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1

Ravazzani, A., A. Foglio Para, R. Jaime, M. Looman, M. Marín Ferrer, P. Peerani, and P. Schillebeeckx. "Characterisation of proportional counters." Radiation Measurements 41, no. 5 (May 2006): 582–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.radmeas.2005.08.004.

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2

Manolopoulou, M., M. Fragopoulou, S. Stoulos, C. Koukorava, and M. Zamani. "Energy calibration of He-3, He-4 Neutron Proportional Counters." HNPS Proceedings 13 (February 20, 2020): 222. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/hnps.2972.

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Two helium filled proportional counters (He-3, He-4) were irradiated with neu- trons in the energy range 0.025 eV - 10.7 MeV, in the Tandem accelerator, NCSR Demokritos, Athens. The full energy peak in He-3 proportional counter as well as the recoil peaks in He-3 and He-4 counters show linear dependence with neutron energy. A study of gamma ray contribution to the neutron spectra of He-4 counter was performed as a function of the pulse shaping time.
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3

Date, H., K. Kondo, M. Shimozuma, and H. Tagashira. "Electron kinetics in proportional counters." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 451, no. 3 (September 2000): 588–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0168-9002(00)00331-4.

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4

Bednarek, B., K. Jelen, T. Z. Kowalski, K. W. Ostrowski, E. Rulikowska-Zarębska, and J. Zając. "Proportional counters for Mössbauer spectroscopy." Hyperfine Interactions 29, no. 1-4 (February 1986): 1579–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02399538.

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5

Michczyński, Adam, Tomasz Goslar, Anna Pazdur, and Mieczysław F. Pazdur. "A Data Acquisition System for Proportional Counters at Gliwice." Radiocarbon 37, no. 2 (1995): 781–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200031337.

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We present here the principal ideas of a new, fully computerized data acquisition system with pulse-rise background reduction, developed in the Gliwice Radiocarbon Laboratory, and our first results. The new system uses a microprocessor-controlled pulse and coincidence analyzer for acquisition of data from 3 of 4 proportional counter sets. The analyzer acquires and stores information on the pulse's amplitudes and rise-times and their coincidence with guard counters and radio-frequency shield. This feature allows us to separate pulses using anticoincidence information and pulse-shape discrimination. The described method of background reduction led to a significant increase in the factor of merit on 2 of 3 counters tested.
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6

Filatov, A. I., N. I. Kozlov, and M. E. Malyshev. "Resolving power of multisection geiger counters, proportional and corona counters." Atomic Energy 86, no. 6 (June 1999): 432–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02673196.

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7

Colautti, P., V. Conte, M. Guli, G. Talpo, G. Tornielli, B. Boutruche, C. Moutarde, and P. Ségur. "The Electronic Avalanche in Proportional Counters." Radiation Protection Dosimetry 61, no. 1-3 (August 1, 1995): 257–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.rpd.a082794.

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8

Kliauga, P., A. J. Waker, and J. Barthe. "Design of Tissue-Equivalent Proportional Counters." Radiation Protection Dosimetry 61, no. 4 (September 1, 1995): 309–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.rpd.a082802.

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9

Colautti, P., V. Conte, M. Guli, G. Talpo, G. Tornielli, B. Boutruche, C. Moutarde, and P. Ségur. "The Electronic Avalanche in Proportional Counters." Radiation Protection Dosimetry 61, no. 1-3 (August 1, 1995): 257–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/rpd/61.1-3.257.

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10

Theodorsson, P. "The background of gas proportional counters." Journal of Physics G: Nuclear and Particle Physics 17, S (December 1, 1991): S419—S427. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0954-3899/17/s/043.

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11

Miyahara, Hiroshi, Masatoshi Watanabe, and Tamaki Watanabe. "Gas amplification in coaxial proportional counters." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 241, no. 1 (November 1985): 186–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-9002(85)90531-5.

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12

Chiu, Henry, Edgar F. Bennett, and Bradley J. Micklich. "Gamma heating measurements with proportional counters." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 299, no. 1-3 (December 1990): 234–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-9002(90)90783-3.

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13

Oddone, Pier, Garth Smith, Anna Green, Peter Nemethy, Laszlo Baksay, Louis Schick, and Edward Gerard Heflin. "Development of high pressure proportional counters." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 252, no. 2-3 (December 1986): 458–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-9002(86)91223-4.

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14

Klein, D., M. Cieur, and A. Chambaudet. "Radon exhalation measurements using proportional counters." Chemical Geology 70, no. 1-2 (August 1988): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(88)90287-2.

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15

Sakamoto, Shigeyasu, and Atuhiko Morioka. "Temperature dependence of BF3 proportional counters." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 353, no. 1-3 (December 1994): 160–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-9002(94)91627-6.

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16

Herranz, Margarita, Raquel Idoeta, Ainara Mira, and Fernando Legarda. "Calibration frequency for gas proportional counters." Accreditation and Quality Assurance 12, no. 11 (September 1, 2007): 581–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00769-007-0306-1.

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17

Hertelendi, Ede, Éva Csongor, Laszlo Zaborszky, Jozsef Molnar, Janos Gal, Miklos Györffi, and Sandor Nagy. "A Counter System for High-Precision 14C Dating." Radiocarbon 31, no. 03 (1989): 399–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200011978.

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A multicounter radiocarbon dating system was developed applying the experiences of the previous one-channel low-level counting facility. The counter system consists of nine electrolytic copper proportional counters of identical diameters with sensitive volumes of 0.35–0.7dm3 and filled with either methane at high pressure (6 bar) or CO2 at 1 bar. The inner counters are surrounded by an anticoincidence shield consisting of five multiwire proportional flat counters filled with propane. The pulses of the detectors are handled by integrated amplifiers, discriminators and anticoincidence units interfaced to a microprocessor-controlled data evaluation unit. Software is written in BASIC using ASSEMBLER sub-routines. The overall precision of the system for modern carbon samples using high-pressure methane-filled counters (B ≍ 0.7 cpm, S ≍ 14 cpm) is better than 4 after a counting period of seven days.
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18

MORI, CHIZUO. "Position-sensitive Proportional Counters and Their Applications." RADIOISOTOPES 43, no. 3 (1994): 175–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3769/radioisotopes.43.175.

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19

Duarte, Nuno, João Marcos, and Fernando Amaro. "Fine Powder Proportional Counters for Neutron Detection." U.Porto Journal of Engineering 8, no. 3 (May 30, 2022): 24–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.24840/2183-6493_008.003_0006.

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A novel neutron detection approach is presented, consisting of a neutron sensitive aerosol obtained by dispersing B4C fine powder in a gaseous proportional counter operating in continuous flow, which proved to effectively detect thermal neutrons. This technique shows potential to be an affordable alternative to 3He neutron detectors, providing an additional mechanism to overcome the 3He shortage crisis that compromises the deployment and maintenance of neutron detectors in research facilities and security applications. The effect of the B4C nanoparticles in the charge gain and energy resolution of a proportional counter filled with Ar-CH4 (90%-10%), by irradiation with x-rays from a 55Fe source shown an average gain loss of 36% and increase in energy resolution (FWHM) by 15% (absolute value). Results obtained by thermal neutron irradiation are also presented, showing neutron captures in which the simultaneous energy deposition of both reaction products from the 10B neutron capture reaction was achieved.
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20

Loyola, H., L. Birstein, and A. Hevia. "Multiplication factors in ethylene-filled proportional counters." Radiation Protection Dosimetry 132, no. 1 (August 4, 2008): 25–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/rpd/ncn205.

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21

Ségur, P., P. Olko, and P. Colautti. "Numerical Modelling of Tissue-Equivalent Proportional Counters." Radiation Protection Dosimetry 61, no. 4 (September 1, 1995): 323–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.rpd.a082803.

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22

Tan, M., C. M. Chen, and F. W. Lin. "Characteristics of Two Spherical 3He Proportional Counters." Radiation Protection Dosimetry 67, no. 4 (October 1, 1996): 307–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.rpd.a031835.

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23

Manolopoulou, M., M. Fragopoulou, S. Stoulos, E. Vagena, W. Westmeier, and M. Zamani. "Neutron spectrometry with He-3 proportional counters." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 366 (May 28, 2012): 012033. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/366/1/012033.

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24

Bower, C. R., K. L. Dietz, B. D. Ramsey, and M. C. Weisskopf. "Background in X-ray astronomy proportional counters." IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science 38, no. 2 (April 1991): 585–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/23.289361.

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25

Brossard, A. "Spherical proportional counters; development, improvement and understanding." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 936 (August 2019): 412–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2018.11.037.

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26

Toyokawa, H., A. Uritani, C. Mori, M. Yoshizawa, N. Takeda, and K. Kudo. "Neutron spectrometer with position-sensitive proportional counters." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 381, no. 2-3 (November 1996): 481–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0168-9002(96)00755-3.

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27

Denecke, B., G. Grosse, and T. Szabo. "Gain stabilisation of gas-flow proportional counters." Applied Radiation and Isotopes 49, no. 9-11 (August 1998): 1117–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0969-8043(97)10030-6.

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28

Budtz-Jørgensen, Carl, A. Bahnsen, C. Olesen, M. M. Madsen, P. Jonasson, H. W. Schnopper, and A. Oed. "Microstrip proportional counters for X-ray astronomy." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 310, no. 1-2 (December 1991): 82–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-9002(91)91002-d.

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29

Aoyama, Takahiko. "Generalized gas gain formula for proportional counters." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 234, no. 1 (January 1985): 125–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-9002(85)90817-4.

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30

Ramsey, B. D., and P. C. Agrawal. "Xenon-based Penning mixtures for proportional counters." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 278, no. 2 (June 1989): 576–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-9002(89)90882-6.

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31

Gerbier, G., J. Rich, M. Spiro, and C. Tao. "Dark matter detection with hydrogen proportional counters." Nuclear Physics B - Proceedings Supplements 13 (February 1990): 207–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0920-5632(90)90057-2.

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32

Kishimoto, Shunji, Yasuhito Isozumi, Rintaro Katano, and Sakae Shimizu. "Recent developments in low-temperature proportional counters." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 255, no. 1-2 (March 1987): 213–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-9002(87)91103-x.

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33

Jahoda, Keith, and Dan McCammon. "Proportional counters as low energy photon detectors." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 272, no. 3 (November 1988): 800–813. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-9002(88)90762-0.

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34

Trow, Matthew, and Alan Smith. "The use of polycarbonate in proportional counters." Review of Scientific Instruments 63, no. 1 (January 1992): 693–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1142640.

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35

TOMODA, Toshimasa, and Shinji FUKAKUSA. "200°C Boron-10 Lined Proportional Counters." Journal of Nuclear Science and Technology 22, no. 3 (March 1985): 233–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/18811248.1985.9735651.

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36

UOZUMI, Yusuke, Hidenobu IJIRI, Susilo WIDODO, Takeji SAKAE, Masara MATOBA, and Norihiko KOORI. "Neon-Based Gas Mixtures for Proportional Counters." Journal of Nuclear Science and Technology 28, no. 5 (May 1991): 381–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/18811248.1991.9731373.

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37

Ibarra, Miguel Roteta, and Eduardo García-Toraño. "Calculation of electron deposition in proportional counters." Applied Radiation and Isotopes 64, no. 10-11 (October 2006): 1193–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apradiso.2006.02.075.

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38

Ye, Z., R. K. Sood, D. P. Sharma, R. K. Manchanda, and K. B. Fenton. "Gas amplification in high pressure proportional counters." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 329, no. 1-2 (May 1993): 140–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-9002(93)90929-c.

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39

Trow, M. W., A. C. Bento, and A. Smith. "Rate dependent image distortions in proportional counters." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 348, no. 2-3 (September 1994): 232–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-9002(94)90736-6.

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40

Takahashi, Hiroyuki, Jun Kawarabayashi, Tomohiko Kurahashi, Tetsuo Iguchi, and Masaharu Nakazawa. "Digital signal processing for 3He proportional counters." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 353, no. 1-3 (December 1994): 164–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-9002(94)91628-4.

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41

Povinec, Pavel. "14C Gas Counting: Is There Still a Future?" Radiocarbon 34, no. 3 (1992): 406–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s003382220006361x.

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Reviewed here are developments in low background proportional counters and chambers used for low-level internal gas counting of 14C. I have studied the influence of counter geometry and the nature of the gas filling on counter characteristics and describe in detail operational characteristics of multi-element proportional chambers. I also discuss detector developments for ultra-low-level gas counting based on a time projection chamber. My observations show that proportional and drift chambers, together with multichannel electronics operating on-line with a computer, open new possibilities in ultra-low-level gas counting.
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42

Forouzan, Faezeh, and Anthony J. Waker. "DEVELOPMENT OF HETEROGENEOUS PROPORTIONAL COUNTERS FOR NEUTRON DOSIMETRY." Radiation Protection Dosimetry 180, no. 1-4 (January 10, 2018): 168–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/rpd/ncx291.

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43

Gerdung, S., P. Pihet, J. E. Grindborg, H. Roos, U. J. Schrewe, and H. Schuhmacher. "Operation and Application of Tissue Equivalent Proportional Counters." Radiation Protection Dosimetry 61, no. 4 (September 1, 1995): 381–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.rpd.a082805.

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44

Dahmen, P., H. G. Menzel, and R. Grillmaier. "Dosimetry of Photons with Low Pressure Proportional Counters." Radiation Protection Dosimetry 29, no. 1-2 (October 1, 1989): 81–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.rpd.a080533.

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45

McDonald, J. C. "Editorial - Tissue-Equivalent Proportional Counters in Radiation Protection." Radiation Protection Dosimetry 77, no. 3 (June 1, 1998): 147–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.rpd.a032304.

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46

Dahmen, P., H. G. Menzel, and R. Grillmaier. "Dosimetry of Photons with Low Pressure Proportional Counters." Radiation Protection Dosimetry 29, no. 1-2 (October 1, 1989): 81–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/rpd/29.1-2.81.

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47

Dighe, P. M., D. N. Prasad, K. R. Prasad, S. K. Kataria, S. N. Athavale, A. L. Pappachan, and A. K. Grover. "Boron-lined proportional counters with improved neutron sensitivity." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 496, no. 1 (January 2003): 154–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0168-9002(02)01635-2.

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48

Veloso, J. F. C. A., D. S. A. P. Freitas, J. M. F. dos Santos, and R. E. Morgado. "μ-Strip photosensors for gas proportional scintillation counters." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 505, no. 1-2 (June 2003): 223–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0168-9002(03)01057-x.

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49

Lewis, R. "Multiwire Gas Proportional Counters: Decrepit Antiques or ClassicPerformers?" Journal of Synchrotron Radiation 1, no. 1 (October 1, 1994): 43–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s090904959400693x.

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50

Zastawny, A. "Standardization of gas amplification description in proportional counters." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 385, no. 2 (January 1997): 239–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0168-9002(96)01167-9.

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