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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Proportional system

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Academic literature on the topic 'Proportional system'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 25 April 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Proportional system"

1

Lua, Aik Chong, Ke Chuang Shi, and Leok Poh Chua. "Proportional assist ventilation system based on proportional solenoid valve control." Medical Engineering & Physics 23, no. 6 (July 2001): 381–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1350-4533(01)00058-3.

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Dow, Jay K. "Party-System Extremism in Majoritarian and Proportional Electoral Systems." British Journal of Political Science 41, no. 2 (December 3, 2010): 341–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007123410000360.

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This study evaluates the extent of party-system extremism in thirty-one electoral democracies as a function of electoral-system proportionality. It uses data from the Comparative Studies of Electoral Systems project to estimate the extent of party-system compactness or dispersion across polities and to determine whether more proportional systems foster greater ideological divergence among parties. Electoral system characteristics most associated with party-system compactness in the ideological space are investigated. The empirics show that more proportional systems support greater ideological dispersion, while less proportional systems encourage parties to cluster nearer the centre of the electoral space. This finding is maintained in several sub-samples of national elections and does not depend on the inclusion of highly majoritarian systems (such as the United Kingdom).

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Griffith, Eugene R., and Steven T. Connett. "Sound system employing automatic proportional amplification." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 82, no. 5 (November 1987): 1872. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.395681.

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Bean, Dwight R., Jane Friedman, and Cameron Parker. "Proportional quota weighted voting system hierarchies." Social Choice and Welfare 34, no. 3 (June 4, 2009): 397–410. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00355-009-0404-6.

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Mavridis, Christos, and Ignacio Ortuño-Ortín. "Polling in a proportional representation system." Social Choice and Welfare 51, no. 2 (February 14, 2018): 297–312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00355-018-1117-5.

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Hong, Wan-Sik. "The Reform of the Proportional Election System." Journal of Legal Studies 28, no. 3 (July 31, 2020): 293–316. http://dx.doi.org/10.35223/gnulaw.28.3.12.

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Fadel Al-ali, Kadem, and Dr Abdullah Y. Al-Tayib. "The Proportional Relationships System In Islamic Architecture." AL-Rafdain Engineering Journal (AREJ) 14, no. 2 (June 28, 2006): 76–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.33899/rengj.2006.46620.

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Chen, J. H., J. Bull, and D. B. DeBra. "A Continuous Proportional Low-Thrust Propulsion System." IFAC Proceedings Volumes 22, no. 7 (July 1989): 223–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1474-6670(17)53410-2.

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Barker, Kash, and Hiba Baroud. "Proportional hazards models of infrastructure system recovery." Reliability Engineering & System Safety 124 (April 2014): 201–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ress.2013.12.004.

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Leith, Alex, Mohamed-Slim Alouini, Dong In Kim, Xuemin Shen, and Zhiqiang Wu. "Flexible Proportional-Rate Scheduling for OFDMA System." IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing 12, no. 10 (October 2013): 1907–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tmc.2012.155.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Proportional system"

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Li, Ming-Yan. "Performance analysis and enhancement of proportional navigation guidance systems /." Title page, table of contents and abstract only, 1999. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09ENS/09ensl693.pdf.

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Borg, Jonathan M. "An industrial robotic system for moving object interception using ideal proportional navigation guidance." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape4/PQDD_0021/MQ54104.pdf.

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Warioba, Isabela Moses. "The first-past-the-post electoral system versus proportional representation in Africa : a comparative analysis." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/18651.

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Most African states emerged from shadows and made a transition from mono-party, one-person and military rule towards political pluralism and multi-party democratic governance in 1990s. One of the key ingredients of this transformation is the holding of regular elections and electoral systems that undergird the electoral process itself. However still, most African states practice what is referred to as shallow democracy as opposed to deeper democracy that requires full participation of citizens and accountability. Shallow democracy is the democracy that has not made any positive impacts to the ordinary people despite the radical changes to the constitution and expansion of part activity.
Prepared under the supervision of Mr Paulo Comoane at the Faculty of Law, Eduardo Mondlane University, Mozambique
Thesis (LLM (Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa)) -- University of Pretoria, 2011.
http://www.chr.up.ac.za/
nf2012
Centre for Human Rights
LLM

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Schiller, Noah Harrison. "Design and Validation of a Proportional Throttle Valve System for Liquid-Fuel Active Combustion Control." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/9843.

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High-bandwidth fuel modulation is currently one of the most promising methods for active combustion control. To attenuate the large pressure oscillations in the combustion chamber, the fuel is pulsed so that the heat release rate fluctuations damp the pressure oscillations in the combustor. This thesis focuses on the development and implementation of a high-bandwidth, proportional modulation system for liquid-fuel active combustion control. The throttle valve modulation system, discussed in this thesis, uses a 500-um piezoelectric stack coupled with an off-the-shelf valve. After comparing three other types of actuators, the piezoelectric stack was selected because of its compact size, bandwidth capabilities, and relatively low cost. Using the acoustic resonance of the fuel line, the system is able to achieve 128% pressure modulation, relative to the mean pressure, and is capable of producing more than 75% flow modulation at 115 Hz. Additionally, at 760 Hz the system produces 40% pressure modulation and 21% flow modulation with flow rates between 0.4 and 10 gph. Control authority was demonstrated on a single-nozzle kerosene combustor which exhibits a well-pronounced instability at ~115 Hz. Using the modulation system, the fundamental peak of the combustion instability was reduced by 30 dB, and the broadband sound pressure levels inside the combustor were reduced by 12 dB. However, the most important conclusion from the combustion control experiments was not the system?s accomplishments, but rather its inability to control the combustor at high global equivalence ratios. Our work indicates that having the ability to modulate a large percentage of the primary fuel is not always sufficient for active combustion control.
Master of Science

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Kawera, Marie Sylvie. "Proportional representation electoral system and conflict management in divided societies: the case of Rwanda and Kenya." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/12431.

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Critically examines the role of electoral systems in the democratisation process and conflict management in divided societies such as Kenya and Rwanda. Analyses the power sharing arrangement institutionalized in Rwanda in the aftermath of the genocide in order to demonstrate the potential to mitigate issues of ethnic. Also explores the anomalous results caused by the current electoral system in Kenya (First Past The Post) in its process of democratization and then find out which is the most suitable electoral system which encourage co-operation and inclusiveness and discourage conflict and exclusiveness. minority representation
A Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Law University of Pretoria, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Masters of Law (LLM in Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa). Prepared under the supervision of Dr. Atangcho N Akonumbo, Faculté de Sciences Sociales et de Gestion, Université Catholique D’Afrique, Centrale Yaounde Cameroun.
Thesis (LLM (Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa))--University of Pretoria, 2009.
http://www.chr.up.ac.za/
Centre for Human Rights
LLM

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Lagimoniere, Ernest Eugene Jr. "The Design and Construction of a High Bandwidth Proportional Fuel Injection System for Liquid Fuel Active Combustion Control." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/34693.

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This last decade experienced a sudden increase of interest in the control of thermo-acoustic instabilities, in particular through the use of fuel modulation techniques. The primary goal of this research was to design, construct and characterize a high bandwidth proportional fuel injection system, which could be used to study the effect of specific levels of fuel modulation on the combustion process and the reduction of thermo-acoustic instabilities. A fuel injection system, incorporating the use of a closed loop piston and check valve, was designed to modulate the primary fuel supply of an atmospheric liquid-fueled swirl stabilized combustor operating at a mean volumetric fuel flow rate of 0.4 GPH. The ability of the fuel injection system to modulate the fuel was examined by measuring the fuel line pressure and the flow rate produced during operation. The authority of this modulation over the combustion process was investigated by examining the effect of fuel modulation on the combustor pressure and the heat release of the flame. Sinusoidal operation of the fuel injection system demonstrated: a bandwidth greater that 800 Hz, significant open loop authority (averaging 12 dB) with regards to the combustor pressure, significant open loop authority (averaging 33 dB) with regards to the unsteady heat release rate and an approximate 8 dB reduction of the combustor pressure oscillation present at 100 Hz, using a phase shift controller. It is possible to scale the closed loop piston and check valve configuration used to create the fuel injection system discussed in this work to realistic combustor operating conditions for further active combustion control studies.
Master of Science

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Keating, Jennifer. "Relating forearm muscle electrical activity to finger forces." Digital WPI, 2014. https://digitalcommons.wpi.edu/etd-theses/580.

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The electromyogram (EMG) signal is desired to be used as a control signal for applications such as multifunction prostheses, wheelchair navigation, gait generation, grasping control, virtual keyboards, and gesture-based interfaces [25]. Several research studies have attempted to relate the electromyogram (EMG) activity of the forearm muscles to the mechanical activity of the wrist, hand and/or fingers [41], [42], [43]. A primary interest is for EMG control of powered upper-limb prostheses and rehabilitation orthotics. Existing commercial EMG-controlled devices are limited to rudimentary control capabilities of either discrete states (e.g. hand close/open), or one degree of freedom proportional control [4], [36]. Classification schemes for discriminating between hand/wrist functions and individual finger movements have demonstrated accuracy up to 95% [38], [39], [29]. These methods may provide for increased amputee function, though continuous control of movement is not generally achieved. This thesis considered proportional control via EMG-based estimation of finger forces with the goal of identifying whether multiple degrees of freedom of proportional control information are available from the surface EMG of the forearm. Electromyogram (EMG) activity from the extensor and flexor muscles of the forearm was sensed with bipolar surface electrodes and related to the force produced at the four fingertips during constant-posture, slowly force-varying contractions from 20 healthy subjects. The contractions ranged between 30% maximum voluntary contractions (MVC) extension and 30% MVC flexion. EMG amplitude sampling rate, least squares regularization, linear vs. nonlinear models and number of electrodes used in the system identification were studied. Results are supportive that multiple degrees of freedom of proportional control information are available from the surface EMG of the forearm, at least in healthy subjects. An EMG amplitude sampling frequency of 4.096 Hz was found to produce models which allowed for good EMG amplitude estimates. Least squares regularization with a pseudo-inverse tolerance of 0.055 resulted in significant improvement in modeling results, with an average error of 4.69% MVC-6.59% MVC (maximum voluntary contraction). Increasing polynomial order did not significantly improve modeling results. Results from smaller electrode arrays remained fairly good with as few as six electrodes, with the average %MVC error ranging from 5.13%-7.01% across the four fingers. This study also identified challenges in the current experimental study design and subsequent system identification when EMG-force modeling is performed with four fingers simultaneously. Methods to compensate for these issues have been proposed in this thesis.

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Huet, Philippe. "A VMEbus-based data acquisition system for the multiwire proportional chambers of the H1 detector at the HERA Collider." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/212813.

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Macías, Cubeiro Rosa. "Development and Implementation of a Search and Locate Actuator System." Thesis, KTH, Elektrisk energiomvandling, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-109706.

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Over the last years, electrical roads have emerged as a cost effective and environmentally friendly solution towards a transportation system with less dependency on fossil fuels. This thesis presents the design of a search and locate system for road-bound conductive electrical roads with position control in two axes. The system is intended to find and follow the position of an electrified rail. The actuator system constitutes a firm groundwork for further research and development in this field. A laboratory test set up has been designed and both hardware and software parts have been constructed. The control of the system uses the CompactRIOTM technology from National Instruments. Results from the practical evaluation suggest that the non-linear characteristic of the system and the lack of direct position feedback from the motor rotation are the main causes of a non-accurate position control. Future development steps should focus on improving the mechanical design and include encoder feedback for the control loop as well as absolute automatic control with the incorporation of rail sensors.

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Narasimhan, Bharat. "An automated virtual tool to compute the entire set of proportional integral derivative controllers for a continuous linear time invariant system." Texas A&M University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/85831.

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This thesis presents the very practical and novel approach of using the Graphical User Interface (GUI) to compute the entire set of Proportional Integral Derivative (PID) controllers given the transfer function or the frequency response of the system under consideration. Though there is a wide spread usage of PID controllers in the industry, until recently no formal algorithm existed on determining a set of PID values that will stabilize the given system. The industry still relies on algorithms like the Ziegler- Nicholas or ad-hoc approaches in determining the value of PID controllers. Also when it comes to model free approaches, the use of Fuzzy logic and Neural network do not guarantee stability of the system. For a continuous Linear Time Invariant system Bhattacharyya and others have developed an algorithm that determines the entire set of PID controllers given the transfer function or just the frequency response of the system. The GUI has been developed based on this theory. The GUI also evaluates the user input performance specifications and generates a subset of stable controllers given the performance criteria for the system. This thesis presents an approach of automating the computation of entire set of stabilizing Proportional Integral Derivative (PID) controllers given the system transfer function or the frequency response data of the system. The Graphical User Interface (GUI) developed bridges the gap between the developed theory and the industry.

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Books on the topic "Proportional system"

1

Capoccia, Giovanni. Electoral abuse in PR systems: Distortions in the German electoral system. Badia Fiesolana: European University Institute, Department of Political and Social Sciences, 1997.

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Capoccia, Giovanni. Electoral abuse in PR systems: Old and new territorial distortions in the German electoral system. Badia Fiesolana, Firenze: European University Institute, 1997.

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Vincent, Gregory K. Proportional representation: A debate on the pitfalls of our electoral system. West Bridgford, Nottingham: Paupers' Press, 1994.

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Proportional representation: The case for a better election system. Northampton, Mass: Crescent Street Press, 1997.

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Symons, Elizabeth. Tax reform analysis: The effects of a proportional tax system. London: Institute for Fiscal Studies, 1987.

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Hart, Jenifer. Proportional representation: Critics of the British electoral system, 1820-1945. Oxford [England]: Clarendon Press, 1992.

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Johnson-Myers, Tracy-Ann. The Mixed Member Proportional System: Providing Greater Representation for Women? Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-44314-0.

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Weber, Shlomo. On existence of a fixed-number equilibrium in a multiparty electoral system. Toronto: York University, Dept. of Economics, 1990.

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Tuazon, Bobby M. 12 years of the party list system: Maginalizing people's representation. Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines: CenPEG Books, 2011.

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Council, South Africa President's. Report of the Committee for Constitutional Affairs on a proportional polling system for South Africa in a new constitutional dispensation. Cape Town: Govt. Printer, 1992.

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Book chapters on the topic "Proportional system"

1

Pukelsheim, Friedrich. "Securing System Consistency: Coherence and Paradoxes." In Proportional Representation, 159–83. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-64707-4_9.

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Pukelsheim, Friedrich. "Securing System Consistency: Coherence and Paradoxes." In Proportional Representation, 117–25. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-03856-8_9.

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Blackburn, Robert. "Arguments about Proportional Representation." In The Electoral System in Britain, 362–430. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-24090-6_8.

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Simonovits, András. "Proportional (Earnings-Related) Pension System." In Simple Models of Income Redistribution, 69–84. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-72502-4_5.

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Lewin, Leif. "Sweden: Introducing Proportional Representation from Above." In The Handbook of Electoral System Choice, 265–78. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230522749_14.

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Lutz, Georg. "Switzerland: Introducing Proportional Representation from Below." In The Handbook of Electoral System Choice, 279–93. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230522749_15.

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Kopecký, Petr. "The Czech Republic: Entrenching Proportional Representation." In The Handbook of Electoral System Choice, 347–58. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230522749_19.

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Farrell, David M. "The Two-Vote System of Proportional Representation." In Comparing Electoral Systems, 86–109. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-15009-0_5.

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Johnson-Myers, Tracy-Ann. "Mixed Member Proportional System in New Zealand." In The Mixed Member Proportional System: Providing Greater Representation for Women?, 19–28. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-44314-0_3.

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Kreuzer, Marcus. "Germany: Partisan Engineering of Personalized Proportional Representation." In The Handbook of Electoral System Choice, 222–36. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230522749_11.

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Conference papers on the topic "Proportional system"

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Lo, Ka Kien, Su Fong Chien, David Chieng, Heng Siong Lim, and Kwong Kae Hsiang. "Proportional resource allocation for OFDMA system." In 2014 IEEE Region 10 Symposium. IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tenconspring.2014.6863003.

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Haryanto, Haryanto, Achmad Fiqhi Ibadillah, Umar Faruq, and Lilik Anifah. "Automatic Liquefied Petroleum Gas Leakage Control System Using Proportional Integral Derivative (PID) Proportional." In Proceedings of the International Conference on Science and Technology (ICST 2018). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icst-18.2018.57.

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Dalalah, Doraid. "Optimization flow control: A queue proportional algorithm." In 2008 IEEE International Conference on System of Systems Engineering (SoSE). IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/sysose.2008.4724146.

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Samara, Reni, Hera Hikmarika, Suci Dwijayanti, and Bhakti Yudho Suprapto. "Comparison of Inverted Pendulum Control System using Proportional – Integral – Derivative (PID) and Proportional – Integral (PI)." In 2019 International Conference on Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (ICECOS). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icecos47637.2019.8984451.

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Srivastava, Anusha, and L. B. Prasad. "Decentralized Proportional Integral Control of Quadruple Tank System." In 2018 Second International Conference on Advances in Computing, Control and Communication Technology (IAC3T). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iac3t.2018.8674029.

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Villafuerte, R., S. Mondie, C. Vazquez, and J. Collado. "Proportional retarded control of a second order system." In 2009 6th International Conference on Electrical Engineering, Computing Science and Automatic Control (CCE 2009). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iceee.2009.5393441.

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Yun, So-Nam, Dong-Won Yun, Hyo-Bong Kim, and Soon-Chan Hwang. "Proportional pressure reducing valve for clutch control system." In 2010 International Conference on Control, Automation and Systems (ICCAS 2010). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iccas.2010.5669739.

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Wang, Chunyang, Lu Wang, and Mingqiu Li. "Application research for hydraulic servo system based on fractional order proportional derivative and [proportional derivative] controllers." In 2014 33rd Chinese Control Conference (CCC). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/chicc.2014.6895679.

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Liu, Zifa, Yunyang Liu, and Zhe Zhang. "Network Reconfiguration with High Proportional Distributed Generation." In 2018 2nd IEEE Conference on Energy Internet and Energy System Integration (EI2). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ei2.2018.8582029.

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Gao, Yuanlou, and Nan Ding. "Electro-hydraulic proportional pressure control system of hydraulic machine." In 2012 10th IEEE International Conference on Industrial Informatics (INDIN). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/indin.2012.6301057.

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Reports on the topic "Proportional system"

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Rumerio, Paolo. Design, testing and operation of a system of proportional chambers for the E835 experiment at Fermilab. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/948151.

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Kopp, Daniel M. Final technical report. Development and installation of a high resolution position sensitive 40x40 cm{sup 2} gas detector for small angle neutron scattering applications at IPNS: ORDELA model 2410N position-sensitive proportional counter system. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/807502.

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Salama, A. I. A. Design techniques of digital proportional-plus-integral and proportional-plus-integral-plus-derivative controllers for linear discrete-time multivariable systems. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/304873.

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Conoscente, J. P., O. R. Maslenikov, and J. J. Johnson. Methods used for the treatment of non-proportionally damped structural systems. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), May 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10165506.

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Stringer, David B., Pradip N. Sheth, and Paul E. Allaire. Modal Synthesis of a Non-Proportionally Damped, Gyroscopically Influenced, Geared Rotor System via the State-Space. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada486939.

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Ianakiev, Kiril D. SNM Movement Detection / Radiation Sensors and Advanced Materials Portfolio Review RadSensing2011 6Li-Metal Based Neutron Detector Systems for Replacing 3He Gas Proportional Counters. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1072253.

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Matita, Mirriam, and Masautso Chimombo. A Multi-Phase Assessment of the Effects of COVID-19 on Food Systems and Rural Livelihoods in Malawi. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), November 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/apra.2021.035.

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The COVID-19 pandemic has caused disruptions to national and global economies with devastating effects on food systems and livelihoods across the globe. These effects of the pandemic on poverty, hunger, and malnutrition, among others, are likely to be greater among low and middle-income countries like those in sub- Saharan Africa, including Malawi. This is because even before the COVID-19 pandemic began the proportion of people facing poverty, and food and nutrition insecurity were already high. It is, therefore, imperative to understand the effects of COVID-19 on food systems and rural livelihoods. Using a multi-stage ‘rapid assessment’, this study provides real-time insights into how the COVID-19 crisis unfolded in Malawi and how rural people and food and livelihood systems respond.

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Wroblewski, Angela, and Victoria Englmaier. Absolventinnenbefragung muv. IHS - Institute for Advanced Studies, February 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.22163/fteval.2017.499.

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Despite some successes, however, there are still barriers for women at universities, which are reflected in the so-called "leaky pipeline", i.e. a decreasing proportion of women the higher their position in the science system. The University of Vienna is also characterised by a pronounced leaky pipeline. The mentoring programme of the University of Vienna - muv - was launched to counteract this development and to support women in entering an academic career. The programme has been continuously evaluated and further developed. This report continues this tradition and provides input for a discussion on the further development of the programme.

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Brenan, J. M., K. Woods, J. E. Mungall, and R. Weston. Origin of chromitites in the Esker Intrusive Complex, Ring of Fire Intrusive Suite, as revealed by chromite trace element chemistry and simple crystallization models. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/328981.

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To better constrain the origin of the chromitites associated with the Esker Intrusive Complex (EIC) of the Ring of Fire Intrusive Suite (RoFIS), a total of 50 chromite-bearing samples from the Black Thor, Big Daddy, Blackbird, and Black Label chromite deposits have been analysed for major and trace elements. The samples represent three textural groups, as defined by the relative abundance of cumulate silicate phases and chromite. To provide deposit-specific partition coefficients for modeling, we also report on the results of laboratory experiments to measure olivine- and chromite-melt partitioning of V and Ga, which are two elements readily detectable in the chromites analysed. Comparison of the Cr/Cr+Al and Fe/Fe+Mg of the EIC chromites and compositions from previous experimental studies indicates overlap in Cr/Cr+Al between the natural samples and experiments done at &gt;1400oC, but significant offset of the natural samples to higher Fe/Fe+Mg. This is interpreted to be the result of subsolidus Fe-Mg exchange between chromite and the silicate matrix. However, little change in Cr/Cr+Al from magmatic values, owing to the lack of an exchangeable reservoir for these elements. A comparison of the composition of the EIC chromites and a subset of samples from other tectonic settings reveals a strong similarity to chromites from the similarly-aged Munro Township komatiites. Partition coefficients for V and Ga are consistent with past results in that both elements are compatible in chromite (DV = 2-4; DGa ~ 3), and incompatible in olivine (DV = 0.01-0.14; DGa ~ 0.02), with values for V increasing with decreasing fO2. Simple fractional crystallization models that use these partition coefficients are developed that monitor the change in element behaviour based on the relative proportions of olivine to chromite in the crystallizing assemblage; from 'normal' cotectic proportions involving predominantly olivine, to chromite-only crystallization. Comparison of models to the natural chromite V-Ga array suggests that the overall positive correlation between these two elements is consistent with chromite formed from a Munro Township-like komatiitic magma crystallizing olivine and chromite in 'normal' cotectic proportions, with no evidence of the strong depletion in these elements expected for chromite-only crystallization. The V-Ga array can be explained if the initial magma responsible for chromite formation is slightly reduced with respect to the FMQ oxygen buffer (~FMQ- 0.5), and has assimilated up to ~20% of wall-rock banded iron formation or granodiorite. Despite the evidence for contamination, results indicate that the EIC chromitites crystallized from 'normal' cotectic proportions of olivine to chromite, and therefore no specific causative link is made between contamination and chromitite formation. Instead, the development of near- monomineralic chromite layers likely involves the preferential removal of olivine relative to chromite by physical segregation during magma flow. As suggested for some other chromitite-forming systems, the specific fluid dynamic regime during magma emplacement may therefore be responsible for crystal sorting and chromite accumulation.

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Eshel, Amram, Jonathan P. Lynch, and Kathleen M. Brown. Physiological Regulation of Root System Architecture: The Role of Ethylene and Phosphorus. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2001.7585195.bard.

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Specific Objectives and Related Results: 1) Determine the effect of phosphorus availability on ethylene production by roots. Test the hypothesis that phosphorus availability regulates ethylene production Clear differences were found between the two plants that were studied. In beans ethylene production is affected by P nutrition, tissue type, and stage of development. There are genotypic differences in the rate of ethylene production by various root types and in the differential in ethylene production when P treatments are compared. The acceleration in ethylene production with P deficiency increases with time. These findings support the hypothesis that ethylene production may be enhanced by phosphorus deficiency, and that the degree of enhancement varies with genotype. In tomatoes the low-P level did not enhance significantly ethylene production by the roots. Wildtype cultivars and ethylene insensitive mutants behaved similarly in that respect. 2) Characterize the effects of phosphorus availability and ethylene on the architecture of whole root systems. Test the hypothesis that both ethylene and low phosphorus availability modify root architecture. In common bean, the basal roots give rise to a major fraction of the whole root system. Unlike other laterals these roots respond to gravitropic stimulation. Their growth angle determines the proportion of the root length in the shallow layers of the soil. A correlation between ethylene production and basal root angle was found in shallow rooted but not deep-rooted genotypes, indicating that acceleration of ethylene synthesis may account for the change in basal root angle in genotypes demonstrating a plastic response to P availability. Short-time gravitropic response of the tap roots of young bean seedlings was not affected by P level in the nutrient solution. Low phosphorus specifically increases root hair length and root hair density in Arabidopsis. We tested 7 different mutants in ethylene perception and response and in each case, the response to low P was lower than that of the wild-type. The extent of reduction in P response varied among the mutants, but every mutant retained some responsiveness to changes in P concentration. The increase in root hair density was due to the increase in the number of trichoblast cell files under low P and was not mediated by ethylene. Low P did not increase the number of root hairs forming from atrichoblasts. This is in contrast to ethylene treatment, which increased the number of root hairs partly by causing root hairs to form on atrichoblasts. 3) Assess the adaptive value of root architectural plasticity in response to phosphorus availability. A simulation study indicated that genetic variation for root architecture in common bean may be related to adaptation to diverse competitive environments. The fractal dimension of tomato root system was directly correlated with P level.

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