus yang memuat konsep, istilah, dan definisinya yang baku. Artikel ini merupakan hasil kajian bidang penerjemahan tentang suatu pendekatan yang terkait dengan peristilahan, khususnya istilah teknis (technical terms). Sejumlah pendekatan yang dapat disajikan adalah sebagai alternatif dengan mengacu pada prinsip-prinsip kesamaan konsep antara bahasa sumber dan bahasa target (donor and recipient language). Data dalam kajian ini diperoleh melalui akses internet (online) untuk memperoleh jurnal, artikel dan referensi lain yang mengkaji masalah peristilahan dan aspek-aspek linguistik secara tekstual yang berorientasi pada bidang penerjemahan. Hasil dari kajian ini menunjukkan bahwa bentuk interakasi di antara berbagai bahasa dalam bidang penerjemahan, khususnya menyangkut istilah teknis dapat dilakukan dengan pendekatan penyesuaian aspek kebahasaan atau kaidah linguistik bahasa donor menurut aspek atau kaidah kebahasaan bahasa penerima (recipient language). Hal ini dilakukan adalah sebagai upaya untuk mempertahankan makna konsep yang dimiliki bahasa donor di satu sisi, dan upaya menyesuaikan aspek atau kaidah linguistik menurut bahasa penerima di sisi lain. Dengan demikian, harmoni bahasa dapat terbangun bagi penutur atau pengguna bahasa di antara komunitas bangsa itu sendiri.
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Ternova, A., and D. Shvetsov. "ОЗВУЧУВАННЯ В ТЕЛЕВІЗІЙНОМУ ВИРОБНИЦТВІ: ТЕОРЕТИЧНИЙ АСПЕКТ." State and Regions. Series: Social Communications, no. 2(42) (March 18, 2020): 127. http://dx.doi.org/10.32840/cpu2219-8741/2020.2(42).19.
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<p><em>This article discusses the basic approaches of translating foreign content on television as voice. The peculiarities of the professional approach to the case are analyzed, as well as the basic terms used in everyday work with different types of audiovisual translation are classified. Factors such as lip-sync, voyce-over, extralinguistics, and others have been widely used in practicing voice acting and play an important role in almost any translation process. The scientific works of such specialists as V. Gorshkova, S. Kuzmichov, M. Savko, T. Chernyayeva and others were analyzed, which revealed the main stages of the voice work process. Other types of translation are also analyzed, such as subtitling, dubbing, simultaneous translation and voiceover. The main differences in translation for subtitling and translation for duplication have been identified, as well as the main examples of adaptation of translation for a country with distinct cultural features, such as translation of audiovisual content. The basic competences required for translation are revealed: ability to perceive foreign vocabulary by ear, ability to separate the main from the minor, knowledge of system equivalents and ability to extract them, having an arsenal of situational idioms, proper pronunciation and speaker’s skills. The opinions of different scholars were combined and the basic concept of «duplication of audiovisual content» was deduced. Namely, it is a multilingual transmission of content that is one of the most common types of translation for film, video and television products. This term also means a special recording technique that allows you to replace the soundtrack of a movie with the recording of the original dialogue soundtrack with the recording of the dialogue in the language of translation.</em></p><p><strong><em>Key words:</em></strong> <em>voicing, re-voicing, subtitration, simultaneous translation,</em> <em>audio description, duplication of audiovisual content.</em></p>
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M. R., Campos, Carvalho P. S. P., Moura W. V. B., Moura P. M. M. M., and Vasconcelos M. O. "Oral Health-Related Quality of Life in Brazilian Patients Wearing Three Types of Lower Dentures: Psychosocial and Clinical Aspects." Research in Health Science 2, no. 3 (July 29, 2017): 279. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/rhs.v2n3p279.
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<p><em>The purpose of this study was to evaluate the oral health-related Quality of Life (QoL) of patients with edentulous lower jaws rehabilitated with conventional or implant-supported dentures</em><em>. In the quest for greater QoL, especially among the elderly, it is important to evaluate how the use of </em><em>dentures</em><em> impacts physical and emotional well-being. </em><em>Brazilian health care policy makers should be informed of t</em><em>he advantages of </em><em>rehabilitation with implant-supported dentures. </em><em>A cohort of 78 edentulous seniors was divided into three groups of 26 according to denture type: Conventional (CD), </em><em>Implant-Supported Overdenture (IOD)</em><em> and Fixed-Implant Prosthesis</em><em> (</em><em>FIP)</em><em>. To evaluate QoL, clinical and </em><em>sociodemographic </em><em>information was collected and the OHIP-20 questionnaire was administered, using a 5-point frequency scale, including a “don’t know” option. </em><em>Chewing and pronunciation were less impacted in FIP and IOD than in CD (p=0.013 and p=0.027, respectively), while patients in the CD group reported more adaptation difficulties (p=0.006) and more frequent avoidance of hard-to-chew foods (p=0.032).</em><em> The majority reported no interference of dentures with appearance and social life, regardless of denture type.</em><em> Depending on the patient’s biological and financial circumstances, implant-supported dentures is the form of rehabilitation of edentulism providing the greatest improvement in QoL. The reported limitations and difficulties had no significant impact on satisfaction and QoL.</em><em></em></p>
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Dyadyscheva-Rosovetska, Yuliya. "The rhyme of Grygoriy Skovoroda as a language phenomenon." Actual issues of Ukrainian linguistics: theory and practice, no. 37 (2018): 19–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/apultp.2018.37.19-39.
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Specific language of the Gregory Skovoroda still attract the attention of scientists, especially common are discussions on combination of elements of the different origin in his poetics. The emphasis is on the method of reconstruction of features of the language of ancient texts, which is a complex set of procedures. The various approaches of scientists to the linguistic interpretation of Skovoroda's texts are analyzed: certain heterogeneity taking into account stylistic differentiation, approaching to Russian, a mixture of Church Slavicisms, Ukrainianisms, Russisms, pseudo-Ukrainianisms and pseudorussisms, a combination of the traditional Old Slavonic element with the linguistic folk, the Slavic Ukrainian book 2 half of the XVIII century Etc., a qualitatively new phenomenon, representing the only Eastern Slavic literary language. Unfortunately, the problem of language of the Gregory Skovoroda is usually observed only from the point of view of the current state of development of the Ukrainian language and the processes that occur in it at the beginning of the XXI century. This study's autor approaches this issue from diachronic point of view, reconstructing G. Skovoroda’s speech issues in the context of the language environment of his time and using a comparative method to identify the original pronunciation of the G. Skovoroda’s the poetry in relation to the spelling of his poetic texts. With this instrumentary, rhyme in a number of poems becomes available to study. In particular, proposed method is used upon a "Tenth song" from the series "Garden of Divine Songs", only its author's version on autograph rough copy becouse versions published in academic collections in 1973 and 2011 hold traces of adaptation to the norms of modern spelling. Based on our observations on the draft of the autograph’s Song "To Every City Its Customs and Laws" by G. Skovoroda, we can conclude that when reading the poetry of the G. Skovoroda using Ukrainian language phonetic signs, rhyme is accurate, whereas in rules of "Russian" reading - is inaccurate. This is the evidence for the important role of the Ukrainian component in the language of the poet-philosopher and that his poems are ment to be read using Ukrainian rules. In the perspective, proposed approach can be applyed to analyze the language of other poetic works by Gregory Skovoroda. Key words: language of G. Skovoroda, rhyme, historical linguistic stylistics, linguistic phonetics, Ukrainian language, Old Chirche Slavonic language. Information about author: Dyadyshcheva-Rosovetska Juliya Borysivna – PhD, associate professor; associate professor of the department of stylistics and language communication; Institute of philology; Kyiv National Taras Shevchenko University.
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Šabec, Nada. "Recent English Loanwords in Slovene." ELOPE: English Language Overseas Perspectives and Enquiries 6, no. 1-2 (June 15, 2009): 19–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/elope.6.1-2.19-27.
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The paper discusses Slovene-English language contact in general and English loanwords in Slovene in particular. The focus is on recent loanwords, where a great deal of variability in their pronunciation and spelling can be observed depending on the time of their borrowing, the channel of transmission (oral or written) and the degree of their linguistic and social integration into Slovene. Sociolinguistic variables such as the age and education of the users play a role as well, as do the differences between the phonological and orthographic systems of the two languages. In addition to phonological, morphological and orthographic aspects of English loanwords, their meaning and its occasional adaptations and modifications will be addressed. Data for illustration purposes will be taken primarily from the media, especially electronic ones (blogs, forums), since this is the field in which various forms of loanwords feature most frequently.
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Gayraud, Frédérique, Melissa Barkat-Defradas, Mohamed Lahrouchi, and Mahé Ben Hamed. "Development of phonetic complexity in Arabic, Berber, English and French." Canadian Journal of Linguistics/Revue canadienne de linguistique 63, no. 4 (April 22, 2018): 527–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cnj.2018.9.
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AbstractThe goal of this study is to provide crosslinguistic data on the acquisition of phonetic complexity among children acquiring four different languages: Tunisian Arabic, Tashlhiyt Berber, English, and French. Using an adaptation of Jakielski's (2000) Index of Phonetic Complexity (IPC), we carried out an analysis to assess phonetic complexity of children's early vocabulary in the four languages. Four different samples from each language were analyzed: 50 words selected from an adult dictionary of each language, 50 words from child-directed speech, 50 words targeted by the child, and the child's actual pronunciations of those 50 words. Globally, we hypothesized that children's early productions would be shaped by universal articulatory constraints, but also by the language they are exposed to, depending on its phonological complexity. Our findings show that Arabic displays higher degrees of complexity compared to Berber, English and French, and that children acquiring Arabic target and produce more complex words than children learning Berber, English and French.
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H. Dohal, Gassim. "A Translation into English of Khalil I. Al-Fuzai’s1 “The Crazy Street”." International Journal of Comparative Literature and Translation Studies 6, no. 4 (October 31, 2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.7575/aiac.ijclts.v.6n.4p.1.
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This story addresses the issue of assimilating Western values into an eastern society—such assimilation will cause a huge change in the life and values of the society. Saudi Arabian society, like many other traditional societies, has to undergo the change represented in this story—but change may bring problems. Writing this story in the seventies of the twentieth century, Kalil I. Al-Fuzai has predicted this change that the whole region is witnessing nowadays. Whereas an earlier story, “Elapsing Days,” presents homesickness as a challenge for the main character, “The Crazy Street” symbolizes the inevitable change that is taking place in a coastal city. Indeed, coastal cities form good ports for new influence to penetrate the country. Foreigners who work at oilfields live in these coastal cities from which oil is exported. On the other hand, citizens come to these ports to work. They also use these coastal towns and cities for recreation. Hence, new and foreign influence takes place. Al-Fuzai is clear-sighted in his presentation here; cities and towns of a developing country like Saudi Arabia are now witnessing the change. This story explores how social and economic changes bring unexpected developments and startling events into people’s lives. The story depicts three forms of change: First, there is an open, liberal change. Stores are full of customers who witness this change in the society by “delightedly looking at both pretty and ugly girls.” Second, there is a cultural change: “Virtue commits suicide on this street.” In a masculine society, the story shows how some women are willing to attract the attention of the unemployed who are wandering on the street. “Most of the customers are women” who flirt: “winking, backbiting, and using their eyebrows and eyes.” And there are “busty girls whose boobs protrude until they are about to tear the firmly tight clothes that cover them.” Traditionally, women were expected to wear baggy clothes. Third, the change is reflected in the man-woman relationship in the Bedouin society. In the story, a man takes care of children—a woman’s traditional and cultural responsibility—and his wife and sister go shopping. However, the change creates an internal conflict for the natives as this story indicates. The change attracts people, including those coming from the desert; we see Doheiman, the protagonist, comparing the changing city with the village he comes from. It is also worth mentioning that appearance is more important to people than reality; those who cross the street fear that “they [will be] accused of corruption...” even though their concern is not “to destroy [their] values.” Also we see old women try to “escape old age and flee towards youth.” Even though adaptation and change become an inevitable part of the society’s life, Al-Fuzai adds scenes to the story where change may be rejected at a certain point. At the end of the story, Doheiman engages in a conversation with a man he met in the café, but when Doheiman makes indecent remarks about two women who happen to be the man’s wife and sister before knowing who they are, the man’s jealousy influences his behavior: “How do you dare to say these indecent remarks?” Also people do not desire to be accused of “corruption” or trying “to destroy... values.” In short, the story illustrates the inevitable cultural change that any society should witness. Khalil I. Al-Fuzai introduces such change in the form of a street. And because all people, including those coming from the desert, need to use the street, they have to be exposed to this cultural change. Finally, in my translation, some well-known words are kept with their original pronunciation and written in italics to keep the reader aware of the Arabic text.3
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SILVA, Adelaide Hercília Pescatori. "APONTAMENTOS PARA O ENSINO DO SISTEMA SONORO DO PB." Trama 15, no. 34 (February 27, 2019): 3–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.48075/rt.v15i34.21768.
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Este artigo visa a contribuir para o ensino de português brasileiro (PB) como língua estrangeira. Para tanto, segue dois argumentos: o de que a língua é um sistema adaptativo complexo – o que implica a necessidade de se conspirarem variáveis extralinguísticas no processo de ensino-aprendizagem em interação com variáveis linguística - e o de que é preciso conhecer a estrutura fonético-fonológica do PB e da língua materna dos aprendizes, para que se possa desenvolver uma abordagem próxima à realidade desses aprendizes. Para embasar tais argumentos, lançamos mão de dados português brasileiro produzidos por falantes nativos de crioulo haitiano e analisados acusticamente.REFERÊNCIASAlbano, E. C. O gesto e suas bordas – esboço de fonologia acústico-articulatória do português brasileiro. Campinas: Mercado de Letras/FAPESP, 2001.ALVES, U.K.; BRISOLARA, L.B.; PEROZZO, R.V. Curtindo os sons do Brasil – Fonética do Português do Brasil para Hispanofalantes. Lisboa: Lidel, 2017.Becker, M.R. Inteligibilidade da lingua inglesa sob o paradigma de língua franca: percepção de discursos de falantes de diferentes L1s por brasileiros. Tese de doutorado. Inédita. UFPR. 2013.Beckner, C. et al. Language is a complex adaptative system: position paper. Language Learning, v. 59, n. 1, p. 1-26, dez. 2009.Cadely, J.R. Haiti: the politics of language. Journal of Teaching and Education, 1(3):389–394, 2012.CADELY, J. R.. Les sons du Creòle haïtien. The Journal of Haitian Studies, 9 (2): 4-41, 2004.Celce-Murcia, M.; Brinton, D.M.; Goodwin, J.M.; Grainer, B. Teaching pronunciation: a course book and reference guide. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010.Chan, S. Complex Adaptative Systems. Research Seminar in Engineering Systems. October 31, 2001/November 6, p. 1-9, 2001.DOVE, L. How does a forest fire benefit living things? DISPONÍVEL em https://science.howstuffworks.com/environmental/green-science/how-forest-fire-benefit-living-things-2.htm. ACESSO em 18/02/2019.MAJOR, R. C. Transfer in second language phonology. In: EDWARDS, J. G. H; ZAMPINI, M. L. Phonology and Second Language Acquisition. Philadelphia: John Benjamins, 2008.SCHMICHECK, J. V. Produção de taps e laterais do PB por falantes de kreyòl. Relatório de Pesquisa de Iniciação Científica. Inédito. Universidade Federal do Paraná. 2018.Silva, A.H.P. Caracterização acústica de [r], [ɾ], [l] e [ʎ] nos dados de um informante paulistano. Cadernos de Estudos Linguísticos, 37:51-6, 1999.Silva, A. H. P. As fronteiras entre fonética e fonologia e a alofonia dos róticos iniciais em PB: dados de dois informantes do sul do país. Tese de doutorado. Inédita. Universidade Estadual de Campinas. 2002.Silva, A.H.P. Uma ferramenta para o ensino do acento primário do PB para falantes nativos do crioulo haitiano. Organon, 30 (58): 175-191, 2015.Tardieu, G.M. Gramè Kreyòl. Kopivit-Laksyon Sosyal, 2013. Recebido em 18-02-2019.Aceito em 21-02-2019.
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Sebastián-Gallés, Núria, Fátima Vera-Constán, Johan P. Larsson, Albert Costa, and Gustavo Deco. "Lexical Plasticity in Early Bilinguals Does Not Alter Phoneme Categories: II. Experimental Evidence." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 21, no. 12 (December 2009): 2343–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2008.21152.
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When listening to modified speech, either naturally or artificially altered, the human perceptual system rapidly adapts to it. There is some debate about the nature of the mechanisms underlying this adaptation. Although some authors propose that listeners modify their prelexical representations, others assume changes at the lexical level. Recently, Larsson, Vera, Sebastian-Galles, and Deco [Lexical plasticity in early bilinguals does not alter phoneme categories: I. Neurodynamical modelling. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 20, 76–94, 2008] proposed a biologically plausible computational model to account for some existing data, one which successfully modeled how long-term exposure to a dialect triggers the creation of new lexical entries. One specific prediction of the model was that prelexical (phoneme) representations should not be affected by dialectal exposure (as long as the listener is exposed to both standard and dialectal pronunciations). Here we present a series of experiments testing the predictions of the model. Native listeners of Catalan, with extended exposure to Spanish-accented Catalan, were tested on different auditory lexical decision tasks and phoneme discrimination tasks. Behavioral and electrophysiological recordings were obtained. The results supported the predictions of our model. On the one hand, both error rates and N400 measurements indicated the existence of alternative lexical entries for dialectal varieties. On the other hand, no evidence of alterations at the phoneme level, either in the behavioral discrimination task or in the electrophysiological measurement (MMN), could be detected. The results of the present study are compared with those obtained in short-term laboratory exposures in an attempt to provide an integrative account.
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Wulandari, Dwi Rohma. "PROSES DAN PERAN KOMUNIKASI DALAM MENGATASI CULTURE SHOCK (STUDI KASUS PADA MAHASISWA UNIVERSITAS TADULAKO)." Jurnal Audience 3, no. 2 (October 26, 2020): 187–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.33633/ja.v3i2.4149.
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AbstrakDalam penelitian ini akan menjelaskan bentuk gegar budaya dan peran serta proses komunikasi yang dilakukan dalam mengatasi gegar budaya yang ada. Objek kajian yang dilakukan adalah fenomena gegar budaya yang terjadi pada mahasiswa asing di Universitas Tadulako. Teori akomodasi dimanfaatkan sebagai ladasan berpikir dalam penelitian ini. Metode studi kasus dalam menganalisis hasil penelitian. Hasil dari penelitian ini memperlihatkan bahwa empat fase dalam gegar budaya memperlihatkan perbedaan yang terlihat dimana ada euphoria dan antusias dalam menyambut kehidupan baru dengan budaya baru. Penggunaan aksen dan pengucapan dengan intonasi yang berbeda menjadi kendala kultur yang tetap ada Ketika memasuki lingkungan baru. Proses adabtasi tidak memerlukan waktu lama Ketika mahasiswa asing Universitas Tadulako berada pada recovery phase sudah mampu menerima perbedaan dengan interaksi yang rutin dan proses komunikasi dilakukan secara efektif. Untuk memahami nilai budaya, keterampilan masing-masing individu menjadi penting, karena dengan keterampilan berkomunikasi akan menjadikan proses adabtasi, memahami budaya, dan akan mengurangi atau meminimalisir terjadinya culture shock. Proses sosialisasi dengan pola nilai budaya dapat digunakan untuk menghindari adanya gegar budaya.Kata Kunci: Fenomena budaya, Gegar budaya, Interaksi, Komunikasi, Nilai budayaAbstractThis research explain the form of culture shock and the role and process of communication in overcoming the existing cultural shock. The object of the study is the phenomenon of culture shock that occurs in foreign students at Tadulako University. Accommodation theory is used as a basis for thinking in this study. Case study method in analyzing existing research results. The results of this study indicate that the four phases in a culture shock show a visible difference where there are euphoria and enthusiasm in welcoming a new life with a new culture. The use of accents and pronunciations with different intonations becomes a cultural obstacle that remains when entering a new environment. The adaptation process does not take long. When foreign students of Tadulako University are in the recovery phase, they are able to accept differences with routine interactions, and the communication process is carried out effectively. To understand cultural values, the skills of each individual are important, because communication skills will make the process of adaptation, understanding culture, and will minimize the occurrence of culture shock. The socialization process with a cultural value pattern can be used to avoid cultural shocks.Keywords: Communication, Cultural shock, Cultural values, Cultural phenomena, Interaction
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Acosta, Diego de. "Gothic Loanwords in Spanish and Portuguese: Evidence for Sounds and Sound Changes." Studies in Hispanic and Lusophone Linguistics 4, no. 1 (January 1, 2011). http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/shll-2011-1094.
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AbstractThis article aims to bridge existing scholarship on Gothic and early Ibero-Romance phonology by examining the adaptation of Visigothic loanwords in Hispano- and Luso-Romance. There are considerable challenges in establishing Visigothic provenance for an Ibero-Romance word, which are due to recognized indeterminacies in the history of the Gothic language and peoples, as well as the deceptively stable Latin textual record of the early Middle Ages. Nevertheless, an updated survey of putative Gothic loanwords and their adaptation in Ibero-Romance reveals definite patterns and yields important information about the changing pronunciation of Ibero-Romance, as well as the pronunciation of Visigothic, at the time of borrowing.
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Swerts, Marc, Anouk Van Heteren, Chloë Nieuwdorp, Eline Von Oerthel, and Hanne Kloots. "Asymmetric Forms of Linguistic Adaptation in Interactions Between Flemish and Dutch Speakers." Frontiers in Communication 6 (August 6, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fcomm.2021.716444.
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Conversation partners tend to copy elements of each other’s utterances during a spoken interaction. This article investigates possible asymmetries in this adaptive process. We study game-based dialogues between Flemish and Dutch speakers, who officially speak the same language, but who can differ in their default use of words and in their pronunciation. Our general hypothesis, mainly based on previous studies that focused on long-term forms of adaptation and on previous studies on exchanges between categorical and variable language users, is that Flemish speakers adapt more in interactions towards Dutch speakers, than vice versa. The article describes two experiments using variants of the same experimental paradigm. Experiment 1 investigates lexical adaptation and tests whether Flemish speakers indeed adapt more to Dutch ones than the other way around. Experiment 2 looks at how adaptation of lexical forms relates to adaptation in terms of pronunciation. Both experiments bring to light that Flemish speakers indeed converge more to Dutch ones, than vice versa, especially in terms of choice of lexical forms.
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Blanco-Elorrieta, Esti, Laura Gwilliams, Alec Marantz, and Liina Pylkkänen. "Adaptation to mis-pronounced speech: evidence for a prefrontal-cortex repair mechanism." Scientific Reports 11, no. 1 (January 8, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-79640-0.
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AbstractSpeech is a complex and ambiguous acoustic signal that varies significantly within and across speakers. Despite the processing challenge that such variability poses, humans adapt to systematic variations in pronunciation rapidly. The goal of this study is to uncover the neurobiological bases of the attunement process that enables such fluent comprehension. Twenty-four native English participants listened to words spoken by a “canonical” American speaker and two non-canonical speakers, and performed a word-picture matching task, while magnetoencephalography was recorded. Non-canonical speech was created by including systematic phonological substitutions within the word (e.g. [s] → [sh]). Activity in the auditory cortex (superior temporal gyrus) was greater in response to substituted phonemes, and, critically, this was not attenuated by exposure. By contrast, prefrontal regions showed an interaction between the presence of a substitution and the amount of exposure: activity decreased for canonical speech over time, whereas responses to non-canonical speech remained consistently elevated. Grainger causality analyses further revealed that prefrontal responses serve to modulate activity in auditory regions, suggesting the recruitment of top-down processing to decode non-canonical pronunciations. In sum, our results suggest that the behavioural deficit in processing mispronounced phonemes may be due to a disruption to the typical exchange of information between the prefrontal and auditory cortices as observed for canonical speech.
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Blanco-Elorrieta, Esti, Laura Gwilliams, Alec Marantz, and Liina Pylkkänen. "Adaptation to mis-pronounced speech: evidence for a prefrontal-cortex repair mechanism." Scientific Reports 11, no. 1 (January 8, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-79640-0.
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AbstractSpeech is a complex and ambiguous acoustic signal that varies significantly within and across speakers. Despite the processing challenge that such variability poses, humans adapt to systematic variations in pronunciation rapidly. The goal of this study is to uncover the neurobiological bases of the attunement process that enables such fluent comprehension. Twenty-four native English participants listened to words spoken by a “canonical” American speaker and two non-canonical speakers, and performed a word-picture matching task, while magnetoencephalography was recorded. Non-canonical speech was created by including systematic phonological substitutions within the word (e.g. [s] → [sh]). Activity in the auditory cortex (superior temporal gyrus) was greater in response to substituted phonemes, and, critically, this was not attenuated by exposure. By contrast, prefrontal regions showed an interaction between the presence of a substitution and the amount of exposure: activity decreased for canonical speech over time, whereas responses to non-canonical speech remained consistently elevated. Grainger causality analyses further revealed that prefrontal responses serve to modulate activity in auditory regions, suggesting the recruitment of top-down processing to decode non-canonical pronunciations. In sum, our results suggest that the behavioural deficit in processing mispronounced phonemes may be due to a disruption to the typical exchange of information between the prefrontal and auditory cortices as observed for canonical speech.
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Zepedda, Andreas Endrique Perez. "Procedure of translation, transliteration and transcription." Applied Translation, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.51708/apptrans.v14n2.1203.
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It is the process of transferring an SL word to a TL text. It includes transliteration named "transcription". The process of transferring from the original language to the target language. Including transliteration called "transcription". It adapts the SL word first to the normal pronunciation, then to the normal morphology of the TL. Adaptation of the first word of the source language with normal pronunciation into the normal morphology of the target language. Cultural equivalent: it means replacing a cultural word in the SL with a TL one. However, "they are not accurate". The replacement of the word culture from the source language into the target language. However, "the word is not accurate". Pajamas party (staying together) and bachelor party (party together before the wedding). Functional equivalent: it requires the use of a culture-neutral word. Functional equivalent: it is necessary to use neutral cultural words. Contractor 'translated into Persian is' Moghatekar' (contractor is translated in Persian as Moghatekar 'common-law wife' (concubine) à concubine.
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Gînsac, Ana-Maria, and Mădălina Ungureanu. "The formal adaptation of toponyms in Romanian translations from German between 1780 and 1830." Diacronia, no. 7 (April 27, 2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.17684/i7a103en.
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Although the translation of foreign proper names into Romanian before its modern stage is insufficiently explored, it is known that the process is characterized (as the whole Romanian writing of the time) by the lack of generally valid norms. The process was influenced by various factors, including: the existence of different alphabets, orthographic and phonetic systems; the influence of the source-text vs. the existence of traditional pronunciation and writing patterns; the translation of a proper name from various languages (French, German, Italian, etc.); the diversity of proper names; the translator’s personality (linguistic knowledge, cultural formation). Starting from the translation strategies adopted by translators, our aim is to analyse the way in which the toponyms from three historical texts translated into Romanian from German in pre-modern stage (1780–1830) were adapted to the formal system of Romanian.
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Slutskiy, Yaroslav S. "LINGUISTIC AND CULTURAL ADAPTATION OF FOREIGN STUDENTS AT THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, LOS ANGELES, UCLA." Bulletin of Alfred Nobel University Series "Pedagogy and Psychology» 1, no. 21 (June 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.32342/2522-4115-2021-1-21-28.
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The article analyzes the linguistic and socio-cultural adaptation training of foreign students at the University of California, Los Angeles, UCLA (USA). It was determined, that acculturation consists of two main components: linguistic and sociocultural. It has been reported that programs for improving the level of proficiency in a foreign (English) language for students from other countries should include a certain preparatory complex, the main components of which are reading, writing, listening, speaking, studying grammatical structures and increasing vocabulary, which will allow, firstly, to construct one’s own thoughts in the form of sentences during the interpersonal communication interaction, taking into account the grammatical rules. Secondly, it will form the ability to communicate on topics of an arbitrary type. The essence of elective courses aimed at the possibility of more branched communication using the idiomatic expressions, slang constructions, American pronunciation, etc. is considered. An important role in the foreign students’ language training played the involvement of consultants into the adaptation process who speak the native language of a foreign student, which allows to minimize the cross-cultural gap and more quickly establish the interpersonal contact, subsequently conducting bilingual classes, which also contribute to the development of preparatory activities «within society», when a foreign student gets the opportunity to perform the practical communication, using among other things, the native language, which ensures a faster acculturation process. Thus, after comparing the courses «Language Exchange» and «English Language Circle», it was revealed that the first is more effective in the development of communication skills due to the fact that it offers the communication with a native speaker, by the way, the conducting bilingual interaction. It was found that the socio-cultural component of the preparatory process is an important component of high-quality communication. The analyzed experience of the programs of the University of California made it possible to come to the conclusion about the significant role of familiarizing a foreign student with the cultural characteristics of the host country by conducting excursions, researching the socially significant areas that influence the American society (media, sport, cinema, etc.). That is why, the linguistic system of the University of California, Los Angeles is represented by the programs and courses of the intensive English. For the practical consolidation of theoretical material, the format of «within society» is actively adopted, which is characterized by the communicative contact with other personalities who are represented by both student and representatives of local community. Because of that the immersion approach is implemented. Further research of this problem should cover the level of linguistic and cultural adaptation training of foreign students in other higher educational institutions of the United States of America and other states with a high level of attendance of students from other countries; as well as conducting the comparative studies between the foreign and domestic experience of foreign students’ adaptation.