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Journal articles on the topic 'Proopiomelanocortin (POMC)'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Thornton, Janice E., Clement C. Cheung, Donald K. Clifton, and Robert A. Steiner. "Regulation of Hypothalamic Proopiomelanocortin mRNA by Leptin in ob/ob Mice." Endocrinology 138, no. 11 (1997): 5063–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/endo.138.11.5651.

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The hormone leptin acts on the brain to regulate feeding, metabolism, and reproduction; however, its cellular targets and molecular mechanisms of action remain to be fully elucidated. The melanocortins, which are derived from the precursor proopiomelanocortin (POMC), are also implicated in the physiological regulation of body weight. POMC-containing neurons express the leptin receptor, and thus it is conceivable that the POMC gene itself may be part of the signaling pathway involved in leptin’s action on the brain. Using in situ hybridization and computerized image analysis, we tested the hypo

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2

Krude, Heiko, and Annette Grüters. "Implications of Proopiomelanocortin (POMC) Mutations in Humans: The POMC Deficiency Syndrome." Trends in Endocrinology & Metabolism 11, no. 1 (2000): 15–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1043-2760(99)00213-1.

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Coll, Anthony P., I. Sadaf Farooqi, Benjamin G. Challis, Giles S. H. Yeo, and Stephen O’Rahilly. "Proopiomelanocortin and Energy Balance: Insights from Human and Murine Genetics." Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 89, no. 6 (2004): 2557–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jc.2004-0428.

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Abstract Proopiomelanocortin (POMC) undergoes extensive and tissuespecific posttranslational processing to yield a range of biologically active peptides. Historically, the most clearly defined roles of these peptides are in the control of adrenal steroidogenesis by corticotroph-derived ACTH and skin pigmentation by αMSH. However, a rapidly expanding body of work has established that POMC-derived peptides synthesized in neurons of the hypothalamus play a central role in the control of energy homeostasis. We review how inherited abnormalities in POMC synthesis and processing and defects in the a

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Tallman, Diana L., and Carla G. Taylor. "Potential interactions of zinc in the neuroendocrine-endocrine disturbances of diabetes mellitus type 2." Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 77, no. 12 (1999): 919–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/y99-111.

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An accumulation of evidence implicates leptin, insulin, glucocorticoids, proopiomelanocortin (POMC), and neuropeptide Y (NPY) interactions as being integral to metabolic control associated with neuroendocrine-endocrine functioning. Dysfunction of neuroendocrine-endocrine interactions contributes to the metabolic disturbances of diabetes mellitus type 2 (DM-2). Since Zn has a direct impact on the healthy functioning of hormonal and neuropeptide balance, it is possible that altered Zn status and metabolism in DM-2 are involved in some of the metabolic dysfunctions of DM-2.Key words: zinc, insuli

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5

Clark, Adrian J. L. "60 YEARS OF POMC: The proopiomelanocortin gene: discovery, deletion and disease." Journal of Molecular Endocrinology 56, no. 4 (2016): T27—T37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/jme-15-0268.

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The cloning of the bovine proopiomelanocortin (POMC) cDNA in 1978 by Nakanishi and colleagues was the result of a remarkable series of exacting and ingenious experiments. With this work, they instantly confirmed the single precursor hypothesis for adrenocorticotrophic hormone-β-lipotropin, as it was then known, and in so doing revealed the existence of additional, largely unpredicted, N-terminal peptides that together formed the POMC precursor peptide. This work paved the way for a host of additional studies into the physiology of these peptides and their regulation. Furthermore, the cloning o

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Navarro, Sandra, Lucia Soletto, Sara Puchol, Josep Rotllant, Jose Luis Soengas, and Jose Miguel Cerdá-Reverter. "60 YEARS OF POMC: POMC: an evolutionary perspective." Journal of Molecular Endocrinology 56, no. 4 (2016): T113—T118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/jme-15-0288.

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Proopiomelanocortin (POMC) is a complex precursor that comprises several peptidic hormones, including melanocyte-stimulating hormones (MSHs), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), and β-endorphin. POMC belongs to the opioid/orphanin gene family, whose precursors include either opioid (YGGF) or the orphanin/nociceptin core sequences (FGGF). This gene family diversified during early tetraploidizations of the vertebrate genome to generate four different precursors: proenkephalin (PENK), prodynorphin (PDYN), and nociceptin/proorphanin (PNOC) as well as POMC, although both PNOC and POMC seem to have

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7

Newell-Price, J. "Proopiomelanocortin gene expression and DNA methylation: implications for Cushing's syndrome and beyond." Journal of Endocrinology 177, no. 3 (2003): 365–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/joe.0.1770365.

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Proopiomelanocortin gene (POMC) is recognised as playing an important role in the regulation of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis, adrenal development and obesity. POMC is activated in ACTH-dependent Cushing's syndrome. The syndrome may occur when the highly tIssue-specific 5' promoter of human POMC is activated in pituitary and non-pituitary sites. Whilst the factors involved in transcription in the corticotrophs of the anterior pituitary gland are becoming well delineated, the mechanism of activation in non-pituitary sites is not fully understood. This promoter is embedded within a defi

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8

Slominski, Andrzej, Jacobo Wortsman, Thomas Luger, Ralf Paus, and Samuel Solomon. "Corticotropin Releasing Hormone and Proopiomelanocortin Involvement in the Cutaneous Response to Stress." Physiological Reviews 80, no. 3 (2000): 979–1020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physrev.2000.80.3.979.

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The skin is a known target organ for the proopiomelanocortin (POMC)-derived neuropeptides α-melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH), β-endorphin, and ACTH and also a source of these peptides. Skin expression levels of the POMC gene and POMC/corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) peptides are not static but are determined by such factors as the physiological changes associated with hair cycle (highest in anagen phase), ultraviolet radiation (UVR) exposure, immune cytokine release, or the presence of cutaneous pathology. Among the cytokines, the proinflammatory interleukin-1 produces important upr

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9

de Souza, Flávio S. J., Andrea M. Santangelo, Viviana Bumaschny, et al. "Identification of Neuronal Enhancers of the Proopiomelanocortin Gene by Transgenic Mouse Analysis and Phylogenetic Footprinting." Molecular and Cellular Biology 25, no. 8 (2005): 3076–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.25.8.3076-3086.2005.

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ABSTRACT The proopiomelanocortin (POMC) gene is expressed in the pituitary and arcuate neurons of the hypothalamus. POMC arcuate neurons play a central role in the control of energy homeostasis, and rare loss-of-function mutations in POMC cause obesity. Moreover, POMC is the prime candidate gene within a highly significant quantitative trait locus on chromosome 2 associated with obesity traits in several human populations. Here, we identify two phylogenetically conserved neuronal POMC enhancers designated nPE1 (600 bp) and nPE2 (150 bp) located approximately 10 to 12 kb upstream of mammalian P

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10

Ancans, Janis, Anthonny J. Thody, John M. Wood, Wayne D. Beazley, and Karin U. Schallreuter. "Human Epidermal Proopiomelanocortin (POMC) cDNA Variant is Identical to Mouse POMC cDNA." Journal of Investigative Dermatology 112, no. 4 (1999): 516–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1747.1999.00539.x.

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11

Hentges, Shane T. "Synaptic Regulation of Proopiomelanocortin Neurons Can Occur Distal to the Arcuate Nucleus." Journal of Neurophysiology 97, no. 5 (2007): 3298–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00051.2007.

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Energy homeostasis is controlled to a large extent by various signals that are integrated in the hypothalamus. It is generally considered that neurons in each of the hypothalamic nuclei are regulated by afferent projections that terminate within the cell body region of the nucleus. However, here it is shown that hypothalamic proopiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons receive synaptic inputs onto distal dendrites that reside outside of the cell body region in the arcuate nucleus. Previous studies using whole cell recordings from identified neurons in brain slices have shown that cannabinoids reduce GAB

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12

Michailidou, Zoi, Anthony P. Coll, Christopher J. Kenyon, et al. "Peripheral mechanisms contributing to the glucocorticoid hypersensitivity in proopiomelanocortin null mice treated with corticosterone." Journal of Endocrinology 194, no. 1 (2007): 161–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/joe-07-0090.

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Proopiomelanocortin (POMC) deficiency causes severe obesity through hyperphagia of hypothalamic origin. However, low glucocorticoid levels caused by adrenal insufficiency mitigate against insulin resistance, hyperphagia and fat accretion in Pomc−/−mice. Upon exogenous glucocorticoid replacement, corticosterone-supplemented (CORT) Pomc−/− mice show exaggerated responses, including excessive fat accumulation, hyperleptinaemia and insulin resistance. To investigate the peripheral mechanisms underlying this glucocorticoid hypersensitivity, we examined the expression levels of key determinants and

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13

Slominski, Andrzej, Przemyslaw M. Plonka, Alexander Pisarchik, et al. "Preservation of Eumelanin Hair Pigmentation in Proopiomelanocortin-Deficient Mice on a Nonagouti (a/a) Genetic Background." Endocrinology 146, no. 3 (2005): 1245–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/en.2004-0733.

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The original strain of proopiomelanocortin (POMC)-deficient mice (Pomc−/−) was generated by homologous recombination in 129X1/SvJ (Aw/Aw)-derived embryonic stem cells using a targeting construct that deleted exon 3, encoding all the known functional POMC-derived peptides including αMSH, from the Pomc gene. Although these Pomc−/− mice exhibited adrenal hypoplasia and obesity similar to the syndrome of POMC deficiency in children, their agouti coat color was only subtly altered. To further investigate the mechanism of hair pigmentation in the absence of POMC peptides, we studied wild-type (Pomc+

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14

Poulin, G., B. Turgeon, and J. Drouin. "NeuroD1/beta2 contributes to cell-specific transcription of the proopiomelanocortin gene." Molecular and Cellular Biology 17, no. 11 (1997): 6673–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.17.11.6673.

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NeuroD1/beta2 is a basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) factor expressed in the endocrine cells of the pancreas and in a subset of neurons as they undergo terminal differentiation. We now show that NeuroD1 is expressed in corticotroph cells of the pituitary gland and that it is involved in cell-specific transcription of the proopiomelanocortin (POMC) gene. It was previously shown that corticotroph-specific POMC transcription depends in part on the action of cell-restricted bHLH factors that were characterized as the CUTE (corticotroph upstream transcription element) (M. Therrien and J. Drouin, Mol. C

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15

Bourbonnais, Yves, Suzanne Fortin, and Philippe Crine. "Posttranslational modifications of proopiomelanocortin in rat intermediate lobe cells." Biochemistry and Cell Biology 64, no. 12 (1986): 1262–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/o86-166.

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Proopiomelanocortin (POMC), the common precursor to β-endorphin and α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone synthesized in rat intermediate lobe cells, exhibits both charge and size heterogeneity on two-dimensional gels. Pulse-labeling and pulse–chase studies revealed that this heterogeneity is due to co- and post-translational modifications of a single common polypeptide. Short 5-min-pulse incubation with [3H]phenylalanine allowed the preferential labeling of two major forms characterized by an identical isoelectric point (8.2), but slightly different apparent molecular weights (MW = 34 000 and 36 0

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16

Raffin-Sanson, ML, Y. de Keyzer, and X. Bertagna. "Proopiomelanocortin, a polypeptide precursor with multiple functions: from physiology to pathological conditions." European Journal of Endocrinology 149, no. 2 (2003): 79–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/eje.0.1490079.

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Proopiomelanocortin (POMC) is the polypeptide precursor of ACTH. First discovered in anterior pituitary corticotroph cells, it has more recently been revealed to have many other physiological aspects. The fine molecular mechanisms of ACTH biosynthesis show that ACTH is but one piece of a puzzle which contains many other peptides. Present in various tIssues, among which are pituitary, hypothalamus, central nervous system and skin, POMC undergoes extensive post-translational processing. This processing is tIssue-specific and generates, depending on the case, various sets of peptides involved in

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17

Bicknell, Andrew B. "60 YEARS OF POMC: N-terminal POMC peptides and adrenal growth." Journal of Molecular Endocrinology 56, no. 4 (2016): T39—T48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/jme-15-0269.

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The peptide hormones contained within the sequence of proopiomelanocortin (POMC) have diverse roles ranging from pigmentation to regulation of adrenal function to control of our appetite. It is generally acknowledged to be the archetypal hormone precursor, and as its biology has been unravelled, so too have many of the basic principles of hormone biosynthesis and processing. This short review focuses on one group of its peptide products, namely, those derived from the N-terminal of POMC and their role in the regulation of adrenal growth. From a historical and a personal perspective, it describ

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18

Meister, Björn, Burçak Gömüç, Elisabet Suarez, Yuko Ishii, Katrin Dürr, and Linda Gillberg. "Hypothalamic proopiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons have a cholinergic phenotype." European Journal of Neuroscience 24, no. 10 (2006): 2731–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9568.2006.05157.x.

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19

Sandman, Curt A., M. Anne Spence, and Moyra Smith. "Proopiomelanocortin (POMC) disregulation and response to opiate blockers." Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews 5, no. 4 (1999): 314–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1098-2779(1999)5:4<314::aid-mrdd9>3.0.co;2-g.

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20

Azaryan, A. V., M. R. Schiller, and V. Y. H. Hook. "Chromaffin Granule Aspartic Proteinase Processes Recombinant Proopiomelanocortin (POMC)." Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 215, no. 3 (1995): 937–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/bbrc.1995.2554.

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21

López-Calderón, A., C. Ariznavarreta та C. L. C. Chen. "Influence of chronic restraint stress on proopiomelanocortin mRNA and β-endorphin in the rat hypothalamus". Journal of Molecular Endocrinology 7, № 3 (1991): 197–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/jme.0.0070197.

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ABSTRACT It has been postulated that some endocrine responses to stressful stimuli are mediated through the activation of hypothalamic pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC)-derived peptides. The aim of the present study was to analyse the effect of chronic stress on expression of the POMC gene in the medial basal hypothalamus and pituitary, and on serum concentrations of LH, β-endorphin and corticosterone. Adult male rats were killed after being subjected to restraint stress for 6 h/day over 2, 3 or 4 days. Chronic restraint induced an increase in serum concentrations of β-endorphin and corticosterone a

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do Carmo, Jussara M., Alexandre A. da Silva, John S. Rushing, Benjamin Pace, and John E. Hall. "Differential control of metabolic and cardiovascular functions by melanocortin-4 receptors in proopiomelanocortin neurons." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 305, no. 4 (2013): R359—R368. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00518.2012.

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We examined the role of melanocortin-4 receptors (MC4R) in proopiomelanocortin (Pomc) neurons in regulating metabolic and cardiovascular functions. Using Cre-loxP technology, we selectively rescued MC4R in Pomc neurons of mice with whole body MC4R deficiency (MC4R-Pomc-Cre mice). Body weight, food intake, and whole body oxygen consumption (V̇o2) were determined daily, and blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR), and body temperature were measured 24 h/day by telemetry. An intracerebroventricular cannula was placed in the right lateral ventricle for intracerebroventricular infusions. Littermate MC

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Domené, Sabina, Viviana F. Bumaschny, Flávio S. J. de Souza, et al. "Enhancer turnover and conserved regulatory function in vertebrate evolution." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 368, no. 1632 (2013): 20130027. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2013.0027.

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Mutations in regulatory regions including enhancers are an important source of variation and innovation during evolution. Enhancers can evolve by changes in the sequence, arrangement and repertoire of transcription factor binding sites, but whole enhancers can also be lost or gained in certain lineages in a process of turnover. The proopiomelanocortin gene ( Pomc ), which encodes a prohormone, is expressed in the pituitary and hypothalamus of all jawed vertebrates. We have previously described that hypothalamic Pomc expression in mammals is controlled by two enhancers—nPE1 and nPE2—that are de

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Myers, Dean A., Paige A. Bell, Kimberly Hyatt, Malgorzata Mlynarczyk, and Charles A. Ducsay. "Long-term hypoxia enhances proopiomelanocortin processing in the near-term ovine fetus." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 288, no. 5 (2005): R1178—R1184. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00697.2004.

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Secondary stressors in long-term hypoxic (LTH) fetal sheep lead to altered function of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. Although ACTH is considered the primary mediator of glucocorticoid production in fetal sheep, proopiomelanocortin (POMC) and 22-kDa pro-ACTH (22-kDa ACTH) have been implicated in the regulation of cortisol production in the ovine fetus. This study was designed to determine whether POMC expression and processing are altered after LTH. Pregnant ewes were maintained at high altitude (3,820 m) from day 30 of gestation to near term, when the animals were transported to the

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Page-Wilson, Gabrielle, Kana Meece, Anne White, et al. "Proopiomelanocortin, agouti-related protein, and leptin in human cerebrospinal fluid: correlations with body weight and adiposity." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 309, no. 5 (2015): E458—E465. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00206.2015.

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Leptin and its neuronal targets, which produce proopiomelanocortin (POMC) and agouti-related protein (AgRP), regulate energy balance. This study characterized leptin, POMC, and AgRP in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of 47 healthy human subjects, 23 lean and 24 overweight/obese (OW/OB), as related to BMI, adiposity, plasma leptin, soluble leptin receptor (s-OB-R), and insulin. POMC was measured since the POMC prohormone is the predominant POMC peptide in CSF and correlates with hypothalamic POMC in rodents. Plasma AgRP was similarly characterized. CSF leptin was 83-fold lower than in plasma and

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Karpac, Jason, Dirk Ostwald, Stephanie Bui, Peggy Hunnewell, Malini Shankar, and Ute Hochgeschwender. "Development, Maintenance, and Function of the Adrenal Gland in Early Postnatal Proopiomelanocortin-Null Mutant Mice." Endocrinology 146, no. 6 (2005): 2555–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/en.2004-1290.

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Abstract Adult mouse mutants homozygous for an engineered proopiomelanocortin (POMC)-null allele lack macroscopically distinct adrenal glands and circulating adrenal hormones. To understand the basis for this adrenal defect, we compared the development of adrenal primordia in POMC-null mice and littermate controls. POMC-null mutant mice are born with adrenal glands that are morphologically indistinguishable from those of their wild-type littermates. However, in mutants adrenal cells fail to proliferate postnatally and adrenals atrophy until they have disappeared macroscopically in the adult. W

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Kameda, Hiraku, Masaaki Yamamoto, Yukiko Tone, Masahide Tone, and Shlomo Melmed. "Proton Sensitivity of Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone Receptor 1 Signaling to Proopiomelanocortin in Male Mice." Endocrinology 160, no. 2 (2018): 276–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/en.2018-00920.

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Abstract Because an acidic cellular microenvironment is engendered by inflammation and may determine cell differentiation, we elucidated the impact of acidic conditions on induction of proopiomelanocortin (POMC) expression. Here, we demonstrate mechanisms for proton sensitivity of CRH receptor 1 (CRHR1) signaling to POMC and ACTH production. Low pH (6.8) resulted in doubling of POMC expression and ACTH production in pituitary cell line AtT-20 and in primary mouse pituitary cells. Using CRISPR knockout, we show that CRHR1 is necessary for acid-induced POMC expression, and this induction is medi

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Huang, Hao, Youfen Xu, and Anthony N. van den Pol. "Nicotine excites hypothalamic arcuate anorexigenic proopiomelanocortin neurons and orexigenic neuropeptide Y neurons: similarities and differences." Journal of Neurophysiology 106, no. 3 (2011): 1191–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00740.2010.

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Two of the biggest health problems facing us today are addiction to nicotine and the increased prevalence of obesity. Interestingly, nicotine attenuates obesity, but the underlying mechanism is not clear. Here we address the hypothesis that if weight-reducing actions of nicotine are mediated by anorexigenic proopiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons of the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus, nicotine should excite these cells. Nicotine at concentrations similar to those found in smokers, 100–1,000 nM, excited POMC cells by mechanisms based on increased spike frequency, depolarization of membrane potential,

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Rau, Andrew R., Alexander R. Hughes, and Shane T. Hentges. "Various transgenic mouse lines to study proopiomelanocortin cells in the brain stem label disparate populations of GABAergic and glutamatergic neurons." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 315, no. 1 (2018): R144—R152. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00047.2018.

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Products of the proopiomelanocortin (POMC) prohormone regulate aspects of analgesia, reward, and energy balance; thus, the neurons that produce POMC in the hypothalamus have received considerable attention. However, there are also cells in the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) that transcribe Pomc, although low levels of Pomc mRNA and relative lack of POMC peptide products in the adult mouse NTS have hindered the study of these cells. Therefore, studies of NTS POMC cells have largely relied on transgenic mouse lines. Here, we set out to determine the amino acid (AA) transmitter phenotype of

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Zollinger, L., C. Racine, P. Crine, et al. "Intracellular proteolytic processing of proopiomelanocortin in heterologous COS-1 cells by the yeast KEX2 endoprotease." Biochemistry and Cell Biology 68, no. 3 (1990): 635–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/o90-090.

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We have transiently expressed the yeast KEX2 gene together with the proopiomelanocortin (POMC) cDNA in COS-1 cells. Characterization of the POMC-related immunoreactive peptides by gel permeation and reversed-phase high pressure liquid chromatography showed that the KEX2 enzyme was active and capable of carrying out cleavage of POMC to release the authentic maturation product β-endorphin(1–31). Peptides resembling β-lipotropin, the amino terminal glycopeptide, and ACTH(1–39) were also detected as major products in the cell extracts. Our results indicate that the KEX2 enzyme can proteolytically

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Münzberg, Heike, Lihong Huo, Eduardo A. Nillni, Anthony N. Hollenberg, and Christian Bjørbæk. "Role of Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 3 in Regulation of Hypothalamic Proopiomelanocortin Gene Expression by Leptin." Endocrinology 144, no. 5 (2003): 2121–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/en.2002-221037.

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Leptin acts on the brain to regulate body weight and neuroendocrine function. Proopiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons in the hypothalamus are important targets of leptin. These cells express the leptin receptor ObRb, and leptin can regulate POMC mRNA levels, but the cellular mechanisms by which this occurs is unknown. Here we show evidence that leptin stimulates pomc gene transcription via activation of intracellular signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) proteins. In pomc-promoter assays using transfected cells, leptin induces pomc promoter activity. Expression of dominant nega

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Hayes, W. P., and Y. P. Loh. "Correlated onset and patterning of proopiomelanocortin gene expression in embryonic Xenopus brain and pituitary." Development 110, no. 3 (1990): 747–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.110.3.747.

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To identify cellular interactions that underlie the spatially appropriate transcription of neural genes, we characterized the embryonic development of proopiomelanocortin (POMC) gene expression in Xenopus laevis using in situ hybridization histochemistry. This has led to the establishment of a unique model system for studying how a neuropeptide gene program in four distinct cell groups is set up in pituitary and forebrain. The embryonic onset and patterning of POMC expression was found to be spatially and temporally correlated inside and outside the brain. The first POMC cells in the pituitary

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Latchoumanin, Olivier, Vanessa Mynard, Jocelyne Devin-Leclerc, Marie-Annick Dugué, Xavier Bertagna, and Maria Grazia Catelli. "Reversal of Glucocorticoids-Dependent Proopiomelanocortin Gene Inhibition by Leukemia Inhibitory Factor." Endocrinology 148, no. 1 (2007): 422–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/en.2006-0460.

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We previously have described molecular mechanisms converging at the Nur response element-signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) composite site responsible for synergistic activation of the proopiomelanocortin (POMC) gene promoter by leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) and CRH. In this study, we asked how glucocorticoids (GC), the physiological negative regulators of POMC gene expression, modulate this synergism. In the corticotroph cell line AtT-20, the response of the wild-type promoter to LIF+CRH was barely inhibited by GC, whereas a distal promoter subregion (−414/−293) encomp

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Shi, Haifei, April D. Strader, Joyce E. Sorrell, James B. Chambers, Stephen C. Woods, and Randy J. Seeley. "Sexually different actions of leptin in proopiomelanocortin neurons to regulate glucose homeostasis." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 294, no. 3 (2008): E630—E639. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00704.2007.

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Leptin regulates energy balance and glucose homeostasis, at least in part, via activation of receptors in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus located in proopiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons. Females have greater sensitivity to central leptin than males, suggested by a greater anorectic effect of central leptin administration in females. We hypothesized that the regulation of energy balance and peripheral glucose homeostasis of female rodents would be affected to a greater extent than in males if the action of leptin in POMC neurons were disturbed. Male and female mice lacking leptin receptor

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Jiang, Jingwei, Donald A. Morgan, Huxing Cui, and Kamal Rahmouni. "Activation of hypothalamic AgRP and POMC neurons evokes disparate sympathetic and cardiovascular responses." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 319, no. 5 (2020): H1069—H1077. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00411.2020.

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Agouti-related peptide (AgRP)- and proopiomelanocortin (POMC)-expressing neurons of the arcuate nucleus are essential components of the brain melanocortin system that controls various physiological processes. Here, we tested the metabolic and cardiovascular effects of direct activation of these two populations of neurons. Our findings show that, in addition to stimulation of food intake, chemogenetic mediated activation of hypothalamic arcuate nucleus AgRP, but not POMC, neurons reduce renal sympathetic traffic. Despite this, chronic activation of AgRP neurons increased blood pressure. However

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Rau, Andrew R., and Shane T. Hentges. "Energy state alters regulation of proopiomelanocortin neurons by glutamatergic ventromedial hypothalamus neurons: pre- and postsynaptic mechanisms." Journal of Neurophysiology 125, no. 3 (2021): 720–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00359.2020.

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Despite decades of research, the neurocircuitry underlying metabolic homeostasis remains incompletely understood. Specifically, the roles of amino acid transmitters, particularly glutamate, have received less attention than hormonal signals. Here, we characterize an energy-state-sensitive glutamate circuit from the ventromedial hypothalamus to anorexigenic proopiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons that responds to changes in energy state at both sides of the synapse, providing novel information about how variations in metabolic state affect excitatory drive onto POMC cells.

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Murakami, Itsuo, Sakae Takeuchi, Toshiyuki Kudo, Shizuyo Sutou, and Sumio Takahashi. "Corticotropin-releasing hormone or dexamethasone regulates rat proopiomelanocortin transcription through Tpit/Pitx-responsive element in its promoter." Journal of Endocrinology 193, no. 2 (2007): 279–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/joe-06-0143.

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Tpit/Pitx-responsive element (Tpit/PitxRE), which binds transcription factors Tpit and Pitx1, confers cell-type specific expression of proopiomelanocortin (POMC) gene in pituitary corticotrops where the gene expression is mainly regulated by corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) and glucocorticoids (Gcs). CRH stimulates POMC gene expression, which is mediated by the accumulation of intracellular cAMP and requires binding of Nur factors to Nur-responsive element (NurRE). Gcs antagonize NurRE-dependent POMC gene expression through direct interaction between glucocorticoid receptors and Nur facto

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Iwasaki, Yasumasa, Mitsuru Nishiyama, Takafumi Taguchi, et al. "Activation of AMP-activated protein kinase stimulates proopiomelanocortin gene transcription in AtT20 corticotroph cells." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 292, no. 6 (2007): E1899—E1905. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00116.2006.

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Starvation is known to activate the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, a representative antistress system in the living organism. In this study, we investigated in vitro whether activation of the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), which is known to occur in intracellular energy depletion, influences the expression of POMC gene that encodes adrenocorticotropin. We first confirmed that each subunit of AMPK was expressed in the AtT20 corticotroph cell line. We then found that AICAR, a cell-permeable AMP analog and an activator of AMPK, potently stimulated the 5′-promoter activity of POMC

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Zhu, Liangru, Pingwen Xu, Xuehong Cao та ін. "The ERα-PI3K Cascade in Proopiomelanocortin Progenitor Neurons Regulates Feeding and Glucose Balance in Female Mice". Endocrinology 156, № 12 (2015): 4474–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/en.2015-1660.

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Estrogens act upon estrogen receptor (ER)α to inhibit feeding and improve glucose homeostasis in female animals. However, the intracellular signals that mediate these estrogenic actions remain unknown. Here, we report that anorexigenic effects of estrogens are blunted in female mice that lack ERα specifically in proopiomelanocortin (POMC) progenitor neurons. These mutant mice also develop insulin resistance and are insensitive to the glucose-regulatory effects of estrogens. Moreover, we showed that propyl pyrazole triol (an ERα agonist) stimulates the phosphatidyl inositol 3-kinase (PI3K) path

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Hill, Jennifer W., Yong Xu, Frederic Preitner, et al. "Phosphatidyl Inositol 3-Kinase Signaling in Hypothalamic Proopiomelanocortin Neurons Contributes to the Regulation of Glucose Homeostasis." Endocrinology 150, no. 11 (2009): 4874–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/en.2009-0454.

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Recent studies demonstrated a role for hypothalamic insulin and leptin action in the regulation of glucose homeostasis. This regulation involves proopiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons because suppression of phosphatidyl inositol 3-kinase (PI3K) signaling in these neurons blunts the acute effects of insulin and leptin on POMC neuronal activity. In the current study, we investigated whether disruption of PI3K signaling in POMC neurons alters normal glucose homeostasis using mouse models designed to both increase and decrease PI3K-mediated signaling in these neurons. We found that deleting p85α alone

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Karsi, A., and G. C. Waldbieser. "Linkage mapping of the channel catfish proopiomelanocortin (POMC ) gene." Animal Genetics 36, no. 2 (2005): 171–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2052.2005.01243.x.

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Millington, George WM. "The role of proopiomelanocortin (POMC) neurones in feeding behaviour." Nutrition & Metabolism 4, no. 1 (2007): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1743-7075-4-18.

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Van Epps, D. E., M. M. Mason, S. L. Kutvirt, and L. C. Saland. "3. Modulation of leukocyte function by proopiomelanocortin (POMC) peptides." Journal of Neuroimmunology 17, no. 1 (1987): 84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0165-5728(87)90036-1.

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Iskandar, Kristy, Yongheng Cao, Yoshitake Hayashi, et al. "PDK-1/FoxO1 pathway in POMC neurons regulates Pomc expression and food intake." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 298, no. 4 (2010): E787—E798. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00512.2009.

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Both insulin and leptin signaling converge on phosphatidylinositol 3-OH kinase [PI( 3 )K]/3-phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase-1 (PDK-1)/protein kinase B (PKB, also known as Akt) in proopiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons. Forkhead box-containing protein-O1 (FoxO1) is inactivated in a PI( 3 )K-dependent manner. However, the interrelationship between PI( 3 )K/PDK-1/Akt and FoxO1, and the chronic effects of the overexpression of FoxO1 in POMC neurons on energy homeostasis has not been elucidated. To determine the extent to which PDK-1 and FoxO1 signaling in POMC neurons was responsible for ene

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Grossberg, Aaron J., Jarrad M. Scarlett, XinXia Zhu, et al. "Arcuate Nucleus Proopiomelanocortin Neurons Mediate the Acute Anorectic Actions of Leukemia Inhibitory Factor via gp130." Endocrinology 151, no. 2 (2010): 606–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/en.2009-1135.

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The proinflammatory cytokine leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) is induced in disease states and is known to inhibit food intake when administered centrally. However, the neural pathways underlying this effect are not well understood. We demonstrate that LIF acutely inhibits food intake by directly activating pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus. We show that arcuate POMC neurons express the LIF-R, and that LIF stimulates the release of the anorexigenic peptide, α-MSH from ex vivo hypothalami. Transgenic mice lacking gp130, the signal transducing subunit

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Turney, MK, and WJ Kovacs. "Function of a truncated glucocorticoid receptor form at a negative glucocorticoid response element in the proopiomelanocortin gene." Journal of Molecular Endocrinology 26, no. 1 (2001): 43–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/jme.0.0260043.

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ACTH-producing tumors of nonpituitary origin characteristically exhibit insensitivity to the negative feedback effects of glucocorticoids. In the DMS-79 cell line derived from an ACTH-producing small cell lung cancer we have previously identified an aberrantly spliced glucocorticoid receptor (GRDelta) that lacks a ligand-binding domain. We examined the interactions of this truncated form of GR with the proximal human proopiomelanocortin (POMC) promoter. In electrophoretic mobility shift assays GRDelta bound to the negative glucocorticoid response element (nGRE) at position -78 to -50 in the hu

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Dey, Soumyadeep, Xiaoxia Li, Ruifeng Teng, et al. "Erythropoietin regulates POMC expression via STAT3 and potentiates leptin response." Journal of Molecular Endocrinology 56, no. 2 (2015): 55–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/jme-15-0171.

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The arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus is essential for metabolic homeostasis and responds to leptin by producing several neuropeptides including proopiomelanocortin (POMC). We previously reported that high-dose erythropoietin (Epo) treatment in mice while increasing hematocrit reduced body weight, fat mass, and food intake and increased energy expenditure. Moreover, we showed that mice with Epo receptor (EpoR) restricted to erythroid cells (ΔEpoRE) became obese and exhibited decreased energy expenditure. Epo/EpoR signaling was found to promote hypothalamus POMC expression independently from

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Jenks, B. G., A. G. H. Ederveen, J. H. M. Feyen, and A. P. van Overbeeke. "The functional significance of glycosylation of proopiomelanocortin in melanotrophs of the mouse pituitary gland." Journal of Endocrinology 107, no. 3 (1985): 365–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/joe.0.1070365.

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ABSTRACT Pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) is a glycoprotein precursor for a number of neuropeptides and peptide hormones. The functional significance of the glycosylation of POMC has never been established. Using the antibiotic tunicamycin to block glycosylation of the prohormone in the mouse pars intermedia, we have compared processing of non-glycosylated prohormone with that of glycosylated prohormone in pulse-chase experiments. The peptides produced from non-glycosylated prohormone were shown to be correct cleavage products. Therefore it was concluded that, with the possible exception of peptide

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Bell, M. Elizabeth, Thomas J. McDonald, and Dean A. Myers. "Proopiomelanocortin Processing in the Anterior Pituitary of the Ovine Fetus after Lesion of the Hypothalamic Paraventricular Nucleus." Endocrinology 146, no. 6 (2005): 2665–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/en.2004-1324.

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Abstract The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis plays an essential role in the maturation of fetal organs and, in sheep, birth. Lesioning the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) in fetal sheep prevents adrenocortical maturation and parturition without altering plasma immunoreactive ACTH concentrations. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of PVN lesion on anterior pituitary processing of proopiomelanocortin (POMC) to ACTH, plasma concentrations of ACTH and ACTH precursors (POMC; 22-kDa proACTH), and expression of subtilisin-like prohormone convertase 3 (SPC3) in corticotrope

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Chang, Rachel, Jennifer Hernandez, Cassandra Gastelum, Kaitlyn Guadagno, Lynnea Perez, and Edward J. Wagner. "Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide Excites Proopiomelanocortin Neurons: Implications for the Regulation of Energy Homeostasis." Neuroendocrinology 111, no. 1-2 (2020): 45–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000506367.

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<b><i>Objective:</i></b> We examined whether pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) excites proopiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons via PAC1 receptor mediation and transient receptor potential cation (TRPC) channel activation. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> Electrophysiological recordings were done in slices from both intact male and ovariectomized (OVX) female PACAP-Cre mice and eGFP-POMC mice. <b><i>Results:</i></b> In recordings from POMC neurons in eGFP-POMC mice, PACAP induced a robust inward current and increa

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