Relevant bibliographies by topics / Proportional sharing

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Proportional sharing'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2025
Last updated: 15 July 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "Proportional sharing"

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Freeman, Rupert, Seyed Majid Zahedi, Vincent Conitzer, and Benjamin C. Lee. "Dynamic Proportional Sharing." ACM SIGMETRICS Performance Evaluation Review 46, no. 1 (2019): 33–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3308809.3308828.

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Freeman, Rupert, Seyed Majid Zahedi, Vincent Conitzer, and Benjamin C. Lee. "Dynamic Proportional Sharing." ACM SIGMETRICS Performance Evaluation Review 46, no. 1 (2019): 33–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3292040.3219631.

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Freeman, Rupert, Seyed Majid Zahedi, Vincent Conitzer, and Benjamin C. Lee. "Dynamic Proportional Sharing." Proceedings of the ACM on Measurement and Analysis of Computing Systems 2, no. 1 (2018): 1–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3179406.

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Wang, Yun-Tong, and Daxin Zhu. "Ordinal proportional cost sharing." Journal of Mathematical Economics 37, no. 3 (2002): 215–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0304-4068(02)00016-2.

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Sonekar, Miss Priya S., and Sagar B. Kudkelwar. "Proportional Reactive Power Sharing Using Advanced Droop Control Method." International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development Volume-2, Issue-5 (2018): 164–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.31142/ijtsrd15793.

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Bialek, J. W., and P. A. Kattuman. "Proportional sharing assumption in tracing methodology." IEE Proceedings - Generation, Transmission and Distribution 151, no. 4 (2004): 526. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ip-gtd:20040351.

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Chen, Zhou, Yukun Cheng, Qi Qi, and Xiang Yan. "Agent incentives of a proportional sharing mechanism in resource sharing." Journal of Combinatorial Optimization 37, no. 2 (2018): 639–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10878-018-0315-5.

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Faccio, Mara, and David Stolin. "Expropriation vs. Proportional Sharing in Corporate Acquisitions*." Journal of Business 79, no. 3 (2006): 1413–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/500680.

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Chernyak, Nadia, Bertilia Y. Trieu, and Tamar Kushnir. "Preschoolers’ Selfish Sharing Is Reduced by Prior Experience With Proportional Generosity." Open Mind 1, no. 1 (2017): 42–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/opmi_a_00004.

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Young children make sophisticated social and normative inferences based on proportional reasoning. We explored the possibility that proportional cues also help children learn from and about their own generosity. Across two experiments, 3- to 4-year-olds had the opportunity to give either 1 of 4, 1 of 3, 1 of 2, or 1 of 1 of their resources to an individual in need. We then measured children’s subsequent prosociality by looking at sharing behavior with a new individual. The more proportionally generous the initial action, the less likely children were to share selfishly in the second phase. Our results suggest that children make sense of their own actions using proportional cues and that giving children experience with difficult, prosocial actions increases the likelihood of their recurrence.
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M. Mostafa, Samih. "Proportional Weighted Round Robin: A Proportional Share CPU Scheduler in Time Sharing Systems." International Journal of New Computer Architectures and their Applications 8, no. 3 (2018): 142–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.17781/p002491.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Proportional sharing"

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Shajaiah, Haya Jamal. "Resource Allocation with Carrier Aggregation for Spectrum Sharing in Cellular Networks." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/70882.

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Recently, there has been a massive growth in the number of mobile users and their traffic. The data traffic volume almost doubles every year. Mobile users are currently running multiple applications that require higher bandwidth which makes users so limited to the service providers' resources. Increasing the utilization of the existing spectrum can significantly improve network capacity, data rates and user experience. Spectrum sharing enables wireless systems to harvest under-utilized swathes of spectrum, which would vastly increase the efficiency of spectrum usage. Making more spectrum available can provide significant gain in mobile broadband capacity only if those resources can be aggregated efficiently with the existing commercial mobile system resources. Carrier aggregation (CA) is one of the most distinct features of 4G systems including Long Term Evolution Advanced (LTE-Advanced). In this dissertation, a resource allocation with carrier aggregation framework is proposed to allocate multiple carriers resources optimally among users with elastic and inelastic traffic in cellular networks. We use utility proportional fairness allocation policy, where the fairness among users is in utility percentage of the application running on the user equipment (UE). A resource allocation (RA) with CA is proposed to allocate single or multiple carriers resources optimally among users subscribing for mobile services. Each user is guaranteed a minimum quality of service (QoS) that varies based on the user's application type. In addition, a resource allocation with user discrimination framework is proposed to allocate single or multiple carriers resources among users running multiple applications. Furthermore, an application-aware resource block (RB) scheduling with CA is proposed to assign RBs of multiple component carriers to users' applications based on a utility proportional fairness scheduling policy. We believe that secure spectrum auctions can revolutionize the spectrum utilization of cellular networks and satisfy the ever increasing demand for resources. Therefore, a framework for multi-tier dynamic spectrum sharing system is proposed to provide an efficient sharing of spectrum with commercial wireless system providers (WSPs) with an emphasis on federal spectrum sharing. The proposed spectrum sharing system (SSS) provides an efficient usage of spectrum resources, manages intra-WSP and inter-WSP interference and provides essential level of security, privacy, and obfuscation to enable the most efficient and reliable usage of the shared spectrum. It features an intermediate spectrum auctioneer responsible for allocating resources to commercial WSPs' base stations (BS)s by running secure spectrum auctions. In order to insure truthfulness in the proposed spectrum auction, an optimal bidding mechanism is proposed to enable BSs (bidders) to determine their true bidding values. We also present a resource allocation based on CA approach to determine the BS's optimal aggregated rate allocated to each UE from both the BS's permanent resources and winning auctioned spectrum resources.<br>Ph. D.
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Miller, Sara Ann. "Ethnic Conflict, Electoral Systems, and Power Sharing in Divided Societies." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2006. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/political_science_theses/7.

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This paper investigates the relationship between ethnic conflict, electoral systems, and power sharing in ethnically divided societies. The cases of Guyana, Fiji, Sri Lanka, Lebanon, Mauritius, and Trinidad and Tobago are considered. Electoral systems are denoted based on presidential versus parliamentary system, and on proportional representation versus majoritarian/plurality. The paper concludes that, while electoral systems are important, other factors like the power distribution between ethnic groups, and ensuring a non-zero-sum game may be as important.
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"The effects of multiple models as they relate to proportional sharing." Tulane University, 1987.

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The goals of this investigation were to examine the proportional effects of modeled behavior where a child sees both models donating, but in different amounts (i.e., one model donating 4 chips, one model donating 14 chips); to further assess the effects of inconsistent models (i.e., one model donating, one model not donating); to examine the differential facilitative effects of one versus two models behaving consistently on children's subsequent donation behavior; and to further investigate the enduring effects (i.e., retention) of observation of these various modeling experiences Eighty third and fourth grade children were exposed to one of ten experimental conditions; no model (NM), no model with instructions (NM I), one model-donating four (IM-d 4), two models-donating four (2M-d 4), two models-donating/not donating four/zero (2M-d/nd 4/0), one model-donating fourteen (1M-d 14), two models-donating fourteen (2M-d 14), two models-donating/not donating fourteen/zero (2M-d 14/0), two models-donating fourteen/four (2M-d 14/4), or two models-donating four/fourteen (2M-d 4/14). Then, each child earned chips by playing a game with the subsequent opportunity to donate a portion of those chips to others. A follow-up measure was conducted two weeks later in which children again played the game and had the opportunity to donate Results indicated that children in the 1M-d 4, the 2M-d 4, and the 2M-d/nd 4/0 conditions donated significantly more than children in either control condition (i.e., NM, NM I). Children in both of the control conditions (i.e., NM, NM I) donated significantly less than subjects in the 1M-d 14 and the 2M-d 14 conditions. In addition, children who observed inconsistent models 2M-d/nd 14/0 donated significantly less than children who observed models who donated 14 chips (i.e., 1M-d 14, 2M-d 14). It was predicted that subjects observing multiple consistent models (i.e., 2M-d 4) would match the modeled behavior more precisely than subjects observing a single model donate (i.e., 1M-d 4). A similar prediction was made for the 2M-d 14 versus 1M-d 14 conditions. Neither prediction was supported by the data The results were discussed in terms of a cost/benefit analysis that may be conducted by children prior to donating. That is, the subjcts would consider the cost/benefits of donating relative to the costs/benefits of not donating. Factors that were proposed to influence this process were: the social acceptability of the behavior, the value placed on the chips, and the outcome of donation or non-donation Suggestions for future research were advanced based on the cost/benefit model<br>acase@tulane.edu
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Mohammad, Rahamathulla. "New Methods for Reliability Evaluation and Enhancement of Power Systems." Thesis, 2013. https://vuir.vu.edu.au/25838/.

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Modern Power systems are smart, interconnected, interdependent, load sharing and phased mission systems. Reliability of such complex power systems is very important in design, planning, installation and maintenance to provide electrical energy as economical as possible with an acceptable degree of reliability. In this thesis four new methods for reliability evaluation and enhancement of power systems are presented and further an innovative cost effect cloud service based smart early warning system using machine to machine (M2M) technology to improve the reliability of power systems is presented.
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Suliman, Sharifa. "Learners' understanding of proportion : a case study from Grade 8 mathematics / Sharifa Suliman." Thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/12036.

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Underachievement in Mathematics hangs over South African Mathematics learners like a dark cloud. TIMSS studies over the past decade have confirmed that South African learners‟ results (Grades 8 and 9 in 2011) remained at a low ebb, denying them the opportunity to compete and excel globally in the field of Mathematics. It is against this backdrop that the researcher investigated the meaningful understanding of the important yet challenging algebraic concept of Proportion. The theoretical as well as the empirical underpinnings of the fundamental idea of Proportion are highlighted. The meaningful learning of Algebra was explored and physical, effective and cognitive factors affecting meaningful learning of Algebra, views on Mathematics and learning theories were examined. The research narrowed down to the meaningful understanding of Proportion, misconceptions, and facilitation in developing Proportional reasoning. This study was embedded in an interpretive paradigm and the research design was qualitative in nature. The qualitative data was collected via task sheets and interviews. The sample informing the central phenomenon in the study consisted of a heterogeneous group of learners and comprised a kaleidoscope of nationalities, both genders, a variety of home languages, differing socio-economic statuses and varying cognitive abilities. The findings cannot be generalised. Triangulation of the literature review, the analysis of task sheets and interviews revealed that overall the participants have a meaningful understanding of the Proportion concept. However, a variety of misconceptions were observed in certain cases. Finally, recommendations are made to address the meaningful learning of Proportion and its associated misconceptions. It is hoped that teachers read and act on the recommendations as it is the powerful mind and purposeful teaching of the teacher that can make a difference in uplifting the standard of Mathematics in South African classrooms!<br>MEd (Mathematics Education), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014
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Books on the topic "Proportional sharing"

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Fosnot, Catherine Twomey, and Maarten Dolk. Sharing Submarine Sandwiches, Grades 5-8: A Context for Fractions. Pearson Education, 2006.

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Book chapters on the topic "Proportional sharing"

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Chen, Zhou, Yukun Cheng, Qi Qi, and Xiang Yan. "Incentive Ratios of a Proportional Sharing Mechanism in Resource Sharing." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-62389-4_12.

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Emerson, Peter. "Electing a Proportional All-Party, Power-Sharing Executive." In From Majority Rule to Inclusive Politics. Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-23500-4_6.

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Emerson, Peter. "Erratum to: Electing a Proportional All-Party, Power-Sharing Executive." In From Majority Rule to Inclusive Politics. Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-23500-4_8.

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Linder, Wolf, and Sean Mueller. "Building a Multicultural Society by Political Integration." In Swiss Democracy. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-63266-3_2.

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AbstractThis chapter explains how, despite the absence of single ethnic culture, Swiss state- and nation-building was possible. Neither the Swiss nation, nor the Swiss society existed when modern Switzerland was founded in 1848, after a brief civil war. The chapter provides a reading of Swiss history since then as one of gradually achieving the participation of the most important minority groups and the different social classes through proportional representation. Beginning with the losers of the civil war, the Catholic-Conservatives, followed by Protestant farmers and the petite bourgeoise, and ending with the Social-Democrats, the Swiss thus invented the ‘magic formula’ in 1959 for proportionally sharing the seven seats in the federal government. Even the rise of right-wing populism since the 1990s has not changed this basic feature.
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Liang, Jun, and Qiang Mei. "Risk Sharing Proportion of Cooperation Between the Banks and Guarantee Agencies Based on Elman Neural Network." In The 19th International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Engineering Management. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-38391-5_138.

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Senbeta, Sisay Regassa, and Yakob Bekele Hundie. "Ethiopia." In The Forum of Federations Handbook of Fiscal Federalism. Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-97258-5_4.

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AbstractFiscal federalism in Ethiopia has been implemented within a unique political context. The adoption of a multiethnic federal system has reshaped the fiscal and economic landscape of the country since 1991. Following the political restructuring towards federalization, the culture of centralization of fiscal powers and responsibilities, which had been witnessed for more than half a century, has significantly been altered. Yet, Ethiopia is a highly centralized federation, both in design and practice. The division of powers favors the Federal government in legislation and policymaking. The provision of most public services is, however, significantly decentralized. The lucrative sources of revenue are assigned to be either exclusive federal powers or concurrent. As a result, Ethiopia’s fiscal federalism has been characterized by a high degree of fiscal imbalances, the Federal General-Purpose Grant (FGPG), an equalization transfer, being the dominant mechanism to bridge the imbalances. Revenue sharing and specific purpose transfers constitute only a very small proportion of Subnational finance. States’ borrowing rights are limited to internal sources and are subject to stringent preconditions set by the federal government.
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Marzo, Stefano, Royston Pinto, Lucy McKenna, and Rob Brennan. "Privacy-Enhanced ZKP-Inspired Framework for Balanced Federated Learning." In Communications in Computer and Information Science. Springer Nature Switzerland, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-26438-2_20.

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AbstractFederated learning (FL) is a distributed machine learning approach that enables remote devices i.e. workers to collaborate to compute the fitting of a neural network model without sharing their data. While this method is favorable to ensure data privacy, an imbalanced data distribution can introduce unfairness in the model training, causing discriminatory bias towards certain under-represented groups. In this paper, we show that imbalance federated data decreases indexes of equity i.e. differences in treatment for underrepresented classes. To address the problem, we propose a federated learning framework called Z-Fed that 1) balances the training without exchange of privacy protected data using a zero knowledge proof (ZKP) technique, and 2) allows for the collection of information on data distributions based on one or more categorical features to produce metadata about population proportions. The proposed framework infers the precise data distribution without exchanging knowledge of the data categories and uses it to coordinate a balanced training set. Z-Fed aims to mitigate the effect of imbalanced data in FL while respecting privacy and without using mediators or probabilistic approaches. Compared to a non-balanced framework, Z-Fed improves fairness and equality measured in equal opportunities (EPD) by 53.54%, equal odds (EOD) by 56.41%, and statistical parity (SPD) by 46.1% on imbalanced UTK datasets, reducing biased predictions among subgroups. EPD, EOD, and SPD measure the disparity of treatment between privileged e.g. over-represented and non-privileged groups. Given the results obtained, Z-Fed can reduce discriminatory behaviors and enhance trustworthiness of federated learning.
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"Equal versus proportional sharing." In Axioms of Cooperative Decision Making. Cambridge University Press, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ccol0521360552.007.

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Puaschunder, Julia Margarete. "Mapping Climate Justice." In Advances in Educational Marketing, Administration, and Leadership. IGI Global, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-8003-4.ch009.

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A three-dimensional climate justice approach introduces to share the benefits and burden of climate change in an economically efficient, legally equitable, and practically feasible way around the globe. Climate justice within a country pays tribute to low- and high-income households carrying the same burden proportional to their dispensable income through consumption tax, progressive carbon taxation, and a corporate inheritance tax. Climate change burden sharing between countries ensures those countries benefiting more from a warmer environment bear higher responsibility regarding climate change mitigation and adaptation. Climate justice over time is proposed by an innovative bonds climate change burden sharing strategy.
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Puaschunder, Julia Margarete. "Mapping Climate Justice." In Research Anthology on Environmental and Societal Impacts of Climate Change. IGI Global, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-6684-3686-8.ch094.

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A three-dimensional climate justice approach introduces to share the benefits and burden of climate change in an economically efficient, legally equitable, and practically feasible way around the globe. Climate justice within a country pays tribute to low- and high-income households carrying the same burden proportional to their dispensable income through consumption tax, progressive carbon taxation, and a corporate inheritance tax. Climate change burden sharing between countries ensures those countries benefiting more from a warmer environment bear higher responsibility regarding climate change mitigation and adaptation. Climate justice over time is proposed by an innovative bonds climate change burden sharing strategy.
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Conference papers on the topic "Proportional sharing"

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Zhang, Li, and Sanjiv Kapoor. "Fairness of Equilibrium in Proportional Sharing Mechanisms with Bid Costs." In 2024 60th Annual Allerton Conference on Communication, Control, and Computing (Allerton). IEEE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/allerton63246.2024.10735308.

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Asif, Uzair, Silvanus D’Silva, Mohammad B. Shadmand, Sertac Bayhan, and Haitham Abu-Rub. "AI-Driven Proportionate Power Sharing in Virtual Synchronous Generators for Optimizing the Source Conditions and Efficiency." In IECON 2024 - 50th Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society. IEEE, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1109/iecon55916.2024.10905109.

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Freeman, Rupert, Seyed Majid Zahedi, Vincent Conitzer, and Benjamin C. Lee. "Dynamic Proportional Sharing." In SIGMETRICS '18: ACM SIGMETRICS / International Conference on Measurement and Modeling of Computer Systems. ACM, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3219617.3219631.

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Azim, M. I., M. A. Hossain, S. M. Mohiuddin, M. J. Hossain, and H. R. Pota. "Proportional reactive power sharing for islanded microgrids." In 2016 IEEE 11th Conference on Industrial Electronics and Applications (ICIEA). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iciea.2016.7603755.

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Aalipour, Farzad, and Tuhin Das. "Proportional Power Sharing Consensus in Distributed Generators." In ASME 2018 Dynamic Systems and Control Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/dscc2018-9023.

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In this study, the problem of proportional power sharing consensus in a DC microgrid (MG) consisting of distributed generators (DGs) is discussed. Presently, MGs face challenges involving the intermittent nature of DGs and load power fluctuations. To address these challenges, three different control schemes are proposed. The first consensus-based control algorithm is introduced to address proportional power sharing in the presence of variations in the DGs rate, i.e., power capacity. Secondly, in regards to load power fluctuations, a control scheme is designed to enable the DGs to compute their individual proportional power share in a distributed manner. Eventually, a comprehensive real-time control approach is developed through which the DGs cooperatively maintain the required power load and achieve the updated proportional share simultaneously. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approaches simulations results for a simple network of DGs are presented.
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SHANG, MINGSHENG, QINGXIAN WANG, YAN FU, and JIANPING LI. "TIME-SHARING OR PROPORTIONAL-SHARING: WHICH IS BETTER FOR MINIMUM MAKESPAN?" In Proceedings of the International Computer Conference 2006. World Scientific Publishing Company, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789812772763_0102.

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Zhang, Xiaotian, Qing-Chang Zhong, Hao Zhang, and Xikui Ma. "Proportional load sharing method for parallel connected inverters." In 2010 IEEE International Symposium on Industrial Electronics (ISIE 2010). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/isie.2010.5637964.

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Jin, Wei, Jeffrey S. Chase, and Jasleen Kaur. "Interposed proportional sharing for a storage service utility." In the joint international conference. ACM Press, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1005686.1005694.

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Glende, Eric, and Martin Wolter. "Tracing HVDC Flows using the proportional sharing principle." In 2020 IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Europe (ISGT-Europe). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/isgt-europe47291.2020.9248927.

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Pugh, Matthew. "The proportional fair sharing algorithm under i.i.d. models." In 2012 46th Asilomar Conference on Signals, Systems and Computers. IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/acssc.2012.6489056.

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Reports on the topic "Proportional sharing"

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Haddad, J., L. A. Horta Nogueira, Germano Lambert-Torres, and L. E. Borges da Silva. Energy Efficiency and Smart Grids for Low Carbon and Green Growth in Brazil: Knowledge Sharing Forum on Development Experiences: Comparative Experiences of Korea and Latin America and the Caribbean. Inter-American Development Bank, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0007001.

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The Brazilian continental dimensions and diversified natural resources are proportional to the challenges to develop its infrastructure sustainably and supply proper public services to more than 200 million inhabitants. Energy consumption has doubled since 1990, fostered by economic growth and the expansion of middle class. In this context, promote energy efficiency, in a broad sense, is urgent and rational. Brazil has a relatively long history in promoting energy efficiency at final user level. A landmark of this process is the Brazilian Labeling Program, launched in 1984, as direct consequence of high prices of energy at that time. This program was coordinated by the National Institute of Metrology, Standardization and Industrial Quality, which sets standards for evaluation, ranks the performance of energy equipment and imposes a classificatory labeling to inform consumers, with a label similar to other countries. The National Electricity Conservation Program was created in 1985 by MME and is executed by ELETROBRÁS. The energy saving induced by this program in 2013 is equivalent to 2.1% of the total electric energy consumption in the period, corresponding to the annual energy consumption of about 5 million Brazilian households. In 2001, Federal Law 10,295, also known as the Energy Efficiency Law, was approved to reinforce those energy efficiency programs, allowing the Brazilian government to establish Minimum Energy Performance Standards for appliances and energy equipment, prohibiting the commercialization of low efficiency models and promoting the progressive withdrawal of low-efficiency models. According to the National Energy Plan 2030, up to 15.5 GW of electricity generation could be saved as a result of energy efficiency in the next 20 years. The Smart Grids, adopting modern technologies in electricity distribution has been proposed in Brazil improve the quality provided in the low voltage service, reduce losses, and reduce operating costs, among others. Several regulations related to this subject, dealing with grid connection for distributed small-scale generation, the establishment of the 'hourly tariff', with the regulation of the use of PLC; and with the compulsory use of Geographic Information System. Currently, dozens pilot projects on Smart Grids are underway in the country. Two projects are presented in detail: CEMIG and AES Eletropaulo, two Brazilian power utilities.
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Hines, James, John Hlinko, and Theodore J. F. Lubke. From Each According to His Surplus: Equi-Proportionate Sharing of Commodity Tax Burdens. National Bureau of Economic Research, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/t0138.

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Loo, Jaden, and Krista Westrick-Payne. Older Adults Living with an Adult Roommate or Sibling, 2022. National Center for Family and Marriage Research, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.25035/ncfmr/fp-24-17.

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Since the mid-1960s, the living arrangements of older adults (those aged 50 and above) have shifted significantly. Today, most older adults either live alone, with a spouse, or with a partner (Ausubel, 2020; Vespa, 2017). Although the proportion of older adults living with a spouse remains stable (Vespa, 2017), a declining share of older adults lives alone (Stepler, 2020) and an increasing share are in multigenerational households (Washington, Gryn, Anderson, &amp; Kreider, 2023). However, less is known about other living arrangements, such as living with roommates (home sharing) or siblings. Previous research by the NCFMR revealed an increase in the proportion of older adults living with a sibling or a roommate from 2015 to 2020, with the largest growth observed among those living with a roommate. In this profile, we update these findings using 2022 data from the American Community Survey 1-year estimates. We also assess the age of the youngest roommate in the household along with the marital status and race/ethnicity of the household heads in these living arrangements. Living with a roommate and living with a sibling are not mutually exclusive arrangements; those who live with both are represented in the each of the trendlines in Figure 1.
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Arias, Karla, David López, Segundo Camino-Mogro, et al. Green Transition and Gender Bias: An Analysis of Renewable Energy Generation Companies in Latin America. Edited by Amanda Beaujon Marin. Inter-American Development Bank, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0004461.

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This study analyzes how the energy transition might change gender bias in power-generating industries. To this end, this paper employs a sample of 102 renewable energy generation companies from six countries in Latin America and the Caribbean: Bolivia, Chile, Costa Rica, Panama, Mexico, and Uruguay. The analysis of collected data shows that renewable generation companies with the highest relative efficiency in the labor-capital ratio are those with the highest participation of women. In addition, the results show that renewable companies are incrementing recruitment of women in energy generation. Nevertheless, in the analyzed sample, the participation of women in renewables is still lower than the sectorial average. Moreover, there is no structural change with respect to roles that women occupy, when comparing renewables companies with others generation companies. Considering the companies size, bigger renewables companies (with higher installed generation capacity) tend to hire more women, but those women occupy mostly non-technical positions. In addition, women's participation decreases in positions requiring more technical occupations. Women represent 36% of STEM1 employees, 39% of non-STEM employees, and 48% of non-qualified employees of the renewable generation companies surveyed. Concerning the role of women in decision making roles within energy companies, wide gender gaps exist in executive and management positions; the proportion of females in the boardroom and in management roles for renewables generation companies was 24% and 22%, respectively. Furthermore, 68% of surveyed companies did not have a gender policy in place. This study confirms that a change in technology alone does not generate qualitative changes in the labor market from a gender perspective. Such changes would be achieved by complementing technological change with inclusion policies, encouraging women to study careers related to science and technology to fill the shortage of female professionals in these areas, and closing the knowledge gap through systematic data collection and sharing about gender in the energy workforce.
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5

Edeh, Henry C. Assessing the Equity and Redistributive Effects of Taxation Reforms in Nigeria. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/ictd.2021.020.

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Achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of poverty and inequality reduction through redistribution have indeed become critical concerns in many low- and middle-income countries, including Nigeria. Although redistribution results from the effect of tax revenue collections, micro household-level empirical analyses of the distributional effect of personal income tax (PIT) and value added tax (VAT) reforms in Nigeria have been scarcely carried out. This study for the first time quantitatively assessed both the equity and redistributive effects of PIT and VAT across different reform scenarios in Nigeria. Data used in this study was mainly drawn from the most recent large scale nationally representative Nigeria Living Standard Survey, conducted in 2018/2019. The Kakwani Index was used to calculate and compare the progressivity of PIT and VAT reforms. A simple static micro-simulation model was employed in assessing the redistributive effect of PIT and VAT reforms in the country. After informality has been accounted for, the PIT was found to be progressive in the pre- 2011 tax scheme, but turned regressive in the post-2011 tax scheme. It was also discovered that the newly introduced lump sum relief allowance in the post-2011 PIT scheme accrues more to the high-income than to the low-income taxpayers – confirming the regressivity of the current PIT scheme. However, the study further shows (through counterfactual simulations) that excluding the relatively high-income taxpayers from sharing in the variable part of the lump sum relief allowance makes PIT progressive in the post-2011 scheme. The VAT was uncovered to be regressive both in the pre-2020 scheme, and in the current VAT reform scheme. Further, after putting informality into consideration, the PIT was found to marginally reduce inequality but increase poverty in the pre-2011 scheme. The post-2011 PIT scheme reduced inequality and increased poverty, but by a smaller proportion – confirming a limited redistribution mainly resulting from the concentration of the lump sum relief allowance at the top of the distribution. However, if the variable part of the lump sum relief allowance is provided for ‘only’ the low-income taxpayers below a predefined income threshold, the post-2011 PIT scheme becomes largely redistributive. VAT was uncovered to marginally increase inequality and poverty in the pre-2020 scheme. Though the current VAT scheme slightly increased inequality, it considerably increased poverty in the country. It is therefore suggested that a better tax reform, with well-regulated relief allowance and differentiated VAT rates, will help to enhance the equity and redistribution capacity of the Nigeria tax system.
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