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Journal articles on the topic 'Propagation Path Loss Model'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 14 February 2022

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1

Elechi, Promise, and Paul Osaretin Otasowie. "Comparison of Empirical Path Loss Propagation Models with Building Penetration Path Loss Model." International Journal on Communications Antenna and Propagation (IRECAP) 6, no. 2 (April 30, 2016): 116. http://dx.doi.org/10.15866/irecap.v6i2.8013.

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2

Yang, Yi Huai. "Visual Simulation of Mobile Channel Model." Applied Mechanics and Materials 246-247 (December 2012): 1209–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.246-247.1209.

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Simulink is the integrated environment of system modelling and simulation, which is being widespread used. This paper describes the MATLAB visual simulation of the propagation path loss model for telecommunication systems. We simulated the whole process of COST231-Walfisch-Ikegami model with high accuracy, built a visual simulation frame and the path loss curves are given. This method can be used in studying other propagation path loss models in propagation environments.
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Kosz, Paweł. "An Empirical Propagation Model for Corridors in Office Buildings." International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications 63, no. 1 (March 1, 2017): 5–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/eletel-2017-0001.

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Abstract This paper presents an empirical propagation path loss model for corridors in office buildings. The proposed model estimates changeable character of radio signal attenuation, based on a special approach as a combination of the simple free-space model with the author’s model. The measurement stand and measurement scenario are described. The propagation path loss research have been made in corridor for different frequencies in range 30 MHz to 290 MHz. A significant number of measurement results were allowed an analysis of the radio wave propagation conditions in the environment. In general, the propagation path loss increases for each measurement frequencies with length of propagation route. Based on measurement data, the new empirical propagation path loss model was developed. For this purpose, the regression analysis was made. The novelty of this model is that it could be used for estimate propagation path loss in measured environment for different radio wave frequencies. At the end, in order to justification the practical usefulness of described method for estimate a radio wave attenuation, the statistical evaluation was made. Thus, the results of the statistical analysis (ME, SEE and R2 values) are satisfactory for each measured radio wave frequency.
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4

A.Mawjoud, Sami. "Path Loss Propagation Model Prediction for GSM Network Planning." International Journal of Computer Applications 84, no. 7 (December 18, 2013): 30–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5120/14592-2830.

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5

Bhuvaneshwari, A., R. Hemalatha, and T. SatyaSavithri. "Path Loss Model Optimization Using Stochastic Hybrid Genetic Algorithm." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 4.10 (October 2, 2018): 464. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.10.21041.

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In the context of modeling the propagation of mobile radio signals, optimizing the existing path loss model is largely required to precisely represent the actual propagation medium. In this paper, a hybrid tuning approach is proposed by merging the stochastic Weighted Least Square method and Genetic algorithm. The proposed hybrid optimization is employed to optimize the parameters of Cost 231 Hata propagation model and is validated by cellular field strength measurements at 900 MHz in the sub urban region. The hybrid optimization is compared with optimized results of Weighted Least Square method and Genetic algorithm. The least values of Mean Square error (0.2702), RMSE (0.4798) and percentage Relative error (3.96) justify the tuning precision of the hybrid method. The proposed optimization approach could be used by network service providers to improve the quality of service and in mobile radio network planning of 900 MHz band for 4G LTE services.
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Tabakcioglu, Mehmet Baris, and Ahmet Cansiz. "Application of S-UTD-CH Model into Multiple Diffraction Scenarios." International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2013 (2013): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/285304.

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Propagation prediction models based on ray tracing in coverage estimation for digital broadcasting systems are compared. Geometrical Theory of Diffraction (GTD), Slope Uniform Theory of Diffraction (S-UTD), and Slope UTD with Convex Hull (S-UTD-CH) models are compared for computation time and propagation path loss. S-UTD-CH model is optimum model with respect to computation time and relative path loss.
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7

Juang, Rong-Terng. "Explainable Deep-Learning-Based Path Loss Prediction from Path Profiles in Urban Environments." Applied Sciences 11, no. 15 (July 21, 2021): 6690. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11156690.

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This paper applies a deep learning approach to model the mechanism of path loss based on the path profile in urban propagation environments for 5G cellular communication systems. The proposed method combines the log-distance path loss model for line-of-sight propagation scenarios and a deep-learning-based model for non-line-of-sight cases. Simulation results show that the proposed path loss model outperforms the conventional models when operating in the 3.5 GHz frequency band. The standard deviation of prediction error was reduced by 34% when compared to the conventional models. To explain the internal behavior of the proposed deep-learning-based model, which is a black box in nature, eight relevant features were selected to model the path loss based on a linear regression approach. Simulation results show that the accuracy of the explanatory model reached 72% when it was used to explain the proposed deep learning model. Furthermore, the proposed deep learning model was also evaluated in a non-standalone 5G New Radio network in the urban environment of Taipei City. The real-world measurements show that the standard deviation of prediction error can be reduced by 30–43% when compared to the conventional models. In addition, the transparency of the proposed deep learning model reached 63% in the realistic 5G network.
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8

Noh, Sun-Kuk. "A Study on Path-loss Wave Propagation Model for V2X." Journal of the Institute of Electronics and Information Engineers 55, no. 5 (May 31, 2018): 116–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.5573/ieie.2018.55.5.116.

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9

Yu, Junyi, Wei Chen, Kun Yang, Changzhen Li, Fang Li, and Yishui Shui. "Path Loss Channel Model for Inland River Radio Propagation at 1.4 GHz." International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2017 (2017): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/5853724.

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In this paper, a propagation path loss model for inland river is proposed by three improvements compared with the Round Earth Loss (REL) model for open-sea environment. Specifically, parameters optimization uses Okumura-Hata model in dB scale to replace the equation transformed from the free space loss in REL model; secondly, diffraction loss caused by the obstacles (e.g., large buildings, bridges, or some other facilities near the river bank) is also taken into account; mixed-path methodology as another improvement is used for Inland River (IR) model because the actual propagation environment between transmitter (TX) antenna and receiver (RX) antenna contains both land part and water part. The paper presents a set of 1.4 GHz measurements conducted along the Yangtze River in Wuhan. According to the comparison between path loss models and experimental results, IR model shows a good matching degree. After that, Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), Grey Relation Grade and Mean Absolute Percentage Error (GRG-MAPE), Pearson Correlation Coefficient, and Mean Absolute Percentage Error (PCC-MAPE) are employed to implement quantitative analysis. The results prove that IR model with consideration of mixed path and deterministic information is more accurate than other classic empirical propagation models for these scenarios.
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10

Faruk, Nasir, N. T. Surajudeen-Bakinde, Abubakar Abdulkarim, Segun I. Popoola, A. Abdulkarim, Lukman A. Olawoyin, and Aderemi A. Atayero. "ANFIS Model for Path Loss Prediction in the GSM and WCDMA Bands in Urban Area." ELEKTRIKA- Journal of Electrical Engineering 18, no. 1 (April 24, 2019): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.11113/elektrika.v18n1.140.

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Path loss propagation is a vital concern when designing and planning networks in mobile communication systems. Propagation models such as the empirical, deterministic and theoretical models, which possess complex, inconsistent, time-consuming and non-adaptable features, have proven to be inefficient in designing of wireless systems, thereby resulting in the need for a more reliable model. Artificial Intelligence methods seem to overcome the drawbacks of the propagation models for predicting path loss. In this paper, the ANFIS approach to path loss prediction in the GSM and WCDMA bands is presented for selected urban areas in Nigeria. Furthermore, the effects of the number of Membership Functions (MFs) are investigated. The prediction results indicated that the ANFIS model outperformed the Hata, Cost-231, Egli and ECC-33 models in both Kano and Abuja urban areas. In addition, an increase in the number of MFs conceded an improved RMSE result for the generalized bell-shaped MF. The general performance and outcome of this research work show the efficiency and usefulness of the ANFIS model in improving prediction accuracy over propagation models
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Chen, Jie, Dong Ya Shen, Na Yao, and Ren Zhang. "3-D Research about Walfisch-Bertoni Model." Applied Mechanics and Materials 385-386 (August 2013): 1527–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.385-386.1527.

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Walfisch - Bertoni model is used to predict the average signal field intensity of the main street. The model considers the path loss of the free space, diffraction loss along the path, and the influence of the height of the building. There are six City parameters in Walfisch - Bertoni model influence communication quality. In this paper, the researches about path loss and its characteristics is under the case of considering two city parameters at the same time. Facts have proved that this case is more close to the actual that the wireless signal propagation environment. This paper mainly researched the path loss, probability density function (PDF) and cumulative distribution function (CDF) of the path loss.
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12

Xu, Yun-Jie, and Wen-Bin Li. "Propagation Path Loss Prediction Model of Multi-Sensor Network in Forest." Procedia Engineering 15 (2011): 2206–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2011.08.413.

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13

Alwarafy, Abdulmalik, Ahmed Iyanda Sulyman, Abdulhameed Alsanie, Saleh A. Alshebeili, and Hatim M. Behairy. "Path-Loss Channel Models for Receiver Spatial Diversity Systems at 2.4 GHz." International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2017 (2017): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/6790504.

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This article proposes receiver spatial diversity propagation path-loss channel models based on real-field measurement campaigns that were conducted in a line-of-site (LOS) and non-LOS (NLOS) indoor laboratory environment at 2.4 GHz. We apply equal gain power combining (EGC), coherent and noncoherent techniques, on the received signal powers. Our empirical data is used to propose spatial diversity propagation path-loss channel models using the log-distance and the floating intercept path-loss models. The proposed models indicate logarithmic-like reduction in the path-loss values as the number of diversity antennas increases. In the proposed spatial diversity empirical path-loss models, the number of diversity antenna elements is directly accounted for, and it is shown that they can accurately estimate the path-loss for any generalized number of receiving antenna elements for a given measurement setup. In particular, the floating intercept-based diversity path-loss model is vital to the 3GPP and WINNER II standards since they are widely utilized in multi-antenna-based communication systems.
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14

Garah, Messaoud, Houcine Oudira, Lotfi Djouane, and Nazih Hamdiken. "Particle Swarm Optimization for the Path Loss Reduction in Suburban and Rural Area." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 7, no. 4 (August 1, 2017): 2125. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v7i4.pp2125-2131.

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In the present work, a precise optimization method is proposed for tuning the parameters of the COST231 model to improve its accuracy in the path loss propagation prediction. The Particle Swarm Optimization is used to tune the model parameters. The predictions of the tuned model are compared with the most popular models. The performance criteria selected for the comparison of various empirical path loss models is the Root Mean Square Error (RMSE). The RMSE between the actual and predicted data are calculated for various path loss models. It turned out that the tuned COST 231 model outperforms the other studied models.
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15

Mousa, Allam, Mahmoud Najjar, and Bashar Alsayeh. "Path Loss Model Tuning at GSM 900 for a Single Cell Base Station." International Journal of Mobile Computing and Multimedia Communications 5, no. 1 (January 2013): 47–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jmcmc.2013010104.

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Mobile communications has become an everyday commodity. In the last decades, it has evolved from being an expensive technology for a few selected individuals to today’s ubiquitous systems used by a majority of the world’s population. Imprecise propagation models lead to networks with high co-channel interference, as well as power waste. This study aims to adapt a propagation model in the city of Nablus (Palestine) for a GSM frequency band. This study helps to design better GSM networks for the city in spite of the geographical and frequency limitations. The modification is accomplished by investigating the variation in path loss between the measured and predicted values, according to the propagation model for a specific cell. The results from a simulation model and measured data was compared and analyzed. Bertoni-Walfisch model, without tuning, gave the best results with a mean error of 1.426 dB, which is much less than the mean error obtained by the Standard Macrocell model, 10.91 dB, which is used by a local mobile operator. The two models have been tuned to fit measured data for GSM-900 in the city of Nablus. This is a vital step in cell planning and rollout of wireless networks. To confirm the superiority of Bertoni-Walfisch, a comparison between Bertoni-Walfisch and Standard Macrocell model in terms of Standard Deviation and Mean Error (RMSE).
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16

Huang, Hongwei, Jingkang Shi, Fei Wang, Dongming Zhang, and Dongmei Zhang. "Theoretical and Experimental Studies on the Signal Propagation in Soil for Wireless Underground Sensor Networks." Sensors 20, no. 9 (May 1, 2020): 2580. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20092580.

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Wireless Underground Sensor Networks (WUSNs), an important part of Internet of things (IoT), have many promising applications in various scenarios. Signal transmission in natural soil undergoes path loss due to absorption, radiation, reflection and scattering. The variability and dynamic of soil conditions and complexity of signal attenuation behavior make the accurate estimation of signal path loss challenging. Two existing propagation models for predicting path loss are reviewed and compared. Friis model does not consider the reflection loss and is only applicable in the far field region. The Fresnel model, only applicable in the near field region, has not considered the radiating loss and wavelength change loss. A new two stage model is proposed based on the field characteristics of antenna and considers four sources of path loss. The two stage model has a different coefficient m in the near field and far field regions. The far field distance of small size antenna is determined by three criteria: 2 D2/λ, 5 D, 1.6 λ in the proposed model. The proposed two stage model has a better agreement with the field experiment data compared to Friis and Fresnel models. The coefficient m is dependent on the soil types for the proposed model in near field region. It is observed from experiment data that the m value is in the range of 0~0.20 for sandy soils and 0.433~0.837 for clayey silt.
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17

Lasisi, Hammed. "Development of A Propagation Path Loss Prediction Model for Mobile Communication Networks Deployment in Osogbo, Nigeria." European Journal of Engineering Research and Science 2, no. 11 (November 6, 2017): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejers.2017.2.11.370.

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Path loss, a major parameter in the analysis and design of the link budget of a telecommunication system, could be explained as the reduction in power density of an electromagnetic wave as it travels through space, over a distance. Path loss prediction models are therefore vital tools in cell planning, cell parameter estimation, frequency assignments and interference evaluation. This paper reports on the development of a path loss prediction model that describes the signal attenuation between transmitting and receiving antennas as a function of the propagation distance and other parameters for Osogbo, Nigeria. The model is extensively useful for conducting feasibility studies for signal prediction, coverage optimization and interference analysis during the initial phase of network planning in the study area and other areas with similar environmental and propagation characteristics.
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18

DADI, Mohamed Bechir. "Performance Analysis of CIR and Path Loss Propagation Models in the Downlink of 3G Systems." International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development Volume-3, Issue-2 (February 28, 2019): 872–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.31142/ijtsrd21497.

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19

Alex, Akohoule, Bamba Aliou, Kamagate Aladji, Konate Adama, Oussama Tabbabi, and Asseu Olivier. "MEASUREMENTSBASEDEVALUATION OF PATHLOSSEXPONENTS IN URBAN OUTDOORENVIRONMENTS." International Journal of Advanced Research 9, no. 03 (March 31, 2021): 72–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/12556.

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In wireless networks, propagation models are used to assess the received power signal and estimate the propagation channel. These models depend on the pathloss exponent (PLE) which is one of the main parameters to characterize the propagation environment. Indeed, in the wireless channel, the path loss exponent has a strong impact on the quality of the links and must therefore be estimated with precision for an efficient design and operation of the wireless network. This paper addresses the issue of path loss exponents estimation for mobile networks in four outdoor environments. This study is based on measurements carried out in four outdoor environments at the frequency of 2600 MHz within a bandwidth of 70 MHz. It evaluates the path loss exponent, and the impact of obstacles present in the environments. The parameters of the propagation model determined from the measurements show that the average power of the received signal decreases logarithmically with the distance. We obtained path loss exponents values of 4.8, 3.53, 3.6 and 3.99 for the site 1, site 2, site 3 and site 4, respectively. Clearly the density of the obstacles has an impact on the path loss exponents and our study shows that the received signal decrease faster as the transmitter and receiver separation in the dense environments.
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Lee, Juyul, Myung-Don Kim, Hyun Kyu Chung, and Jinup Kim. "NLOS Path Loss Model for Low-Height Antenna Links in High-Rise Urban Street Grid Environments." International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2015 (2015): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/651438.

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This paper presents a NLOS (non-line-of-sight) path loss model for low-height antenna links in rectangular street grids to account for typical D2D (device-to-device) communication link situations in high-rise urban outdoor environments. From wideband propagation channel measurements collected in Seoul City at 3.7 GHz, we observed distinctive power delay profile behaviors between 1-Turn and 2-Turn NLOS links: the 2-Turn NLOS has a wider delay spread. This can be explained by employing the idea that the 2-Turn NLOS has multiple propagation paths along the various street roads from TX to RX, whereas the 1-Turn NLOS has a single dominant propagation path from TX to RX. Considering this, we develop a path loss model encompassing 1-Turn and 2-Turn NLOS links with separate scattering and diffraction parameters for the first and the second corners, based on the Uniform Geometrical Theory of Diffraction. In addition, we consider the effect of building heights on path loss by incorporating an adjustable “waveguide effect” parameter; that is, higher building alleys provide better propagation environments. When compared with field measurements, the predictions are in agreement.
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21

O., Ogbeide K., and Eko Mwenrenren E. J. "Path-Loss Prediction for UHF/VHF Signal Propagation in Edo State: Neural Network Approach." APTIKOM Journal on Computer Science and Information Technologies 1, no. 2 (June 1, 2016): 77–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.34306/csit.v1i2.52.

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The aim of this paper is to present and evaluate artificial neural network model used for path loss prediction of signal propagation in the VHF/UHF spectrum in Edo state.Measurement data obtained from three television broadcasting stations in Edo state, operating at 189.25MHz, 479.25MHz, and 743.25MHz, is used to train and evaluate the artificial neural network. A two layer neural network with one hidden and one output layer is evaluated regarding prediction accuracy and generalization properties. The path loss prediction results obtained by using the artificial neural network model are evaluated against the Hata and Walfisch-Ikegami empirical path loss models .Result analysis shows that the artificial neural network performs well as regards to prediction accuracy and generalization ability. The ANN performed better across all performance measures in comparison to the Hata and Walfisch-Ikegami and Line of Sight models in estimating path loss in vhf/uhf spectrum in Edo state.
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O., Ogbeide K., and Eko Mwenrenren E. J. "Path-Loss Prediction for UHF/VHF Signal Propagation in Edo State: Neural Network Approach." APTIKOM Journal on Computer Science and Information Technologies 1, no. 2 (July 1, 2016): 77–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/aptikom.j.csit.113.

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The aim of this paper is to present and evaluate artificial neural network model used for path loss prediction of signal propagation in the VHF/UHF spectrum in Edo state.Measurement data obtained from three television broadcasting stations in Edo state, operating at 189.25MHz, 479.25MHz, and 743.25MHz, is used to train and evaluate the artificial neural network. A two layer neural network with one hidden and one output layer is evaluated regarding prediction accuracy and generalization properties. The path loss prediction results obtained by using the artificial neural network model are evaluated against the Hata and Walfisch-Ikegami empirical path loss models .Result analysis shows that the artificial neural network performs well as regards to prediction accuracy and generalization ability. The ANN performed better across all performance measures in comparison to the Hata and Walfisch-Ikegami and Line of Sight models in estimating path loss in vhf/uhf spectrum in Edo state.
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23

Orike, Sunny, Promise Elechi, and Iboro Asuquo Ekanem. "Assessment and Modeling of GSM Signal Propagation in Uyo, Nigeria." European Journal of Engineering Research and Science 2, no. 11 (November 30, 2017): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejers.2017.2.11.502.

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High quality of service is a paramount concern in wireless networks. One of the strategies in achieving optimal performance is to use wireless empirical models to predict wireless link quality factors such as path loss and the received power in any given transmission domain with irregular terrain. The primary goal of this study is to develop a radio wave propagation model for Uyo metropolis. An assessment was carried out in three major roads within the city of Uyo in Akwa Ibom State, to determine the quality of GSM signal reception by measuring the signal field strength, magnetic field strength, and power density of the base transceiver stations. The measurements were carried out using radio frequency electromagnetic field strength meter over a distance of 2000 meters from the base stations. The results of the measurements were analysed and a path loss model was developed for Uyo using linear regression model. Three empirical models: Okumura-Hata model, COST-Hata model, and Egli model were also applied in predicting the path loss in Uyo and the results obtained were compared with the developed model for Uyo metropolis. The comparison showed that Route D model had a better comparison factor with the developed model while the Okumura-Hata and COST-Hata were almost the same with more loss as the distance increased. In all the measurements, the standard deviation was between 3.31 dB and 3.36 dB.
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Keawbunsong, Pitak, Sarun Duangsuwan, Pichaya Supanakoon, and Sathaporn Promwong. "Quantitative Measurement of Path Loss Model Adaptation Using the Least Squares Method in an Urban DVB-T2 System." International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2018 (2018): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/7219618.

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The aim of this paper was to propose quantitative measurement of path loss model adaptation in urban radio propagation for a second-generation, terrestrial digital video broadcasting standard (DVB-T2) system. The measurement data was analyzed using data processing based on the least squares (LS) method to verify the probabilistic quantitation of realistic data measurement such as mean error (ME), root mean square error (RMSE), and standard deviation of error (SD), as well as relative error (RE). To distinguish the experimental evaluation, the researchers compared between the conventional Hata path loss model and the proposed model. The result showed that path loss based on the proposed model was more accurate in predicting the quantitative measurement of propagation data properly.
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Kim, Kyung-Tae, and Hyo-Dal Park. "Empirical Propagation Path Loss Model for ATC Telecommunication in the Concourse Environment." Journal of Korea Information and Communications Society 38A, no. 9 (September 30, 2013): 765–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.7840/kics.2013.38a.9.765.

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26

Pérez García, N. A., A. D. Pinto, J. M. Torres, J. E. Rengel, L. M. Rujano, N. Robles Camargo, and Y. Donoso. "Improved ITU‐R model for digital terrestrial television propagation path loss prediction." Electronics Letters 53, no. 13 (June 2017): 832–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/el.2017.1033.

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27

Luebbers, R. J., W. A. Foose, and G. Reyner. "Comparison of GTD propagation model wide-band path loss simulation with measurements." IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation 37, no. 4 (April 1989): 499–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/8.24170.

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Al-Samman, Ahmed Mohammed, Tharek Abd. Rahman, Tawfik Al-Hadhrami, Abdusalama Daho, MHD Nour Hindia, Marwan Hadri Azmi, Kaharudin Dimyati, and Mamoun Alazab. "Comparative Study of Indoor Propagation Model Below and Above 6 GHz for 5G Wireless Networks." Electronics 8, no. 1 (January 1, 2019): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics8010044.

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It has been widely speculated that the performance of the next generation based wireless network should meet a transmission speed on the order of 1000 times more than the current cellular communication systems. The frequency bands above 6 GHz have received significant attention lately as a prospective band for next generation 5G systems. The propagation characteristics for 5G networks need to be fully understood for the 5G system design. This paper presents the channel propagation characteristics for a 5G system in line of sight (LOS) and non-LOS (NLOS) scenarios. The diffraction loss (DL) and frequency drop (FD) are investigated based on collected measurement data. Indoor measurement results obtained using a high-resolution channel sounder equipped with directional horn antennas at 3.5 GHz and 28 GHz as a comparative study of the two bands below and above 6 GHz. The parameters for path loss using different path loss models of single and multi-frequencies have been estimated. The excess delay, root mean square (RMS) delay spread and the power delay profile of received paths are analyzed. The results of the path loss models show that the path loss exponent (PLE) in this indoor environment is less than the free space path loss exponent for LOS scenario at both frequencies. Moreover, the PLE is not frequency dependent. The 3GPP path loss models for single and multi-frequency in LOS scenarios have good performance in terms of PLE that is as reliable as the physically-based models. Based on the proposed models, the diffraction loss at 28 GHz is approximately twice the diffraction loss at 3.5 GHz. The findings of the power delay profile and RMS delay spread indicate that these parameters are comparable for frequency bands below and above 6 GHz.
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Majed, Mohammed Bahjat, Tharek Abd Rahman, Omar Abdul Aziz, Mohammad Nour Hindia, and Effariza Hanafi. "Channel Characterization and Path Loss Modeling in Indoor Environment at 4.5, 28, and 38 GHz for 5G Cellular Networks." International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2018 (September 20, 2018): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/9142367.

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The current propagation models used for frequency bands less than 6 GHz are not appropriate and cannot be applied for path loss modeling and channel characteristics for frequency bands above 6 GHz millimeter wave (mmWave) bands, due to the difference of signal propagation characteristics between existing frequency bands and mmWave frequency bands. Thus, extensive studies on channel characterization and path loss modeling are required to develop a general and appropriate channel model that can be suitable for a wide range of mmWave frequency bands in its modeling parameter. This paper presents a study of well-known channel models for an indoor environment on the 4.5, 28, and 38 GHz frequency bands. A new path loss model is proposed for the 28 GHz and 38 GHz frequency bands. Measurements for the indoor line-of-sight (LOS) and non-line-of-sight (NLOS) scenarios were taken every meter over a separation distance of 23 m between the TX and RX antenna locations to compare the well-known and the new large-scale generic path loss models. This measurement was conducted in a new wireless communication center WCC block P15a at Universiti Teknologi Malaysia UTM Johor, Malaysia, and the results were analyzed based on the well-known and proposed path loss models for single-frequency and multifrequency models and for directional and omnidirectional path loss models. Results show that the large-scale path loss over distance could be modeled better with good accuracy by using the simple proposed model with one parameter path loss exponent PLE (n) that is physically based to the transmitter power, rather than using the well-known models that have no physical base to the transmitted power, more complications (require more parameters), and lack of anticipation when explaining model parameters. The PLE values for the LOS scenario were 0.92, 0.90, and 1.07 for the V-V, V-H, and V-Omni antenna polarizations, respectively, at the 28 GHz frequency and were 2.30, 2.24, and 2.40 for the V-V, V-H, and V-Omni antenna polarizations, respectively, at the 38 GHz frequency.
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Gao, Zhenran, Weijing Li, Yan Zhu, Yongchao Tian, Fangrong Pang, Weixing Cao, and Jun Ni. "Wireless Channel Propagation Characteristics and Modeling Research in Rice Field Sensor Networks." Sensors 18, no. 9 (September 15, 2018): 3116. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s18093116.

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Wireless channel propagation characteristics and models are important to ensure the communication quality of wireless sensor networks in agriculture. Wireless channel attenuation experiments were carried out at different node antenna heights (0.8 m, 1.2 m, 1.6 m, and 2.0 m) in the tillering, jointing, and grain filling stages of rice fields. We studied the path loss variation trends at different transmission distances and analyzed the differences between estimated values and measured values of path loss in a free space model and a two-ray model. Regression analysis of measured path loss values was used to establish a one-slope log-distance model and propose a modified two-slope log-distance model. The attenuation speed in wireless channel propagation in rice fields intensified with rice developmental stage and the transmission range had monotone increases with changes in antenna height. The relative error (RE) of estimation in the free space model and the two-ray model under four heights ranged from 6.48–15.49% and 2.09–13.51%, respectively, and these two models were inadequate for estimating wireless channel path loss in rice fields. The ranges of estimated RE for the one-slope and modified two-slope log-distance models during the three rice developmental stages were 2.40–2.25% and 1.89–1.31%, respectively. The one-slope and modified two-slope log-distance model had better applicability for modeling of wireless channels in rice fields. The estimated RE values for the modified two-slope log-distance model were all less than 2%, which improved the performance of the one-slope log-distance model. This validates that the modified two-slope log-distance model had better applicability in a rice field environment than the other models. These data provide a basis for modeling of sensor network channels and construction of wireless sensor networks in rice fields. Our results will aid in the design of effective rice field WSNs and increase the transmission quality in rice field sensor networks.
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Adebowale, Quadri Ramon, Nasir Faruk, Kayode S. Adewole, Abubakar Abdulkarim, Lukman A. Olawoyin, Abdulkarim A. Oloyede, Haruna Chiroma, Aliyu D. Usman, and Carlos T. Calafate. "Application of Computational Intelligence Algorithms in Radio Propagation: A Systematic Review and Metadata Analysis." Mobile Information Systems 2021 (February 24, 2021): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6619364.

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The importance of wireless path loss prediction and interference minimization studies in various environments cannot be over-emphasized. In fact, numerous researchers have done massive work on scrutinizing the effectiveness of existing path loss models for channel modeling. The difficulties experienced by the researchers determining or having the detailed information about the propagating environment prompted for the use of computational intelligence (CI) methods in the prediction of path loss. This paper presents a comprehensive and systematic literature review on the application of nature-inspired computational approaches in radio propagation analysis. In particular, we cover artificial neural networks (ANNs), fuzzy inference systems (FISs), swarm intelligence (SI), and other computational techniques. The main research trends and a general overview of the different research areas, open research issues, and future research directions are also presented in this paper. This review paper will serve as reference material for researchers in the field of channel modeling or radio propagation and in particular for research in path loss prediction.
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Sabri, N., Mohammed S. S, Sarah Fouad, Syed A. A, Fahad Taha AL-Dhief, and Auda Raheemah. "Investigation of Empirical Wave Propagation Models in Precision Agriculture." MATEC Web of Conferences 150 (2018): 06020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201815006020.

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Wireless Sensor Networks have highly proved its contribution in precision agriculture. Communication channel modelling investigation is a highly demanded to achieve a successful communication system where a good wave propagation model is crucially needed. Precision agriculture degrades the traveling waves in various forms in addition to the effects of the large-scale path losses models. This paper reviews the most known theoretical large-scale path losses models such as free space (FSPL) and Plane earth (PE) models as well as the vegetation models represented by Weissberger, ITU-R, FITU-R and COS235 models. Indeed, this work illustrates the effects of many factors on the total path losses such as separation distance between transceivers, antenna heights and the depth of vegetation that presence in the path propagation. In conclusion, the total path loss is computed based on large-scale path losses and the vegetation losses in protected vegetation environment.
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Wojcicki, Piotr, Tomasz Zientarski, Malgorzata Charytanowicz, and Edyta Lukasik. "Estimation of the Path-Loss Exponent by Bayesian Filtering Method." Sensors 21, no. 6 (March 10, 2021): 1934. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21061934.

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Regarding wireless sensor network parameter estimation of the propagation model is a most important issue. Variations of the received signal strength indicator (RSSI) parameter are a fundamental problem of a system based on signal strength. In the present paper, we propose an algorithm based on Bayesian filtering techniques for estimating the path-loss exponent of the log-normal shadowing propagation model for outdoor RSSI measurements. Furthermore, in a series of experiments, we will demonstrate the usefulness of the particle filter for estimating the RSSI data. The stability of this algorithm and the differences in determined path-loss exponent for both method were also analysed. The proposed method of dynamic estimation results in significant improvements of the accuracy of RSSI values when compared with the experimental measurements. It should be emphasised that the path-loss exponent mainly depends on the RSSI data. Our results also indicate that increasing the number of inserted particles does not significantly raise the quality of the estimated parameters.
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Mahmood, Farhad. "Mobile radio propagation path loss simulation for two districts of different buildings structures in Mosul-city." Iraqi Journal for Electrical and Electronic Engineering 7, no. 1 (June 1, 2011): 78–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.37917/ijeee.7.1.15.

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In this paper two theoretical models have been considered for the prediction of path loss for two different districts in Mosul city, using MATLAB 7.4 program. The Walfisch-Ikegami (W-I) model for uniform heights and similar buildings in the Karama district . The other model is Okumura-Hata (OH) model applied for irregular and dissimilar buildings in the Almajmoa'a district. The information buildings heights are obtained from the civil Eng. Depart. in Mosul university. In this paper it can be shown that The effect of distance in regular area (karama) on path loss is about 10 dB larger than irregular area (Almajmoa'a), and The effect of varying antenna height in regular area (karama) on path loss is about 7 dB greater than irregular area (Almajmoa'a) for 40 meter variation.
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35

Sirdeshpande, Nandakishor, and Vishwanath Udupi. "Characterization of path loss model for wireless communication channel modelling." Data Technologies and Applications 54, no. 3 (April 27, 2020): 343–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/dta-03-2019-0052.

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PurposeWireless communication channel provides a wide area of applications in the field of communication, distributed sensor network and so on. The prominence of the wireless communication channel is because of its robust nature and the sustainability for the precise ranging and the localization. The precision and accuracy of the wireless communication channel largely depend on the localization. The development of the wireless communication channel with improved benefits needs the accurate channel model.Design/methodology/approachThis paper characterizes the tangential path loss model in the WINNER based wireless communication channel model. The measurements taken in the WINNER channel model are compared with the tangential path loss characterized WINNER Channel model.FindingsThe model operates well over the varying antenna orientations, measurement condition and the propagation condition. The proposed tangential path loss model is performing well over the various outdoor scenarios.Originality/valueThe proposed characterization shows change in the small-scale parameters (SSP), such as power, delay, angle of arrival and angle of departure as well as the large-scale parameters (LSP), such as RMS delay spread, shadowing, path loss and Ricean factor associated with the model.
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Silva, J. C., G. L. Siqueira, and P. V. G. Castellanos. "Propagation Model for Path Loss Through Vegetated Environments at 700 – 800 MHz Band." Journal of Microwaves, Optoelectronics and Electromagnetic Applications 17, no. 1 (March 2018): 179–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/2179-10742018v17i11183.

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Ramezani, Mohammad H., Victoria Blanes-Vidal, and Esmaeil S. Nadimi. "AN ADAPTIVE PATH LOSS CHANNEL MODEL FOR WAVE PROPAGATION IN MULTILAYER TRANSMISSION MEDIUM." Progress In Electromagnetics Research 150 (2015): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2528/pier15030702.

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Isabona Joseph, Isabona Joseph. "Urban Area Path loss Propagation Prediction and Optimisation Using Hata Model at 800MHz." IOSR Journal of Applied Physics 3, no. 4 (2013): 8–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.9790/4861-0340818.

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Castro-Hernandez, Diego, and Raman Paranjape. "Local Tuning of a Site-Specific Propagation Path Loss Model for Microcell Environments." Wireless Personal Communications 91, no. 2 (July 4, 2016): 709–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11277-016-3489-0.

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Zhang, Zekun, and Rose Qingyang Hu. "Dense Cellular Network Analysis With LoS/NLoS Propagation and Bounded Path Loss Model." IEEE Communications Letters 22, no. 11 (November 2018): 2386–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lcomm.2018.2850815.

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Ji, Zhong, Bin-Hong Li, Hao-Xing Wang, Hsing-Yi Chen, and Yaw-Gen Zhau. "An improved ray-tracing propagation model for predicting path loss on single floors." Microwave and Optical Technology Letters 22, no. 1 (July 5, 1999): 39–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1098-2760(19990705)22:1<39::aid-mop10>3.0.co;2-o.

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Kim, Kyung-Tae, Jin-Wook Kim, Yun-Hyun Jo, Sang-Uk Kim, In-Seop Yoon, and Hyo-Dal Park. "The Study on Empirical Propagation Path Loss Model in the Antler Terminal Environment." Journal of Korea Navigation Institute 17, no. 5 (October 30, 2013): 516–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.12673/jkoni.2013.17.5.516.

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Njemčević, Pamela, Adriana Lipovac, and Vlatko Lipovac. "Improved Model for Estimation of Spatial Averaging Path Length." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2018 (July 12, 2018): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/4704218.

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In mobile communication systems, the transmitted RF signal is subject to mutually independent deterministic path loss and stochastic multipath and shadow fading. As at each spatial location mostly the composite signal samples are measured, their components are distinguished by averaging out the multipath-caused signal level variations, while preserving just the ones due to shadowing. The prerequisite for this is the appropriateness of the local area averaging path length that enables obtaining the local mean (composed of mean path loss and shadow fading) and the multipath fading as difference between the composite signal sample and the local mean. However, the so far reported analytical approaches to estimation of the averaging path length are based on considering either the multipath or just the shadow fading, with applicability limited to only specific topologies and frequencies. Therefore, in this paper, the most widely used Lee analytical method is generalized and improved by considering multipath and shadowing concurrently, so providing the general closed-form elementary-function based estimation of the optimal averaging path length as a function of common multipath and shadow fading parameters characterizing particular propagation environment. The model enables recommendations for the optimal averaging length for all propagation conditions facing the mobile receiver.
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Amjad, Kashif, Muhammad Ali, Sohail Jabbar, Majid Hussain, Seungmin Rho, and Mucheol Kim. "Impact of Dynamic Path Loss Models in an Urban Obstacle Aware Ad Hoc Network Environment." Journal of Sensors 2015 (2015): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/286270.

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This study highlights the importance of the physical layer and its impact on network performance in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs). This was demonstrated by simulating various MANET scenarios using Network Simulator-2 (NS-2) with enhanced capability by adding propagation loss models (e.g., modified Two-Ray Ground model, ITU Line of Sight and Nonline of Sight (ITU-LoS and NLoS) model into street canyons and combined path loss and shadowing model (C-Shadowing)). The simulation results were then compared with the original Two-Ray Ground (TRG) model already available intoNS-2. The scenario primarily simulated was that of a mobile environment using Random Way Point (RWP) mobility model with a variable number of obstacles in the simulation field (such as buildings, etc., causing variable attenuation) in order to analyze the extent of communication losses in various propagation loss models. Performance of the Ad Hoc On-demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing protocol was also analyzed in an ad hoc environment with 20 nodes.
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Wang, Qi, Bo Ai, Ke Guan, David W. Matolak, Ruisi He, and Xin Zhou. "Ray-Based Statistical Propagation Modeling for Indoor Corridor Scenarios at 15 GHz." International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2016 (2016): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/2523913.

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According to the demands for fifth-generation (5G) communication systems, high frequency bands (above 6 GHz) need to be adopted to provide additional spectrum. This paper investigates the characteristics of indoor corridor channels at 15 GHz. Channel measurements with a vector network analyzer in two corridors were conducted. Based on a ray-optical approach, a deterministic channel model covering both antenna and propagation characteristic is presented. The channel model is evaluated by comparing simulated results of received power and root mean square delay spread with the corresponding measurements. By removing the impact of directional antennas from the transmitter and receiver, a path loss model as well as small-scale fading properties for typical corridors is presented based on the generated samples from the deterministic model. Results show that the standard deviation of path loss variation is related to the Tx height, and placing the Tx closer to the ceiling leads to a smaller fluctuation of path loss.
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Ogunsola, O. E., O. Adeleke, and O. I. Olaluwoye. "Mobile 4G LTE Networks Mobility and Coverage for Some Locations in Ibadan Using Path Loss Analysis." advances in multidisciplinary & scientific research journal publication 26, no. 1 (December 11, 2020): 7–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.22624/isteams/v26p2-ieee-ng-ts.

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The recent migration of most GSM service providers’ networks in Ibadan from 3G to 4G, in preparation for the deployment of 5G technology in the nation necessitated the need to re-examine the GSM networks’ mobility and coverage within the micro cells in-between a Base Station and a Mobile Station. This attempt is aimed at using existing Path Loss Propagation Models in proffering solutions to the negative consequences usually associated with call drops in the Urban and Suburban Areas of Ibadan due to inability of channels to handover as a result of path loss. The path loss (dB) analysis was carried out by measuring the Received Signal Strength RSS (dBm) at distances ranging from 0.05 km to 4 km in-between Base Stations and Mobile Stations using the factory fitted installed RSS software on Android phones. These measurements were taken for three weeks within the urban and suburban areas of the University of Ibadan campus, and its neighborhood community of Agbowo for ten selected existing Base Stations from four of the nationwide GSM Service Providers (SP1, SP2, SP3 and SP4) in Nigeria. The variation of path loss with the RSS for GSM Service Provider (SP1) propagating at 955MHz (reference distance of 0.05km), 1850MHz and 2120MHz, were 66.03 dB, 71.77 dB and 72.96 dB, respectively. However, at 4 km the path loss had risen to 101.59dB for 955MHz, 103.81dB for 1850MHz and 105dB for 2120MHz. Also, the path loss for the GSM service provider (SP2) propagating at 960MHz (reference distance of 0.05km), 1865MHz and 2150MHz were 66.07 dB, 71.84 dB and 73.08 dB, respectively. Moreover, in a similar manner to the SP1 service provider, at 4 km the path loss had risen to 104.14dB for 960MHz, 109.9dB for 1865MHz and 111.14dB for 2150MHz. Furthermore, the path loss for the GSM service provider (SP3) propagating at 950MHz (reference distance of 0.05km), 1835MHz and 2130MHz were 65.98 dB, 71.70 dB and 73.00 dB, respectively. Likewise, as was in the case of the SP1 and SP2 Service providers, the path loss at 4 km had risen to 104.05dB for 950MHz, 109.76dB for 1835MHz and 111.06dB for 2130MHz. Also, the path loss for the GSM service provider (SP4) propagating at 940MHz (reference distance of 0.05km), 1880MHz and 2140MHz, were 65.47 dB, 71.46 dB and 72.23 dB, respectively. Moreover, the path loss at 4 km had risen to 103.53dB for 940MHz, 109.52dB for 1880MHz and 110.29dB for 2140 MHz as was the case with the other GSM Service providers (SP!, SP2 and SP3) considered .Thus, the path loss increases with distance within the microcells of base stations. However, the path loss model with minimum path loss (dB) at a given distance enhances good coverage and handover postponement. Moreover, the mean square error values used in obtaining the accuracy between the measured and the Empirical models were 17.15dB, 59.69dB, 48.46dB, 60.52dB and 40.07dB for the C-model, Cost-OH, Sub-O, Lee-model and experimental model, respectively. . Key words: GSM networks, Base station, Mobile station, Signal strength, GSM service provider
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Rainville, Luc, and Robert Pinkel. "Propagation of Low-Mode Internal Waves through the Ocean." Journal of Physical Oceanography 36, no. 6 (June 1, 2006): 1220–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo2889.1.

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Abstract The baroclinic tides play a significant role in the energy budget of the abyssal ocean. Although the basic principles of generation and propagation are known, a clear understanding of these phenomena in the complex ocean environment is only now emerging. To advance this effort, a ray model is developed that quantifies the effects of spatially variable topography, stratification, and planetary vorticity on the horizontal propagation of internal gravity modes. The objective is to identify “baroclinic shoals” where wave energy is spatially concentrated and enhanced dissipation might be expected. The model is then extended to investigate the propagation of internal waves through a barotropic mesoscale current field. The refraction of tidally generated internal waves at the Hawaiian Ridge is examined using an ensemble of mesoscale background realizations derived from weekly Ocean Topography Experiment (TOPEX)/Poseidon altimetric measurements. The path of mode 1 is only slightly affected by typical currents, although its phase becomes increasingly random as the propagation distance from the source increases. The effect of the currents becomes more dramatic as mode number increases. For modes 3 and higher, wave phase can vary between realizations by ±π only a few wavelengths from the source. This phase variability reduces the magnitude of the baroclinic signal seen in altimetric data, creating a fictitious energy loss along the propagation path. In the TOPEX/Poseidon observations, the mode-1 M2 internal tide does appear to lose significant energy as it propagates southwestward from the Hawaiian Ridge. The simulations suggest that phase modulation by mesoscale flows could be responsible for a large fraction of this apparent loss. In contrast, northeast-propagating internal tides encounter a less energetic mesoscale and should experience limited refraction. The apparent energy loss seen in the altimetric data on the north side of the ridge might indeed be real.
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Onur, T. O. "Investigation of Parameters Affecting Underwater Communication Channel." Journal of Engineering Sciences 7, no. 1 (2020): F39—F44. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/jes.2020.7(1).f4.

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Underwater communication has become a widely studied area in recent years and showed great potential to be an area of research. Acoustic communication is often preferred in underwater communication due to its suitability for an underwater diffusion environment. However, in underwater communication, the physical and chemical properties of the water environment affect sound propagation. Therefore, determining and examining parameters affecting channel performance in underwater communication plays an essential role in inefficient communication. In this study, the effects of salinity, depth, noise, temperature, and frequency parameters for the underwater channel model are examined. By determining the effects of these parameters on spherical and cylindrical propagation, suitable propagation geometry and parameter values for an efficient channel are investigated. In light of the results obtained, in case of studying in a limited area, the path and absorption losses can be reduced by selecting cylindrical propagation as a geometrical propagation model, thereby an efficient channel model can be formed. Keywords: cylindrical propagation, spherical propagation, underwater communication channel, acoustic communication, path loss, absorption loss.
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Tang, Yi Nan, Xiao Ping Xie, and Wei Zhao. "Performances of Non-Line-of-Sight Ultraviolet Multi-Scatter Propagation for Noncoplanar Geometries." Advanced Materials Research 571 (September 2012): 214–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.571.214.

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A multi-scatter propagation model based on Monte Carlo method is presented. This model can be applied to all the geometries, including coplanar or noncoplanar scenario. The mathematical description of this model is deduced. We obtain the spatial positions of photon with three Cartesian coordinates after each propagation step and the received judgment conditions. Employing a photon tracing technique, Monte Carlo simulation is performed to investigate the signal impulse response and the path loss. The results indicate that, when the off-axis angle increases, the amplitude of the impulse response decreases, while the path loss increases. In addition, it is observed that the pulse width increases with the off-axis angle.
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Abdullahi, Z. M., O. U. Okereke, A. I. Isa, and A. Ozovehe. "Development of Radio Propagation Path Loss Model for Kaduna Town, Nigeria Using GMDH Algorithm." European Journal of Engineering Research and Science 5, no. 10 (October 25, 2020): 1253–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejers.2020.5.10.2042.

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Radio propagation measurement were acquired at the 900 MHz and 1800 MHz frequency bands from six (6) live base stations (BS1 to BS6) in Kaduna town, Nigeria using an Asus Zenfone enhanced with a network monitoring software (Network Cell Info Lite). The receive signal strength (RSS) measurements were taken from the BSs at a distances of 200 m apart (in dB) until the signal faded out and the measurements were taken for twelve (12) calendar months which covered all seasons of the year, the corresponding path loss were calculated which were subsequently used to develop a propagation path loss prediction model with the Group Method of Data Handling (GMDH) algorithm. However, the results obtained shows very small variations between the model fit (which was the best fit curve from the measured data) and the predictions (which is the forecast). Hence, since the variations between the model fit and the predictions are not wide, with sometime the values of prediction being better than that model fit, the GMDH model is showing good prediction for Kaduna metropolis.
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