Dissertations / Theses: 'Property organisations'

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Ismail, Iskandar. "The operational property management process in large non-property organisations in Malaysia : an organisational perspective." Thesis, University of Reading, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.319774.

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Knox-Davies, Barrie. "The extent to which a learning organisation culture influences employee engagement in two service based organisations in the property sector of South Africa." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/23452.

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Increasingly the competitiveness of organisations will depend on the level of service and quality of experience offered by the employees of the organisation. In short, it is the employees within an organisation that define how successful the organisation can be to the market. The opportunity to outperform competitors lies in the ability to innovate quicker, respond faster and better understand the needs of the consumer, in so doing, becoming the organisation that creates the next trend rather than follow it. The key to achieving outstanding performance, driving both bottom-line revenue and sustained growth in the long term is in harnessing the collective knowledge latent within the organisation and freely available just beyond the organisation in the external context. This can only be done through developing a strong Learning Organisational Culture. The impact this has on the organisation is in improving employee engagement providing the catalyst in which employees perform at an optimum, minimising the unproductive cycles of the organisation resulting from employee turnover, lost intellectual capital and general employee apathy. The study provides evidence that Learning Organisation Culture is positively correlated with Employee Engagement. Copyright 2010, University of Pretoria. All rights reserved. The copyright in this work vests in the University of Pretoria. No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the University of Pretoria. Please cite as follows: Knox-Davies, B 2010, The extent to which a learning organisation culture influences employee engagement in two service based organisations in the property sector of South Africa, MBA dissertation, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, viewed yymmdd < http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-03242012-174550 / > F12/4/208/zw
Dissertation (MBA)--University of Pretoria, 2010.
Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS)
unrestricted

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Nurick, Saul. "An investigation into the mechanisms that are steering large property owning organisations to implement green building features." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/16958.

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Corporate social and environmental responsibility (CSR/CER) are terms that are often used to brand a company in a positive light. This does not necessarily mean that every organisation implements social and environmental initiatives with the same degree of vigour and commitment. South African property owning organisations are becoming increasingly aware that being socially and environmentally responsible can encompass the design and operation of their buildings. It is for this reason that these types of organisations are searching for ways to implement green building initiatives in their property portfolios. The implementation of environmentally friendly/green initiatives is viewed as Socially Responsible Property Investments (SRPI). Green building initiatives are slowly being adopted by some property owning organisations in South Africa, especially after the formal establishment of the Green Building Council of South Africa (GBCSA) in 2007. Implementation of green building initiatives have been met with multiple barriers by property owning organisations, such as lack of education by the professional team with regards to cost of green features and the processes involved in gaining green certification. Three prominent property owning organisations in Cape Town, two corporate and the other an academic institution were chosen as suitable case studies and analysed. Multiple respondents were interviewed for each case study and asked questions regarding their social and environmental initiatives and to what degree, if at all, they are attempting to implement green building features in their buildings. These questions were used to compare the organisation's actions to the content of its CSR policy. It was found that the adoption of green building initiatives was based on the type of property owning organisation, be it corporate or non-corporate. The property owning type has resulted in differing motives for implementation of green initiatives; however there are some common motives regardless of the company type, such as the financial feasibility of implementing said initiatives. The final results of this research revealed that although there is a small gap between a property owning company's CSR policy to that of its stated social and environmental initiatives, the gap between the CSR policy and its green building initiatives is still relatively large.

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Baker, Marzena K. "Women's progression to leadership: A project-based organisational perspective." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2016. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/91852/1/Marzena_Baker_Thesis.pdf.

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This is a qualitative study of female underrepresentation in leadership roles in project-based organisations in Australia, specifically the construction and property development industries. Using a gender lens, the underlying structural and cultural barriers to women's advancement to leadership in those organisations was studied and, in particular, what challenges they face in their career advancement and what attempts they make to resolve those challenges. The findings show that the unique characteristics of project-based organisations, with their perpetual masculine work practices, embedded masculine logic, gender-based bias and masculine organisational culture, all maintain the pattern of underrepresentation of women.

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Tay, Linda. "Antecedents and consequences of marketing organisation in professional property services (PPS) firms." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.325002.

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Clarke, Mervyn C. "Developing a performance assessment model to support organisational property decision making." Thesis, Ulster University, 2016. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.685547.

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This research is focused on developing a methodology to quantify the support operational property or corporate real estate (CRE) is providing in pursuit of an organisation's core business. Literature suggests the extent CRE supports achievement of core business goals depends on how well CRE is aligned with corporate strategy. To measure how well property is aligned requires the identification and prioritisation of property attributes or criteria that reflect the CRE strategy and thus the corporate strategy. Management of CRE is a role under Corporate Real Estate Management (CREM) or Facilities Management (FM) and both these professions strive to added value to the property management process. Therefore a methodology to measure and enhance property performance in relation to core business through targeted CREM/FM interventions is potentially a means by which these professions could further demonstrate their added value. Evaluation criteria are required to measure the alignment performance of a property and thus develop the assessment methodology or model. Review of CREM and FM literature found a plethora of potential hard and soft property criteria. These were structured under three hierarchal levels giving 13 performance categories, 37 factors and 172 indicators. Following this the performance factors were filtered by an industry panel and the importance rated by a group of senior estate managers before further simplification using factor analysis. The final property performance assessment model (PPAM) construct contains 10 extracted performance areas and 34 performance factors. The PPAM was successfully tested on a sample group of eight properties to assess their performance, identify where performance could be improved, and evaluate the potential range of property interventions available. The PPAM can help aid CRE decision making within a public sector organisation by prioritising interventions and investment that are in alignment with corporate strategy.

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Oloko, Temitope O. "Impact of the World Trade Organisation TRIPS Agreement on the Intellectual Property Laws of Nigeria." Thesis, University of Pretoria, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/53216.

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The primary purpose of this study is to determine the consequence of the Agreement on Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS Agreement) on the intellectual property laws in Nigeria. The discussion centers on the examination for compliance of the three main laws on intellectual property in Nigeria, as well as the enforcement mechanism for these laws. As the field of intellectual property continues to expand and impact on vital spheres, such as health care, foreign direct investment, technology transfer and access to information, there is a need to safeguard and sustain a beneficial response to concerns about the impact of the relevant provisions of the TRIPS Agreement and its application to intellectual property in Nigeria. The impact of the TRIPS Agreement on developing countries has been a subject of extensive and intense debate, however very little has been focused on Nigeria. The thesis demonstrates, despite the fact that the Nigerian intellectual property laws have not been reviewed since Nigeria s adoption of the TRIPS Agreement, that the laws are mostly compliant and capable of being adapted to encourage the vital spheres. However, it is noted in this study that the flexibilities provided in the TRIPS Agreement are glaringly absent but are needed to tolerate and sustain a beneficial response to the queries on the impact of the TRIPS Agreement and its implication for intellectual property in Nigeria. The challenges facing intellectual property from a legal, educational and developmental perspective were highlighted as having a great effect on the growth of intellectual property. The thesis concludes that although the present legal framework provides a measure of compliance, the benefit of a reformed legal frame work to Nigeria cannot be overstated.
Thesis (LLD)--University of Pretoria, 2014.
Private Law
LLD
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Muzaka, Valbona. "In Sickness and in Wealth: Dealing with Intellectual Property Rights and Public Health at the World Trade Organisation." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.489668.

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Despite being about wealth and about who owns and controls the new capital - knowledge the study of intellectual property rights has generally attracted little attention from students of contemporary global political economy. This study seeks to bring such study squarely within the field, by opening a window into the complex interactions and contests over intellectual property rules that continue to engage multiple players in various fora simultaneously. The outcomes of these contests are as yet unclear, but they certainly have the potential to alter the future shape mid direction of global economy, for better or for worse. We do not engage in speculations about such outcomes, but seek to point to the growing importance of the politics of intellectual property and trade rules. More specifically, this is a study on the 'how' and 'why' of the emergence of the current global intellectual property regime and the manner in which the interplay between global intellectual property and trade rules has played out in the area of global public health. We seek to offer a political economy approach to understanding and explaining the multifaceted contests between state and non-state actors that have been attempting to resolve the many tensions inherent in the intersection of these three issue-areas in ways which best satisfy their interests. However, this is but one area where actors and interests are clashing over intellectual property rules; our hope is that other studies will follow which will continue to shed light into these contests and help us better to understand how global (intellectual property) governance structures are made and remade over time.

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Abou, El Farag Balat Mohamed Salem. "Legal analysis of Egypt's implementation of the Trips Agreement against the background of intellectual property rights in the World Trade Organisation." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.494831.

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Janse, van Vuuren Francois Jacobus. "Technology licencing practices of South African manufacturing companies a profile and the influence of some organisational, transactional and contextual factors /." Pretoria : [s.n.], 2004. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-01122005-084535.

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Van, Zyl Megan. "An Analysis of the objectives and general principles of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation's Convention on the Protection of Underwater Cultural Heritage." Cape Town, South Africa : Unitersity of Cape Town, 2005. http://lawspace.law.uct.ac.za:8080/dspace/handle/2165/61?mode=full.

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Then, Danny Shiem-Shin. "A study of organisational response to the management of operational property assets and facilities support services as a business resource - real estate asset management." Thesis, Heriot-Watt University, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/10399/1277.

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The research was driven by three objectives: • to clarify the nature and strength of the link between strategic business planning and the contributory role of the corporate real estate assets; • to model the management processes that are necessary for a proactive approach to real estate provision and their ongoing management as operational facilities; and • to develop an integrated management development model for real estate asset management that is built on continuous improvement. The underlying aim of the study is to develop models and frameworks that justify and provide for the competencies necessary for the continuous alignmof the operational real estate assets to changing business requirements. The above research objectives were operationalised by investigating three related organisational variables - structure, processes and competencies. The main findings reflect a situation in which organisations are looking to optimise on all its business resources. The dynamics of the market place and the pace of technological development are forcing many organisations to look at their operational assets more closely. The evidence from the case studies organisations supports the following: Structure - It is not so much the positioning in terms of closeness to corporate management, but the level of influence that real estate/facilities executives have on the corporate decision making processes that relate to operational facilities issues. Processes - A proactive management approach must provide for procedures that incorporate the strategic business intentions in facilities dimensions and be in a position to provide solutions to business needs. Competencies - It is incumbent upon the real estate/facilities department to understand the nature of the business they are supporting and develop competencies that support the corporate strategic intent. The research proposes an integrated resource planning framework that incorporates the requirements of three principal business resources; people, technology and property. The proposed framework regards Real Estate Asset Management, REAM, as an integrative planning and management process that considers the outcome in operational facilities provision as matching the requirements of people, technology and property; to consciously create the desired workplace environment as defined by real estate variables (via the strategic facilities brief) and facilities services variables (via the service levels brief). The proposed framework was validated against a panel of experts practising in the field of real estate and facilities management. The contribution in knowledge in the field may be viewed in terms of a critical examination of the role of operational facilities as a business resource and the implications this has on the practice of real estate asset management in an organisational setting.

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Balzaretti, Rossano. "The lands of Saint Ambrose : the acquisition, organisation and exploitation of landed property in north-western Lombarby by the monastery of Saint'Ambrogio Milan, c.780-1000." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.320448.

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Snyman, Pamela Beatrice. "Sustainable competitive advantage through organisational leadership and learning in a service environment : a resource-based view." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/19882.

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Thesis(MPhil)--University of Stellenbosch, 2007.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The determination of what the concept ‘sustainable competitive advantage’ means within a service environment and the consequent establishment of key resources within Pam Golding Properties and the role that leadership and the creation of a learning organisation play, formed the core of this study. The case study was therefore undertaken to glean relevant information from reality in order to determine which resources that can be described as intangible assets and competences contribute in a sustainable manner to the organisation’s competitive advantage in a dynamic and changing business environment. Existing and historical resources including leadership and learning within the organisation were identified by means of semi-structured interviews with a range of company executives. These resources were then assessed by means of questionnaires that were distributed to a wide range of stakeholders within the organisation in terms of value for the client, sustainability and transferability. These outcomes, in turn, provided the basis for conclusions and recommendations for future utility in order to maintain competitive advantage that would ultimately lead to sustained superior performance on all fronts. The findings that were made, culminated in a visual representation of leadership and organisational learning that form the core of the organisation and simultaneously illustrating their interdependence with the other key resources, namely organisational culture, the Pam Golding Properties brand, reputation, teamwork, relationships, systems and procedures, managers and agents. These resources form the essence of the organisation. The organisational culture within Pam Golding Properties that is representative of the core values of integrity, honesty, sincerity and service delivery was found to be the overall resource that provides the organisation with sustainable competitive advantage. This was closely followed by the value of the brand and reputation, teamwork and inter-personal relationships, the utilisation of efficient systems and procedures and the recruitment and retention of competent managers and agents. Organisational leadership was found to instil confidence in the organisation. A common, shared vision that is understood and underwritten by all employees is however lacking and change needs to be managed in such a way that the organisation’s core ideology is not compromised, but an envisioned future should be communicated throughout. The brand carries out the promise of the culture and core values, but can be tarnished if the reputation for service excellence is not upheld and it can lose credibility if expectations are not met. The brand thus needs protection from within and this can only happen if the people in the organisation share in the process of and toward an envisioned future. It was established that meaningful change presupposes continual improvement in a dynamic, yet sustainable organisation. It was therefore also recommended that a concerted effort be made to actively promote and strive towards the company becoming a true learning organisation in order to sustain its culture, brand, reputation and other intangible assets and competences. In the event that these and other recommendations in terms of resources are seriously considered and strived for by company leaders, this organisation should be an example to the rest of the world regarding sustainable competitive advantage.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die bepaling van wat die konsep ‘volhoubare mededingende voordeel’ beteken binne ‘n diensomgewing en die daaropvolgende vasstelling van sleutelhulpbronne binne Pam Golding Eiendomme en die rol wat leierskap en die skep van ‘n leerorganisasie speel, het die kern van hierdie studie gevorm. Die gevallestudie is dus onderneem om toepaslike inligting vanuit realiteit te werf, om sodoende vas te stel watter hulpbronne wat as ontasbare bates en bevoegdhede beskryf kan word, op ‘n volhoubare wyse tot die organisasie se mededingende voordeel bydra in ‘n dinamiese en veranderende sake-omgewing. Bestaande en historiese hulpbronne insluitend leierskap en leer binne die organisasie is geïdentifiseer by wyse van semi-gestruktueerde onderhoude wat met ‘n aantal uitvoerende lede van die maatskappy gevoer is. Hierdie hulpbronne is daarna deur middel van vraelyste wat aan ‘n breë reeks insethouers binne die organisasie versprei is, geëvalueer in terme van waarde vir die kliënt, volhoubaarheid en oordraagbaarheid. Hierdie uitkomste het weer die basis verskaf vir afleidings en voorstelle wat gemaak is ten opsigte van toekomsbruikbaarheid om mededingende voordeel te behou wat uiteindelik tot volhoubare superieure verrigting op alle fronte sal lei. Die bevindings wat gemaak is, het in ‘n visuele voorstelling van leierskap en organisasieleer gekulmineer, wat die kern van die organisasie uitmaak en tegelykertyd hul interafhanklikheid illustreer ten opsigte van die ander sleutelhulpbronne, naamlik organisasie-kultuur, die Pam Golding Eiendomme handelsnaam, reputasie, spanwerk, verhoudings, stelsels en prosedures, bestuurders an agente. Hierdie hulpbronne maak die essensie van die organisasie uit. Die organisasie-kultuur binne Pam Golding Eiendomme wat verteenwoordigend is van die kernwaardes van integriteit, eerlikheid, opregtheid en dienslewering het as die oorhoofse hulpbron uitgestaan wat die organisasie van volhoubare mededingende voordeel verseker. Dis gevolg deur die waarde van die handelsnaam en reputasie, spanwerk en inter-persoonlike verhoudings, die benutting van doeltreffende stelsels en prosedures en die werwing en retensie van bekwame bestuurders en agente. Daar is bevind dat organisasie-leierskap vertroue in die organisasie skep. ‘n Gemeenskaplike, gedeelde visie wat deur al die werknemers verstaan en onderskryf word, kom egter kort en verandering behoort op só ‘n wyse bestuur te word, dat die organisasie se kern-ideologie nie onder verdenking gebring word nie, maar ‘n gevisioneerde toekoms behoort deurgaans gekommunikeer te word. Die handelsnaam dra die belofte van die kultuur en kernwaardes uit, maar kan skade opdoen as die reputasie vir diensuitnemendheid nie onderhou word nie en dan kan geloofwaardigheid ingeboet word indien daar nie aan verwagtinge voldoen word nie. Die handelsnaam moet dus van binne uit beskerm word en dit kan slegs gebeur indien die mense in die organisasie aan die proses van ‘n gevisioneerde toekoms deelneem. Dit is bevind dat betekenisvolle verandering aaneenlopende verbetering in ‘n dinamiese, dog volhoubare organisasie veronderstel. Daar is dus ook voorgestel dat ‘n doelbewuste poging aangewend word dat die wording van ‘n ware leerorganisasie aktief gepromoveer en nagestreef behoort te word om sodoende die kultuur, handelsnaam, reputasie en ander ontasbare bates en bevoegdhede vol te kan hou. Indien hierdie en ander voorstelle ten opsigte van hulpbronne ernstig deur die maatskappy se leiers bedink en nagestreef word, behoort hierdie organisasie vir die res van die wêreld ‘n voorbeeld van volhoubare mededingende voordeel te wees.

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Majok, Daniel Bol. "Access to essential medicines in East Africa: A review of East Africa community and its member states approach to WTO-TRIPS public health flexibilities." University of the Western Cape, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/6202.

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When the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) was annexed to the Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organisation (WTO) in 1994, it set minimum standards for intellectual property (IP) protection, including protection of patent rights, that must be observed and enforced by all WTO Member States. On the one hand, stringent Intellectual Property protection as seen innovation in the field of science where medical innovation hasled to the creation of live saving vaccines which have reduced prevalence of diseases, ranging from polio to the human Papillomavirus, and invention of antiretroviral medicines which have greatly improved the lives of people living with the Huma Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). On the other hand, the fulfilment of the obligations under TRIPS has generated a lot of controversy especially as they have been seen as the cause of reduced access to essential medicines in developing countries.
Magister Legum - LLM (Mercantile and Labour Law)

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Nitsche, Sabine. "Human resource management of multinational organisations operating in Europe : finding the proper balance between standardisation and differentiation of human resource policies and practices /." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2003. http://aleph.unisg.ch/hsgscan/hm00089786.pdf.

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Murisa, Tendai. "An analysis of emerging forms of social organisation and agency in the aftermath of 'fast track' land reform in Zimbabwe." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003081.

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The fast track land reform programme resulted in a fundamental reorganisation of rural relations in Zimbabwe, changing the landscape in an irreversible way with people from diverse backgrounds converging on former white-owned farms. This thesis tells the story of how the newly resettled land beneficiaries are organising themselves socially in response to various economic challenges. It makes a contribution towards understanding how redistributive land reforms and local government restructuring influence rural social organisation and agency. Furthermore the study examines local perceptions on the meanings of the „farm‟ and „land redistribution‟. An utterance by one war veteran “what used to be your farm is now our land and you are free to take your farm but leave our land” provides an alternative rendition to contestations of restitution versus a purely farm productionist discourse. The study, through an analysis of primary and secondary data, provides a fresh understanding of the social outcomes of fast track. It traces the evolution of land and agrarian reforms in post-independence Zimbabwe and the political and social economic context that led to „fast track‟. Through an analysis of field findings the thesis is able to define the dominant social groups that were resettled during fast track and the challenges they face in utilising the land. The findings show that the majority of the land beneficiaries were from the customary areas, with limited agricultural experiences. Local cooperation within informal networks and local farmer groups has been identified as one of the ways in which social reproduction is being organised. These groups are responsible for enhancing production capacity but they face a number of constraints. The study derives its theoretical foundation from the post 1980s debates on rural society dominated by Mafeje (1993, 2003), Rahmato (1991) and Mamdani (1996). The debates centred on how institutions of inclusion, authority and cooperation such as the lineage groups, local farmer groups and traditional authority remain relevant in the organisation of post-independent rural African society especially in a context of increased commoditisation of rural relations of production. Using theoretical insights derived from analysing the role of the lineage groups in the allocation of critical resources such as land and the influence of traditional authority (indirect rule) as a form of local government, the study examines how social organisation is emerging in areas where neither lineage nor traditional authority are not dominant. The thesis of rural cooperation through local groups as advanced by Rahmato (1991) and Moyo (2002) provides partial insights into the response mechanisms that land beneficiaries invoke in this instance. It is not necessarily an autonomous space of organisation but rather the state is actively involved through various functionaries including extension officers who invariably advance a very productionist approach. The state‟s monopoly through its local functionaries hides its political cooptation effect by emphasising organisation for production without questioning the manner in which that production is externally controlled through limited rights over land, the state‟s monopoly over inputs supply and markets for commodities. Whilst land reform has been driven by local participation through land occupations, local government reform has been technocratically determined through Ministerial directives. There is however little innovation in the form of local government that is being introduced. It expands the fusion of authority between elected Rural District Councils and unelected traditional authority functionaries. The forms of social organisation and agency that have emerged remain subordinated to the state with no links to other networks of rural producers‟ associations and urban civil society organisations. These developments form part of a longheld tradition within the Zimbabwean state where the legitimacy of local organisation and authority is usurped to service the interests of the state. Thus whilst land reform has to a certain extent accommodated the majority poor, the ensuing local government and agrarian reforms are more focused on limiting their participation in broader processes of political engagement around distribution and accumulation and their own governance.

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Björkman, Barbro. "Ethical aspects of owning human biological material." Licentiate thesis, KTH, Philosophy and History of Technology, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-610.

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Björkman, Barbro. "Virtue Ethics, Bioethics, and the Ownership of Biological Material." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Filosofi, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-4814.

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The overall aim of this thesis is to show how some ideas in Aristotle’s Nicomachean Ethics can be interpreted and used as a productive way to approach a number of pressing issues in bioethics. Articles I-II introduce, and endorse, a social constructivist perspective on rights (as opposed to the more traditional natural rights idea). It is investigated if the existence of property-like rights to biological material would include the moral right to commodification and even commercialisation. Articles III-V discuss similar questions and more specifically champion the application of an Aristotelian virtue ethics perspective. The articles are preceded by an introductory essay on some of the central themes in the Nicomachean Ethics. This section also includes a very brief account of what the connection between virtue ethics and a theory of social construction, including rights, could look like. The thesis seeks to show that if read somewhat creatively many of the ideas in the Nicomachean Ethics make for a highly useful approach to modern moral problems. It should be noted, however, that this thesis in no way claims to be an exegetic, or a complete, study of the Nicomachean Ethics. Article I deals with ownership of biological material from a philosophical, as opposed to a legal, perspective. It is argued that a strand in liberal political theory that treats property relations as socially constructed bundles of rights, as developed by e.g. Felix Cohen and Tony Honoré, is well suited for discussions on ownership of biological material. Article II investigates which differences in biological material might motivate differences in treatment and ownership rights. The article draws on the social constructivist theory of ownership which was developed in Article I. Article III employs virtue ethics to explain why it is morally permissible to donate but not to sell organs such as kidneys. It is suggested that the former action will bring the agent closer to a state of human flourishing. Article IV argues that virtues like philia, justice, beneficence and generosity — traditionally all seen as other-regarding — contain strong self-regarding aspects. The central claim is that these self-regarding aspects of the other-regarding virtues are necessary components of complete virtue and thus that the fully virtuous agent has to act virtuously both in her dealings with herself and others. Article V applies the ideas that were developed in Article IV to the case of living organ donations to next of kin. It is proposed that such an act, although noble and fine, is supererogatory, rather than obligatory, as the donor is morally entitled to be partial to herself. This argument is made against the backdrop of a discussion on some Aristotelian ideas on philia and partiality.
QC 20100709

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Erlos, Frédéric. "Discours d'entreprise et organisation de l'information - Apports de la textométrie dans la construction de référentiels terminologiques adaptables au contexte." Phd thesis, Université de la Sorbonne nouvelle - Paris III, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00511829.

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L'organisation de l'information sur un intranet (réseau informatique interne d'une organisation fonctionnant avec les technologies d'Internet) nécessite de nouvelles approches pour traiter la question de l'adéquation entre l'arborescence des sites et les usages linguistiques de leurs publics. Une façon de prendre en compte ces usages consiste à explorer les données textuelles représentatives d'une situation de communication spécifique. Une telle exploration est effectuée à l'aide de techniques textométriques, comme l'index hiérarchique des formes, les concordances, les segments répétés, la carte des sections d'un texte, le calcul des co-occurrences et l'analyse factorielle des correspondances. On extrait alors d'un corpus de textes de communication d'entreprise (rapports d'activité) les unités lexicales destinées à la construction d'un référentiel terminologique d'un type particulier. Afin de prendre en compte le contexte de communication on propose d'utiliser trois sortes de repères : - le référentiel d'objets propre à une organisation, - les propriétés pragmatiques des noms propres, - la collecte d'une partie du vocabulaire caractéristique du corpus utilisé comme source du référentiel terminologique, réalisée à partir d'une sélection de noms propres. Ainsi, cette collecte ne se limite pas aux seules unités terminologiques : elle comprend également des mots relevant de la langue commune et des noms propres. Les unités appartenant au vocabulaire du corpus sont choisies en fonction du type de relations sémantiques établies avec les noms propres dans les discours. Enfin, les résultats obtenus sont évalués en termes de productivité, de fiabilité et de représentativité.

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Mörke, Oscar. "Motivation och incitament för Generation Y : Hur ska man få den nya generationen att stanna? En fallstudie i HSB Stockholm Förvaltning." Thesis, KTH, Fastigheter och byggande, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-211072.

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Tidigare studier inom generationsväxlingar menar på att det finns skillnader mellan generationers värderingar och vad de prioriterar. En viktig faktor av det hela är att se till vad Generation Y blir motiverade av och hur HSB Stockholm Förvaltning bör arbeta med hur det ska få denna generation att stanna inom företaget. Studien syftar till att ge en ökad förståelse kring hur den valda fall organisationen, HSB Stockholm Förvaltning framgångsrikt ska hantera den pågående generationsväxlingen med hänsyn till hur de arbetar med incitament och motivation med syfte att medarbetare ska stanna inom organisationen. I denna kvalitativa fallstudie har intervjuer av semistrukturerad karaktär genomförts för att belysa studiens frågeställningar. Sammanfattningsvis är slutsatsen av studien att HSB Stockholm Förvaltnings arbete med incitament och motivation måste individualisera och i ännu högre utsträckning anpassas till de nya medarbetarnas behov, förutsättningar och önskemål. Organisationen bör särskilt se över Generation Y:s krav på utveckling och kompetensförsörjning. Organisationen bör även se till Generation Y:s mer påtagliga krav på företagets arbete med hållbarhet och etiska profil samt att medarbetare vill ha en större mening i sitt arbete
Previous studies in generational changes mean that there are differences between generations values and what they prioritize. An important factor of the whole is to make sure what Generation Y is motivated by and how, as an employer, you should work on how to make this generation stay within the company. The aim of the study is to provide a better understanding of how the chosen case organization, HSB Stockholm Förvaltning, successfully manages the current generation change, taking into account how to work with incentives and motivation with the aim of employees staying within the organization. In this qualitative case study interviews of semistructured nature have been conducted to highlight the study's questions. The conclusion of the study is that the work of incentives and motivation by HSB Stockholm property management must individualize and to an even greater extent be adapted to the needs, prerequisites and wishes of the new employees. Particular attention should be paid to Generation Y's development and competence development requirements. The organization should also ensure Generation Y's more tangible requirements for the company's work with sustainability and ethical profile and that, as a co-workers, Generation Y’s requires a greater meaning in their work life.

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Le, Kim-Marlène. "The role of creative communities and entrepreneurs in producing digital content without formal intellectual property : the case of alternative pornography." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018STRAB007/document.

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Le rôle des communautés a été intentionnellement négligé dans l’analyse les modèles d'affaires de la pornographie mainstream (Darling, 2014), nous soutenons cependant qu’il est essentiel à la production de pornographie alternative. Le but de cette thèse consiste alors à comprendre le rôle des communautés et des entrepreneurs dans la production de pornographie sex-positive dans un contexte où le régime de propriété intellectuelle est faible. Nous utilisons une méthodologie qualitative pour aborder cette question, afin de documenter l'activité communautaire et entrepreneuriale de cette niche. Nous concluons que le contenu pornographique sex-pos est exploité principalement par des moyens informels, fondés sur des motivations intrinsèques et des mécanismes de réputation. Plus précisément, ces communautés jouent un rôle central dans la création de contenu protégé par le droit d'auteur, car ils agissent comme des instruments d'exploitation et d'appropriation de la propriété intellectuelle
Business models for mainstream porn were extensively explained by Darling (2014).While the role of communities was intentionally overlooked for this segment of the industry, I argue that it is central to the production of alternative pornographies. The research question, then, consists in investigating the role of creative communities and entrepreneurs in producing digital sex-positive pornography in a context of a weak intellectual property regime. I used a qualitative method to tackle this question,in order to document community and entrepreneurial activity in the sex-positive niche. As a conclusion, I find that sex-pos pornographic content is specifically exploited mostly through informal means, based on intrinsic motivation and reputational mechanisms. More specifically, these communities and entrepreneurs are central to the creation of copyrighted content, as they act as informal instruments of intellectual property exploitation and appropriation

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Manai, Sarah. "L'adhésion de la Chine à l'OMC et le régime de protection de la propriété intellectuelle." Thesis, Aix-Marseille 3, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AIX32078.

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Récemment les droits relatifs à la protection intellectuelle ont joué un grand rôle à travers le monde. Comment est-il possible de protéger efficacement les droits de propriété intellectuelle. En tant qu’un des accords de l’OMC, l’Accord sur les aspects des droits de propriété intellectuelle qui touchent au commerce est un élément de réponse à cette question. En effet, la protection de ce dernier en termes de droit de propriété intellectuelle a atteint un niveau sans précédent. Après son entrée à l’OMC en 2001, la République Populaire de Chine a du mettre sa législation en matière de droit de la propriété intellectuelle en conformité avec l’ADPIC. En effet, l’intégration de la Chine dans l’économie mondiale ces dernières années a été accentuée par sa volonté à ouvrir son économie et à garantir certaines règles de droit quand le pays a accédé à l’OMC le 11 Décembre 2001. Les progrès de la Chine en matière de protection de la propriété intellectuelle ont été importants dans une période assez courte. Moins de vingt ans auparavant, le pays n’était pas doté d’un système de protection de la propriété intellectuelle. Aujourd’hui, la Chine possède un ensemble d’instruments juridiques modernes composé de lois et de procédures spécifiques aux aspects de propriété intellectuelle, sans aucune comparaison possible avec le reste du monde. Par conséquent, entre 1992 et 2001, beaucoup de réformes furent entreprises. La Chine a consenti à étendre son système de protection de la propriété intellectuelle à tous les domaines et d’augmenter le niveau de protection des droits de propriété intellectuelle par l'instauration de procédures d’acquisition ou de protection d’un droit de propriété intellectuelle, de mettre en place les mesures nécessaires pour contrôler les violations d’un droit de propriété intellectuelle et renforcer l’exécution et la mise en application des sanctions. Cependant, l’application de ce droit en Chine soulève certains problèmes. L’objet de cette thèse est d’illustrer les causes de l’apparition de ces problèmes en comparant l’accord ADPIC et le droit chinois de la propriété intellectuelle, et en analyser aussi les similarités et les différences entre les deux. Partant de ces différences, les imperfections de la loi chinoise seront illustrées par le différend devant l’Organe de règlement des différends de l’OMC dans le différend entre les Etats-Unis et la République Populaire de Chine quant aux mesures affectant la protection et le respect des droits de propriété intellectuelle en Chine (Règlement des différends: affaire DS 362: Chine — Mesures affectant la protection et le respect des droits de propriété intellectuelle) . Les causes des failles du système de protection de la propriété intellectuelle chinoise tiennent à son histoire, sa culture confucianiste, et sa conception du droit. Paradoxalement, le nouveau régime de propriété intellectuelle faciliterait grâce à sa transparence et à son efficacité, les transactions de produits porteurs de droits de propriété intellectuelle entre les entreprises chinoises et les entreprises étrangères. Par conséquent la capacité en matière d’innovation de la Chine s'est affirmée durant cette période de transition vers une économie qui accorderait une place plus importante à la création industrielle et à l’innovation comme Taiwan ou la République de Corée l’ont fait auparavant. En effet, l’émergence de la République populaire de Chine comme nation leader dans le domaine scientifique dynamise le droit de la propriété intellectuelle par une forte demande interne. L’objet de ce travail est donc d’établir un état des lieux de l’influence de l’ADPIC sur le droit de la propriété intellectuelle en Chine, avec d’une part, une législation nationale en matière de propriété intellectuelle conforme à l’ADPIC e d’autre part, un système d’application des droits de propriété intellectuelle en demi-teinte dans les faits
Recently, intellectual property rights protection played a major role in the world. How can this right be protected properly and people get interests from it as much as possible? This has become an issue during the last decade. Indeed, the protection of the latter in terms of intellectual property rights has reached an unprecedented level. After joining the WTO in 2001, the People's Republic of China has made its intellectual property laws compliant with the TRIPS Agreement. Indeed, the integration of China into the global economy in the last years has been accentuated by its willingness to open its economy and to respect the rule of law when the country joined the WTO on December 11 2001.The progress made by China in the area of protection of intellectual property rights were more than important in a short period. Less than twenty years ago, the country was not able to build the necessary infrastructure to protect intellectual property rights. Nowadays, China has a modern set of legal instruments composed substantive and procedural law for each specific aspect of intellectual property, with no possible comparison with the rest of the world. In fact, between 1992 and 2001, many reforms were undertaken. China has agreed to extend its system of protection of intellectual property in all areas and has increased the protection to a high level, strengthening the implementation and enforcement of its intellectual property laws. However, the enforcement of these laws in China raises some problems. The purpose of this thesis is to illustrate the causes of the occurrence of these problems by explaining the TRIPS Agreement and the Chinese law of intellectual property, and analyze the similarities and also differences between both of them. Based on these differences, the imperfections of Chinese law will be illustrated by the dispute before the Dispute Settlement Body of the WTO between the United States and the People's Republic of China on measures affecting the protection and respect for intellectual property rights in China (2007-2009). The causes of cracks in the system of protection of intellectual property have its roots in Chinese history, Confucian culture and the Chinese conception of law. The new intellectual property regime has enhanced the transparency and efficiency of transactions of products bearing intellectual property rights between Chinese enterprises and foreign enterprises, and has helped China to build its capacity for innovation in China in this period of transition to an economy that places greater emphasis on innovation as did Taiwan or the Republic of Korea before. Indeed, the emergence of China as a leading nation in science energizes the intellectual property law by a strong domestic demand for innovation and intellectual property rights. The purpose of this work is to establish an assessment of the positive impact of TRIPS on intellectual property law in China, with one hand, a national legislation on intellectual property in line with the TRIPS and on the other hand, the failure of the enforcement of intellectual property rights in practice

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24

Sacco, Solomon Frank. "A comparative study of the implementation in Zimbabwe and South Africa of the international law rules that allow compulsory licensing and parallel importation for HIV/AIDS drugs." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/1100.

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"Zimbabwe and South Africa are facing an HIV/AIDS epidemic of such proportions that the populations of these countries will markedly decline in the next ten years despite the existence of effective drugs to treat the symptoms of AIDS and dramatically lower the communicability of the virus. These drugs are under patent protection by companies in the developed world and the patents raise the prices above the level of affordability for HIV infected persons in South Africa and Zimbabwe. Zimbabwe has declared a national emergency on HIV/AIDS, apparently in conformance with TRIPS and has issued compulsory licenses to a local company that has started to manufacture and sell cheap anti-retroviral drugs. South Africa has not declared a national emergency and has not invoked the TRIPS flexibilities or utilized flexibilities inherent in its own legislation. However, while thousands of people die every week in the two countries, neither government has yet provided an effective HIV/AIDS policy. Extensive litigation and public pressure in South Africa has led the government to announce a policy of supplying free HIV drugs in public hospitals while the Zimbabwean government has announced the provision of the same drugs, also in public hospitals, apparently utilising the state of emergency. The TRIPS agreement under which the two governments undertook to protect international patents allows compulsory licensing under certain circumstances (not limited to a national emergency) and the Doha Declaration on TRIPS and Public Health, and subsequent agreements by the Ministerial Council of the WTO allow the manufacture and, in limited circumstances, the parallel importation of generic drugs. These provisions provide a theoretical mechanism for poor countries to ensure their citizens' rights of access to health (care). The research is aimed at identifying the extent of the effectiveness of the legal norms created by Articles 20 and 31 of TRIPS, the Doha Declaration and subsequent Council of Ministers' decisions, which together ostensibly provide a framework to allow provision of generic drugs. It is further aimed at investigating how the state of emergency in Zimbabwe has been utilised to provide cheap generic drugs to Zimbabweans and whether this would be an option for South Africa. A comparison of the legal provisions governing the provision of drugs in the two countries will also be undertaken to examine the extent to which international and national constitutional and legal provisions may be utilised to give effect to the right to health." -- Introduction.
Thesis (LLM (Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa)) -- University of Pretoria, 2004.
Prepared under the supervision of Dr. Enid Hill at the American University in Cairo.
http://www.chr.up.ac.za/academic_pro/llm1/dissertations.html
Centre for Human Rights
LLM

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Somda, Aminata. "Les droits de l'auteur burkinabé sur son œuvre." Thesis, Normandie, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018NORMR107.

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L’auteur d’une oeuvre de l’esprit au Burkina Faso jouit d’un faisceau de droits reconnus par le droit positif. Ainsi, des droits aussi bien moraux que patrimoniaux lui sont octroyés. Dans le cadre de la mise en oeuvre de ces droits, un mécanisme est mis en place. Il consiste à la perception et à la répartition des droits de l’auteur sur son oeuvre. Cependant, le poids de la tradition, l’analphabétisme des populations et la méconnaissance de la propriété littéraire et artistique entravent conséquemment le bon déroulement du mécanisme. Ces facteurs socio-culturels concourent à la violation massive des droits d’auteur. En effet, les droits du créateur s’en trouvent fortement affectés tant l’exploitation illégale des oeuvres a atteint des proportions fort inquiétantes. Ainsi, l’auteur est pris en tenaille entre une société réfractaire et une loi obsolète. En effet, la loi n° 032/AN/99 du 22 décembre 1999 portant protection de la propriété littéraire et artistique au Burkina Faso est, à bien des égards, en déphasage avec l’environnement juridique contemporain. Il convient donc de procéder à une relecture de ce texte pour une protection optimale des droits de l’auteur burkinabé d’une oeuvre de l’esprit. Il convient, également, de mettre l’accent sur la sensibilisation des populations afin de changer la perception erronée de celles-ci de la propriété littéraire et artistique
The author of a work of the spirit in Burkina Faso enjoys a bundle of rights recognized by positive law. Thus, both moral and patrimonial rights are granted. As part of the implementation of these rights, a mechanism is put in place. It consists in the perception and the distribution of the rights of the author on his work. However, the weight of the tradition, the illiteracy of the populations and the ignorance of the literary and artistic property consequently hinder the smooth running of the mechanism.These socio-cultural factors contribute to the massive violation of copyright. Indeed, the rights of the creator are strongly affected as the illegal exploitation of works has reached very disturbing proportions. Thus, the author is caught between a refractory society and an obsolete law.Indeed, Law No. 032 / AN / 99 of 22 December 1999 on the protection of literary and artistic property in Burkina Faso is, in many respects, out of step with the contemporary legal environment. It is therefore appropriate to re-read this text for an optimal protection of the rights of the Burkinabe author of a work of the mind. Emphasis should also be placed on sensitizing the population to change their misperception of literary and artistic property

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26

Cortes, Thomas. "La personnalité morale comme technique de droit public." Thesis, Paris 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA020092.

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Souvent présentée non seulement comme une notion fondamentale du droit, mais encore comme une notion fondatrice du droit public moderne, la personnalité morale est une oeuvre collective des juristes. Ce sont eux qui l’ont créée et qui continuent de la façonner. Elle s’impose aussi à eux en les orientant, en leur fournissant une palette de ressources dans lesquelles ils peuvent puiser. Le recours à cette technique d’individualisation d’un collectif est ainsi susceptible d’affecter la structure du droit public. Au travers d’une étude sémantique de la notion de personnalité morale, l’analyse des discours juridiques aura permis de montrer dans quelle mesure la signification retenue par les acteurs juridiques a pu être à l’origine tant de son développement que de sa stérilisation. En effet, plus la doctrine s’efforcera d’établir le sens proprement juridique de la personnalité morale, plus elle la réduira à rien ou presque. En tant que concept, elle est un point d’imputation qui ne fournit aucune indication sur les prérogatives juridiques des collectifs qui bénéficient de cette qualification. Quant à leurs différences de régime juridique, elles sont rattachées à la notion d’organisation. En revanche, en tant que procédé rhétorique, elle vise à assurer le succès d’une argumentation qu’elle contribue à mettre en forme. Cette métaphore assumerait ainsi une fonction heuristique dans la construction d’un droit des collectifs ou encore une fonction herméneutique dans la définition de leurs prérogatives. En définitive, la personnalité morale est une figure du discours juridique qui contribue à inscrire dans un même dispositif de rationalité les différents phénomènes qu’elle recouvre
Often presented not only as a fundamental legal concept, but also as a founding notion of modern public law, corporate personality is the result of the collective work of jurists. They are the ones who created it and continue to shape it. While being bound by it, corporate personality also constitutes a tool which provides them with a range of resources from which they can draw. Defined more precisely as a form of individualization of a group, resort to this technique is likely to affect the structure of public law. Through a semantic study of the notion of corporate personality, an analysis of legal discourse contributes to showing how the meaning determined by legal actors is at the origin of both its development and its sterilization. Indeed, the more legal doctrine endeavors to establish its strictly legal sense, the more it will be reduced to nothing or almost nothing. As a concept, it is a point of imputation which does not provide any indication on the legal prerogatives attached to corporate bodies that benefit from this qualification. As for the differences in their legal status, they are attached to the notion of organization. As a rhetorical device however, corporate personality aims at ensuring the success of an argument which it contributed to shaping. This metaphor would thus assume a heuristic function in the construction of corporation law as well as a hermeneutical function in the definition of their prerogatives. Ultimately, corporate personality is a device of legal discourse that contributes to the inclusion within a single rationality system of the different phenomena which it covers

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Cook, John Stanley. "A cybernetic approach to land management issues." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 1994. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/36222/2/John_Cook_Thesis.pdf.

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This work is a digital version of a dissertation that was first submitted in partial fulfillment of the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the Queensland University of Technology (QUT) in March 1994. The work was concerned with problems of self-organisation and organisation ranging from local to global levels of hierarchy. It considers organisations as living entities from local to global things that a living entity – more particularly, an individual, a body corporate or a body politic - must know and do to maintain an existence – that is to remain viable – or to be sustainable. The term ‘land management’ as used in 1994 was later subsumed into a more general concept of ‘natural resource management’ and then merged with ideas about sustainable socioeconomic and sustainable ecological development. The cybernetic approach contains many cognitive elements of human observation, language and learning that combine into production processes. The approach tends to highlight instances where systems (or organisations) can fail because they have very little chance of succeeding. Thus there are logical necessities as well as technical possibilities in designing, constructing, operating and maintaining production systems that function reliably over extended periods. Chapter numbers and titles to the original thesis are as follows: 1. Land management as a problem of coping with complexity 2. Background theory in systems theory and cybernetic principles 3. Operationalisation of cybernetic principles in Beer’s Viable System Model 4. Issues in the design of viable cadastral surveying and mapping organisation 5. An analysis of the tendency for fragmentation in surveying and mapping organisation 6. Perambulating the boundaries of Sydney – a problem of social control under poor standards of literacy 7. Cybernetic principles in the process of legislation 8. Closer settlement policy and viability in agricultural production 9. Rate of return in leasing Crown lands

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Vallon, Virginie. "Quelle alimentation pour le XXIe siècle ? ou le respect du droit à l’alimentation et l’émergence d’une nouvelle régulation économique." Thesis, Montpellier 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011MON10017.

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Démontrer la possible émergence d'une nouvelle régulation économique mondiale est l'objectif de ce travail. Notre étude a envisagé les législations internationales et nationales relatives aux droits économiques, sociaux et culturels à la lumière de l'important problème des droits de propriété industrielle.Cette régulation, fondée sur le droit à la conditionnalité universelle, offre une application effective du droit à l'alimentation par le biais d'une transformation de la répartition de la production agricole et par le biais d'une législation en matière de propriété industrielle permettant l'accès aux denrées alimentaires à tous
Demonstrate the possible emergence of a new global economic regulation is the objective of this work. Our study considered the international and national laws relating to economic, social and cultural rights in light of the significant problem of industrial property law. This regulation, based on the universal right to cross-compliance, provides an effective implementation of the right to food through a change in the distribution of agricultural production and through legislation on industrial property to access to food at all

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Löwenborg, Daniel. "Excavating the Digital Landscape : GIS analyses of social relations in central Sweden in the 1st millennium AD." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Arkeologi, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-111393.

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This thesis presents a number of GIS based landscape analyses that together aim to explore aspects of the social development in Iron Age Västmanland, central Sweden. From a perspective where nature and culture are seen as integrated in the landscape, differences in the relations to the physical landscape are interpreted as reflecting social organisation. Thus, hydrological modelling of watersheds is used for understanding the development of territories and regions that are recognisable in the outlay of the medieval hundare districts. Statistical modelling of burial grounds together with variables describing their situation in the landscape is used to calculate an estimated chronology for sites that have not yet been excavated. This information is used to analyse differences in how the setting in the landscape can tell of different trends in claims to land and property rights. An extensive renegotiation of property rights is suggested to have taken place after climatic catastrophe in AD 536 and the years after. This is interpreted as having caused a substantial population decline in parts of Scandinavia. The social development after this includes an increasingly stratified social hierarchy in the Late Iron Age, which is reflected in the construction of grave monuments. New GIS methods for analysing how to interpret the perception of different locations of the landscape, in terms of local topography and soil are discussed in relation to this. How to make the best use of large datasets of archaeological information in combination with other sources of geographical information is a central theme. Geographically Weighted Regression is used to predicting the representativity of the registry of graves for the whole landscape. It is suggested that the increasing availability of archaeological information in digital format, together with new analytical techniques has the potential to introduce fruitful new research perspectives. This will make it increasingly rewarding to work with the large amount of data produced from rescue archaeology, and it is important that this information is managed in a structured manner.
Appendices see http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-111310

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30

Germain, Veronique. "La récupération du nom propre d'une personne : éléments fondamentaux sur les informations sémantiques en mémoire et éléments appliqués pour la prise en charge de la maladie d'Elzheimer." Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013CLF20006.

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Pouvoir identifier la personne en face de soi et être capable de retrouver son nom apparaissent des activités indispensables aux interactions sociales quotidiennes. Or, le nom propre s‟avère être une information spécifique comparée aux autres informations disponibles sur une personne. La récupération de cette information est souvent décrite comme difficile. Pour autant, si les auteurs s‟accordent sur la spécificité du nom propre, l‟examen de l‟organisation en mémoire du nom propre et des informations sémantiques liées aux personnes sera l‟objet de ce travail. De plus, l‟accès aux informations sémantiques s‟avère déficitaire dans la maladie d‟Alzheimer.Une première expérience a permis d‟élaborer un matériel normé sur 210 visages/noms, permettant la sélection précise de stimuli. Afin d'étudier la question de l‟organisation en mémoire des informations sémantiques et plus particulièrement l‟information nom propre, deux études comportementales et trois études électrophysiologiques ont été menées. Dans les deux dernières études, nous avons travaillé sur l‟apprentissage et le maintien en mémoire de l‟information spécifique nom propre auprès d‟une population Alzheimer. La discussion des différents résultats s‟appuie sur les connaissances théoriques actuelles sur le sujet
Being able to identify the person in front of us and being able to remember his or her name appear to be essential activities to daily social interactions. However, compared to other available information related to a person, the proper name seems to be specific information. Proper name retrieval has been very often described as particularly difficult. Although this work aims to study the organization of semantic information in memory, and more specifically the proper name information. Moreover, access to semantic information is known be deficient for Alzheimer disease.A first study has allowed to develope out a standardized material of 210 faces/names, permitting an accurate selection of stimuli. Two behavioural and three electrophysiological studies have been carried out to study the organization of semantic information in memory, and more specifically the proper name. For the last two experiments, we have worked on learning and how to keep specific information « proper name » into memory for Alzheimer‟s disease patients. Discussion of the different results is based on current theorical knowledge on the subject

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Van, Schalkwyk Phillipus Johannes. "A conceptual framework and considerations for mergers and acquisitions in the information technology arena / P.J. van Schalkwyk." Thesis, North-West University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/2038.

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Ben, Merad Nadia. "Le règlement des différends relatifs a la propriété intellectuelle dans le cadre de l'OMC." Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AZUR0020.

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Les négociations de l’Uruguay Round ont été l’occasion d’introduire la propriété intellectuelle dans le cadre du GATT avec la conclusion de l’Accord sur les aspects des droits de propriété intellectuelle qui touchent au commerce (ADPIC) et l’application du système renforcé de règlement des différends de l’OMC aux différends découlant de ce nouvel accord. La présente thèse vise à analyser comment ce système administré par l’ORD organise, traite et règle les différends relatifs au respect des obligations découlant de l’Accord sur les ADPIC. La question est d’une grande importance en raison des singularités de l’Accord sur les ADPIC. Les études menées tout au long de cette thèse ont permis de faire état des règles et procédures encadrant le règlement des différends ADPIC ; de révéler certaines spécificités, en ce qui concerne le type de plaintes pouvant être portées devant l’ORD, et certaines difficultés spécifiques soulevées par l’application de son système de rétorsion à l’Accord sur les ADPIC ; de mettre en avant le rôle central que joue l’ORD, lequel s’est révélé crédible et efficace, non seulement en traitant les différends ADPIC par le truchement des Groupes spéciaux et l’Organe d’appel, mais encore en contribuant à en régler un nombre appréciable au stade des consultations ; et enfin de souligner la manière prudente dont ont fait preuve les Groupes spéciaux et l’Organe d’appel dans leur mission
The Uruguay Round negotiations gave an opportunity to include intellectual property within the GATT framework, with the conclusion of the Agreement on Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) and the application of the reinforced system of the WTO dispute settlement to disputes deriving from this new agreement. The present thesis aims at analyzing how this system, managed by the Dispute Settlement Body (DSB) organizes, drafts and rules disputes related to the respect of the obligations born of the TRIPS Agreement. The question is of great importance because of the TRIPS Agreement singularities. The studies undertaken throughout this thesis help report on the rules and procedures framing the TRIPS disputes settlement ; reveal some specificities, with regard to the type of complaints which can be brought before the DSB, and some specific difficulties generated by the application of the DSB retaliation system to the TRIPS Agreement ; highlight the central role that plays the DSB, which appeared trustworthy and effective, not only in dealing with TRIPS disputes through the establishment of panels and the Appellate Body, but also in contributing to the settlement of a significant number of disputes at the consultation stage ; and finally underline how the panels and the Appellate Body precautiously lead their own mission

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Ruzek, Vincent. "Communautarisation et mondialisation du droit de la propriété intellectuelle." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014REN1G009.

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L’internationalisation du droit de la propriété intellectuelle, initiée à la fin du XIXe siècle, a pris depuis la fin du XXe siècle une toute nouvelle tournure avec son inclusion dans le champ des disciplines commerciales multilatérales. La signature de l’accord ADPIC marque en effet l’émergence d’une véritable gouvernance mondiale de la propriété intellectuelle : l’ambition affichée par l’OMC est d’encadrer, substantiellement parlant, la marge de manœuvre des membres dans la mise en place de leurs politiques de protection. Bien qu’initié plus tardivement, la communautarisation du droit de la propriété intellectuelle revêt désormais une portée considérable : outre une conciliation effective des régimes nationaux de protection avec les principes cardinaux du traité, d’importantes directives d’harmonisation ont été édictées, et des titres européens de protection ont même été créés dans certains secteurs. Notre étude a pour vocation de montrer comment la communautarisation, au-delà de son rôle traditionnel de source du droit, officie comme un indispensable vecteur de structuration de la position européenne vis-à-vis de la mondialisation du droit de la propriété intellectuelle. Dans son versant ascendant tout d’abord – du local au global –, le vecteur communautarisation joue un rôle de mutualisation des objectifs à promouvoir sur la scène internationale. L’enjeu n’est autre que celui de façonner une gouvernance mondiale de la propriété intellectuelle qui corresponde au système d’intérêts et de valeurs de l’Union, conformément aux objectifs ambitieux assignés par le Traité. Ce processus de mutualisation n’a toutefois rien d’automatique : d’importantes contraintes institutionnelles – malgré plusieurs révisions du Traité et la progression graduelle de l’harmonisation en interne – contrarient l’émergence d’une véritable politique européenne extérieure intégrée. Mais c’est précisément à l’aune de ces contraintes qu’il convient d’apprécier la portée des accomplissements de l’UE, qui a su s’imposer comme un acteur central de la gouvernance mondiale du droit de la propriété intellectuelle. Dans son versant descendant ensuite – du global au local –, le vecteur communautarisation s’accompagne d’une montée en puissance du juge de Luxembourg dans l’arbitrage des situations d’interactions normatives fréquentes et complexes entre le droit de l’Union et le droit international de la propriété intellectuelle. L’étude systématique de la résolution par la Cour de ces interactions normatives montre combien celle-ci s’attache à préserver l’autonomie de l’ordre juridique de l’Union, en ménageant une marge d’appréciation significative dans la mise en œuvre des obligations découlant de la mondialisation du droit de la propriété intellectuelle. Cette marge d’appréciation est mise à profit pour assurer la défense d’un modèle européen original en construction, tirant parti des flexibilités du cadre normatif mondial
The internationalization of IP Law, initiated at the end of the 19th century, has taken since the end of the 20th century a brand new twist with its inclusion in the field of multilateral trade disciplines. The signing of the TRIPS agreement marks the emergence of a global IP governance. Indeed, the ambition displayed by the WTO is to supervise the margin of maneuver of its Members in implementing their policies. Although Communitization of IP law started much later, it now has a considerable scope: national protection regimes have been conciliated with the cardinal principles of the Treaty, some important harmonization directives have been enacted, and various European titles of protection have even been created. Our study is designed to show how Communitization, beyond its traditional role of source of law, officiates as a necessary and efficient vector for structuring the European position towards the Globalization of IP Law. In its ascendant side first -- from Local to Global, the Communitization vector plays a role of merging the objectives to be promoted on the international scene. The issue at stake is to shape an IP global framework that corresponds to the system of interests and values of the EU, in accordance with the far-reaching objectives assigned by the Treaty. This merging process is, however, not automatic. In spite of several amendments to the Treaty and of the progress of internal harmonization, various institutional constraints thwart the emergence of a fully integrated external European policy in the field of IP. But it is precisely in light of these constraints that the scope of the achievements of the EU, which in now recognized as a central actor in the global IP governance, must be appreciated. In its down side then -- from Global to Local, the Communitization vector is accompanied by a rise of the European Court of Justice in arbitrating complex normative interactions between national, EU and International IP Laws. A systematic analysis of the resolution by the ECJ of these normative interactions reveals its determination to safeguard the autonomy of the EU legal order, by arranging for significant discretion in implementing international commitments. This margin of appreciation is used to defend an original European model under construction, taking advantage of the flexibilities of the global normative framework

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Bagal, Monique. "La protection des indications géographiques dans un contexte global : essai sur un droit fondamental." Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSE3077.

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Les négociations internationales concernant la protection des indications géographiques connaissent, depuis près de deux décennies, un blocage au sein de l’Organisation Mondiale du Commerce opposant des pays défenseurs des indications géographiques, à des pays plus sceptiques. Résultant d’un compromis entre l’approche des pays de l’Union Européenne et celle des Etats-Unis, les standards minimum de protection des indications géographiques de l’ADPIC ont mis en lumière la diversité des approches juridiques en la matière et fait émerger un débat quasi-passionnel sur les moyens appropriés que l’Etat doit mettre en œuvre pour protéger les noms géographiques. L’histoire renseigne sur le fait que le plaidoyer pour ou le réquisitoire contre l’un ou l’autre camp ont toujours tourné autour des philosophies de la protection des indications géographiques : d’une part, les pays défenseurs des indications géographiques prônent à travers leur mise en œuvre, la protection d’industries plus vulnérables à la concurrence ; d’autre part, les pays sceptiques privilégient le plus possible, la liberté du commerce et de l’industrie et par ricochet, la libre exploitation des signes. Pour ces derniers, seule la reconnaissance par le consommateur d’une association qualité-origine du produit justifie une réservation du nom. Le régime multilatéral des IG issu de l’Accord sur les aspects de la propriété intellectuelle qui touchent au commerce résulte donc d’un compromis entre ces deux philosophies de la protection. D’aucuns ont souligné le caractère insatisfaisant d’un tel compromis qui ne rend pas nécessairement compte de la nature réelle de ces signes géographiques. Ce travail tente de le transcender. Il est fondé sur le pari que, dans une perspective juridique, tout n’a peut-être pas été essayé. Dans un effort pour trouver un dénominateur commun et pour proposer une solution à l’impasse actuelle, cette recherche repose sur le rapprochement du régime de protection des indications géographiques, au régime de protection des droits de l’Homme. Non pas dans une perspective moralisatrice mais bien dans un effort pour déduire des solutions concrètes quant à la portée de la protection internationale des IG et du rôle des Etats dans la mise en œuvre de ces outils de propriété intellectuelle. L’article 15.1 c) du Pacte sur les droits économiques, sociaux et culturels prévoit : « Chacun a droit à la protection de ses intérêts moraux et matériels découlant de toute production scientifique, littéraire ou artistique dont il est l’auteur ». L’activation de cet article pourrait permettre de voir en les détenteurs d’IG non pas seulement les sujets bénéficiaires de la protection mais les sujets destinataires de politiques publiques. Il y aurait un donc un « droit de » bénéficier d’une certaine protection des IG et un « droit à » certaines prestations publiques. Au-delà de ce cadre en apparence rigide, le recours au droit international des droits de l’Homme rend la recherche d’un équilibre entre les droits de détenteurs IG et les droits du public plus intégratrice d’enjeux multiples et indispensable à la légitimité du régime multilatéral de protection des IG
Since two decades, the international protection of geographical indications is characterized by a “blockage” in the negotiations at the World Trade Organization opposing the countries favorable to the protection of geographical indications to countries more skeptical in this regard. Deriving from a compromise between the European conception of the protection of GIs and the American one, the minimum standards of TRIPS have revealed the different legal options in this field and have resulted in a passionate debate over the appropriate role of the State. History shows that the advocacy for, or indictment against one or the other way of protecting GIs focuses essentially on the philosophy of protection in one or the other territories. As a reminder, the European Union “culture” is to protect industries far too exposed to competition while the American “culture” is to preserve economic freedom of operators and to grant monopoly on a geographical name only where such name has been tested on the market and is recognized by the “public” as having a geographical anchorage. Equally compelling, neither of these philosophies has allowed reaching the most acceptable balance for GI regime. This work seeks to transcend them. It bets that everything has not been tried yet, at least from a legal perspective. In order to find a common solution and a way forward to multilateral protection of geographical indications, the paper relies on the culture of “human rights”, not really with a view to “moralize” the field of study but more to deduct practical answers deriving from the international human rights law. As a matter of fact, article 15.1 c) of the Convention on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights provides that “The States Parties to the present Covenant recognize the right of everyone […] to benefit from the protection of the moral and material interests resulting from any scientific, literary or artistic production of which he is the author”. The activation of this article could allow approaching geographical indications operators, not only as beneficiaries of certain rights but also as beneficiaries of public policies. By virtue of article 15.1 c), there shall be a right to benefit from the GI protection (“right-liberty”) but also, a right to claim certain public policies (“right-debt”) in this regard. Beyond this seemingly strict framework for GIs, the reference to international human rights law proves to beneficial to the necessary balance between the rights of GI operators and the rights of the public. Incidentally, this balance is inclusive of multiple issues which is essential to the legitimacy of the multilateral regime of protection of GIs

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Farah, Paolo Davide. "L'intégration de la Chine dans l'Organisation mondiale du commerce." Thesis, Aix-Marseille 3, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AIX32085.

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Notre thèse a pour but de réfléchir à cette question majeure, de tenter de résoudre cette impasse : le droit du commerce international contemporain a été élaboré à partir de principes libéraux pour réaliser la libre circulation des marchandises et des services (OMC, GATT, GATS…), sans toutefois tenir compte des différentes barrières culturelles internes des pays (par exemple en Chine), ni de considérations « autres que d’ordre commercial ». Comment dépasser les barrières internes ? Comment intégrer les valeurs non commerciales ? La Chine est à la fois une partie du problème et une partie de la solution à cette question. Une partie du problème en ce que les frictions entre les principes de libre circulation et les habitudes propres à une aire culturelle donnée sont particulièrement vivaces dans le cas de la Chine et font sans cesse surface dans le cadre des exigences de régulation. Une partie de la solution aussi en ce que son engagement pour les technologies vertes et les énergies renouvelables donne plus poids à la nécessité d’élargir les lois étroites du commerce pour prendre en compte les considérations autres que commerciales
This doctoral thesis will aim at addressing the following problematic issue: contemporary international trade law has been established on liberal (free trade) principles in order to allow the free movement of goods and services (WTO, GATT, GATS, etc.), without taking into account other countries internal cultural barriers (for example in China), or non-trade concerns (NTCs). How to overcome internal barriers? How to integrate non-trade concerns? China is part of the problem as well as part of the solution. On one hand frictions between global free-trade principles and local cultural habits are overwelhming present in China and continuously interfere with the requirements of trade regulation. On the other China’s involvement in green technology or renewable energies give more weigth to the necessity of extending the international trade framework to include non-trade concerns in its definition

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Cao, Peng. "Les limites du mécanisme de règlement des différends de l'OMC à l'égard de la mise en oeuvre de l'accord sur les ADPIC en Chine." Thesis, Aix-Marseille 3, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AIX32059.

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Avant même son adhésion à l’OMC, la Chine disposait déjà en matière de propriété intellectuelle d'un arsenal juridique très complet sous de fortes influences extérieures, en particulier américaines. La Chine a instauré le système complet et efficace de propriété intellectuelle en moins de trente ans, elle a capacité de, au moins théoriquement, remplir ses engagements internationaux de l’Accord sur les ADPIC. La Chine semble maintenant l'un des pays où la protection de la propriété intellectuelle est du niveau mondial le plus avancé. Dans ce cas là, on peut néanmoins s’interroger, si on constate que la Chine a déjà rempli ses engagements internationaux en cette matière, pourquoi les Etats-Unis ont déposé deux plaintes relatives au régime chinois de propriété intellectuelle auprès de l’OMC en avril 2007 ? Pourquoi la Chine a une fois de plus été inscrit en 2007 par les Etats-Unis sur la « liste 301» ? Et pourquoi la Chine est toujours considérée comme un pays roi de la contrefaçon aux yeux des occidentaux ?Les pays développés peuvent arriver à imposer une législation aux pays en développement, ils ne peuvent cependant pas imposer sa mise en œuvre. Comme le dit le fameux proverbe, « Tu peux amener un cheval au bord de la rivière, tu ne peux néanmoins pas le faire boire ». La raison nous semble évidente en espèce : l’élaboration d’une loi suppose une action des autorités étatiques, qui pourrait être faite comme un choix diplomatique sous des contraintes ; l’application de la loi dans une société dépend des éléments juridique, économique, culturel, moral, etc., qui ne peut pas être obtenue sous l’effet d’une contraintes de quelque sorte que ce soit. Cela nous invite à réfléchir sur l’applicabilité du mécanisme de règlement des différends de l’OMC à la mise en œuvre de l’Accord sur les ADPIC. La protection des droits de propriété intellectuelle dans les pays en développement met en lumière des problèmes systémiques dont le traitement nécessite une approche globale. Même si la Chine n’est qu’un exemple des pays en développement, à cause de sa taille, c’est toujours la protection des droits de propriété intellectuelle en Chine qui attire le plus l’attention au niveau mondial. En Chine, comme dans tous les pays en développement, le décalage entre la législation nationale en matière de propriété intellectuelle et sa mise en œuvre ne peut diminuer qu’au fur et à mesure de l’évolution de la société dans les aspects concernant l’Etat de droit, la mentalité des habitants à l’égard des droits de propriété intellectuelle, le rôle de la propriété intellectuelle dans le développement de la société, etc
Even before its entry into the WTO, China had already had a complete set of legal means in the field of intellectual property under the great external influences, especially from the United States., China has established an integrated and valid system of intellectual property in no more than three decades, therefore, she is capable of, at least theoretically, fulfilling her international commitments to the TRIPS Agreement. Nowadays, China seems to become one of the countries which have the world's highest level of intellectual property protection. Given the circumstances, if it is perceived that China has already fulfilled its international obligations under TRIPS Agreement, we still wonder why the United States appealed twice to WTO concerning China’s intellectual property system in 2007 ? Why was China listed in the "The 301 Clause" again in 2007 by the United States? And why has China been considered a manufacturer of counterfeits in westerners’ eyes?Developed countries can compel developing countries to make laws, but they can not ensure the implementation of laws. As the famous proverb goes, "You can lead a horse to the water, but you cannot make it drink." The reason seems quite obvious: legislation is an action of a country, which may be made as a diplomatic choice under certain pressure; while the application of the law, whose effect is unlikely to be achieved under any kind of external pressure, is dependant on various factors such as jurisdiction, economy, culture, ethics etc. This enables us to reflect on the validity of the WTO mechanism of dispute settlement in the implementation of the TRIPS Agreement. The protection of intellectual property rights in developing countries concerning some systematic problems requires a comprehensive cognition. Although China is an example of developing countries due to her size, the protection of intellectual property rights in China has always attracted various attentions worldwide. In China, as in all the other developing countries, the disparity between the legislation and implementation on intellectual property can only be reduced with the gradual social development in aspects of the establishment of a country under the rule of law, the ideological recognition of intellectual property rights by the public, the role of intellectual property in the process of social development, etc

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Salhi, Mongi. "L'évolution du droit de propriété intellectuelle en Tunisie suite à son adhésion à l'OMC et la signature de l'accord ADPIC." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018USPCB018/document.

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L'accord ADPIC a été accepté par la Tunisie comme un mal nécessaire afin d'obtenir des bénéfices commerciaux dans les secteurs de grand intérêt. Il était également considéré comme bien pensé car il accordait une période de transition aux PED afin qu'ils puissent adapter leurs systèmes à cet instrument exhaustif et établir un standard minimum qui pourrait s'appliquer à tous les pays et rattacher les DPI au commerce. La Tunisie constitue un cas d'analyse intéressant et ce, surtout comparativement aux autres pays qui ont maintenu une attitude de rejet par rapport aux traités classiques de PI. Notre pays était membre aux conventions de Paris et de Berne depuis plus d'un siècle. Il était certes le bon élève qui s'est harmonisé en développant une nouvelle culture de protection à la PI conformément au nouveau système international. La raison est que la PI est conçue afin d'être, dans la nouvelle économie cognitive, un outil important dans la compétitivité internationale. Elle constitue également un instrument pour attirer les IDE. En même temps, et comme le stipule l'ADPIC, la PI serait un composant essentiel dans la promotion de l'innovation et la facilité du transfert de technologie. Mais ce schéma d'harmonisation sur la base de prétendus standards minimums n'a pas satisfait l'engouement des pays industrialisés qui se sont lancés dans la conclusion d'accords commerciaux bilatéraux au-delà de l'ADPIC. Notre objectif est donc d'analyser ces présupposés et d'essayer d'expliquer ce qui s'est passé depuis l'accord ADPIC. La question est de savoir si le pays, en procédant de cette manière, avait réussi à établir cette articulation entre les considérations commerciales qu'exige l'ADPIC et les préoccupations internes se rapportant à la santé, l'agriculture, la diversité culturelle et l'environnement. Vingt trois ans après, le pays a-t-il tiré profit de l'alignement de son régime de PI sur l'accord ADPIC ? L'un des objectifs avoués de l'ADPIC était la diffusion du savoir et par là, l'amélioration des capacités R & D. Cependant, très peu de progrès a été réalisé, il semble même que la situation ait empiré
The TRIPS agreement has been accepted by Tunisia as a necessary evil in order to obtain commercial benefits in sectors of great interest. It was also considered well thought out because it provided a transition period for developing countries to adapt their systems to this comprehensive instrument and establish a minimum standard that could apply to all countries and link IPR to trade. Tunisia is an interesting case of analysis, especially in comparison with other countries maintaining an attitude of rejection towards the traditional treaties of IP. Our country has been a member of the Paris and Berne Conventions for more than a century. It was, of course, the right student who harmonized by developing a new culture of IP protection in accordance with the new international system. The reason is that IP is designed to be, in the new cognitive economy, an important tool in international competitiveness. It is also an instrument for attracting FDI. At the same time, and as stipulated in TRIPS, IP would be an essential component in promoting innovation and ease of technology transfer. But this pattern of harmonization on the basis of so-called minimum standards has not satisfied the enthusiasm of the industrialized countries that have embarked on the conclusion of bilateral trade agreements beyond TRIPS. Our objective is therefore to analyze these assumptions and try to explain what has happened since the TRIPS agreement. The question is whether, in doing so, the country has succeeded in establishing this link between the trade considerations required by TRIPS and the internal concerns related to health, agriculture, cultural diversity and environment. Twenty-three years later, has the country benefited from the alignment of its IP regime with the TRIPS Agreement? One of the stated objectives of TRIPS was the spread of knowledge and thereby the improvement of R & D capabilities. However, very little progress has been made, and it seems that the situation has worsened

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Bilandzic, Ana. "New approaches to developing and commercialising IP from research in universities using open innovation." Thesis, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Germany, 2016. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/98400/1/thesis_ana.pdf.

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There has been increasing interest in open innovation in academic research as well as industry application since the concept was introduced in 2003. The concept got much attention because of its economic benefits and novel means for facilitating innovation. This thesis aims to adapt the concept of open innovation to the university environment, in order to foster innovation in the development process for intellectual property (IP) derived from academic research activities. It contributes to the literature on open innovation adapted to the university context, i.e. open collaboration on the development of intellectual property towards a commercial ready stage. In order to investigate the potential of open innovation in the university environment, a focus group was conducted. In addition, the business process of Quirky Inc. was analysed as an example to better understand how open innovation works in the business context. The results of the study’s data analyses inform new opportunities for interventions in universities towards fostering different approaches to IP development as research outcomes. Further, it reveals interventions that can promote open innovation approaches in the university’s context more generally.

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Diongue, Momar. "Périurbanisation différentielle : mutations et réorganisation de l'espace à l'est de la région dakaroise (Diamniadio, Sangalkam, Yéné), Sénégal." Thesis, Paris 10, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA100076.

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L’objectif de cette thèse est d’analyser les relations entre périurbanisation et territorialisation autour d’une question principale, la gouvernance des espaces périurbains métropolitains. Dans les grandes villes ouest-africaines, ces espaces sont affectés par de rapides et multiples mutations dans un contexte de décentralisation accélérée. Pour analyser ces mutations et les dynamiques de régulation qu’elles suscitent, nous privilégions une approche territoriale comparative. Á l’échelle micro, il s’agit d’appréhender les dynamiques de la périurbanisation en s’interrogeant sur le poids des contextes locaux. Á l’échelle des collectivités locales et du périurbain, le développement économique et résidentiel est mis en relation avec des logiques d’acteurs et des pratiques gestionnaires pour questionner les mécanismes d’évolution de l’espace et leurs effets sur la gestion et le développement des territoires. Enfin, à l’échelle macro, les observations et les analyses sont replacées dans la métropolisation dakaroise. Nous partons des usages non agricoles de l’espace dans trois collectivités locales, Diamniadio, Sangalkam et Yene, pour y étudier l’évolution du périurbain, ses mécanismes, les logiques et les pratiques des acteurs. Leur positionnement dans l’axe majeur Ouest-Est de l’étalement métropolitain pèse sur leur évolution et d’importantes différenciations sont observées aux échelles intra- et interterritoriale, témoignant d’une rupture avec le modèle centre-périphérie, au profit d’une dynamique multifonctionnelle et polycentrique à l’Est de la capitale sénégalaise
This thesis aims to analyze the relationships between urban sprawl and territorialisation, focusing on the crucial issue of metropolitan suburbs governance. In Western Africa large cities, suburbs are involved in complex spatial, socioeconomic, political and managerial transformations, in a context of decentralization. To analyze these transformations as well as the new dynamics of regulation they entail, we have adopted a territorial approach. At the micro scale, we try to understand the dynamics of urban sprawl through the weight of local contexts. At the meso scale of the whole set of suburbs, residential and economic developments are linked to the logics of actors and managerial practices. We try to understand the mechanisms of spatial transformations and their consequences on urban management. At the macro level, we are focusing on Dakar metropolisation. Field surveys have been conducted within three local authorities, Diamniadio, Sangalkam and Yene, in order to study mechanisms, practices and logics of actors. Diamniadio, Sangalkam and Yene have specific local characteristics and, taking into account the major urban sprawl axis, they are located differently. In these three local authorities, processes of differentiation have been observed both at intra and inter territorial scales, which breaks with the former model center-periphery and reflects a new polycentric and multifunctional evolution in the Eastern suburbs

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Kang, Su-Ju. "L'action extérieure de l'Union Européenne en faveur du renforcement du regime des droits de propriété intellectuelle en Chine." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016REN1G011.

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Malgré l’amélioration du régime des droits de propriété intellectuelle (DPI) en Chine après l’accession de celle-ci à l’Organisation mondiale du commerce (OMC) en 2001, la question relative aux DPI demeure l’un des « sujets de vive préoccupation » dans le commerce sino-européen. Selon la stratégie européenne visant à assurer le respect des DPI dans les pays tiers, adoptée en 2005 et renouvelée en 2014, la Chine est ciblée par la Commission européenne comme le premier pays tiers dans lequel les autorités locales ne prennent pas de mesure efficace pour s’attaquer aux problèmes de violations des DPI. En raison des enjeux politiques et économiques importants pour l’UE, son intervention est nécessaire pour améliorer le régime des DPI et l’environnement de l’investissement en Chine. L’analyse de l’action extérieure de l’UE s’appuie sur l’étude des instruments auxquels elle recourt en vue de renforcer la protection et le respect des DPI en Chine. L’objet de notre recherche est d’examiner la manière dont l’Union choisit d’exploiter les instruments à géométrie variable au sein des enceintes multilatérale et bilatérale. Deux axes distincts mais complémentaires orientent la mise en œuvre de l’action extérieure de l’UE vis-à-vis de la Chine : l’approche coopérative, d’une part, et de l’approche conventionnelle, d’autre part. L’approche coopérative vise d’abord à rapprocher le régime juridique chinois des standards les plus élevés du droit de l’UE. En dépit d’un certain nombre de difficultés limitant l’efficacité de l’action extérieure de l’UE, la coopération bilatérale avec la Chine permet de contribuer à l’amélioration du régime juridique chinois. La convergence normative devrait ensuite faciliter l’apparition d’une approche commune entre l’UE et la Chine sur le plan conventionnel. Il importe à cet égard de souligner la position divergente de la Chine face à la promotion de l’UE, par la voie conventionnelle, d’un renforcement de la protection et du respect des DPI. Malgré la convergence accrue des positions européenne et chinoise favorables à la protection « ADPIC-plus » des DPI, la Chine se montre réticente voire hostile envers les initiatives conventionnelles de l’UE tendant à renforcer les mesures relatives au respect des DPI
Despite the improvement of China’s intellectual property rights (IPR) regime after this country’s World Trade Organization (WTO) accession in 2001, the IPR remains one of “major concerns” in Sino-European trade relation. According to European strategy for the enforcement of intellectual property rights in third countries, adopted in 2005 and renewed in 2014, China is identified by the European Commission as first priority country, in which the local authority does not take effective measures to tackle the problems caused by IPR violations. Taking into account the EU’s important political and economic concerns, his action is necessary in order to improve the IPR regime and the investment environment in China. The analysis of EU’s external action is based on the instruments used to strengthen IPR’s protection and enforcement in China. The purpose of our research is to examine the EU’s method to use the different instruments within the multilateral and bilateral fora. Two distinct but complementary axes orientate the undertaking of EU’s external action vis-à-vis China: cooperative approach, on the one hand, and the conventional approach, on the other hand. Firstly, the cooperative approach aims to bring Chinese legal system closer to higher standards in EU law. In spite of certain difficulties limiting the efficacy of EU external action, the bilateral cooperation with China can contribute to a better legal system in China. Then, the normative convergence should be able to facilitate the emergence of a common approach between the EU and China in the conventional framework. In this respect, it is important to emphasis Chinese divergent position with regard to EU’s conventional approach aiming to strengthen IPR protection and enforcement. Despite the increasing convergence of European and Chinese positions favorable toward “TRIPs-plus” protection, China seems reluctant even hostile to EU’s conventional initiatives intending to strengthen IPR enforcement measures

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N'Takpé, Adjoua Marie-Hortense. "La société anonyme unipersonnelle en droit OHADA : étude critique." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BORD0097.

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Le régime juridique de la société anonyme unipersonnelle (SAU) de droitOHADA est défini par renvoi au régime prévu pour la SA pluripersonnelle, avec desadaptations minimales. En réalité, le caractère unipersonnel de la SA lui confère une certaineparticularité qui rend inappropriée la transposition pure et simple des règles du modèlepluripersonnel. Outre les difficultés d’application qu’elle entraîne souvent, la technique durenvoi laisse irrésolues de nombreuses questions suscitées par l’unipersonnalité. Le régimejuridique de la SAU dans son ensemble en ressort insuffisamment adapté à l’unicitéd’actionnaire.Une adaptation du régime juridique de la SAU de droit OHADA au particularisme del’unipersonnalité devient alors nécessaire. Elle doit être entreprise sous fond de simplificationdes règles, d’une part à l’égard de la société, à travers les règles relatives à sa constitution et àson évolution, d’autre part, à l’égard des acteurs que sont l’actionnaire unique, les organesd’administration et de contrôle.Au-delà de son approche critique, l’étude a surtout pour ambition de proposer unmodèle de société anonyme unipersonnelle au régime juridique plus lisible, simple et attractif
The one-person limited company under the OHADA LAW has seen itslegal regime being defined with reference to the regime of the multi-persons limited company,with minimum adaptations. In fact the one-person character of the Limited company gives it a certain peculiarity that renders inappropriate the pure and simple transportation of rules of the multi-person limited company model. Besides the difficulty of implementation that it oftenentails, the technique of referring leaves unresolved many questions raised by the one-personlimited company model. The legal regime of the one-person limited company as a whole thatarises is insufficiently adapted to the unique shareholder.An adaptation of the one-person limited company legal regime of the OHADA LAWto the particularity of the one-person thus becomes necessary. It has to be undertaken underthe simplification of rules, on the one hand with regards to the company, through rules relatedto its constitution and its evolution, on the other hand, with respect to the actors that are thesole shareholders, administrative and control bodies

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Mehera, Asoke Kumar. "Sustainable Value and Shared Value Creation: Case Studies on Australian Banking and Property Organisations." Thesis, 2019. https://vuir.vu.edu.au/40467/.

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The stakeholder management framework of the 1980s and the triple bottom line framework of the 1990s strengthened corporate social responsibility but these frameworks could not bring about fundamental change in the role of businesses in society in relation to value creation. Hence, by the beginning of the present century, drawing on the ‘Sustainable Value’ and ‘Shared Value’ business models, the selected Australian banking and property organisations are striving to leverage on business strategies for generation of social and economic values. However, the Australian academic literature and industry reports demonstrate limited contributions to the sustainable and shared value literature, and hence, failing to support and deliver a comprehensive business model. To fill this conceptual and practical gap in the Australian industrial context, this study is undertaken with a view to recommend an alternative business model to integrate socioenvironmental issues and opportunities into core business strategy. Research objectives of the underlying study are to: a) explore the adoption of components of the applied sustainable value and shared value business models by Australian banking and property organisations for social and economic value creation; and b) empirically develop an alternative business model for the Australian banking and property industries based on emerging thematic components from industry-wide interview responses. Based on the interpretive paradigm, this study has adopted a qualitative multiple case study design to conduct semi-structured open-ended face-to-face interviews. The cases (n=8) in the banking and property industries have been selected through a purposive critical sampling approach. A thematic NVivo analysis was conducted based on four thematic components derived from the applied sustainable and shared value business models, namely clean technology, sustainability vision at the bottom of the pyramid, reconceiving of products/services and redefining of the value chain. This study explores how the selected Australian banking and property organisations are utilising various thematic components for social and economic value creation in addition to other components (i.e. customer/stakeholder engagement, community resilience) not otherwise categorically mentioned within both the above-mentioned models. The major findings show a number of industry-wide differences, which include a) banking organisations predominantly leverage sustainability based on product/service innovation at the bottom of the pyramid level, and b) property organisations predominantly leverage environmental sustainability based on the application of clean technology through redefining the value chain. The primary interview data findings suggest that the selected Australian sustainable and shared value organisations also emphasise the co-creation of value based on their engagement with customers, stakeholders, and communities. The secondary data findings suggest that the selected Australian property organisations have ensured a higher increase in net profit after tax and return on equity compared to the banking organisations. The secondary data further suggest that organisations (i.e. Suncorp, Charter Hall, Company X, Stockland) which used the combination of the elements of sustainable and shared value business models performed better in terms of profitability (i.e. economic value) than the organisations which only used either the sustainable value (ANZ, Lendlease) or the shared value (Bendigo, NAB) model. The only exception being Stockland, which experienced a slight decrease in the return on equity during the 2014- 18 period inspite of almost triple digit increase in net profit during the above-mentioned period. In terms of social value, the secondary data further suggest that the selected banking and property organisations have undertaken quite considerable social and community investments while leveraging on the components of various business models. The main recommendation of this study is an empirically developed alternative business model for value co-creation based on two new thematic components, which are customer/stakeholder engagement and community resilience that emerged from the industry case interviews. The significance of the study lies in the fact that all future academic researchers and practice managers should be able to implement the recommended business model for value co-creation to enhance social and economic value. One of the other major implications of the study lies in its application of a stakeholder-centric (i.e. customers, communities) value creation model by Australian banking organisations which have recently gone through the Financial Services Royal Commission investigation. The future theoretical implications of this study on value cocreation can be considered in terms of a better understanding of stakeholder theory (encompassing customers and communities) and agency theory (encompassing valueseeking organisational agents) with respect to the banking and property industry in Australian context.

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Růžička, Jan. "Právní a majetkové postavení státního podniku." Master's thesis, 2018. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-379434.

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1 Legal and property situation of a state enterprise Abstract This thesis focuses on the evaluation of the current legislation of a state-owned enterprise in the Czech Republic, especially in the light of the last amendment of the State-owned Enterprise Act, which is effective from 1st January 2017. The aim of this diploma thesis is to describe the valid legislation and also to evaluate the context with other legal regulations and finally to consider the need to preserve the unique legal form of the state-owned enterprise for the future. This diploma thesis is divided into the five chapters. The first chapter contains the brief characteristics of a state-owned enterprise and the definition of the basic concepts. The second chapter describes the historical development of the legal regulations of enterprises managing the state property from the establishment of Czechoslovakia until the year 1997, since when is effective the current State-owned enterprise Act. The third chapter, in four subchapters, analyzes the valid and effective legal regulations of the state-owned enterprise. The first subchapter is devoted to the company bodies of state-owned enterprises, the second to the subject of business and a purpose for which are the state-owned enterprises formed. The third subchapter is devoted to the...

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Nagy, Miloš. "Státní podnik." Master's thesis, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-341452.

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Currently there are 280 state enterprises registered in the commercial register of the Czech Republic. Although most of them are in liquidation and only few dozen is active, generally their importance lies in the purpose which their activities pursue in today's economic and political system. They operate in specific fields, which tend to be of strategic importance, their activities shall often meet a public interest. In sectors, in which state enterprises operate, they usually occupy very strong positions also due to the scale and type of assets, which they have. The distinctive features of a state enterprise gave rise to many legal questions about its nature. In the recent past, some disputes were resolved by practice whereas other issues are conceptual and can only be changed by changing the legislation. Although the systematic attention of professional public has currently not been dedicated to a state enterprise, increased interest has been noticeable in recent years in respect of particular questions relating to it, such as the issue of public procurement, information providing, or transfer of state enterprise profits to the state budget. The thesis focuses on the specifics of a state enterprise. It tries to describe its characteristics and apply them when solving practical issues which state...

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Hall, Kurt V., Frances D. Cleaver, Tom R. Franks, and F. Maganga. "Capturing Critical Institutionalism: A Synthesis of Key Themes and Debates." 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/9863.

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No
The article aims to provide a synthesis of key discussions within scholarship that is critical of Mainstream Institutionalism. It adopts a thematic approach to chart debate and areas of convergence about key issues. The first section of the article briefly charts the rise to prominence of the mainstream 'collective action' school. Each of the themes identified as central to the alternative critical approach is then examined in turn. These are the 'homogenous community' critique, the avoidance of politics critique (further divided into ideational politics and politics of local empowerment) and the sociological critique. The article concludes by reflecting on the challenge of 'making complexity legible' that faces the nascent critical tradition in institutional analysis.

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Enga, Kameni Innocent. "Implementation of trips public health flexibilities in the African Intellectual Property Organisation (OAPI) region : problems and prospects." Thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/52384.

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Countries that are members of the African Intellectual Property Organisation (OAPI) are facing many problems with regard to facilitating access to medicines in their respective territories. These problems have been caused by both internal and external factors. Central to these problems have been the perceived inability and unwillingness of OAPI to put in place a regional intellectual property (IP) framework conducive to the promotion and protection of access to medicines. This has been an unwelcome development, not least because neither OAPI members that are least-developed countries (LDC)s, nor those that are developing countries, have taken full advantage of the flexibilities negotiated within the World Trade Organization (WTO) Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS). This unfavourable development is neither justifiable nor sustainable, especially at a time when many African countries (non-OAPI members) are in the forefront of protecting access to medicines through law reforms. This thesis traces the origins of OAPI from its inception in 1962 to the present. It looks, in particular, at the successive OAPI patent regimes and discusses their impact on access to medicines. The overall conclusion drawn is that successive amendments to the initial agreement have strengthened patent rights. This in turn has stymied access to medicine initiatives in the OAPI region because it has, for instance, limited the use of compulsory licences. However, it is submitted that the current situation can be changed through a combination of policy initiatives, including using a human rights approach to access to medicines; getting non-governmental organisations (NGOs) involved and, above all, reforming the entire patent regime under the Bangui Agreement.
Thesis (LLD)--University of Pretoria, 2015.
tm2016
Centre for Human Rights
LLD
Unrestricted

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Wight, A. G. (Alan Gary). "The property finance business in South Africa." Diss., 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/819.

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Problem Statement: The business of property finance has not been properly documented in South Africa. Available resource material focuses on the perspective of the property developer and investor largely neglecting the business of property finance. Thus comprehensive information on this business was not available to students and researchers This study set out to correct this deficiency. Research Procedure: Key property finance personnel in the major banks in the Republic of South Africa were interviewed to establish how the business of property finance is conducted. Jointly the interviewees represent 77% by volume of business over a period of two years A parallel process of literature research was undertaken to compliment the interview research and provide technical depth to the findings. Findings: The empirical and literature research results were combined to comprehensively document the processes, structures, systems, products
Business Management
M. Com. (Business Management)

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Janse, van Vuuren Francois Jacobus. "Technology licensing practices of South African manufacturing companies : a profile and the influence of some organisational, transactional and contextual factors." Thesis, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/22873.

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No comprehensive and systematic information about the multi-disciplinary, multi-functional technology licensing domain in South Africa was available. Yet South Africa was a net in-licensor paying royalties several times that received; its National Innovation Policy had as an important aim increasing technology linkages among firms; and licensing is widely recognized as a tool for technology transfer. Therefore a profile of technology licensing practices and the interaction between them, company and company milieu was obtained from South African manufacturing companies in all industry sectors through a cross-sectional exploratory survey by written questionnaire. Empirically established morphologies of the companies, of select aspects of their management and technology management practices, of their regulatory and enabling environment and of their technology licensing practices and preferences are presented. Attention is drawn to ostensibly disturbing phenomena and recommendations are made towards research to clarify several aspects and to improve licensing. Learned authors have proposed mechanisms to improve licensing and its management. The question whether the influence of characteristics so postulated as drivers can be measured, confirmed and quantified arose and insights into postulated organisational, transactional and contextual drivers of licensing were simultaneously obtained and are presented for further consideration. These include pioneering and following, risk taking and conservatism, intensity of use of national innovation funding, involvement in co-development and offset/countertrade, international experience, travel, management education, use of information, awareness of tacit information, attention to technology strategy and forward planning, intellectual property strategy, research and development and awareness of competitors’ successes, failures and licensing activities. Only companies that had or had had at least one patent or application or licence agreement were included to attempt to ensure the presence of some relevant knowledge. Statutory bodies, science councils, universities, merchants, the retail trade, technology brokers and individuals such as inventors were excluded. More than 300 initially selected companies were contacted by telephone to ensure qualification and to elicit cooperation and 188 questionnaires were sent out. In all 93 questionnaires were returned and 81 statistically processed. Of the sample population 65% of respondents had licences. The sample average was 3,3 licences with the ratio of in- to out-licences at 1,7. Licence density with Europe was highest at 35% and within South Africa 31%. Out-licensing to Africa by the building materials and components, chemicals including paper and textiles and healthcare sectors was evident. Intellectual property is mostly deployed in deterrence and monopolisation roles. Its planning seems to be neglected and further research into this and technology management strategy aspects within the broader framework of deployment of intellectual property is suggested. In-licensing is driven by the need to obtain and hold market share through access to future and substitution of direct sales. Fear of revealing own know-how was notable as an inhibitor of out-licensing. Signs that South Africa could be characterised as technology colony were found; together with signs of emancipation. Lack of technology volume could be constraining licensing development and exploitation. Early indications are that postulated determinant characteristics do have an effect and that this can be measured.
Thesis (PhD (Technology Management))--University of Pretoria, 2006.
Graduate School of Technology Management (GSTM)
Unrestricted

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Ndlovu, Lonias. "Access to medicines under the World Trade Organisation TRIPS Agreement: a comparative study of select SADC countries." Thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/14185.

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Despite the adoption of the Doha Declaration on the TRIPS Agreement and Public Health in 2001, which unequivocally affirmed WTO members’ rights to use compulsory licences and other TRIPS flexibilities to access medicines, thirteen years on, developing countries and least developed countries are still grappling with access to medicines issues and a high disease burden. Despite some well researched and eloquent arguments to the contrary, it is a trite fact that patents remain an impediment to access to medicines by encouraging monopoly prices. The WTO TRIPS Agreement gives members room to legislate in a manner that is sympathetic to access to affordable medicines by providing for exceptions to patentability and the use of patents without the authorisation of the patent holder (TRIPS flexibilities). This study focuses on access to medicines under the TRIPS Agreement from a SADC comparative perspective by interrogating the extent of the domestication of TRIPS provisions promoting access to medicines in the SADC region with specific reference to Botswana, South Africa and Zimbabwe. After establishing that all SADC members, including Seychelles which is yet to be a WTO member have intellectual property (IP) laws in their statute books, this study confirms that while most of the IP provisions may be used to override patents, they are currently not being used by SADC members due to non-IP reasons such as lack of knowledge and political will. The study also engages in comparative discussions of topical occurrences in the context of access to medicines litigation in India, Thailand and Kenya and extracts useful thematic lessons for the SADC region. The study’s overall approach is to extract useful lessons for regional access to medicines from the good experiences of SADC members and other developing country jurisdictions in the context of a south-south bias. The study draws conclusions and recommendations which if implemented will in all likelihood lead to improved access to medicines for SADC citizens, while at the same time respecting the sanctity of patent rights. The study recommends the adoption of a rights-based approach, which will ultimately elevate patient rights over patent rights and urges the region to consider using its LDCs status to issue compulsory licences in the context of TRIPS Article 31 bis while exploring the possibility of local pharmaceutical manufacturing to produce generics, inspired by the experiences of Zimbabwe and current goings on in Mozambique and the use of pooled procurement for the region. The study embraces the rewards theory of patents which should be used to spur innovation and research into diseases of the poor in the SADC region. Civil society activity in the region is also identified as a potential vehicle to drive the move towards access to affordable medicines for all in the SADC region.
Mercantile Law
LL.D.

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Bruneau, Mathieu. "Legal shifts : shaping expectations of intellectual property protection in an open innovation industrial environment." Thèse, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/14018.

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Projet de recherche réalisé en 2014-2015 avec l'appui du Fonds de recherche du Québec – Société et culture.
Ce mémoire vise à évaluer les effets de variations des attentes des firmes quant à la protection conférée par les droits de propriété intellectuelle (« PI ») pour les inventions et innovations dans un milieu industriel d’innovation ouverte. D’abord, les régimes de PI aux États-Unis et au Canada sont analysés à travers des cas jurisprudentiels et législatifs et des traités internationaux afin d’illustrer de quelle façon les normes juridiques changent et démontrer les répercussions sur les attentes des firmes. Puis, les attributs du modèle de l’innovation ouverte, où les firmes gèrent à dessein leurs relations d’affaires avec une attitude d’ouverture, sont décrits et sa pertinence est appuyée à l’aide d’un modèle simple. L’accent est mis sur son traitement distinctif des échanges de connaissances et d’intrants à l’intérieur même des firmes et entre elles. Une fois ces notions établies et s’y référant à titre d’hypothèses, un modèle microéconomique des échanges de connaissances entre firmes est élaboré, avec deux variables de choix, la PI et le secret, qui captent les mécanismes de gestion technologique des firmes. Par la tension entre ces variables, les processus de prise de décisions et les interactions entre les firmes sont évalués au moyen d’une analyse statique. Pour étudier plus en détails les choix des firmes, une version à deux joueurs du modèle est examinée au moyen de la théorie des jeux. Dans toutes ces formes du modèle, l’impact des fluctuations des attentes des firmes relativement au droit de la PI est jaugé. Tel que prévu, ces effets pour une firme changent en fonction des choix de gestion de chacune des firmes. Les effets varient également eu égard à la nature des relations à travers lesquelles les échanges de connaissance ont lieu. Dans la variante à deux joueurs, la statique comparative d’un équilibre de Nash en stratégie mixte montre que la relation avec l’autre joueur imprègne les incidences des variations du droit sur les stratégies de gestion technologique. Par exemple, une hausse des attentes de protection juridique de la PI couvrant la technologie d’une firme peut étonnamment mener cette firme à moins y recourir.
The purpose of this thesis is to assess the effects of changes in firms’ expectations of intellectual property (“IP”) law protection over inventions and innovations in an industrial environment characterized by open innovation practices. To begin, a legal analysis of IP regimes in Canada and the United States is achieved through different cases of court decisions, legal amendments and international treaties in order to show how legal standards vary and to demonstrate the repercussions of legal shifts over firms’ expectations. Then, the characteristics of the open innovation management model, in which firms adopt a purposively open mindset in their business relationships, are described, and its relevance is supported using a simple model. Emphasis is laid upon open innovation’s distinguishable treatment of intra- and inter-firm flows of knowledge and inputs. Building on these insights and using them as assumptions, a microeconomic model of firms’ knowledge flow interactions is constructed, with two choice variables that capture firms’ technology management mechanisms in an open innovation industrial environment: IP and secrecy. Through the tension between these two variables, inter-firm interactions and decision-making processes are assessed with a static analysis. To study firms’ choices in greater detail, a two-firm version of the model is then examined using game theory. Throughout, the impact of fluctuations in firms’ expectations of IP law is assessed. As expected, these effects, for a focal firm, vary depending on that firm’s technology management decisions as well as other firms’. Effects also differ with respect to the nature of knowledge flows relationships that each firm undertakes. In the two-firm game theoretic version of the model, comparative statics of a mixed-strategy Nash Equilibrium show that the relationship with the other firm qualifies the consequences of legal shifts on firms’ technology management strategies. Notably, increasing expectations of IP protection for a firm’s technology might actually result in this firm relying less on IP.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Property organisations'

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