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1
Sadawarti, Murlidhar J., S. P. Singh, R. K. Singh, Subhash Katare, and R. K. Samadhiya. "Agro-techniques for Production of Seed Size Tubers in Conventional Seed Potato Production System–A Review." International Journal of Bio-resource and Stress Management 12, no. 3 (June 30, 2021): 238–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.23910/1.2021.2272.
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The seed potato cost is very important component in total potato production and account for 30 to 70% which varies depending on the country or region. Tuber size is an important factor to decide the seed requirement per unit area. Seed size affects total yield, graded or marketable tuber yields. Standard seed tuber of 25–125 g weight (30–55 mm) is known as seed size tubers in India. Obtaining seed size tuber is important for achieving higher potential of the cultivars. The tuber size profile can be reduced or expanded by altering inter and intra row seed spacing, controlling days of growth by planting late or killing vines/haulm early, regulating inputs like fertilizer and water etc. An ideal combination of plant population, row width, and in-row seed spacing for a particular variety were the major factors for optimizing tuber size. Variation in tuber bulking ability in different genotypes results in variation in proportion of seed size tubers among different varieties. 70–80 days haulm killing found most suitable for getting higher proportion of seed size tubers in high bulking varieties. Proper management of N, P and K fertilizers is considered very important to maximize tuber yield and attain desirable quality. Variability in nitrogen dose/ha was observed which ranged from 100–150 between different regions of the world. Hence proper combination of above Agro-techniques should be adopted in seed production programme as per the region for getting higher proportion of seed size/plantable seed tubers.
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Aighewi, Beatrice, Norbert Maroya, Djana Mignouna, Daniel Aihebhoria, Morufat Balogun, and Robert Asiedu. "The influence of minisett size and time of planting on the yield of seed yam (Dioscorea Rotundata)." Experimental Agriculture 56, no. 3 (May 22, 2020): 469–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479720000095.
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AbstractIn traditional yam (Dioscorea spp.) production systems in West Africa, finding sole seed yam producers is rare and up to 30% of harvested tubers from the ware tuber crop is reserved to plant an equivalent area of the harvested crop during the next season. Many farmers typically must make a trade-off between food and seed in the use of available tubers. A study was carried out using a factorial experiment in a randomised complete block design to investigate the influence of planting different minisett sizes at different planting periods on the yield of seed yam with the aim of improving the availability of this expensive input and saving more ware tubers for food or sale. Results showed that by doubling or tripling the minisett size from 30 to 60 or 90 g, yields of seed yam increased by 61.1 and 103.3%, respectively. The 90 g minisetts had the highest values for all traits studied but had the least sett multiplication ratio. The early planted crop yielded 137% more than the late-planted crop. Significant interactions between minisett size, planting period and season were found. In 2016, although the highest yield of seed tubers was from early planted 90 g minisetts (35.6 t ha−1), the yield of early planted 30 g minisetts (23.8 t ha−1) was similar to those of 60 g planted mid-season (28.7 t ha−1) and 90 g planted late (20.0 t ha−1). To produce a high proportion of seed size tubers with less planting material, early planting of 30 g minisetts is recommended. Such practice will enhance seed tuber availability and food security by saving 1–2 t ha−1 of tubers that would have been used as seed instead of food.
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Cordero-Ahiman, Otilia Vanessa, Jorge Leonardo Vanegas, Christian Franco-Crespo, Pablo Beltrán-Romero, and María Elena Quinde-Lituma. "Factors That Determine the Dietary Diversity Score in Rural Households: The Case of the Paute River Basin of Azuay Province, Ecuador." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 4 (February 20, 2021): 2059. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18042059.
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Inadequate food and nutrition affect human well-being, particularly for many poor subpopulations living in rural areas. The purpose of this research was to analyze the factors that determine the Household Dietary Diversity Score (HDDS) in the rural area of the Paute River Basin, Azuay Province, Ecuador. The sample size of 383 surveys was determined by a stratified random sampling method with proportional affixation. Dietary diversity was measured through the HDDS, with 12 food groups (cereals; roots and tubers; fruits; sugar/honey; meat and eggs; legumes or grains; vegetables; oils/fats; milk and dairy products; meats; miscellaneous; fish and shellfish) over a recall period of 7 days. A Poisson regression model was used to determine the relationship between the HDDS and sociodemographic variables. The results show that the average HDDS of food consumption is 10.89 foods. Of the analyzed food groups, the most consumed are cereals; roots and tubers; fruits; sugar/honey. In addition, the determinants that best explain the HDDS in the predictive model were housing size, household size, per capita food expenditure, area of cultivated land, level of education, and marital status of the head of household. The tools used in this research can be used to analyze food and nutrition security interventions. Furthermore, the results allow policymakers to identify applicable public policies in the fight against hunger.
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Strange, PC, and KW Blackmore. "Comparison of 10 clones of the potato cultivar, Kennebec." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 29, no. 4 (1989): 597. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9890597.
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Nine clones of Solanum tuberosum L. cv. Kennebec from sources in Victoria, South Australia and Tasmania, and the commercially grown clone, clone 1, which was imported from Vancouver, were multiplied from pathogen-tested seed and compared in 3 Victorian potato districts during 2 seasons. Haulm appearance of the 10 clones was similar. Tubers of clones 2 and 9 had a more desirable elliptical shape with shallow eyes than clones 1, 7, 8, 11 and 13. Clone 7 produced significantly (P<0.05) less total yield than the highest yielding clone at 3 sites. Compared with the other clones, clones 2 and 7 yielded significantly (P<0.05) less oversize (>450 g) and medium (100-450 g) tubers and significantly (P<0.05) higher yields of small (<100 g) tubers at several sites. Clone 1 produced a much higher proportion (5.7%) of total yield as oversize tubers than clones 2 (1.6%) and 7 (0.8%). Clones 2 and 7 produced a significantly higher (P<.05) number of tubers per plant than all other clones at the 3 sites. Averaged over these 3 sites, clones 2 (and 7) produced 6.2 (6.8) tubers per plant and the other clones were in the range 4.5-5.0. No consistent differences in specific gravity or crisp colour were observed between the clones. Clone 2 was selected as being best suited for the crisp processing industry because of its even shape, high number of tubers per plant and low yield of oversize tubers, while maintaining high yields and good specific gravity and crisp colour. Our results show that differences exist in total and size grade yield and tuber number and appearance between clones of a cultivar. They further highlight the importance of selection work to maintain desirable characteristics of established cultivars and to remove mutants with undesirable characteristics.
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Gambo, EL-Maude Jibreel, Bawa Ahmed Bello, and Shamaki Aranpu Rimamshung. "Effect of Board Size, Board Composition and Board Meetings on Financial Performance of Listed Consumer Goods in Nigeria." International Business Research 11, no. 6 (May 9, 2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ibr.v11n6p1.
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The central thrust of this study is to examine the effect of board size, board composition and board Meetings on the financial performance of listed consumer goods in Nigeria over the period of ten years from 2006 to 2015. The study uses expo factor research design and purposive sampling technique (filter) as research design and sampling technique. The population of the study is twenty (20) listed consumer goods companies in Nigeria and a sample size of ten (10) companies were studied. The data was analysed by means of descriptive statistics, Correlation and Regression analysis using STATA (version 11). The descriptive result reveals that return on assets has minimum and maximum values of -0.0400 and 0.4700 respectively and the mean and standard deviation of 0.1199 and 0.1038 respectively. The study made use of secondary data generated from annual report and account of the sampled companies through Nigeria Stock Exchange fact book. The findings include the following: Board size is negatively significant at 1% with T. Value of _2.70, Board composition is positively significant at 1% with T- Value of 2.15 and finally, Board meeting is negatively insignificant with T- Value of _1.45. This study concluded that smaller board size are more effective than larger board size, good proportion of board composition is a good factor to enhance ROA of listed consumer goods companies in Nigeria and frequent board meeting will have negative effect on the ROA of listed consumer goods companies in Nigeria because it will limits the chances for external directors to conduct a meaningful oversight over management. Hence the study recommends among others; That smaller board size should be used in listed consumer goods companies in Nigeria to enhance their ROA, the listed consumer goods companies should continue to maintain good proportion of independence directors. The listed consumer goods companies in Nigeria should discourage unnecessary board meetings to allow board of directors perform other oversight function on the management so as to enhance the ROA of listed consumer goods companies in Nigeria.
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Ghosh, Amit K. "The influence of price and promotion on package size propensity." American Journal of Business 32, no. 2 (June 5, 2017): 93–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ajb-10-2016-0032.
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Purpose The constantly changing prices, promotions, and packaging options have made decision making more complex for consumers of packaged goods. The purpose of this paper is to explore how price and promotions influence consumer propensity to buy a certain package size. Design/methodology/approach Scanner panel data for shelf-stable salad dressing obtained from Information Resources Inc. were used to compute the proportion of large packages bought, the relative price paid for large packages, propensity to use various types of promotions, and a behavioral covariate for each household. Data of over 5,600 households were analyzed using a multiple regression analysis for hypothesis testing. Findings The positive nature of relationship between the relative price of large packages and the proportion of large packages bought demonstrates the suboptimal nature of consumer decision making. The inefficiency is partially attributable to the abundance of promotions, to consumers’ lack of price awareness, and to the use of heuristics by consumers. Also, consumers who are prone to use promotions such as displays and temporary price reductions tend to purchase larger packages. They are more likely to buy impulsively and base their decisions on heuristics. In contrast, consumers who are influenced by featured price cuts and who utilize coupons tend to purchase smaller packages. Research limitations/implications Data were obtained from grocery stores; only a single product category was studied. Practical implications Offer coupons and advertise featured price cuts on small packages to increase the sales of smaller packages. To move large packages successfully, retailers should rely more on in-store displays and temporary price reductions. Originality/value The impact of price and promotions on package size propensity has never been investigated. This study is also one of the few that uses a household-level analysis based on observable purchase data for consumer packaged goods.
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Walker, Karen Z., Julie L. Woods, Cassie A. Rickard, and Carrie K. Wong. "Product variety in Australian snacks and drinks: how can the consumer make a healthy choice?" Public Health Nutrition 11, no. 10 (October 2008): 1046–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980007001462.
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AbstractObjectiveTo estimate the proportion of ‘healthy’ snack food and beverage choices available to an Australian consumer.DesignA survey of product Nutrition Information Panels (NIP) and product labels on snack foods and beverages offered for sale. Data on nutrient content were compared with criteria from different nutrient profile systems to estimate the proportion of items conforming to a ‘healthy’ choice.SettingA large supermarket in metropolitan Melbourne, Australia.ResultsA consumer could choose from 1070 different snack foods and 863 different drinks. Flavour variety was more common in snacks (maximum thirteen per product) while variation in container size was more common for drinks (up to ten per product). Recommended serving size for snacks varied greatly (18–100 g) while the serving size for drinks frequently did not correspond to the size of the container. Depending on the nutrient profile system selected, only 9–22 % of snack foods presented for sale could be deemed ‘nutritious’ by multiple criteria. Similarly, only 14–27 % of beverages met ‘healthy’ criteria.ConclusionsAs one factor to help reduce the obesogenic environment, the supply balance needs to be shifted in favour of ‘healthier’ snack foods and beverages, e.g. by reformulation of many products by the food industry and their presentation in smaller, standardised portion-size packaging.
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Singh, SP, SK Sharma, and MJ Sadawarti. "Evaluation of different options for enhancing proportion of seed size tubers in early bulking potato (Solanum tuberosum L) variety Kufri Khyati." International Journal of Chemical Studies 8, no. 5 (September 1, 2020): 1131–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.22271/chemi.2020.v8.i5p.10446.
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Jefferies, R. A., and D. K. L. Mackerron. "Thermal time as a non-destructive method of estimating tuber initiation in potatoes." Journal of Agricultural Science 108, no. 1 (February 1987): 249–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859600064339.
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Water stress during the period when tubers are initiated may reduce the final number of tubers (MacKerron & Jefferies, 1986) and increase the incidence of common scab (Streptomyces scabies) in susceptible cultivars (Lapwood & Hering, 1970). It is important, therefore, for the maintenance of a large number of tubers and for the limitation of scab, to be able to estimate the time of tuber initiation. Tuber initiation has been defined differently by a number of workers (e.g. Sale, 1979; Sands, Hackett & Nix, 1979; O'Brien et al. 1983; MacKerron & Jefferies, 1986) based on either the number or proportion of stolon apices that have reached a certain size (usually twice the diameter of their stolons). These are definitions of tuber growth rather than development and require destructive sampling at frequent intervals for recognition of the event. Temperature has a major influence on the rates at which plant organs develop so that the time taken to reach a given developmental stage may be related to thermal time, defined as the time-integral of temperature (Jones, 1983). In potato the physiological age of tubers (Wurr, 1978; Allen et al. 1979; O'Brien et al. 1983), sprout development and extension (MacKerron, 1984), and the initiation of leaf primordia (Kirk, Davies & Marshall, 1985) have been related to thermal time. In a model of the development and bulking of potatoes Sands et al. (1979) used a single non-linear function to describe the effects of time and temperature on several development processes including tuber initiation. That function did not adequately describe the time taken to tuber initiation and Sands et al. (1979) did not then use tuber initiation as an important stage in their model.
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Dama, S. G., S. P. Pangemanan, J. K. J. Kalangi, and A. Makalew. "Preferensi konsumen terhadap konsumsi “ragey” di Kota Manado." ZOOTEC 41, no. 1 (February 17, 2021): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.35792/zot.41.1.2021.31947.
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CONSUMER PREFERENCES TOWARDS RAGEY CONSUMPTION IN MANADO CITY.This study aims to determine consumer preferences and attributes that are considered consumers of ragey in Manado City. This research was conducted in Manado City, North Sulawesi Province. The location determination was carried out deliberately (purposive sampling) at three restaurants selling ragey, namely the ragey restaurant Tanta Olla, the ragey Roy restaurant and the ragey 21 Telling restaurant from 08 July to 08 August 2019. The research method is survey and interview methods using a questionnaire that has been provided. Samples were determined by accidental sampling with 100 samples. Types of data are primary data and secondary data as well as descriptive analysis and conjoint analysis. The results showed that ragey atributs such as price with a value of 0.530 , size with a value of 0.410 and proportion of meat with a value of 0.700 had significant correlation (P<0,05) with consumers preferences. Attributes that are considered by consumers in buying ragey sequentially, namely the proportion of 34.808%, size 33.896% and price of 31.296%.
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WURR, D. C. E., J. R. FELLOWS, J. M. AKEHURST, A. J. HAMBIDGE, and J. R. LYNN. "The effect of cultural and environmental factors on potato seed tuber morphology and subsequent sprout and stem development." Journal of Agricultural Science 136, no. 1 (February 2001): 55–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859600008431.
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Seed crops of the variety Estima were grown in each of 2 years using two planting dates, two harvest dates, two plant densities and two irrigation regimes to produce seed tubers which had experienced different cultural and environmental conditions. The effects of these treatments on tuber characteristics, sprout production and stem development in the ware crop were then determined in subsequent experiments using storage regimes of 3 and 10 °C. Time of planting the seed crop affected numbers of eyes, sprouts and above ground stems in the subsequent ware crop because environmental conditions around the time of tuber initiation appeared to alter tuber shape. Cooler, wetter conditions in the 7 days after tuber initiation were associated with tubers which were longer, heavier and had more eyes, sprouts and above ground stems. In contrast, the time of harvesting the seed crop did not affect tuber shape or numbers of above ground stems and there was no interaction with tuber size. The density of the seed crop had no effect on any character measured and irrigation well after tuber initiation did not affect tuber shape, numbers of sprouts or numbers of stems. Seed production treatments, which resulted in earlier dormancy break, were associated with tubers that produced more sprouts and above ground stems, in contrast to the conventional understanding of apical dominance. Storage at 3 °C gave fewer sprouts, a lower proportion of eyes with sprouts and fewer stems than storage at 10 °C. The major effects on stem production appear to result from environmental conditions at the time of tuber initiation of the seed crop and sprouting temperature.
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Hersh, David S., Jonathan Chun, Howard L. Weiner, Steven Pulitzer, Henry Rusinek, Jonathan Roth, Orrin Devinsky, and Sarah S. Milla. "Longitudinal quantitative analysis of the tuber-to-brain proportion in patients with tuberous sclerosis." Journal of Neurosurgery: Pediatrics 12, no. 1 (July 2013): 71–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2013.4.peds12468.
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Object In patients with tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC), the tuber-to-brain proportion (TBP) is a marker of seizure severity and cognitive function. However, few studies have quantified the TBP. Furthermore, authors of these studies have measured the TBP at only a single time point, despite the fact that tuber cells were found to express proliferation markers, suggesting that they may be dynamic lesions. Authors of the present study used a semi-automated tuber segmentation program to determine whether the TBP changes over time. Methods Axial FLAIR MR images were retrospectively identified for patients with TSC who had undergone imaging at the authors' institution between February 1998 and June 2009. Using FireVoxel software, the TBP was measured for each patient at a minimum interval of 2 years. Results Twelve patients meeting the study inclusion criteria were identified. The mean TBP was 1.88% (range 0.38%–3.70%). Eight patients demonstrated minimal changes and 3 patients demonstrated small increases in TBP. The remaining patient exhibited a decrease of 1.00%, which correlated with a visible decrease in the size of 2 cerebellar lesions. Conclusions Semi-automated brain segmentation is a valuable tool in the longitudinal study of tubers. A subset of patients with TSC, particularly those with cerebellar lesions, may exhibit changes in the TBP over time.
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Waterer, Doug. "Influence of irrigation, nitrogen and seed piece spacing on yields and tuber size distribution of seed potatoes." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 77, no. 1 (January 1, 1997): 141–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p96-087.
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This study examined the influence of irrigation, soil nitrogen (N) levels and seed piece spacing on the yields and tuber size distribution of Norland, Russet Burbank and Shepody potatoes over three seasons at two sites in central Saskatchewan. The crops were grown under standard irrigated conditions or on dryland with in-row spacings of 15, 23 or 30 cm and total N levels of 200 or 300 kg ha−1 as either preplant or split applications. Irrigation greatly enhanced yields of all tuber size categories in the drier years but had less effect if seasonal precipitation reached or exceeded normal levels. Smaller size tubers formed a greater proportion of the total yield in crops exposed to drought stress. Norland was less affected by drought than the later-maturing cultivars. Yield responses to N were limited to situations where soil moisture was abundant or crop demand for nutrients was increased by close in-row spacings. Close in-row spacing increased total yields in some cases, while in others it resulted in a reduction in tuber size with little effect on overall yields. Yields for the cultivar Norland were less affected by seed piece spacing than yields for Russet Burbank or Shepody. Key words: Solanum tuberosum, drop seed, spacing, fertility
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Fajri, Muhammad. "Determinan Manajemen Laba Perusahaan di Sektor Konsumsi." Ekonomis: Journal of Economics and Business 3, no. 2 (September 19, 2019): 96. http://dx.doi.org/10.33087/ekonomis.v3i2.68.
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The aim of this research is to provide empirical evidence on the impact of good corporate governance, free cash flow, and leverage ratio on earnings management. Good corporate governance is measured by audit committee’s size, the proportion of independent commissioners, institutional ownership, and managerial ownership. Discretionary accrual is the proxy of earning management. This research used 28 consumer goods companies listed in Indonesia Stock Exchange from 2016 to 2018. Data were analyzed using panel data with random effect model. Based on the result of analysis concluded that all components of good corporate governance (audit committee’s size, the proportion of independent commissioners, institutional ownership, and managerial ownership), have no significant effect on earnings management, on other hand leverage ratio has a negative effect and no significant on earning management, and free cash flow has a positve and no significant effect on earnings management
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Shan, Liran Christine, Aine Regan, Frank J. Monahan, Chenguang Li, Celine Murrin, Fiona Lalor, Patrick G. Wall, and Aine McConnon. "Consumer views on “healthier” processed meat." British Food Journal 118, no. 7 (July 4, 2016): 1712–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/bfj-11-2015-0447.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate consumer attitudes towards and interest in enriching processed meat with healthy ingredients (“functional processed meat”). Design/methodology/approach – Seven focus groups across age and gender were conducted. Discussions were analysed using an inductive thematic approach. Findings – Strategies that participants felt as important for improving the healthiness of processed meat mainly included the use of better quality meat and less salt, fat, preservatives and other additives. “Functional processed meat” was a new concept for participants. Four themes were constructed to reflect participants’ attitudes towards functional processed meat: opposing views on processed meat as a carrier of healthy ingredients; belief in the health benefits of functional processed meat; perceived value of functional processed meat for different consumer groups; and trust and perceived risk surrounding the functional food concept. A large proportion of the participants were unconvinced about the concept of functional processed meat; however many of the participants expressed an openness to purchase this food product if taste and price remained uncompromised. Research limitations/implications – The sample size of the current study is small. Complementary quantitative research with a more representative sample should be implemented. Adopting a quantitative approach, the findings from this study should be explored further to investigate their application in a representative sample of the population. Originality/value – This study represents a first exploratory investigation of consumer views on functional processed meat. It can inform further consumer and market research in relation to the development of “healthier” processed meat.
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Clark, William R., and Robert T. Clay. "Standing crop of Sagittaria in the Upper Mississippi River." Canadian Journal of Botany 63, no. 8 (August 1, 1985): 1453–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b85-201.
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Aboveground and belowground standing crops of Sagittaria latifolia and Sagittaria rigida were related to water depths and substrate particle-size distribution, in differing parts of Pool 9 of the Upper Mississippi River. Average water depth during the growing season was greater in stands in open-water areas (30.1 ± 2.1 cm) than in backwaters (16.5 ± 1.5 cm). The average water depth of 35.1 in S. rigida stands was deeper than the average of 26.4 cm in S. latifolia beds. Sediments in backwaters had significantly greater proportions of clay- and silt-sized particles than sediments in open waters. Density of S. latifolia in open water was 31.0 ± 1.3 compared with 22.7 ± 1.6/m2 in backwaters. Peak aboveground standing crop of S. latifolia in open water (683.4 ± 41.4 g/m2) was greater than in backwaters (430.9 ± 25.7 g/m2) and varied directly with differences in water depths in stands among years. Belowground standing crop of S. latifolia in open water (58.6 ± 4.3 g/0.25 m2) was also greater than in backwaters (40.9 ± 6.6 g/0.25 m2). During the growing season, approximately 46% of the belowground standing crop of this species was composed of tubers. Peak aboveground standing crop of S. rigida in open water (498.2 ± 35.5 g/m2) was greater than in backwaters (422.1 ± 26.3 g/m2), but a correlation with water depth was not found. Belowground standing crop of S. rigida in open water (39.3 ± 4.0 g/0.25 m2) was greater than in backwaters (25.6 ± 3.3 g/0.25 m2). Tubers constituted 61% of belowground standing crop of S. rigida, which was greater than the proportion for S. latifolia. Shallower water depth and finer particle size caused by siltation in backwater Sagittaria beds result in stands which are less productive.
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Lee, Eun-Sil, and Eun-Sil Kim. "Proposal of Nail Tip Size by Measuring Nail Size of Korean Women in Their 30s: Focusing on Size Comparison Through Direct Measurement and 3D Scanner Measurement." Korean Society of Beauty and Art 21, no. 3 (September 20, 2020): 51–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.18693/jksba.2020.21.3.51.
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In recent years, the global economy has been shifting from manufacturing to service, and especially in the beauty industry, interest is increasing in the nail industry as well as in the theoretical field. With the introduction of nail art in Korea, it entered the mid-2000s, and even the self-nail group appeared. In addition, as the demand for online shopping malls and offline shopping malls surges, more and more consumers enjoy self-nailing. In addition, as it was revitalized around women in their 20s and 30s, looking at the tendency of domestic women in their 30s, the highest proportion of consumers who thought they were the consumer was the highest. In the meantime, the previous study suggests measurements of fingernail size and tip size, but the results of the previous study have only performed direct measurement. Therefore, in this study, direct measurement and 3D scanner measurement were measured for women in their 30s among domestic women. The purpose of this study is to compare and analyze the nail size of 30 nails, and then to suggest the size of the nail tip. In addition, it is of great significance that the measurement was attempted using a 3D scanner measurement method.
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Saati, Elfi Anis, Auliarinda Noviani, Muhammad Wachid, and Devi Dwi Siskawardani. "Analogue Rice Formulation from Tapioca, Soybean Flour, Natural Dyes (Amaranthus tricolor L. and Alternanthera amoena V.)." FOODSCITECH 3, no. 2 (December 20, 2020): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.25139/fst.v3i2.3131.
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The diversification of food is the solution of rice imports elevation, rice consumption dependence, as well as lack of protein calories for baby in Indonesia. Analogue rice from local resources such as various starches, both from tubers and nuts. Analogue rice is produced from flour with the addition of water or other nutritional components. To improve consumer appeal, the natural dyes addition also can increase nutrition product. This research aimed to analyze the effect of pigment sources and formulation of tapioca and soybean. Nested design was applied with 1st factor was sources of pigment (control, extracted green spinach, and red spinach). The second factor was the proportion of tapioca and soybean flour. The result showed that protein increased from 4.54% to 5.30% and iron (Fe) increased from 2.58 to 14.54 ppm. The best analog rice was produced from T1B2 (85% tapioca : 15% soybean flour x red spinach) which had moisture content (4.96%), fat (3.23%), protein (5.70%), absorption capacity (175.89%), color intensity (L = 52.40; a+ = 1.50; b+ = 10.10), antioxidant activity (88.55%), total pigment (4.86 mg L-1), and iron (20.11%). The organoleptic score was taste (3.17 = quite like), texture (3.30 = quite like), shape (3.03 = quite like), and preference (3.23 = quite like).
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Tsao, Hsiu-Yuan, Leyland Pitt, and Colin Campbell. "Discriminating between behaviour using market data from panels." International Journal of Market Research 56, no. 1 (January 2014): 73–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2501/ijmr-2013-052.
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Considerable research exists on stochastic models of switching behaviour that uses sequences of individual-level purchase data. While at the individual level, sample size and sequence length are limiting factors, at the aggregate level, heterogeneity with respect to purchase sequences may assist in interpreting results. The authors propose an approach to discriminate between the switching behaviour of variety seeking, indifference and reinforcement. Only the proportion of 100% loyal customers, market share data and an estimation of the promotional effect -information all available from consumer panel data - are necessary to fit the model.
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Kim, Daegeon. "Effect of Adjusting for Particle-Size Distribution of Cement on Strength Development of Concrete." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2018 (2018): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/1763524.
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The massive construction projects such as nuclear power plants and gas storage plants operate their own batch plants for appropriate supply of a massive amount of ASTM Type I cement. The batch plants have difficulty responding to diversifying consumer requirements such as early strength development of concrete under the current limited production line of cement. In order to respond to the needs, this study collected several sizes of cement particles from different filters at a cement plant, and conducted the adjustment of cement particle-size distribution to enhance the properties of concrete based on ASTM Type I cement. This paper shows the chemical properties and physical tests such as setting time and compression tests considering the effects of the distribution of cement particles. Also, the classification based on cement particle-size distribution was defined as FMC (fineness modulus of cement). As FMC increased, compressive strength was relatively low at early age but the difference became smaller for later age. The test results show the effects of the adjusted mix proportion considering particle-size distribution of cement on strength development of concrete. Therefore, it is possible to see that customized cement or concrete can be manufactured in response to various consumer requirements by introducing such method that by-passes and collects fine or coarse cement in the cement-crushing process and then re-mixes them with OPC ASTM Type I cement depending on FMC.
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Abel, Gregory A., Stephanie J. Lee, and Jane C. Weeks. "Direct-to-Consumer Advertising in Oncology: A Content Analysis of Print Media." Journal of Clinical Oncology 25, no. 10 (April 1, 2007): 1267–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2006.09.5968.
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Purpose Content analysis of cancer-related direct-to-consumer advertising (DTCA), with a focus on how benefit and risk/adverse effect information is presented, is essential to understanding its potential impact on oncology outcomes. Methods We reviewed all oncology DTCA appearing in three patient-focused cancer magazines and a sample of selected popular magazines from January 2003 to June 2006. We determined the Flesch reading ease score (FRES) for the text in each advertisement (a score ≥ 65 is readable for the average person). We also assessed the proportion, type size, and placement of benefits and risks/adverse effects, as well as the nature and content of advertising appeals. Results Of 284 advertisements identified, 49 were unique. Oncology-related DTCA was rare in the popular magazines, and appeared mostly in those aimed at female readership. About equal amounts of text were devoted to benefits and risks/adverse effects, and all text was difficult to read. The mean FRES for benefit text was 39.71; for risk/adverse effect text, it was 38.22, a difference of 1.49 (95% CI, −4.02 to 7.00). The largest font size for benefits was 4.60 mm on average; for risks/adverse effects, it was 2.38 mm, a difference of 2.22 mm (95% CI, 1.35 to 3.09). Appeals to medication effectiveness were frequent (95%) and often made with clinical trial data (61%). Conclusion Oncology print DTCA is prevalent in cancer-related, patient-directed magazines, and infrequent in the popular press. The information presented is considerably difficult to read, raising important questions about the appropriateness of direct-to-consumer marketing for oncologic medications.
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Duckett, Stephen. "The Australian health workforce:facts and futures." Australian Health Review 23, no. 4 (2000): 60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah000060.
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The quality of care received by a patient or consumer critically depends on the knowledge, skills and attitudes of thehealth workforce; the structure and functioning of the health workforce is critical to the structure and functioning ofthe health system overall. To a very large extent, diagnosis and treatment decisions call on the training and experienceof the health professional. The quality of the interaction between a patient or consumer depends on the interpersonaland technical skills of health professionals. In a sense, health workers are important to defining the very nature ofhealth care services. The importance of the health workforce is further highlighted by the fact that, as is typical of mostservice industries, labour accounts for a large proportion of health costs (around 80%).This paper provides an overview of the size and composition of the health workforce in Australia. It then reviewsthree segments of the workforce in more detail (medical, nursing and other health professionals) and reviewscontemporary policy issues affecting those groups.
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Walker, Karen Z., Julie Woods, Jamie Ross, and Rachel Hechtman. "Yoghurt and dairy snacks presented for sale to an Australian consumer: are they becoming less healthy?" Public Health Nutrition 13, no. 7 (December 22, 2009): 1036–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980009992965.
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AbstractObjectiveTo assess the nutrient profile of yoghurts and dairy desserts.DesignNutrition information panels and product labels on yoghurts and dairy desserts offered for sale were surveyed in 2005 and 2008 and nutrients analysed by two nutrient profiling systems.SettingA large supermarket in metropolitan Melbourne, Australia.ResultsIn total, 248 and 140 dairy snacks (yoghurt, fromage frais or dairy desserts) were surveyed in 2005 and 2008, respectively. Over this time, median packet size rose significantly (P≤ 0·001). In yoghurts, median energy and total fat content also increased while protein decreased (allP< 0·05). The proportion of ‘full-fat’ products rose from 36 % to 46 %. Because of the addition of sugar, most ‘reduced-fat’ yoghurts had energy content similar to many ‘full-fat’ yoghurts. Overall, the proportion of yoghurts and dairy desserts that were ‘less healthy’ (i.e. displaying one or more ‘red traffic lights’ for high fat, saturated fat, salt and sugar content) rose from 12 % in 2005 to 23 % in 2008. Only 1–2 % could be deemed ‘healthy’ by the most stringent criterion (displaying four ‘green traffic lights’), while 21 % (2005) or 28 % (2008) were ‘healthy’ by a nutrient profiling system that included a score for protein. Sucrose, the most common sweetener, was found in levels up to 29 g/100 g. Claims on packaging mainly related to Ca, fat or protein content. Few labels referred to sugar content.ConclusionsThe deterioration in nutrient quality of yoghurts needs to be redressed.
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Janssen, Marco A., and Wander Jager. "Simulating Market Dynamics: Interactions between Consumer Psychology and Social Networks." Artificial Life 9, no. 4 (October 2003): 343–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/106454603322694807.
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Markets can show different types of dynamics, from quiet markets dominated by one or a few products, to markets with continual penetration of new and reintroduced products. In a previous article we explored the dynamics of markets from a psychological perspective using a multi-agent simulation model. The main results indicated that the behavioral rules dominating the artificial consumer's decision making determine the resulting market dynamics, such as fashions, lock-in, and unstable renewal. Results also show the importance of psychological variables like social networks, preferences, and the need for identity to explain the dynamics of markets. In this article we extend this work in two directions. First, we will focus on a more systematic investigation of the effects of different network structures. The previous article was based on Watts and Strogatz's approach, which describes the small-world and clustering characteristics in networks. More recent research demonstrated that many large networks display a scale-free power-law distribution for node connectivity. In terms of market dynamics this may imply that a small proportion of consumers may have an exceptional influence on the consumptive behavior of others (hubs, or early adapters). We show that market dynamics is a self-organized property depending on the interaction between the agents' decision-making process (heuristics), the product characteristics (degree of satisfaction of unit of consumption, visibility), and the structure of interactions between agents (size of network and hubs in a social network).
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Adiyoga, Witono, and Nurmalinda Nurmalinda. "Analisis Konjoin Preferensi Konsumen terhadap Atribut Produk Kentang, Bawang Merah, dan Cabai Merah." Jurnal Hortikultura 22, no. 3 (August 1, 2013): 292. http://dx.doi.org/10.21082/jhort.v22n3.2012.p292-302.
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<p>ABSTRAK. Pemahaman tentang preferensi konsumen sangat penting dalam proses pengambilan keputusan pemangku kepentingan utama, termasuk bagi produsen/petani serta berbagai pihak terkait yang beroperasi di dalam subsektor sayuran. Penelitian ini diarahkan untuk menghimpun informasi menyangkut preferensi konsumen atau optimalisasi utilitas atribut produk untuk komoditas prioritas/unggulan sayuran (kentang, bawang merah, dan cabai merah). Kegiatan penelitian dilaksanakan pada Bulan Juni sampai dengan September 2008 di tiga kota besar konsumen sayuran, yaitu Jakarta (DKI Jaya), Bandung (Jawa Barat), dan Padang (Sumatera Barat). Penelitian survai menggunakan kuesioner terstruktur dilaksanakan untuk mewawancarai 335 responden yang dipilih secara acak di ketiga kota tersebut. Atribut produk yang diamati mencakup atribut eksternal, internal, dan organoleptik. Preferensi konsumen diidentifikasi menggunakan analisis konjoin yaitu salah satu modul dalam program SPSS. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa konsumen mengekspresikan preferensinya terhadap kentang yang berukuran 6–8 butir/kg, berkulit mulus, dan memiliki jumlah mata sedikit (<10). Konsumen menganggap ukuran umbi kentang merupakan faktor terpenting dalam menilai atau membeli kentang, dan secara berturut-turut diikuti oleh faktor permukaan kulit serta jumlah mata. Sementara itu, bawang merah yang paling disukai konsumen ialah bawang merah dengan diameter umbi 2,5 cm, berwarna kulit merah-ungu tua, dan beraroma tidak menyengat. Urutan kepentingan atribut bawang merah menurut persepsi konsumen secara berturut-turut yaitu warna kulit, ukuran umbi, serta aroma. Sementara itu, konsumen lebih menyukai cabai merah yang besar, kulit berwarna merah terang, dan memiliki kepedasan agak pedas. Dalam konteks atribut produk cabai merah yang digunakan untuk mengukur preferensi, faktor terpenting yang berpengaruh dalam proses pengambilan keputusan yaitu warna kulit, dan secara berturut-turut diikuti oleh faktor jenis cabai serta tingkat kepedasan.</p><p>ABSTRACT. Adiyoga, W and Nurmalinda 2012. Conjoint Analysis of Consumer Preferences on Potato, Shallots, and Hot Pepper’s Product Attributes. Understanding consumer preferences is important in the context of decision-making of key stakeholders, including producers themselves, as well as development agencies that operate in the vegetable subsector. This study was aimed at collecting information on consumer preference or optimizing the utility of product attributes of vegetable priority crops (potato, shallots, and hot peppers). It was carried out in June-September 2008 in three big vegetable consuming cities, Jakarta (Capital Special-Region of Jakarta), Bandung (West Java), and Padang (West Sumatera). Survey method by using a structured questionnaire was implemented to interview 335 respondents randomly selected in the three cities. Parameters observed were external, internal, and organoleptic attributes. Consumer preferences were identified by using conjoint analysis – a module in Statistical Program for Social Sciences (SPSS). The results showed that consumers express their preference to potato that has some characteristics, such as medium size of tuber (6-8 tubers/kg), smooth-flawless skin, and few numbers of eyes (<10). Tuber size were perceived as the most important factor affecting purchasing decision, and followed by skin and number of eyes. The most preferred shallots was the one that has a diameter of 2.5 cm in size, dark-violet red skin color, and least strong aroma. The rank of shallot’s attributes importance as perceived by consumers were skin color, tuber size, and aroma, consecutively. Meanwhile, consumers prefer hot peppers that has the characteristics of bright-red skin color, big-hot peppers type, and slightly hot. Within the context of measuring preference, the most important hot peppers attribute that influences consumer decision making were skin color, and then followed by hot peppers type, and hotness.<br /><br /></p>
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Korese, Joseph Kudadam, Solomon Kofi Chikpah, Oliver Hensel, Elke Pawelzik, and Barbara Sturm. "Effect of orange-fleshed sweet potato flour particle size and degree of wheat flour substitution on physical, nutritional, textural and sensory properties of cookies." European Food Research and Technology 247, no. 4 (March 3, 2021): 889–905. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00217-020-03672-z.
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AbstractOrange-fleshed sweet potato (OFSP) flour is rich in health-promoting compounds that can improve the nutritional benefits of baked products when blended with wheat flour. However, the flour particle size and blend proportion may affect the quality properties and consumer acceptability of bakery products. This study investigated the effect of flour particle sizes and blend proportions on the physical, nutritional, textural and sensory properties of peeled and unpeeled OFSP composite flour cookies. Peeled and unpeeled OFSP flours (≤ 250 μm and ≤ 500 μm particle size) were produced, and each was used to replace soft wheat flour at the rate of 0 to 100% for cookies formulation. The results obtained showed that substitution of wheat flour with OFSP flours significantly (p < 0.05) decreased cookies baking loss, thickness, volume, crust lightness (L*) but increased diameter, spread ratio, crust redness, yellowness, contents of ß-carotene, vitamin A, ascorbic acid, total phenolics and flavonoids, and the antioxidant capacity. The hardness and fracturability of the OFSP-based cookies ranged between 1.389 and 10.142 kg and 0.873 and 9.431 kg, respectively, whereas the values of the control cookies were 1.281 ± 0.003 kg and 1.274 ± 0.003 kg, respectively. The effect of flour particle size on the physical and nutritional properties of cookies was insignificant (p > 0.05). However, the ≤ 250 μm particle size flour cookies had higher overall acceptability than the ≤ 500 μm particle size flour cookies. The unpeeled OFSP composite cookies had higher bioactive compounds concentrations except for ascorbic acid but had lower overall acceptability than the peeled OFSP cookies. Generally, the 30% peeled OFSP composite flour cookies had the highest consumer acceptability.
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Munim, Adil, Michel Rod, Hamed Tavakoli, and Farah Hosseinian. "An Analysis of the Composition, Health Benefits, and Future Market Potential of the Jerusalem Artichoke in Canada." Journal of Food Research 6, no. 5 (August 21, 2017): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jfr.v6n5p69.
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This article presents an overview of the Jerusalem artichoke and its potential uses in consumer food products. Jerusalem artichoke, native to North America, is characterized by its sunflower-like appearance and carbohydrate-rich tubers. For centuries, Jerusalem artichoke tubers were a food source for Aboriginal Canadians and early European settlers. Today, Jerusalem artichoke is used to obtain inulin for addition into food products. Inulin is a polysaccharide that provides several health benefits when consumed. Due to its unique structure of fructose and glucose molecules, inulin is indigestible by the human digestive system. Its benefits are realized when it enters the large intestine and is fermented by microorganisms. This process stimulates prebiotic and dietary fibre effects that improve the growth of beneficial bacteria and promote greater digestive health. Additionally, inulin can act as a sugar or fat substitute in foods, and even facilitates the absorption of minerals in the large intestine. Currently, the use of Jerusalem artichoke inulin in commercial food products is limited. However, trends focusing on healthy living and supporting local industry indicate that Canadian consumers will positively view products made with Canadian-grown Jerusalem artichoke. The advantage that Jerusalem artichoke has over other inulin-rich products is that it can grow on poor land and is also more resistant to extreme weather conditions relative to corn and/or sugar beet; this is significant in the Canadian context. Given these trends and supplementary market data, the potential market size for Jerusalem artichoke-enriched products has been determined. Additionally, prices of currently available inulin-enriched products have been used as guidelines to determine total market potential. Market potential for baked goods, particularly muffins, was found to be $CAD 8,721,788 while market potential for beverages, namely soda, was found to be $CAD 11,707,098. These numbers, though imperfect, indicate that there is strong potential for Jerusalem artichoke-enriched products to be marketed to Canadian consumers.
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Hernández-Suárez, Carlos M., Osval A. Montesinos-López, Graham McLaren, and José Crossa. "Probability models for detecting transgenic plants." Seed Science Research 18, no. 2 (June 2008): 77–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960258508975565.
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AbstractWhen detecting the adventitious presence of transgenic plants (AP), it is important to use an appropriate testing method in the laboratory. Dorfman's group testing method is effective for reducing the number of laboratory analyses, but does not consider the case where AP is diluted below the sensitivity of the analyses, which causes the rate of false negatives to increase. The objective of this study is to propose binomial and negative binomial probabilistic models for determining the required sample size (n), number of pools (g), and size of the pool (k) for detecting individuals possessing AP with a probability ≥ (1 − α) (for a small α) given: (1) pool size (k); (2) estimated proportion of individuals with AP in the population (p); (3) concentration of the trait of interest (AP) in individual seeds (w); and (4) detection limit of the test (c) (AP concentration in a pool below which it cannot be detected). The proposed models consider the different rates of false positives (δ) and false negatives (λ), and the assessment of consumer and producer risks. Results have shown that when using the negative binomial, a required sample size n can be determined that guarantees a high probability that m individuals or g pools containing AP will be found. The pools formed have an optimum size, such that one element with AP will be detected at a low cost. The negative binomial distribution should be used when it is known that the proportion of individuals with AP in the population is p < 0.1; thus, it is guaranteed that m individuals or g pools of individuals with AP will be detected with high probability.
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Aji, Hendy Mustiko, and Basu Swastha Dharmmesta. "Subjective norm vs dogmatism: Christian consumer attitude towards Islamic TV advertising." Journal of Islamic Marketing 10, no. 3 (September 9, 2019): 961–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jima-01-2017-0006.
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Purpose With concern on cross-religion research, this study aims to examine Christian consumer attitude towards Islamic TV advertising in Indonesia. This study includes together both subjective norm and dogmatism in an analysis as moderating variables. Design/methodology/approach An online survey for 186 sample respondents was conducted to test nine hypotheses. Multi-group moderation test was conducted to test the moderation effect of subjective norms and dogmatism on the model. Findings The results indicate that Christian intrinsic religiosity has a significant negative relationship with Islamic TV advertising credibility. Consumers’ attitudes towards Islamic TV advertising are proven to be the consequence of Islamic TV advertising credibility, even if the relationship is inverted. Moreover, this study concludes that subjective norms and dogmatism significantly moderate the relationship between Islamic TV advertising credibility and attitudes towards Islamic TV advertising differently. Subjective norms tend to weaken the relationship, while dogmatism strengthens it. Research limitations/implications During the process of this study, the authors uncovered three research limitations. First, too many measurement items for dogmatism eliminated from the analysis. Second, having balanced proportion for the high and low group has become the concern of this study, Third, a sample size of 186 is not adequate for such a complex model. Practical implications Managers should employ endorsers with multi-faceted images who can be accepted by all segments of society to combat the negative perception and attitudes of Christian consumers on Islamic attributes in TV advertising. Originality/value This paper contributes to the literature on cross-religion marketing research, especially on the topic of advertising, by comparing the internal influence (dogmatism) and external influence (subjective norm) on attitude towards Islamic TV advertising.
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Egbunike, Chinedu Francis, and Augustine N. Odum. "Board leadership structure and earnings quality." Asian Journal of Accounting Research 3, no. 1 (August 6, 2018): 82–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ajar-05-2018-0002.
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Purpose One main concern and issue affecting earnings quality is the extent to which managers manipulate earnings to mislead stakeholders about the underlying economic performance of the company or to influence contractual outcomes that depend on reported accounting numbers. This study builds on prior research and examines empirically the relationship between board leadership structure and earnings quality of manufacturing firms in Nigeria. The purpose of this paper is to specifically focus on four board structure characteristics: board size, composition, proportion of non-executive directors and CEO duality. Design/methodology/approach Data used for this investigation were collected from secondary sources, i.e. annual reports and accounts. The study used the Pooled OLS regression model to examine the effect of the board structure on earnings management for a sample of 45 non-financial listed Nigerian companies (conglomerates, consumer goods and industrial goods firms) for the years 2011 to 2016. Findings Based on the analysis, board size and board composition were positive and significant. However, proportion of non-executive directors was negative and significant; while, CEO duality was positive and statistically significant. It was consequently recommended that audit firms should review their audit business model and become more circumspect of their client, e.g. provide fraud assessment and checks for earnings quality. Boards should not just reflect size but rather the skills and expertise of individuals appointed to the board. Furtherance to this, the effectiveness of boards can be improved by committees and sub-committees allocation of duties. Originality/value Few studies have addressed this area in the country.
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Wang, Zhong, and Xu. "Optimal Decisions and Coordination in a Socially Responsible Supply Chain with Irresponsibility Risk." Sustainability 11, no. 24 (December 17, 2019): 7252. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11247252.
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Many companies make some stakeholders pleased but others cannot. To help understand why, it is very important to study the coexistence of corporate social responsibility (CSR) and corporate social irresponsibility (CSI). This paper considers a manufacturer with irresponsibility risk in a centralized and decentralized socially responsible supply chain, and uses a Stackelberg game to investigate the optimal policies on price and CSR investment level. This paper also examines the influence of consumer responsibility awareness and CSR investment efficiency on the decision behaviors of the manufacturer and retailer. Moreover, we developed a new mechanism to coordinate the decentralized supply chain system, which consists of the retailer participating in CSR and revenue sharing. Our results indicate that the manufacturer’s and retailer’s optimal decisions may not be significantly influenced by consumer responsibility awareness, but the effect of CSR investment efficiency is significant. Our results also show that if the degree of retailer participation and the proportion of revenue sharing are of moderate size, then not only can the contract mechanism coordinate the decentralized socially responsible supply chain, but it can ensure that a win–win situation can be achieved by the supply chain members.
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Nagy, Csaba. "A nyugat-romániai autóipar - a "globális szállító"." Jelenkori Társadalmi és Gazdasági Folyamatok 4, no. 3-4 (January 1, 2009): 208–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.14232/jtgf.2009.3-4.208-213.
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The cornerstone of the economy of the West-Romanian counties (Timis, Arad, Hunedoara and Caras-Severin) is the automotive industry. The automotive industry's nature is characterized by constant change, novelty, work on the network (clusters) and the consoli-dation of the component segments: from supplier to consumer. The huge competition manifested in the world's economy leads to constant fluctuations in the size of relevant businesses, production and staffing levels, costs and income. This phenomenon works like a chain-reaction, affecting other industries, with unpredictable effects. From this results the importance of this industry, prone to migration. Economic crisis strongly influences the automotive industry, but nevertheless, its proportion remains significant in the West-Romanian economy.- Its products travel round the world, so it is often referred to as "global supplier".
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Hossain, Afsana, Yasmine Abdallah, Md Arshad Ali, Md Mahidul Islam Masum, Bin Li, Guochang Sun, Youqing Meng, Yanli Wang, and Qianli An. "Lemon-Fruit-Based Green Synthesis of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles and Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles against Soft Rot Bacterial Pathogen Dickeya dadantii." Biomolecules 9, no. 12 (December 11, 2019): 863. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom9120863.
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Edible plant fruits are safe raw materials free of toxicants and rich in biomolecules for reducing metal ions and stabilizing nanoparticles. Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) and titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2NPs) are the most produced consumer nanomaterials and have known antibacterial activities but have rarely been used against phytopathogenic bacteria. Here, we synthesized ZnONPs and TiO2NPs simply by mixing ZnO or TiO2 solution with a lemon fruit extract at room temperature and showed their antibacterial activities against Dickeya dadantii, which causes sweet potato stem and root rot disease occurring in major sweet potato planting areas in China. Ultraviolet–visible spectrometry and energy dispersive spectroscopy determined their physiochemical characteristics. Transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray diffraction spectroscopy revealed the nanoscale size and polymorphic crystalline structures of the ZnONPs and TiO2NPs. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy revealed their surface stabilization groups from the lemon fruit extract. In contrast to ZnO and TiO2, which had no antibacterial activity against D. dadantii, ZnONPs and TiO2NPs showed inhibitions on D. dadantii growth, swimming motility, biofilm formation, and maceration of sweet potato tuber slices. ZnONPs and TiO2NPs showed similar extents of antibacterial activities, which increased with the increase of nanoparticle concentrations, and inhibited about 60% of D. dadantii activities at the concentration of 50 µg∙mL−1. The green synthetic ZnONPs and TiO2NPs can be used to control the sweet potato soft rot disease by control of pathogen contamination of seed tubers.
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Haskelberg, Hila, Bruce Neal, Elizabeth Dunford, Victoria Flood, Anna Rangan, Beth Thomas, Xenia Cleanthous, et al. "High variation in manufacturer-declared serving size of packaged discretionary foods in Australia." British Journal of Nutrition 115, no. 10 (March 17, 2016): 1810–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114516000799.
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AbstractDespite the potential of declared serving size to encourage appropriate portion size consumption, most countries including Australia have not developed clear reference guidelines for serving size. The present study evaluated variability in manufacturer-declared serving size of discretionary food and beverage products in Australia, and how declared serving size compared with the 2013 Australian Dietary Guideline (ADG) standard serve (600 kJ). Serving sizes were obtained from the Nutrition Information Panel for 4466 packaged, discretionary products in 2013 at four large supermarkets in Sydney, Australia, and categorised into fifteen categories in line with the 2013 ADG. For unique products that were sold in multiple package sizes, the percentage difference between the minimum and the maximum serving size across different package sizes was calculated. A high variation in serving size was found within the majority of food and beverage categories – for example, among 347 non-alcoholic beverages (e.g. soft drinks), the median for serving size was 250 (interquartile range (IQR) 250, 355) ml (range 100–750 ml). Declared serving size for unique products that are available in multiple package sizes also showed high variation, particularly for chocolate-based confectionery, with median percentage difference between minimum and maximum serving size of 183 (IQR 150) %. Categories with a high proportion of products that exceeded the 600 kJ ADG standard serve included cakes and muffins, pastries and desserts (≥74 % for each). High variability in declared serving size may confound interpretation and understanding of consumers interested in standardising and controlling their portion selection. Future research is needed to assess if and how standardising declared serving size might affect consumer behaviour.
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Huang, Wen-Shin, Hung-Yu Kuo, Shi-Yuan Tung, and Han-Shen Chen. "Assessing Consumer Preferences for Suboptimal Food: Application of a Choice Experiment in Citrus Fruit Retail." Foods 10, no. 1 (December 23, 2020): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods10010015.
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Amid the trend of sustainable development, reducing food waste is a global concern and campaigns to reduce food waste have been launched. For example, the term “food sharing” has originated from Germany and promotes sharing food instead of wasting. “The Guerilla Kitchen”, which originated from Netherlands, is an organization that also promotes avoiding wasting food. Consequently, more and more people are paying attention on this issue and we think it is necessary to understand people’s acceptance of suboptimal food, as discarded suboptimal food represents a significant proportion of food waste. Additionally, at least one-third of the food globally produced each year is classified as suboptimal and cannot be sold in the market because of a poor appearance, damaged packaging, or near expiration date, thus presenting challenges for environmental, social, and economic sustainability. Previous studies on suboptimal food have focused more on appearances and packaging dates and less on investigating traceable agricultural and price discounts, which is where food classified as suboptimal entails a discount. Moreover, citrus product attributes such as appearance, size, freshness indicators, traceable agricultural products, and price discounts were determined in terms of consumer preference through pre-measurement here, then using a choice experiment method to clarify which attributes consumers care about most (N = 485 respondents). Conditional logistic regression and a random parameter logit model (RPL) are employed to examine the various properties of a marginal willingness to pay (WTP). RPL was also used to deduce the respondents’ choices based on differences in appearance and freshness indicator. The results showed that consumers place greater emphasis on the freshness indicators (harvesting/packaging date labels) and appearance of suboptimal citrus fruits but do not focus on the size. Consumers are willing to purchase citrus fruit with a flawed appearance, although the price needs to be reduced from the original price. Although suboptimal food does not reduce health, people may still not buy it and this result in food wastage. As a result, it is essential to increase awareness regarding suboptimal foods and reduce food waste to support sustainable development.
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Abel, Gregory A., Marie-Adele Sorel, Ellis J. Neufeld, and Jane C. Weeks. "Hematology-Related Direct-to-Consumer Advertising: A Content Analysis and Verification of Claims from Print Media." Blood 108, no. 11 (November 16, 2006): 3346. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v108.11.3346.3346.
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Abstract Background: Patient-directed marketing of hematology medications is an increasingly prevalent and controversial practice. Content analysis of hematology-related direct-to-consumer advertising (DTCA), with attention to how benefit and risk/side effect information is presented as well as assessment of the appeals and claims made, is essential to understanding its potential effect on patient outcomes. Methods: We reviewed all DTCA for hematological medications appearing in 2005 in the largest circulation patient-focused bleeding-disorder and cancer magazines (Hemaware and CURE), as well as a sample of popular magazines. We assessed the Flesch reading ease score (FRES) for the benefit and risk/side effect text presented in each advertisement. Ranging from 0 to 100, a FRES of 65 or higher is considered understandable for the average person. We also assessed the proportion of text dedicated to, and the largest type size of, benefit and risk/side effect information, as well as the nature and content of the advertisements’ appeals. We then attempted to link the advertisements’ main efficacy or safety appeal to the hematological literature based upon references available from a Medline search for the claim and the drug name. Results: Of 134 total ads reviewed, 20 unique advertisements were analyzed (the remainder were repeats). Overall, the ratio of number of words devoted to benefit text versus risk/side effect text was 1.33. The mean FRES for benefit information was 39.0, while the mean FRES for risks/side effects was 23.7, a difference of 15.3 [95% CI: 6.4, 24.2]. The mean largest benefit type size was 6.1 mm, while the mean largest risk/side effect type size was 2.3 mm, a difference of 3.8 mm [95% CI: 1.7, 5.6]. 65% of ads made appeals to social-psychological enhancements (eg: regaining a normal life). 88% of the ads made appeals to efficacy, and 53% to safety; we were able to verify all of these except one through Medline. Conclusion: Hematology print DTCA is difficult to read. When compared to risks/side effects, benefits often comprise more text, appear in larger typeface, and are presented in language that is somewhat more readable. Appeals to efficacy and safety are common, and, for the most part, easy to verify with Medline. Although the ultimate effects of hematology DTCA for patients and providers remain to be elucidated, awareness of its characteristics is a vital first step toward better informing its regulation.
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Hussien, Anas Ali, Shaymaa Waleed Al-Shammari, and Mehdi J. Marie. "Performance evaluation of wireless sensor networks using LEACH protocol." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 19, no. 1 (July 1, 2020): 395. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v19.i1.pp395-402.
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<span>Recent days witnessed considerable developments in the field of wireless sensor networks (WSNs). The applications of these networks can be seen in the simple consumer electronic devices as well as in the advanced space technology. The communication protocols are of prior importance and interest; the low-energy adaptive clustering hierarchy (LEACH) protocol is used to enhance the performance of power consumption for the WSNs nodes. The efficiency of a wireless network can be affected by different factors, such as the size of the WSN and the initial energy of the sensor node. This can inspire the researchers to develop the optimum structure of the WSNs to get its desired functionality. In this paper, the performance of the low-energy adaptive clustering hierarchy (LEACH) protocol is investigated using MATLAB to study the effect of the initial energy of the sensor node and the WSN size on the number of the running nodes. It is found that increasing the initial energy of a sensor node increases the life time of the node and hence the number of the running nodes. It has been also approved that the WSN size has an inverse proportion with the number of running sensor nodes during the use of LEACH protocol.</span>
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Waterer, D. "Influence of growth regulators on skin colour and scab diseases of red-skinned potatoes." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 90, no. 5 (September 1, 2010): 745–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps10055.
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A uniform dark red skin colour is desirable in table potatoes; however, the colour of the popular red-skinned cultivar Norland is variable and tends to fade during storage. This study evaluated the potential to enhance skin colour of red potatoes by foliar application of the auxin-type herbicide 2,4-D or long-lasting analogs of the naturally occuring hormone abscisic acid (ABA). In field trials conducted from 2007 to 2009, the plant growth regulators (PGR) were applied to the foliage of Norland and AC Peregrine Red (a new dark red variety) potato plants when the crop was at the tuber set stage. Although the 2,4-D treatments altered the appearance of the foliage they had no consistent impact on yields or tuber shape, but did reduce the average tuber size. Objective and subjective assessments indicated that the 2,4-D treatments altered the skin colour of the tubers both immediately after harvest and after extended cold storage. The degree and nature of the colour change was somewhat dependent on the year, the rate of 2,4-D applied and the cultivar. The change in tuber appearance arising from the 2,4-D treatments was not always considered desirable by consumer panellists. The 2,4-D treatments also reduced tuber damage by common scab (Streptomyces scabies), but tended to increase grade out to powdery scab (Spongospora subterranea). The ABA analogs had no consistent impact on yields, skin colour or disease reaction. Key words: 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, abscisic acid, common scab, powdery scab, Streptomyces scabies, Spongospora subterranea
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Lantara, I. Wayan Nuka. "Survey on the Use of Derivatives in Indonesia." Gadjah Mada International Journal of Business 12, no. 3 (September 5, 2010): 295. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/gamaijb.5504.
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This paper provides survey evidence on the use of derivatives among firms listed on the Indonesian Stock Exchange. The finding shows that the participation rate in the use of derivatives is 28.8 percent, much lower than those found in developed countries. For the derivatives non-users, insignificant risk exposure is reported as the most important rationale for not using derivatives. Consumer goods industry constitutes the largest proportion of firms using derivatives. The majority of respondents utilize derivatives to hedge against financial risks rather than to speculate. Foreign currency risk and interest rate risk are the most important types of risks faced with by respondents. Using the Chi-square and the Fisher’s exact tests, the result corroborates the size effect hypothesis, where the use of derivatives is more popular among large firms than small firms. A SURVEY ON THE USE OF DERIVATIVES IN INDONESIAKeywords: derivatives; hedging; risk management
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Jun, Jungmi. "Social Response to the FDA Authorization of Heated Tobacco Products (HTPs)." Tobacco Regulatory Science 6, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 20–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.18001/trs.6.1.3.
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Objectives: The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved sales of heated tobacco products (HTPs) on April 30, 2019. In this paper, I provide a preliminary analysis of social media conversations regarding HTPs and the FDA authorization in the first 60 days. Methods: I examined 574 tweets regarding HTPs to assess tweet characteristics and semantic networks of HTPs. Results: Tweets were more likely to be neutral or anti-HTPs than pro-HTPs regardless of the author type (except for tobacco industry) or genre of the post. There was a small gap (6.4%) between the proportion of pro-HTPs and anti-HTPs among personal tweets. The proportion of pro-HTPs was larger in tweets posted by men (vs women and no sex specified) and from rural areas (vs urban). Nearly one-third of the sample mentioned cigarettes or e-cigarettes, even though the size of posts making claims on inferiority/superiority of HTPs was small. Conclusions: Social media conversations on risks of HTPs as well as surveillance on young consumer target marketing is occurring, and it will be important to assess the impact of tobacco companies' launch of HTP sales in the US to assess public perceptions on HTPs. Continuing surveillance of HTP marketing and risk perceptions will inform tobacco regulations.
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Lestari, Rehgita Ayu. "Gender Diversity, Board Composition, Intellectual Capital and Its Effect on Firm Performance." Management Analysis Journal 10, no. 1 (April 22, 2021): 62–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/maj.v10i1.45522.
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The purpose of this study was to analyze the influence of gender diversity, board of directors, board of commissioner, independent commissioner, and intellectual capital on firm performance. The population in this study is all consumer goods industry sector companies listed on the Indonesia Stock exchange for the period 2014-2018. Sampling in this study using purposive sampling, as many as 40 companies were selected as samples with a total 200 observation. The analysis method used in this research is regression analysis with fixed effect model approach and hypothesis testing. The result showed that the board of directors, the proportion of independent commissioner, and intellectual capital have positve and significant effect on firm performance. Menwhile, gender diversity and the board of commissioner have no effect on firm performance. The advice provide is for investors and companies to pay attention and conside the variables that effect on firm performance such as the board of directors, the proportion of independent commissioners and intellectual capital as a consideration to assess the firm performance. As forfurther research, the gender diversity variable can be measured using other proxies such as the blau index or so on. Firthermore, researcher are also expected to add other independent variables that affect on firm performance such as political connection, firm size, and manajerial ownership
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Murashov, Y., and T. Ratnikova. "Under-reported income of Russian households." Voprosy Ekonomiki, no. 5 (May 20, 2016): 99–126. http://dx.doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2016-5-99-126.
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In the proposed paper, an attempt is made to estimate the proportion of unstated income for Russian households based on micro data. An overview of microeconomic approaches to estimating the scale of under-reported income is provided. These approaches are poorly represented in the national literature, so their strengths and weaknesses are also analyzed. A theoretical model of household consumer behavior is described that allows the size of under-reported income to be estimated. The structure of household incomes and expenditures is studied based on an RLMS sample for 2012. The model is estimated using household subsamples based on the type of household and household income. The estimation technique utilizes regression variables and random effects. The resulting subsample estimates were applied to the general population and compared with those obtained by other researchers using alternative methods and other data. A comparison is made to estimates of under-reported income developed for British households.
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Vindas Quesada, Alberto José. "PRICE ADJUSTMENT IN COSTA RICA: A FIRST ASSESSMENT USING MICRO-DATA." Revista de Ciencias Económicas 32, no. 2 (November 29, 2014): 97. http://dx.doi.org/10.15517/rce.v32i2.17260.
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<p>This article explores the pricing adjustment process in Costa Rica, taking a deeper look into the micro-data that make up the Consumer Price Index for the period 2006-2013. The basic question asks if this process resembles time-dependent picing models, or if it resembles more a state-dependent process. This is done analysing a series of random effects regressions to explore the relations between inflation rate, frequency of pricing adjustments and their average magnitude. The main conclusions are that 1) there is considerable heterogeneity between product categories, 2) price decreases follow a very stable pattern that does not depend on the overall inflation rate, 3) the average size of the price increases is influenced by a very small magnitude by the inflation rate, 4) the proportion of prices increasing each month is strongly positively correlated with the inflation rate, and 5) state-dependent specifications fit better these facts.</p>
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Howard, Brett R., Daniel Barrios-O’Neill, Mhairi E. Alexander, Jaimie T. A. Dick, Thomas W. Therriault, Tamara B. Robinson, and Isabelle M. Côté. "Functional responses of a cosmopolitan invader demonstrate intraspecific variability in consumer-resource dynamics." PeerJ 6 (September 28, 2018): e5634. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.5634.
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Background Variability in the ecological impacts of invasive species across their geographical ranges may decrease the accuracy of risk assessments. Comparative functional response analysis can be used to estimate invasive consumer-resource dynamics, explain impact variability, and thus potentially inform impact predictions. The European green crab (Carcinus maenas) has been introduced on multiple continents beyond its native range, although its ecological impacts appear to vary among populations and regions. Our aim was to test whether consumer-resource dynamics under standardized conditions are similarly variable across the current geographic distribution of green crab, and to identify correlated morphological features. Methods Crabs were collected from multiple populations within both native (Northern Ireland) and invasive regions (South Africa and Canada). Their functional responses to local mussels (Mytilus spp.) were tested. Attack rates and handling times were compared among green crab populations within each region, and among regions (Pacific Canada, Atlantic Canada, South Africa, and Northern Ireland). The effect of predator and prey morphology on prey consumption was investigated. Results Across regions, green crabs consumed prey according to a Type II (hyperbolic) functional response curve. Attack rates (i.e., the rate at which a predator finds and attacks prey), handling times and maximum feeding rates differed among regions. There was a trend toward higher attack rates in invasive than in native populations. Green crabs from Canada had lower handling times and thus higher maximum feeding rates than those from South Africa and Northern Ireland. Canadian and Northern Ireland crabs had significantly larger claws than South African crabs. Claw size was a more important predictor of the proportion of mussels killed than prey shell strength. Discussion The differences in functional response between regions reflect observed impacts of green crabs in the wild. This suggests that an understanding of consumer–resource dynamics (e.g., the per capita measure of predation), derived from simple, standardized experiments, might yield useful predictions of invader impacts across geographical ranges.
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Mustikasari, Hany, Achmad Haldani Destiarmand, and Agus Sachari. "Kajian Terhadap Kecenderungan Aspek Visual Dalam Perancangan Produk Mode Berbasis Tenun Gedhog Khas Tuban." KELUWIH: Jurnal Sains dan Teknologi 1, no. 2 (August 31, 2020): 111–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.24123/saintek.v1i2.2922.
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Abstract- Indonesia has a lot of cultural diversity which able to support the sustainability of the Creative Industries. Among them is gedhog woven, a traditional weaving cloth. Compared to other types of weaving such as ikat or songket, gedhog woven still lack in popularity in the consumer market. However, gedhog woven has the opportunity of further development into a weaving-based product in the fashion industry to aim high recognization in society. Consumer interests and perceptions of weaving-based products are analyzed through qualitative method in order to understand the consumer market. Experiment also conducted to obtain the final form of fashion products made from gedhog woven material. Product diversification refers to visual aspects in design such as shape, color, size, and proportion. Analysis of tendencies towards fashion product from woven materials obtained through this research. This can be utilized both for the foundation of further research as well as improving the quality and value of selling products in the consumer market.Keywords: visual aspect, fashion, gedhog woven
Abstrak- Indonesia memiliki banyak kekayaan budaya yang dapat mendukung keberlangsungan Dari Industri Kreatif. Salah satunya adalah wastra nusantara berupa tenun gedhog. Dibandingkan dengan jenis tenun yang lain seperti ikat atau songket, tenun gedhog masih kurang popularitasnya di dalam pasar konsumen. Meski demikian, tenun gedhog tetap memiliki peluang pengembangan lebih lanjut menjadi sebuah produk dalam industri mode supaya makin dikenal oleh masyarakat. Minat dan persepsi konsumen terhadap produk berbasis tenun dianalisis melalui metodologi kualitatif dalam rangka memahami keinginan pasar. Selain itu, dilakukan pula eksperimen untuk memperoleh bentuk akhir produk mode yang terbuat dari material tenun gedhog. Diversifikasi produk mengacu kepada aspek visual dalam desain seperti bentuk, warna, ukuran, dan proporsi. Melalui penelitian ini diperoleh analisis dari kecenderungan masyarakat terhadap pemilihan produk mode yang terbuat dari material tenun. Hal ini dapat dimanfaatkan baik bagi landasan penelitian selanjutnya maupun bagi peningkatan kualitas dan nilai jual produk dalam pasar konsumen.Kata kunci: aspek visual, mode, tenun gedhog
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Mahasuar, Kiran. "Strategic innovations in distribution channels – an emerging market perspective and case studies from consumer packaged goods (CPG) industry of India." Strategic Direction 35, no. 1 (January 14, 2019): 13–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/sd-07-2018-0158.
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Purpose The distribution channel in Indian Consumer Packaged Goods (CPG) ecosystem is both unique and unparalleled in terms of its reach, structure, and size. This paper aims to give an emerging market perspective of the innovations in the distribution models of CPG industry through pertinent case studies. Design/methodology/approach This briefing is prepared by two independent writers who have critically evaluated the Indian CPG Distribution ecosystem and contextualized the case-studies with their perspectives. Findings Most of the text-books and academic literature are tailor-made for the distribution through organized retail. So, how do we tackle the complexities of the Distribution in an emerging market like India with a gargantuan proportion of sales in the unorganized retail sector? The paper is possibly the first attempt to give an emerging market perspective of the successful innovations in the distribution models of CPG industry through pertinent case studies and thereby serve as a learner’s primer in this area. Practical implications The paper provides impactful strategic insights and practical thinking derived from the innovative approaches of successful corporations. Originality/value The research paper is first of its kind documentation of innovation in CPG ecosystem of India and thus saves busy executives and researchers hours of reading time. The relevant information is presented in a succinct and easy to digest no-frills format.
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Nguyen, Van Cong, Thi Ngoc Lan Nguyen, Thanh Hang Pham, and Song Hoa Vu. "The Impacts of Selling Expense Structure on Enterprise Growth in Large Enterprises: A Study from Vietnam." Journal of Risk and Financial Management 13, no. 1 (December 28, 2019): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jrfm13010004.
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This study intends to examine the impact of selling expense structure on the business growth of 255 Vietnamese large-scale enterprises in three different industries (Consumer Staples, Industrials, and Manufacture) listed on the Vietnamese Stock Exchange over four years from 2015 to 2018. By using STATA software (StataCorp LLC, 4905 Lakeway Drive, College Station, Texas 77845-4512, USA), the research outcomes indicate that both labour expense and depreciation expense have a negative influence on revenue growth and firm size growth but positive influence on profit growth while materials and tools expenses negatively affect all three dependent variables. Furthermore, an increase in the proportion of outsourcing expenses and other selling expenses would result in a significant increase in revenue but a decline in the profit of these companies. From this research results, large-scale enterprises should consider changing the selling expense structure as they spend too much on outsourcing and other selling expenses (60%–70% total selling expense) but too little on labour, which plays an important role in upgrading the profitability of these enterprises.
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Yiridoe, Emmanuel K., Samuel Bonti-Ankomah, and Ralph C. Martin. "Comparison of consumer perceptions and preference toward organic versus conventionally produced foods: A review and update of the literature." Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 20, no. 4 (December 2005): 193–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/raf2005113.
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AbstractGrowing interest in organic agriculture has prompted numerous studies that compare various aspects of organic and conventionally produced foods. This paper provides a comprehensive evaluation of empirical studies comparing organic products and conventionally grown alternatives. The emphasis is on key organic consumer demand and marketing issues, including: (1) the implications of an economic definition of organically grown food for consumer demand; (2) attributes that shoppers consider most when comparing organic with conventionally grown products; (3) level and characteristics of consumer knowledge and awareness about organic food; (4) assessment methods and characteristics of organic consumer attitudes and preferences; (5) size of price premium and characteristics of consumers’ willingness-to-pay for organic products; and (6) profile of organic consumers. Overall, although there is some knowledge and awareness about organic products, consumers are not consistent in their interpretation of what is organic. Secondly, while consumers typically understand the broad issues about organic foods, many tend not to understand the complexities and niceties of organic farming practices and organic food quality attributes. Uncertainty regarding the true attributes of organic, and skepticism about organic labels, part of which stems from reported cases of (inadvertent) mislabeling, and product misrepresentation, and partly because of nonuniform organic standards and certification procedures, may hold some consumers back from purchasing organic. Thirdly, concern for human health and safety, which is a key factor that influences consumer preference for organic food, is consistent with observed deterioration in human health over time and, therefore, motivates consumers to buy organic food as insurance and/or investment in health. Fourthly, the proportion of consumers who are willing to pay a price premium for organic food decreases with premium level. On the other hand, premiums tend to increase with (combinations of) preferred attributes. In addition, demand tends to depend more on the price differential with respect to conventionally grown products, than on actual price. In contrast to sensitivity of demand to changes in price, income elasticity of demand for organic foods is generally small. Finally, it is important for policy analysts and researchers to note that organic fresh fruits and vegetables currently dominate the organic consumer's food basket. Furthermore, it is not clear whether frequent buyers consider particular organic products (e.g., organic meat) as normal goods, or if consumers consider such products as luxury goods.
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Drever, Mark C., Dominique Chabot, Patrick D. O'Hara, Jeffrey D. Thomas, André Breault, and Rhonda L. Millikin. "Evaluation of an unmanned rotorcraft to monitor wintering waterbirds and coastal habitats in British Columbia, Canada." Journal of Unmanned Vehicle Systems 3, no. 4 (December 1, 2015): 256–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/juvs-2015-0019.
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The effective protection of coastal and estuarine habitats requires reliable monitoring information on their use by waterbirds, and the use of small unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) may provide access to these habitats without disturbing birds. We evaluated the use of a rotary-wing UAS with a high-end consumer camera to identify and count wintering waterbirds at two coastal sites in British Columbia, Canada, in January 2015, and to map mudflat and marsh habitats. Photos of shorebirds, waterfowl, and seabird species were taken at varying altitudes, and disturbance of birds appeared minimal when the UAS was flown at heights ≥61 m. A ground resolution of ~1 cm/pixel was needed to discern plumage characteristics necessary to reliably identify birds. For some duck species, identification of females relied on body size or close association with a nearby male. Photographs were also used to derive accurate counts of shorebirds. For diving birds, accurate counts from photographs will require information on the proportion of birds on the water surface. Orthomosaics of coastal habitats were constructed with sufficient detail to assess ecological and geomorphological features. The UAS can therefore assist with bird species identification, population assessment, and characterization of habitat types.
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Cambouris, A. N., B. J. Zebarth, M. C. Nolin, and M. R. Laverdière. "Response to added nitrogen of a continuous potato sequence as related to sand thickness over clay." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 87, no. 4 (October 1, 2007): 829–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p06-126.
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This study evaluated the effect of rate and timing of N fertilizer application on tuber yield, tuber size distribution and tuber specific gravity of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) in two sites in a commercial field in 1999–2001. One trial was established at each of the two sites chosen to represent two management zones (MZ) previously delineated by soil electrical conductivity, and differing in soil water availability, as controlled by depth to a clayey substratum. Each trial had 21 treatments including five rates of ammonium nitrate (0–200 kg N ha-1 in 1999; 0–240 kg N ha-1 in 2000 and 2001), each applied according to five application timings (100, 75, 50, 25 or 0% of N applied at planting with the remainder applied at hilling). Increasing N rate increased total and marketable tuber yields in both sites. The N rates required to optimize economic return ranged from 167 to 239 kg ha-1 among years and between sites. Nitrogen fertilizer applied all at planting or all at hilling decreased tuber yields in both sites compared with split N application. The percentage of N rate applied at planting to achieve the maximum marketable tuber yield varied among years from 34 to 61% and allowed a yield increase of 2 to 20%. The proportion of large tubers was higher in the site with a greater depth to the clayey substratum (DMZ site) than in the site with a shallower depth to the clayey substratum (SMZ site). Tuber yield and tuber N uptake were higher in the SMZ site than in the DMZ site when no fertilizer N was applied, and tuber yield was more responsive to fertilizer N rate in the DMZ site than in the SMZ site in one year; however, these differences are not sufficient to justify different fertilizer N management for the two sites. The two sites frequently differed in terms of tuber yield, tuber size and specific gravity, which are important parameters in determining tuber processing quality but the optimal N rate and N timing were similar. These differences may be sufficiently large to justify different potato management practices (e.g., nutrient management, seedpiece spacing) to optimize potato production for the chip processing market. Key words: Solanum tuberosum, marketable yield, tuber size distribution, specific gravity, N economic optimum