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Books on the topic 'Proportional counters'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 21 February 2023

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1

United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., ed. "A complete public archive for the Einstein imaging proportional counter". [Washington, D.C: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1996.

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2

Moghal, Akhtar. Ultraviolet photocathodes for use with solid scintillator proportional counter. Uxbridge: Brunel University, 1991.

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3

Birch, Richard. Development of an alpha-recoil proportional counter for fast neutron spectrometry. Birmingham: University of Birmingham, 1988.

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4

Bohus, Laszlo Sajo. Development of a fast neutron proportional counter with a low wall response. Birmingham: University of Birmingham, 1985.

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5

George C. Marshall Space Flight Center., ed. Multiplexing readout channels in proportional counters. [Marshall Space Flight Center, Ala.]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, George C. Marshall Space Flight Center, 1991.

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6

National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Staff. Multiplexing Readout Channels in Proportional Counters. Independently Published, 2018.

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7

Institute Of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. American National Standard for Calibration and Usage of Alpha/Beta Proportional Counters. Institute of Electrical & Electronics Enginee, 1997.

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8

J, Shonka J., U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission. Office of Nuclear Regulatory Research. Division of Regulatory Applications., and Shonka Research Associates, eds. Development of position sensitive proportional counters for hot particle detection in laundry and portal monitors. Washington, DC: Division of Regulatory Applications, Office of Nuclear Regulatory Research, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, 1992.

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9

J, Shonka J., U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission. Office of Nuclear Regulatory Research. Division of Regulatory Applications., and Shonka Research Associates, eds. Development of position sensitive proportional counters for hot particle detection in laundry and portal monitors. Washington, DC: Division of Regulatory Applications, Office of Nuclear Regulatory Research, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, 1992.

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10

United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., ed. The supernova remnant CTA 1: Final report for the period 15 March 1992 through 14 September 1996, NASA grant NAG5-1938. Cambridge, Mass: Smithsonian Institution, Astrophysical Observatory, 1996.

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11

Mark, Henriksen, and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., eds. A2111, a z = 0.23 Butcher-Oemler cluster with a non-isothermal atmosphere and normal metallicity. [Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1998.

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12

Mark, Henriksen, and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., eds. A2111, a z = 0.23 Butcher-Oemler cluster with a non-isothermal atmosphere and normal metallicity. [Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1998.

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13

Mark, Henriksen, and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., eds. A2111, a z = 0.23 Butcher-Oemler cluster with a non-isothermal atmosphere and normal metallicity. [Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1998.

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14

Mark, Henriksen, and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., eds. A2111, a z = 0.23 Butcher-Oemler cluster with a non-isothermal atmosphere and normal metallicity. [Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1998.

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15

Reference Leukocyte Differential Count (Proportional) and Evaluation of Instrumental Methods (NCCLS Document H20-A, A Reference Method of the Evaluation of Automated Differential Counters, Based on the Visual Differential Count, Volume 12, No. 1). NCCLS, 1992.

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16

The Einstein Observatory IPC [Image Proportional Counter] SLEW Survey. Cambridge, Mass: Smithsonian Institution Astrophysical Observatory, 1991.

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17

Farahmand, Majid. Novel Tissue-equivalent Proportional Counter Based On A Gas Electron Multiplier. Delft Univ Pr, 2004.

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18

Birch, R. An Alpha-recoil Proportional Counter to Measure Neutron Energy Spectra Between 2 MeV and 15 MeV. AEA Technology Plc, 1988.

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19

Final technical report for NASA grant NAG8-183: A complete database for the Einstein imaging proportional counter. [Washington, DC]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1992.

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20

Pinna, Baingio. On the Pinna Illusion. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199794607.003.0074.

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The Pinna illusion is the first case of visual illusion showing a rotating motion phenomenon. Squares, arranged in two concentric rings, show a strong counter-rotation effect. The inner ring of the squares appears to rotate counterclockwise and the outer ring clockwise when the observer’s head is slowly moved toward the figure while the gaze is kept fixed in the center of the stimulus pattern. The direction of rotation is reversed when the observer’s head moves away from the stimulus. The speed of the illusory rotation is proportional to the one of the motion imparted by the observer. While the way each individual check receives a local illusory motion signal can be explained by the response of direction-selective neurons at the earliest cortical stage of visual processing, the whole illusory rotational motion can be thought to be sensed by the higher cortical area, which collates all the signals provided by the local motion checks.

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21

Koser, Khalid. 6. Refugees and asylum-seekers. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780198753773.003.0006.

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Asylum-seekers are those who have applied for international protection. Asylum status is still governed by the 1951 United Nations Convention relating to the Status of Refugees. ‘Refugees and asylum-seekers’ explains the changing geography of refugees and the causes and consequences of refugee movements. Refugees tend not to travel very far, putting strain on the poorest countries, and mostly settle in camps, which suffer from aid misappropriation. There are three durable solutions for refugees: voluntary repatriation, local integration, and third-country settlement. Each can be problematic and none is working well at the moment, as demonstrated by rising numbers of refugees, the increasing proportion of protracted refugee situations, and fewer returns.

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22

Olsen, Jan Abel. Funding sources: an overview. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198794837.003.0009.

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This chapter provides an overview of alternative funding sources. It starts with the ‘three-party model’ to illustrate the money flows between households, providers, and purchasers, that is, government and private insurance as the third-party payers. The chapter distinguishes four funding sources which in sum will represent the total budget for possible healthcare expenditures: (1) patient payments (commonly referred to as ‘out-of-pocket’ payments); (2) private health insurance; (3) tax funding, including social insurance systems with payroll contributions; and (4) donations. These four sources of revenue can be explained by people’s preferences for their own health insurance as well as their willingness to cross-subsidize fellow citizens’ use of healthcare. International comparisons show wide disparities in the proportions of funding sources, primarily reflecting how wealthy a country is.

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23

Olsen, Jan Abel. Health and healthcare. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198794837.003.0001.

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Chapter 1 provides a contextual frame for the book. An inquiry into the key concepts of health and healthcare is followed by an illustration of the general health production function, that is, the association between increasing healthcare inputs and resulting health outcomes. The important message is the pattern of positive but diminishing effects of healthcare on health: more healthcare improves health, but at a diminishing rate. The production function is also illustrated at the macro level: when considering the poor countries of the world, a strong association is observed between increased healthcare spending and the country’s life expectancy. However, among rich countries we observe a strongly diminishing effect of increased healthcare spending. Some further international comparisons are included to show that the richer a country gets, the higher the proportion of wealth it spends on healthcare.

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24

Schor, Paul. The Creation of the Federal Census by the Constitution of the United States. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199917853.003.0002.

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This chapter discusses the creation of the federal census. The US census was created to put into operation the system of checks and balances. It attributed to each state through apportionment, a number of representatives in proportion to its population as well as a level of tax contribution, while the Three-Fifths Compromise required that slaves be counted as less than free people. The first US census took place in 1790, framed by a law passed by Congress, the First Census Act. This law inaugurated a tradition that continued up to the census of 1930: the list, the order, and the text of the questions on the schedules followed the text of the law, which meant that Congress played a central role in the preparation of the census. It added to the distinction of status (free or slave) a distinction of color to distinguish free blacks from whites.

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25

Kritz, Mary M., and Douglas T. Gurak. International Student Mobility. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198815273.003.0011.

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This chapter examines the role that sending country structural factors play in influencing the proportion of tertiary students studying abroad. It examines how outbound mobility ratio (OMR) responds to sending county supply and demand for tertiary education, population size, per capital GDP, development, education expenditures, and other factors. In all Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) and fixed-effect model specifications, the OMR had a negative relationship to tertiary supply. While countries with larger populations send more students abroad, they have smaller OMRs. Fixed-effects models also showed that changes in tertiary supply and the percentage of GDP spent on tertiary education were negatively related to OMRs. The chapter reviews government scholarship programmes sponsored by Global South countries and the practices they pursue to encourage student return and strengthen tertiary capacity in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM). These programmes in developing countries in Africa, Asia, and Latin America are changing international student flows.

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26

Protocol to estimate mortality from cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma attributable to viral hepatitis B and C. Pan American Health Organization, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37774/9789275123768.

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One of the goals to be achieved by 2030 of the Global Health Sector Strategy on Viral Hepatitis 2016-2021 is to reduce mortality from hepatitis viruses B (HBV) and C (HCV). To measure and monitor it, countries need to implement a systematic process to generate national estimates of mortality from viral hepatitis, which many lack. This document is aimed at the institutions and/or ministries in charge of monitoring progress in each country. The main objective of this protocol is to present simple methods to estimate the proportion of patients with cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma who have HBV and HCV infection, and then calculate the national mortality due to these sequelae attributable to viral hepatitis, preferably within a surveillance system. In addition, a general framework is provided on how the surveillance system should function, how to collect the data, and ethical considerations. The surveillance system will be based on sentinel centers where information will be collected from patients with cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. These data will be used to estimate the fraction of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma attributable to HBV and HCV. On the other hand, data will be collected on the number of deaths nationwide from cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. With this information, mortality from cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma attributable to HBV and HCV will be estimated.

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27

Clark, Christopher J. Gaining Voice. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190933562.001.0001.

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This book adopts a multifaceted approach to study of black state legislators across the country. Using the descriptive representation framework, multiple facets of black representation are studied. Black seat share is the primary facet considered, and it is measured as the proportion of seats held by blacks in the state legislature. The black representation ratio measures the black seat share relative to the black population share. Parity exists when blacks are represented in the state legislature at a rate that matches their population share. Legislative black caucuses are also studied in this work, representing the institutionalization of the black presence in state legislatures. The first half of the book shows that while black people are critical for explaining black representation in state legislatures, that institutional and non-racial demographic factors also account for the black seat share, black representation ratio, and emergence of state legislative black caucuses. A “demographics is destiny” explanation insufficiently accounts for blacks gaining voice in state legislatures. The second half the book considers the consequences of black representation in state government. On the one hand, a greater black presence increases education spending, black political involvement, and liberalizes black public opinion. On the other hand, an increased black presence is linked with less liberal welfare policy, in particular in places where Democrats hold the majority of state legislative seats. Thus, an increased black presence in the legislature can be seen as a double-edged sword.

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28

Michie, Jonathan, Joseph R. Blasi, and Carlo Borzaga, eds. The Oxford Handbook of Mutual, Co-Operative, and Co-Owned Business. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199684977.001.0001.

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This handbook investigates ‘member-owned’ organizations, whether consumer co-operatives, agricultural and producer co-operatives, worker co-operatives, mutual building societies, friendly societies, credit unions, solidarity organizations, mutual insurance companies, or employee-owned companies. Such organizations can be owned by the consumers, producers, or employees—whether through single-stakeholder or multi-stakeholder ownership. ‘Employee-owned’ business means businesses where a significant proportion of the company is owned by its employees, whether as individual shareholders or through a trust, or some combination of the two; ‘significant’ is generally taken as at least 25 per cent. This complex set of organizations is named differently across countries: from ‘mutuals’ in the United Kingdom, to ‘solidarity co-operatives’ in Latin America. In some countries, such organizations are not officially recognized. For the sake of clarity, the handbook will refer to member-owned organizations to encompass the variety of non-investor-owned organizations, and in the national case-study chapters the terms used will be those most widely employed in that country. These alternative corporate forms have emerged in a variety of economic sectors in almost all advanced economies since the time of the Industrial Revolution and the development of capitalism, through the subsequent creation and dominance of the limited liability company. Until recently, these organizations were generally regarded as a rather marginal component of the economy. However, in recent years, they have come to be seen in some countries as potentially attractive in light of their ability to tackle various economic and social concerns, and their relative resilience during the financial and economic crises of 2007–2016.

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29

Salvucci, Vincenzo, and Finn Tarp. Estimating poverty transitions in Mozambique using synthetic panels: A validation exercise and an application to cross-sectional survey data. 26th ed. UNU-WIDER, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.35188/unu-wider/2021/964-8.

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In this paper we first validate the use of the synthetic panels technique in the context of the 2014/15 intra-year panel survey data for Mozambique, and then apply the same technique to the 1996/97, 2002/03, 2008/09, and 2014/15 cross-sectional household budget surveys for the same country. We find that in most analyses poverty rates and poverty transitions estimated using synthetic panels provide results that are close to the true values obtained using the 2014/15 panel data. With respect to intra-year poverty dynamics, we find that Mozambique has a high intra-year variability in consumption and poverty, and a very high degree of intra-year poverty immobility, with a big portion of the population remaining either in poverty or out of poverty over the whole year, with smaller percentages of individuals moving upward or downward. With respect to the 1996/97, 2002/03, 2008/09, and 2014/15 cross-sectional surveys, our results suggest that in most year-to-year comparisons there is a greater proportion of people getting out of poverty than falling into poverty, consistent with the poverty-reduction process observed, but the percentage of people staying in poverty over time appears to be substantially higher, involving about one-third of the population in most years. Further analyses on the 2008/09 and 2014/15 surveys estimate that for an individual who was in the vulnerable group in 2008/09, there is a 60 per cent probability of remaining in the same group, whereas the probability of becoming non-vulnerable is lower than the probability of entering poverty. This constitutes the first attempt to provide an insight into poverty dynamics in Mozambique using all the available survey data.

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30

Takahashi, Bruno, and Alejandra Martinez. Climate Change Communication in Peru. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228620.013.574.

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Peru is one of the most biodiverse countries on the planet. More than 65% of the country is covered by the Amazon rainforest, and the Andes region is home to more than 70% of the world’s tropical glaciers. This abundance of natural resources also makes the country highly vulnerable to the effects of climate change.The Peruvian government therefore requires the development and implementation of action plans to adapt to the present and future impacts of climate change. At the same time, it requires the development of sound communication strategies that include collaboration with stakeholders such as the media and nongovernmental organizations. Media coverage of climate change can have important implications for policy decision making. This is especially salient in a context of low information availability where media reports play an important role in filling knowledge gaps that in turn can affect the way policies are developed.Climate change, as an environmental and social issue in Peru, is not highly politicized, as it is in countries such as the United States and Australia. There is no major debate about the reality of climate change, the scientific evidence, or the need for political action and technological and policy innovations. This approach is also reflected in the media’s coverage of the issue. Peru’s media tend to focus on climate change mostly during key policy events. Among these major events was the capital city of Lima’s hosting in 2010 of the V meeting of Latin American, Caribbean, and European Union countries, where the main topics of discussion were climate change and poverty. In addition, Lima hosted the COP20, which preceded the Paris meeting in 2015 that led to a major global agreement. The media’s coverage of these events was intense. These were the exceptions: A good proportion of Peru’s newspaper coverage comes from international news wire agencies. Coverage from those sources focuses mostly on mitigation actions, instead of adaptation, which is more relevant to vulnerable countries such as Peru. This coverage is in line with the government’s view of mitigation as a business opportunity. There is, however, a lack of studies that explore, first, the factors that affect this coverage, and, second, the way other mediums such as television or radio cover the issue.Strategic communication by governmental organizations, as well as accurate and fact-based media reporting about climate change, is necessary to better communicate the urgency and magnitude of the problem to the general public, grassroots organizations, industry, and international agencies, among others.

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