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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Property tax relief

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Academic literature on the topic 'Property tax relief'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 30 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Property tax relief"

1

PARRY‐WINGFIELD, MAURICE. "TAX RELIEF AND PROPERTY FINANCE." Journal of Valuation 5, no. 4 (April 1987): 390–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eb008018.

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Anderson, Nathan B. "No relief: Tax prices and property tax burdens." Regional Science and Urban Economics 41, no. 6 (November 2011): 537–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.regsciurbeco.2011.03.014.

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Anderson, John E., and Howard C. Bunch. "Agricultural Property Tax Relief: Tax Credits, Tax Rates, and Land Values." Land Economics 65, no. 1 (February 1989): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3146259.

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Miller, Joshua J., Silda Nikaj, and Jin Man Lee. "Reverse mortgages and senior property tax relief." Journal of Housing Economics 44 (June 2019): 26–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhe.2018.12.001.

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Wagner, John E., Craig J. Davis, Dean E. Roczen, and Lee P. Herrington. "Combining Zoning Regulations and Property Tax Relief to Retain Forestland and Promote Forest Management." Northern Journal of Applied Forestry 19, no. 2 (June 1, 2002): 59–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/njaf/19.2.59.

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Abstract Zoning and property tax relief are two mechanisms that may be used to influence the management of privately held forestlands. We use data from the Adirondack Park in northern New York to examine if tax incentives duplicate or complement zoning in (a) satisfying the goal of retaining forestland, and (b) promoting active management of privately owned forestlands. Within the Adirondack Park, the bulk of lands given forestland tax relief also have strict land use zoning. We conclude that the combination of zoning regulations with forest property tax relief is no more effective in achieving the goal of retaining forestland than the Adirondack Park zoning regulations by themselves. We also conclude that combining zoning regulations with forest property tax relief is not effective in meeting the goal of influencing active forest management on private forestlands.

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Traver, Anthony, Katie White, Marisa Sheldon, Holly Dabelko-Schoeny, and Bethany Sanders. "“WE WANT TO PAY AND WE WANT TO STAY”: OLDER ADULTS MANAGING PROPERTY TAX BURDEN IN A GROWING URBAN COUNTY." Innovation in Aging 6, Supplement_1 (November 1, 2022): 263–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igac059.1046.

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Abstract Aging in place is a goal for many older adults. As many older adults own their homes, strategies designed to promote aging in place must account for threats to the financial sustainability of ownership and occupancy later in life. One such threat is property taxes, which have risen substantially in many metropolitan areas over the last decade as home values soar. Property tax relief programs offered by state and local governments are designed to ease the housing cost burden of older adults. Yet, recent research indicates that such programs do little to ensure affordability for low-income homeowners. This study reviewed local property tax relief programs and interviewed local older adult homeowners and housing professionals to understand the circumstances of older adult homeowners in one growing U.S. County. Four major themes emerged from the interviews: housing market dynamics, personal finances, local housing resources, and wellbeing. Results indicate that unaffordability is a growing concern among older adult homeowners and services providers alike. Current property tax relief programs are thought to do little to reduce the cost burden posed by property taxes. Implications for social policy include expanding eligibility criteria and indexing the benefit to a local economic metric so that the relief remains relevant in areas with dynamic markets. Implications for practitioners include understanding the property tax relief programs in one’s area and referring clients when appropriate.

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Eom, Tae Ho, William Duncombe, Phuong Nguyen-Hoang, and John Yinger. "The Unintended Consequences of Property Tax Relief: New York’s STAR Program." Education Finance and Policy 9, no. 4 (October 2014): 446–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/edfp_a_00143.

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New York’s School Tax Relief Program, STAR, provides state-funded property tax relief for homeowners. Like a matching grant, STAR changes the price of education, thereby altering the incentives of voters and school officials and leading to unintended consequences. Using data for New York State school districts before and after STAR was implemented, we find that STAR increased student performance, school district inefficiency, and school spending by 2 to 4 percent in most districts, leading to an average school property tax rate increase of 14 percent. The STAR-induced tax rate increases offset about one third of the initial STAR tax savings and boosted property taxes for business property. STAR did little to offset the existing inequities in New York State’s education finance system, particularly compared to an equal-cost increase in state aid. This article should be of interest to policy makers involved in property taxes or other aspects of education finance.

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Wróblewska, Dominika. "Regional investment aid in Poland and Czechia." Review of European and Comparative Law 50, no. 3 (September 9, 2022): 201–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.31743/recl.13960.

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The European Commission aims to ensure the transparency of aid granted by individual member states, and the simplest and most transparent instrument of support, next to grants, are tax relief. In both Czechia and Poland, investment incentives for new investments include regional aid in the form of tax relief in income tax – this includes income tax exemptions in Poland, and income tax relief in Czechia, as well as property tax exemptions in both countries. The purpose of this article is to compare the scope and conditions for receiving regional investment aid by entrepreneurs in these countries.

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Jung, Changhoon. "Does the Local‐Option Sales Tax Provide Property Tax Relief? The Georgia Case." Public Budgeting & Finance 21, no. 1 (January 2001): 73–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/0275-1100.00037.

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Brien, Spencer T., and David L. Sjoquist. "Do State-funded Property Tax Exemptions Actually Provide Tax Relief? Georgia’s HTRG Program." Public Finance Review 42, no. 5 (April 16, 2014): 608–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1091142114527783.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Property tax relief"

1

Eom, Tae Ho Yinger John M. "Evaluation of New York State property tax policy administration and behavioral impacts of School Property Tax Relief (STAR) program /." Related electronic resource: Current Research at SU : database of SU dissertations, recent titles available full text, 2004. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/syr/main.

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Spencer, Brien T. "Three Essays on the Formation and Finance of Local Governments." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2012. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/pmap_diss/37.

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This dissertation follows a three-essay format. Each essay evaluates a different fiscal institution from a public administration perspective. In the first essay I examine whether state-funded property tax exemptions are effective in reducing the property taxes. This class of exemption is characterized by a grant from state to local governments that is intended to replace property tax revenue and lower property tax payments. Two separate theories of local fiscal behavior predict that that price effects and fiscal illusion will reduce the effectiveness of this type of tax relief. I test these predictions using panel regression analysis on county-level data from Georgia. I find that only two thirds of the revenue allocated to this program is actually used for tax relief. In the second essay I test a model of the property tax in which the levy is set to balance the difference between budgeted expenditures and expected receipts from all other revenue sources. This model demonstrates how the property tax can be used to offset unexpected changes to other revenues given a change in personal income. This model is contrasted with an alternative model in which expenditures are budgeted after expected total revenues have been determined. I will estimate both models for local governments in Georgia and test which more accurately describes local fiscal performance. I will also use both to predict changes to the property tax over a period of time and measure which model generated the more accurate forecast. Unlike the first two papers, which are quantitative analyses of fiscal data, this chapter is a case study of the contract city model of governance as implemented in the newly incorporated city of Sandy Springs, Georgia. I investigate whether the scope of outsourcing in contract cities creates additional challenges for city officials that manage contractor performance. I evaluate the incentive structures in the contract agreements that influence the principal-agent relationship using a textual analysis research method. I find that certain combinations of municipal functions in a single public-private partnership creates the potential for negative synergies to arise which would increase the difficulty of monitoring and managing the private partner.

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Brien, Spencer T. "Three essays on the formation and finance of local governments." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/42890.

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This dissertation follows a three-essay format. Each essay evaluates a different fiscal institution from a public administration perspective. In the first essay I examine whether state-funded property tax exemptions are effective in reducing the property taxes. This class of exemption is characterized by a grant from state to local governments that is intended to replace property tax revenue and lower property tax payments. Two separate theories of local fiscal behavior predict that that price effects and fiscal illusion will reduce the effectiveness of this type of tax relief. I test these predictions using panel regression analysis on county-level data from Georgia. I find that only two thirds of the revenue allocated to this program is actually used for tax relief. In the second essay I test a model of the property tax in which the levy is set to balance the difference between budgeted expenditures and expected receipts from all other revenue sources. This model demonstrates how the property tax can be used to offset unexpected changes to other revenues given a change in personal income. This model is contrasted with an alternative model in which expenditures are budgeted after expected total revenues have been determined. I will estimate both models for local governments in Georgia and test which more accurately describes local fiscal performance. I will also use both to predict changes to the property tax over a period of time and measure which model generated the more accurate forecast. Unlike the first two papers, which are quantitative analyses of fiscal data, this chapter is a case study of the contract city model of governance as implemented in the newly incorporated city of Sandy Springs, Georgia. I investigate whether the scope of outsourcing in contract cities creates additional challenges for city officials that manage contractor performance. I evaluate the incentive structures in the contract agreements that influence the principal-agent relationship using a textual analysis research method. I find that certain combinations of municipal functions in a single public-private partnership creates the potential for negative synergies to arise which would increase the difficulty of monitoring and managing the private partner.

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Siu, Yee-lin Richard, and 蕭爾年. "Landuse, home-ownership and development: feasibility of tax relief on housing mortgages in Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1990. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31257732.

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Womack, Dennis E. "The Impact of Target Revenue Funding on Public School Districts in North Texas." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2014. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc500080/.

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A pre–post case study was conducted to examine how target revenue funding from Texas House Bill 1 (2006) has impacted the school districts within the Texas Education Service Center Region X area. Forced by the courts, the Texas Legislature was required to fix the Texas school finance system because of a de facto statewide property tax it had created by capping school district’s maintenance & operations tax rate at $1.50. Texas Governor Rick Perry used this opportunity to reduce school district M&O taxes by one-third. The Texas Legislature passed House Bill 1 (2006), the Public School Finance and Property Tax Relief Act, in response to the courts and to address a continuous decline in state funding support for public education. The Public School Finance and Property Tax Relief Act reduced local school districts’ property tax rates and revenue with the assurance that these funds would be exchanged for state aid. Local school property taxes were reduced over two years, 2006–2007 and 2007-2008, by 33%. In order for the State of Texas to meet the state aid funding guarantee from House Bill 1 (2006), each school district was frozen to its 2005–2006 revenue per weighted student, which was called a district’s revenue target. This study examined the impact target revenue has had on these school districts by analyzing and comparing revenues and expenditures prior to and following the law’s implementation. Specifically, changes in per-student revenue, per-student expenditures, and district fund balances were assessed.

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Yeary, Paula Elizabeth. "Trading sales taxes for property tax relief a study in equity and fiscal illusion /." 2003. http://purl.galileo.usg.edu/uga%5Fetd/yeary%5Fpaula%5Fe%5F200308%5Fdpa.

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Zhao, Zhirong. "Property tax relief, additional revenue, or tax mimicking? the adoption and budgetary effects of the general-purpose Local Option Sales Tax in Georgia counties /." 2005. http://purl.galileo.usg.edu/uga%5Fetd/zhao%5Fzhirong%5F200508%5Fphd.

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Shen, Celia. "Equity And Historic Preservation: An Examination Of Honolulu's Property Tax Relief Provision For Registered Historic Residences." Thesis, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10125/10551.

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Brien, Spencer T. "Three Essays on the Formation and Finance of Local Governments." 2012. http://scholarworks.gsu.edu/pmap_diss/37.

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This dissertation follows a three-essay format. Each essay evaluates a different fiscal institution from a public administration perspective. In the first essay I examine whether state-funded property tax exemptions are effective in reducing the property taxes. This class of exemption is characterized by a grant from state to local governments that is intended to replace property tax revenue and lower property tax payments. Two separate theories of local fiscal behavior predict that that price effects and fiscal illusion will reduce the effectiveness of this type of tax relief. I test these predictions using panel regression analysis on county-level data from Georgia. I find that only two thirds of the revenue allocated to this program is actually used for tax relief. In the second essay I test a model of the property tax in which the levy is set to balance the difference between budgeted expenditures and expected receipts from all other revenue sources. This model demonstrates how the property tax can be used to offset unexpected changes to other revenues given a change in personal income. This model is contrasted with an alternative model in which expenditures are budgeted after expected total revenues have been determined. I will estimate both models for local governments in Georgia and test which more accurately describes local fiscal performance. I will also use both to predict changes to the property tax over a period of time and measure which model generated the more accurate forecast. Unlike the first two papers, which are quantitative analyses of fiscal data, this chapter is a case study of the contract city model of governance as implemented in the newly incorporated city of Sandy Springs, Georgia. I investigate whether the scope of outsourcing in contract cities creates additional challenges for city officials that manage contractor performance. I evaluate the incentive structures in the contract agreements that influence the principal-agent relationship using a textual analysis research method. I find that certain combinations of municipal functions in a single public-private partnership creates the potential for negative synergies to arise which would increase the difficulty of monitoring and managing the private partner.

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Scholtz, Ricardo Christian. "A critical evaluation of the VAT treatment of transactions commonly undertaken by a partnership." Thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/25988.

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In this dissertation, I critically evaluate the VAT treatment of common partnership transactions that are encountered during the life of a partnership. Of great significance, is that at common law a partnership is not regarded as a person, but for VAT purposes it is treated as a separate person. This creates a strong dichotomy between the general legal nature, and the VAT character of a partnership transaction. The partnership and the VAT law dichotomy, is an important theme that runs through most of the thesis. Only once I have established the nature of the transaction for VAT purposes – whether in keeping with or differing from the common law – do I apply the relevant provisions of the VAT Act to determine the VAT implications of the transaction. An important general principle is that what is supplied or acquired by the body of persons who make up the partnership, within the course and scope of its common purpose, is for VAT purposes, supplied or acquired by the partnership as a separate person. I conclude that there are difficulties and uncertainties regarding the application of the provisions of the VAT Act to various partnership transactions. For the sake of certainty and simplicity, I propose amendments to the current provisions that are relevant to partnership transactions, and also propose additional provisions. The proposed amendments seek to align with the purpose of the VAT Act and the principles upon which it is based, and also to adhere to internationally accepted principles for a sound VAT system. I also pinpoint those aspects of the VAT Act that can be clarified by the SARS in an interpretation statement. I further identify issues that require more research, eg issues arising from a partnership’s participation in cross-border trade.
Mercantile Law
LL. D.

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Books on the topic "Property tax relief"

1

Thompson), Wisconsin Governor (1987 :. Property tax relief and education initiatives. [Madison, Wis.]: Division of State Executive Budget and Planning, Dept. of Administration, 1988.

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P, Czaplyski Vincent, ed. The homeowner's property tax relief kit. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1992.

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Reschovsky, Andrew. A Wisconsin property tax primer. Madison, Wis: Robert M. La Follette Institute of Public Affairs, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1994.

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author, Erwood Chris, ed. Business and agricultural property relief. 6th ed. London: Bloomsbury, 2014.

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Hopeman, Alan. The property tax refund: Tax relief for homeowners : a working paper. St. Paul, MN: Research Dept., Minnesota House of Representatives, 1990.

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Thompson, Monika. Property tax setoffs in Talbot County, Maryland. College Park, MD: Institute for Governmental Service, University of Maryland at College Park, 1995.

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Maryland. Task Force to Study County Property Tax Setoffs and Related Fiscal Issues. Report of the Task Force to Study County Property Tax Setoffs and Related Fiscal Issues: 1997 interim. Annapolis, Md. (90 State Circle, Annapolis 21401): Dept. of Legislative Services, 1997.

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8

Apsion, Gordon. Agricultural property relief after Starke v CIR. Melksham: RGA Publications, 1996.

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9

Taxation, New York (State) Legislature Assembly Standing Committee on Real Property. Public hearing: Real property tax budget implementation hearing focusing on the New York State's school tax relief (STAR) program and the middle class STAR rebate program. New York]: Associated Reporters Int'l., Inc., 2008.

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10

Peterson, Lorna. Creating housing incentives through property tax relief: A bibliography. Monticello, Ill: Vance Bibliographies, 1988.

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Book chapters on the topic "Property tax relief"

1

"Business property relief and agricultural property relief." In Inheritance Tax 2021/22. Bloomsbury Professional, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781526518507.chapter-013.

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Eom, Tae Ho, William Duncombe, Phuong Nguyen-Hoang, and John Yinger. "The Unintended Consequences of Property Tax Relief: New York’s STAR Program." In Poverty and Proficiency, 223–59. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789811201615_0009.

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Slorach, J. Scott, and Jason Ellis. "22. Capital gains tax and inheritance tax on business assets." In Business Law 2019-2020, 213–32. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198838579.003.0022.

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This chapter examines the capital gains tax (CGT) and inheritance tax regimes which apply to individuals in relation to businesses and business assets. Under the provisions of the Taxation of Chargeable Gains Act (TCGA) 1992, CGT is payable when a taxable person makes a disposal of chargeable assets giving rise to a chargeable gain unless an exemption or relief applies. The chapter first discusses the various rules which need to be considered to establish a taxpayer’s CGT liability on any given disposal. It then covers CGT in the business context; disposals of partnership property; disposals of shares; disposals of business assets owned by those involved in the business; the purchase by a company of its own shares; and inheritance tax.

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Slorach, J. Scott, and Jason Ellis. "22. Capital gains tax and inheritance tax on business assets." In Business Law 2020-2021, 211–30. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198858393.003.0022.

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This chapter examines the capital gains tax (CGT) and inheritance tax (IHT) regimes that apply to individuals in relation to businesses and business assets. Under the provisions of the Taxation of Chargeable Gains Act (TCGA) 1992, CGT is payable when a taxable person makes a disposal of chargeable assets giving rise to a chargeable gain unless an exemption or relief applies. The chapter first discusses the various rules which need to be considered to establish a taxpayer’s CGT liability on any given disposal. It then covers CGT in the business context; disposals of partnership property; disposals of shares; disposals of business assets owned by those involved in the business; the purchase by a company of its own shares; and inheritance tax.

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Slorach, J. Scott, and Jason Ellis. "22. Capital gains tax and inheritance tax on business assets." In Business Law, 210–29. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780192844316.003.0022.

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This chapter examines the capital gains tax (CGT) and inheritance tax (IHT) regimes that apply to individuals in relation to businesses and business assets. Under the provisions of the Taxation of Chargeable Gains Act (TCGA) 1992, CGT is payable when a taxable person makes a disposal of chargeable assets giving rise to a chargeable gain unless an exemption or relief applies. The chapter first discusses the various rules which need to be considered to establish a taxpayer’s CGT liability on any given disposal. It then covers CGT in the business context; disposals of partnership property; disposals of shares; disposals of business assets owned by those involved in the business; the purchase by a company of its own shares; and inheritance tax.

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Lund, Brian. "A property-owning democracy?" In Housing Politics in the United Kingdom. Policy Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781447327073.003.0005.

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This chapter explores the political fortunes of the Conservative Party’s quest to create a property-owning democracy. It examines Stanley Baldwin’s support for the owner-occupation dimension of Noel Skelton’s property-owning democracy idea to win the votes of the working class elite and how this was reflected in building society endorsement and suburban values. The politics of homeownership are charted with particular reference to Labour party leadership’s endorsement of homeownership and internal party divisions on the role of tax relief on mortgage interest in supporting owner-occupation. The politics of boom/bust house price fluctuations are charted. Right to Buy politics are examined as are the attempts of the Coalition government and the 2015 Conservative to revive homeownership as private landlordism continued to grow.

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Fried, Barbara H. "Wilt Chamberlain Revisited." In Facing Up to Scarcity, 197–210. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198847878.003.0011.

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In Anarchy, State, and Utopia, Nozick relies on his principle of Justice in Transfer to explain why the state may not tax income from labor or property. Applying Justice in Transfer to his famous Wilt Chamberlain example, he argues that Wilt owns the money he was paid to play basketball because it was voluntarily transferred to him by his fans, who owned it themselves. Nozick’s argument confuses two questions: whether someone owns the market value of his labor or property, and if so, whether he has a right to transfer that value to someone else, as a gift or exchange. Nozick’s argument goes only to the second question. But the state’s right to tax Wilt on his earnings turns on the first, and in particular on whether owners are entitled to the scarcity rents that accrue to their property or talent.

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Lagunes, Paul. "Beyond the Duration of an Audit." In The Eye and the Whip, 101–16. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197577622.003.0006.

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How can corruption control achieve a lasting impact? That is the question that my coauthor Yanying Hao and I seek to answer in this chapter. New York City relies on the revenue it collects from property taxes. However, local tax assessors have been known to accept bribes in exchange for reducing properties’ tax burden. Given this risk of corruption, we describe a field experiment that builds on a formal collaboration with the local government in order to test for the systematic undervaluing of properties in the city. Out of 211 properties, one-third was randomly assigned to a control group. The other two-thirds were randomly assigned to receive anticorruption audits. If there was widespread corruption in the city’s property tax system, then properties in the control group would tend to be assessed at a lower value compared to the properties that received added scrutiny because of the experimental treatments. However, the empirical results do not bear this out—there is no statistical difference in how properties were assessed across the three study groups. From these results, my co-author and I conclude that New York City is at a vantage point when compared with other places that seemingly suffer from endemic corruption in their built environment. This chapter theorizes as to why this might be the case.

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Cicero, Frank. "The Constitution of 1848." In Creating the Land of Lincoln. University of Illinois Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5622/illinois/9780252041679.003.0005.

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Chapter 4 focuses on the 1847 Illinois state constitutional convention and the constitution approved by voters in 1848. Democrats comprised a majority of delegates, but Whigs built many successful coalitions. The new constitution sought greater balance of governmental powers, reducing the legislature’s appointive power, bestowing on the governor a weak veto power, and calling for direct election of judges. Age and residency requirements were specified for government service; citizenship was required of voters. Two contentious provisions put separately to voters were ultimately approved: one prohibiting free blacks from immigrating to the state and one calling for a property tax to relieve the state’s debt. With the 1848 constitution, Illinois transitioned from a frontier to a modern state.

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Vuic, Jason. "Generally Defective Communities." In The Swamp Peddlers, 144–73. University of North Carolina Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5149/northcarolina/9781469663333.003.0007.

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Unfortunately for Florida, the effects of the installment land sales boom and subsequent property development first initiated by the Mackles are still being felt today. For better or worse, over a million people live in planned communities built by Deltona and other Land Giants, while thousands of smaller subdivisions, developed using the same principles, house millions more. On the positive side, land sold on the installment plan allowed legions of retired Northerners on moderate incomes to “live the Florida dream.” Indeed, as Florida historian Gary Mormino put it: “We’ll look back at [those years]…as kind of a golden period. The retired postman from Chicago could retire here on the water.” On the flip side, however, Florida’s mid-century land boom has left the Sunshine State with a lasting legacy of poor community planning, overbuilding, over-platting, and rampant environmental degradation which, in all likelihood, will never be fixed. Gulf American’s Cape Coral development is a case in point. Devoid of trees and groundcover and crisscrossed by more aquifer-killing canals than any other city in the world, it has no downtown and a tax base that relies almost entirely of residential properties, but encompasses a territory larger than Boston and San Francisco combined.

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Conference papers on the topic "Property tax relief"

1

Ion, Amalia-Elena, and Denisa-Atena Costovici. "Innovation Policy and Artificial Intelligence in the Business and Economic Transformation of the European Freight Transport Industry." In International Conference Innovative Business Management & Global Entrepreneurship. LUMEN Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18662/lumproc/ibmage2020/13.

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A knowledge-intensive company is one that employs 20% of its workforce in research and development, having to manage the unique and intellectual property of the company. The latter is part of a growth-oriented business culture, basing its operations on innovation, a factor that permits a series of advantages, including tax reliefs. Moreover, the business would, especially in the actual economic conditions, has to make use of artificial intelligence, with the scope of analysing data, employing learning algorithms for efficiency and effectiveness of operations and strategy, and predicting patterns, correlations and, ultimately, developing models and policy functions. Although, there are some constraints in the world of knowledge-intensive services, especially that of the freight transport industry, as well as in the usage and implementation of AI, consisting of the lack or limited availability of data, infrastructure limitations, data retrieval capacity, computer machine learning software etc., the advantages of using AI in the problem-solving operations of knowledge enterprises determines a client-oriented approach, the strategic concentration on the problem-solving and innovation system creation, with the simple utilization of knowledge for the generation of tangible and intangible values. The research question of the present paper collides between those concepts, and develops on the proposition of a model for the intensive usage of AI in the knowledge-intensive freight transport industry and the related policy decision-making. The article includes a regression analysis on a World Bank database correlating the logistics performance, air freight transport, and railway freight transport to economic, business, social and technology-related variables. The findings are congruent with the basic need for implementation within the freight industry of updated policy, business transformation, knowledge-intensive services and AI algorithms.

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Liew, Wei Long, and Sanjeev Rajput. "A Probabilistic Unified Depth Velocity Model and Associated Uncertainties Estimation Based on Bayesian Approach." In International Petroleum Technology Conference. IPTC, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2523/iptc-21898-ea.

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Abstract There are high emphasis and expectations placed on obtaining the most accurate depth structure map from seismic data. These maps set the expectations, for drilling depth prognosis and hydrocarbon volumetric estimation of reservoirs. The viability of a hydrocarbon prospect and the success of drilling to tap the resources heavily relies on depth map accuracies. However, achieving precisions have been challenging due to the limitations of the seismic data. This paper describes a novel integrated depth modeling workflow that successfully quantifies the depth uncertainties through a geostatistical simulation-based approach of integrating seismic interpretation inputs, well tops, and seismic velocity together with their associated uncertainties. The method proposed to conciliate seismic uncertainties and to address structural depth uncertainty is called stochastic time to depth conversion. It is a geostatistical driven approach that uses Bayesian Co-Kriging and relies on well depth markers using appropriate time-derived external drifts. The method accounts for uncertainties attached to the seismic time of events picked and velocity uncertainty integrated into a single stochastic workflow. Time Uncertainty is related to the seismic data quality aspects such as resolution limit and tunning thickness and velocity uncertainty is due to imperfectness of the velocity model due to anisotropy or inaccuracies in velocity picking. Both uncertainties can be defined by a 1st standard deviation sigma value or defined by a lateral varying sigma map. Realizations of depth maps are simulated, and the best-estimated depth map is produced. A confidence interval that envelopes the multiple realized horizons can provide meaningful measures of depth uncertainty for drilling depth prognosis giving a window of anticipation of where the top of the reservoir may be encountered. The stochastic approach allows for proper quantification of gross rock volume (GRV) uncertainty which impacts hydrocarbon in-place estimations. Ranking of all GRV outcomes is now possible using the expectation curve where the P10, P50, and the P90 volumes and associated maps can be identified. These maps could then contribute to structural modeling of the low, base, and high case scenarios allowing for hydrocarbon in-place sensitivity analysis. The geostatistics-based time-to-depth method offers a consistent framework to address the bias at the core of the upstream Front-End Loading (FEL) process which ultimately maximizes the accuracy of depth models and improved E&P decision-making. The method is based on Bayesian Co-Kriging and offers the consistent integration of all sources of uncertainty throughout all layers within a unique probability model. Field data applications show that the stochastic depth modeling method is reliable due to its strong dependence on mathematically sound geostatistical principles, scalable that integrates the sequential processes.

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