Academic literature on the topic 'Proportionality of sanctions'
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Journal articles on the topic "Proportionality of sanctions"
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Hofer, Alexandra. "The Proportionality of Unilateral “Targeted” Sanctions: Whose Interests Should Count?" Nordic Journal of International Law 89, no. 3-4 (2020): 399–421. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718107-89030008.
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Abstract Comprehensive sanctions were considered to be disproportionate in their collateral effects for the harm caused to the populations of sanctioned States. With the emergence of the concept of targeted sanctions, questions regarding proportionality were expected to fade away. After all, targeted sanctions were supposed to be inherently proportional precisely because they were targeted. Nevertheless, the use of selective embargoes, also known as sectoral sanctions, continues to give rise to issues of proportionality. One of the lacunas of the current system is there is no uniform proportionality standard that applies to unilateral sanctions as these measures fall with different types of legal regimes, each with their own proportionality standard. Drawing from recent State practice and the existing legal standards, the present contribution maps the respective interests that should inform proportionality discussions in distinct sanctions regimes and explores to what extent the proportionality principle can account for each of these interests.
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Vasilyev, I. A. "The principle of proportionality and strict liability of football clubs for the behavior of spectators at UEFA competitions." Law Enforcement Review 5, no. 3 (2021): 232–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.52468/2542-1514.2021.5(3).232-248.
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The subject. This article is devoted to the content of the principle of proportionality in disputes about the strict liability of football clubs for the behavior of spectators. The proportionality means that the sanction corresponds to the offense and it has two dimensions. Firstly, the more serious the offense is the higher the sanction should be. Secondly, proportionality protects sport from unreasonably low sanctions while the violation is serious.The purpose of the study is the content of the principle of proportionality: the use of related principles of sports jurisprudence, exceptional circumstances (mitigating and aggravating) in the practice of applying clubs` strict liability for spectators` behavior in UEFA competitions over the period 2007-2021. Liability without fault increases the value of investigating the factual circumstances of a dispute. The broad discretion of the bodies raises the question of the validity of the choice of aggravating circumstances or the refusal of mitigating circumstances. Therefore, the jurisdictional authority in each specific dispute must search for exceptional circumstances thereby fulfilling the principle of proportionality. The second important nuance of strict liability in the UEFA regulations is the difference in the interconnection between violations and sanctions. In some articles, the sanction is predetermined. It is possible to reduce such a sanction only in the presence of an exceptional circumstance and to increase it in the presence of an aggravating circumstance. Separately considered, in conjunction with the principle of proportionality, other principles: principles of predictability of sanctions, equal treatment, the precedent value of decisions on similar disputes (stare decisis).Methodology. The methodological basis of the stated research involves the generalization and analysis of the practice of two institutions of sports jurisprudence. Firstly, the jurisdictional bodies of UEFA are publicly available, as well as available to the author, but currently not available for free download on the UEFA website. Secondly, the relevant decisions of the Court of Arbitration for Sport are in the public domain. Turning to the approaches of law enforcement officers regarding the content of the principle of proportionality meant comparing positions that did not differ in inconsistency. As a result of the analysis of the practice were systematized and identified typical exceptional circumstances, unique exceptional circumstances, and specific enforcement of the principle of proportionality.The main results of research and the field of their application. The article examined the normative limits of sanctions in the UEFA Disciplinary Regulations; exceptional circumstances affecting the choice of sanction; search by the law enforcement officer of the content of exceptional circumstances; principles of predictability of sanctions, equal treatment, the precedent value of decisions on similar disputes (stare decisis) in connection with the verification of sanctions for proportionality. Compliance with the principle of proportionality, in this case, should protect the club from an unreasonably harsh and grossly disproportional sanction. Therefore, it is important to analyze the factual circumstances: which of them are mitigating and which are aggravating. In other categories of offenses, the sanction remains at the discretion of the jurisdictional authority. In such violations, the principle of proportionality takes on a special value. The more flexibility in the choice of sanction is, the higher is the risk of abuse by the jurisdictional bodes. UEFA`s enforcement practice is seeking exceptional circumstances that are not consistent enough to be predictable. Some consistency exists only concerning aggravating circumstances. There is an unreasonably strict approach to mitigating circumstances. The practice of CAS does not differ from the practice of UEFA in terms of strict liability compositions. The principle of proportionality in sports jurisprudence can be interconnected with other legal concepts. Such concepts are equal treatment, predictability, and so-called stare decisis.Conclusions. For the slightly undisputed observance of the principle of proportionality, several requirements must be fulfilled. First, analyze the factual circumstances to find exceptional circumstances among them. Secondly, always choose the minimum sanction in the absence of aggravating circumstances, since strict liability is a forced legal institution. Thirdly, indicate in the decisions what circumstances are mitigating, what aggravating circumstances have been established, and how they both affect the choice of a sanction. Fourth, use the previous decisions of the UEFA`s jurisdictional bodies and CAS of the strict liability offenses when the actual circumstances are close.
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Blankenagel, Alexander. "Smart Sanctions gegen russische Oligarchen – weder smart noch rechtmäßig!" Zeitschrift für ausländisches öffentliches Recht und Völkerrecht / Heidelberg Journal of International Law 85, no. 1 (2025): 257–90. https://doi.org/10.17104/0044-2348-2025-1-257.
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In reaction to the war against Ukraine, the EU has imposed severe sanctions on Russian business elites on the basis of Art. 215, 2nd para. Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU), including the freezing of their property. As the article argues, the legality of sanctions against business elites not close to the political system and not supporting the war is doubtful. Art. 215, 2nd para. TFEU only allows to sanction natural persons who somehow have made a causal contribution to the violation of international law. What is more, Council Decision 2014/145 of March 17th 2014, as interpreted by the European General Court, restricts the basic right of property of the sanctioned business elites in a manifestly inappropriate way and therefore violates the principle of proportionality, Art. 52 Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union (EUCharFR). The sanctions are furthermore an objectification of the sanctioned persons and therefore a violation of Art. 1 EUCharFR, dignity of man: They oblige the addressees to endanger themselves and attain something impossible.
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Anisatul Azizah, Nita. "Proporsionalitas Penetapan Ancaman Sanksi Pidana Dalam Undang-Undang No. 23 Tahun 2004 Tentang Penghapusan Kekerasan Dalam Rumah Tangga." Jurnal Lex Renaissance 8, no. 1 (2023): 113–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.20885/jlr.vol8.iss1.art7.
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Proportionality in the criminal sanctions formulation policy in this research is the criminal sanctions for perpetrators of criminal acts of violence against women which need to receive full attention from legislators in determining criminal sanctions policies. This is due to preventing violations of individual rights and as a barrier for legislators in imposing criminal sanctions for offenses. The focus of the problem in this research is the practice of developing violence against women in the family sphere during the Covid-19 pandemic and an analysis of the proportionality of determining the threat of criminal sanctions in Law no. 23 of 2004 on the Elimination of Domestic Violence. The type of research used is normative legal research. The approach used is conceptual and statutory. The research results showed that the level of violence in the domestic realm tends to be higher than in the public realm, as in 2021 the domestic realm experienced an increase of 4% compared to 2020. In 2020 violence against women was around 75%, while in 2021 it rose to 79% or 6,480 cases. The results of the proportionality analysis of criminal sanctions in the law are based on the principle of parity contained in ordinal proportionality, namely that a person is punished or sentenced in proportion to the level of seriousness of the crime or violation, reflecting the existence of parity, rank ordering, spacing of penalties from Articles 44 to 49.
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Majka, Paweł. "Tax Sanctions as the Institutions Conditioning Efficiency of Collecting Tax Information – Limits of Legal Regulations." Studia Iuridica Lublinensia 29, no. 4 (2020): 189. http://dx.doi.org/10.17951/sil.2020.29.4.189-207.
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<p>The subject of the study is to outline the boundaries within the legislator may sanction the obligations to provide information to tax authorities using tax sanctions. The author analyzes tax sanctions as instruments guaranteeing the effectiveness of legal norms related to information obligations in the light of the protection of the taxpayer’s rights. In the author’s opinion, there is a clear outline of the possible shape of the sanction, which limits the legislator in excessive interference with the rights of taxpayers. These limits, both in national and international law, are determined primarily by the principle of proportionality, which is decisive for the degree of discomfort associated with the application of sanctions. It should be indicated that the shape limits of these sanctions, characterized in this study, guarantee, in turn, the protection of the rights of these entities. At the same time, it should be emphasized that tax sanctions are, in principle, a complementary element of the system of the guarantees of the law effectiveness and the legislator deciding on their wider use should properly balance the degree of “saturation” of tax law with sanctions taking into account its nature.</p>
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Pazos, Ricardo. "Responsibility of Targeted Actors in the Context of Restrictive Measures: The Case of Belaeronavigatsia." Air and Space Law 48, Issue 3 (2023): 363–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/aila2023046.
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In the context of the Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP), the European Union may adopt restrictive measures, also known as sanctions, against natural or legal persons and groups or non-state entities. Such measures are one instrument – among many others – to achieve certain policy goals, including the protection of the Union’s values and the advancement of fundamental rights, democracy, and the rule of law. There are sanctions of different kinds to coerce, constrain, or signal a targeted actor, and they are chosen and combined with a view to implement the most effective strategy. Belaeronavigatsia, a state-owned enterprise engaged in regulating airspace and providing air traffic assistance in Belarus, was deemed responsible for the repression of civil society and democratic opposition following its involvement in a flight diversion that ultimately led to the arrest of an opposition journalist and his companion. As a consequence, the Council froze its assets, a decision the enterprise contested by arguing that it could not be held ‘responsible’ for the referred act, and that the sanction was not in accordance with the principle of proportionality. The judgment in the case Belaeronavigatsia v. Council offers an overview of the main features of restrictive measures, reminds the interpretative criteria for undefined notions in Council’s decisions and then clarifies the terms ‘responsible for the repression’ with a special focus on the element of causation, and assesses the principle of proportionality in an area influenced by political, economic, and social motivations, such as the CFSP. CFSP, restrictive measures, sanctions, freezing of funds, responsibility, causation, proportionality
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Rolim, João Dácio. "Proportionality and Fair Taxation." Intertax 43, Issue 5 (2015): 405–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/taxi2015035.
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This article is a summary of the findings of the book Proportionality and Fair Taxation published by Kluwer International in 2014, in which the author investigated the role of proportionality principle coupled with the standard of reasonableness in assessing specific tax issues and the overall fairness of particular taxes and tax systems. Among those issues, the author points out equality and non-discrimination, retrospective taxation, tax penalties and sanctions, specific and general anti-avoidance rules, as well as the application of proportionality in tandem with reasonableness to Double Tax Conventions, human rights, and tax related rules of international trade.
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von Hirsch, Andrew. "The Ethics of Community-Based Sanctions." Crime & Delinquency 36, no. 1 (1990): 162–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011128790036001011.
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The reviving interest in noncustodial penalties makes it urgent to explore the ethical limits on their use. This article explores three kinds of limits: proportionality (desert) constraints, restrictions against humiliating or degrading punishments, and concerns about intrusion into the rights of third parties. In connection with the second of these limits, the concept of “acceptable penal content” is developed.
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Dam-de Jong, Daniëlla. "Who Is Targeted by the Council’s Sanctions? The UN Security Council and the Principle of Proportionality." Nordic Journal of International Law 89, no. 3-4 (2020): 383–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718107-89030007.
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Abstract The current article aims to assess proportionality within the context of the Security Council’s practice, focusing specifically on how the Council balances various interests in the design of sanctions regimes adopted pursuant to Article 41 of the UN Charter. It argues that proportionality in this context plays a role in the Security Council’s targeting decisions on the one hand and in the determination of whose interests are affected by the sanctions on the other. This implies that the Security Council should distinguish, first, between those who should be subjected to sanctions (the targets) and those would should be shielded (third parties) and, second, that it carefully delineates the targets of the sanctions. This article assesses this balancing exercise within the context of the Council’s measures to curb the illegal exploitation of natural resources financing armed conflict on the one hand and with respect to countering the proliferation of nuclear weapons on the other.
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Minnikes, Ilia, and Irina Minnikes. "Protection of Citizens' Electoral Rights: The Problem of the Proportionality of Criminal Sanctions." Russian Journal of Criminology 17, no. 6 (2023): 543–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.17150/2500-4255.2023.17(6).543-556.
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This article is a criminal law axiological study of the protection of electoral rights of citizens of the Russian Federation in modern conditions. The object and subject of research were determined on the basis of the analysis of current Russian legislation. The immediate object of the study are the Articles of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation determining liability for obstructing the exercise of electoral rights or the work of electoral commissions; for violating the procedure of financing a candidate’s electoral campaign, electoral union, work of an initiative group conducting a referendum, or another group of referendum participants; for falsifying electoral documentation, documentation of a referendum, documentation of an All-Russian vote; for falsifying the vote’s results; for unlawful provision and obtaining of an electoral bulletin, bulletin for voting at a referendum, bulletin for an All-Russian vote. The main methodological instrument of the study is the «protection index» introduced into scientific discourse by representatives of the Ural Law School. In recent years the «protection index» has become widespread both in the general theory of law and in different branches of law, including criminal law. The use of this index lies behind an attempt to show the proportionality of sanctions for crimes against the electoral rights of citizens. The current article determines the methodology of the study, its goals and tasks. The authors suggest supplementing the existing methods with a new electoral protection index, which will allow them to better present the specific features of the subject under research. The diversity of criminal law sanctions for electoral crimes makes the research objectives considerably harder to achieve, but, at the same time, renders them more relevant and valuable from the practical viewpoint because the proportionality of sanctions is a problem not only of the theory of criminal law, but also the practice of determining punishments in criminal cases. Besides, the criminal law norm sanction is viewed not only as an element of the law norm, but also as a part of the criminal law regulation mechanism. The suggested method makes it possible to illustrate the proportionality of the sanctions for electoral crimes in criminal law norms and to formulate suggestions on improving the current legislation.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Proportionality of sanctions"
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DI, LISCIANDRO ALESSIO. "DOTTRINE PENALI MINIMALISTE NELLA CULTURA GIURIDICA CONTEMPORANEA." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/170397.
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This dissertation deals with doctrines defined as ‘minimalist’ in criminal law. The analysis, developed in the fields of Italian and Anglo-American jurisprudence, has the aim of reconstructing theories and justifications of criminalization and punishment which refer to the word “minimalism”, thus pointing out a peculiar position in the philosophy of criminal law, different both from abolitionism and ‘classic’ penal theories.
The main topics of the first part of the work are the “harm principle”, proportionality and parsimony, evaluated under a critical approach as regards their possible impact on decriminalization strategies. This, also considering the basis of criminal prohibitions as limited by the rule of law and constitutional rights.
The last section, whose theme is justification of punishment, focuses on characterizing as “minimalist doctrines” those integrated frameworks which suggest substantial reductions in the severity of criminal sanctions, as regards both their typology and their amount.
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Cucinelli, Otavio Henrique Simão e. "Da aplicação do princípio da insignificância aos atos da improbidade administrativa." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/2/2134/tde-08122015-104502/.
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A dissertação objetiva defender a possibilidade do princípio da insignificância incidir sobre os atos de improbidade administrativa, à luz da hipótese analisada, na busca de uma interpretação mais humanizante ao viés extremamente sancionatório que a jurisprudência do Superior Tribunal de Justiça aplica à Lei 8.429/92, ao impedir, sequer, cogitar-se do princípio nessa seara. Sem olvidar a relevância da moralidade administrativa, o escopo do trabalho é apenas o de abrir uma fresta para a possibilidade de cabimento do princípio da insignificância, enquanto fundamento de validade principiológica da eventual absolvição de acusados da prática de atos de improbidade administrativa, cuja conduta, na análise do caso concreto, tenha se revelado dotada de ofensividade mínima ao bem jurídico protegido. A relevância normativa dos princípios, bem como das garantias e limites constitucionais contra o poder punitivo do Estado, são decorrência do antropocentrismo que fundamenta a Constituição vigente, levando a Suprema Corte a estabelecer vetores de aplicação do princípio da insignificância, que devem ter a possibilidade de serem estendidos, quando cabíveis, ao julgamento dos atos de improbidade administrativa, seja pelos princípios da proporcionalidade e da razoabilidade, limitadores da discricionariedade, seja por princípios de comum cabimento no direito sancionador, diante do conceito universal de antijuridicidade. Por fim, tendências jurisprudenciais e normativas indicam a possibilidade de aplicação do princípio da insignificância aos atos de improbidade administrativa, para corrigir o entrave criado pelo absolutismo da posição que veda, por completo, a mera cogitação de incidência do princípio.<br>The purpose of this thesis is to analyze the likelihood of enforcing the principle of insignificance to administrative malfeasance, in view of the hypothesis analyzed, in the search for a more human approach rather than the extremely punitive perspective followed by the Brazilian superior court of justice in relation to Law 8.429/92, by completely disregarding the principle in this sense. Notwithstanding the importance of the administrative morality, the purpose of this paper is to simply look at the possibility of considering the principle of insignificance, as a valid principle of eventual acquittal of those accused of administrative malfeasance, and whose actions might have been perceived as offensive to the assets protected by the law through the analysis of the case. The normative relevance of the principles and the warranties and constitutional limitations against the punitive powers of the State arise from the anthropocentrism that supports the current Constitution, which cause the Brazilian superior court of justice to veto the enforcement of the principle of insignificance, which should be extended, whenever possible, to the judgment of administrative malfeasance, either through principles of proportionality and reasonability, which limit discretion, either through common principles common to the punitive law or to the universal concept of unlawfulness. Finally, case lawrelated and normative trends show the possibility of enforcing the principle of insignificance to administrative malfeasance to correct problems caused by the absolutism of the position that vetoes the possibility of the principle.
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Dufour, Maxime. "Clauses contractuelles et non-concurrence : approche de droit des affaires." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BORD0316.
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Dans notre monde actuel, les entreprises utilisent, pour se prémunir de toute atteinte et protéger au maximum leurs intérêts économiques, des techniques contractuelles élaborées par la pratique telles que les clauses de non-concurrence, les clauses de confidentialité, les clauses de non-réaffiliation et les clauses de non sollicitation.Ces clauses occupent de multiples champs de l’activité contractuelle en mêlant le droit des contrats, le droit des affaires et le droit du travail. Elles visent à interdire au cocontractant, d’exercer une activité professionnelle, de divulguer des informations secrètes, ou encore d’embaucher certains collaborateurs. Ainsi, elles viennent limiter une liberté fondamentale, plus spécialement la liberté du commerce et de l’industrie. Dès lors, il semble nécessaire d’élaborer un régime juridique commun à toutes ces clauses afin de préserver d’un coté la protection de l’activité économique des entreprises et de l’autre la sauvegarde de la liberté économique des contractants soumis à de telles clauses. L’intérêt d’un régime commun est d’anticiper les conditions de validité et de mise en œuvre des ce type de clauses. De cette façon, la prévisibilité ne ferait plus défaut aux contractants. L’élaboration de ce droit commun passe par deux étapes. La première est relative à l’identification des clauses limitatives de concurrence. Il s’agit de saisir leur autonomie par rapport aux contrats dans lesquels elles peuvent être insérées et d’en tirer les conséquences au niveau leur validité. La seconde est relative à la mise en œuvre de ces clauses. Leur application est délicate car dépendante pour une grande partie de la précision de leur contenu. En cas de non-respect, un vaste choix de remèdes est offert au contractant déçu pour venir sanctionner le manquement contractuel constaté<br>In the modern world, to guard themselves from damage and to protect at best their economical interests, companies use contractual techniques developed by usage such as non-compete clauses,confidentiality clauses, non-reaffiliation clauses and non-solicitation clauses. These clauses cover many fields of contractual legality, mixing contract law, labor law and business law. Their aim is to prohibit the co-contractor to practice a professional activity, to disclose secret information, or even to employ specific colleagues, or contributors. Thus, they are brought to restrict a fundamental freedom, specifically the freedom of trade and of industry. As a result, it appears necessary to formulate a common legal system for all these clauses so as to preserve on one side the protection of the economic activity of the companies et on the other side the safeguard of the economic freedom of the co-contractors subject to these clauses. The benefit of a common legal system is the anticipation of the conditions of validity and implementation of this type of clause. In this way, the cocontractants will not lack in foresight. The development of this common right is in two steps. This includes confirming their autonomy relative to the contracts in which they may be inserted and draw the necessary conclusions regarding their validity. The second step is relative to the implementation of these clauses. Their application is sensitive because it depends for the most part on the precision of their content. In case of a breach of contract, a large array of legal remedies is available to the aggrieved contractor to penalize the breach of contract
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Rosenberg, Jennifer. "The penalty fee in the Electricity Certificates Act : in relation to article 6 in the European Convention on Human Rights." Thesis, Internationella Handelshögskolan, Högskolan i Jönköping, IHH, Rättsvetenskap, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-14192.
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The government of Sweden encourage the development of electricity produced from renewable sources by maintaining an electricity certificates system in which producers that use renewable sources in their production are given certificates. The system is regulated in the Swedish Electricity Certificates Act (lag (2003:113) om elcertifikat). To prevent fraudulent behaviour a penalty fee is charged upon producers that have recieved certificates due to incorrect or misleading information. The penalty fee can be appealed to a court but under the Electricity Certificates Act it is not allowed to reduce or adjust. The purpose of this thesis is to analyse if the penalty fee in the Electricity Certificates Act meets the requirements of legal certainty in article 6 of the European Convention on Human Rights (the Convention) including right to a fair trial and to be seen as innocence until proven guilty. The method used is analysing applicable sources in accordance with the Swedish legal hierarchy in which laws have the highest value. The Convention is incorporated into Swedish law and has the same legal value as such. Judgments from the European Court of Human Rights on the Swedish tax surcharge are used for guidance on how to interpret article 6 in the Convention. Two cases from Swedish courts concerning the penalty fee are used to find what problems the penalty fee encounters in a legal process. The rules on the penalty fee does not allow adjustments of it and circumstances in each case cannot be taken into consideration, therefore the penalty fee can be charged even when it would be unreasonable and there is a conflict with legal certainty in article 6 of the Convention. For that matter rules on evidentiary issues also has to be implemented. Courts can refuse to use rules which are in conflict with the Convention, but it is concluded that a change in regulation is needed.
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Lucas, Maria Inês Ferreira dos Santos. "Right to citizenship : the (un)constitutionality of Article no. 6, paragraph 1, item d) of the Portuguese Nationality Act." Master's thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.14/37057.
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The aim of this dissertation is to analyse the requirements that the Portuguese
Nationality Act foresees for the acquisition of citizenship through naturalisation, particularly,
and with more detail, the requirement set forth in Article no. 6, paragraph 1, item d), which
reads as follows:
“Not have been convicted, res judicata, with imprisonment of 3 (three) years or
more”.
This provision will be examined from a constitutional and criminal point of view,
particularly by bringing to the discussion the principles of proportionality, double
punishment and the prohibition of the automatic effects of sanctions.
Furthermore, this study will also focus on the legislative changes that the Portuguese
Nationality Act has been suffering over the years and in the consequences of the solution
adopted in what respects to the human rights of the foreigners that reside in national territory.
This analysis will have as a transversal subject the fundamental right to citizenship,
all the rights that are inherent to it and its connection within the scope of human rights.
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Kuo, Ming-Kai, and 郭明愷. "A study on application of the Principle of Proportionality in ROC Constitutional Law--- Centering on Limit of Personal Liberty of Criminal Sanction." Thesis, 2007. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/50182368571029389613.
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Ferancová, Zuzana. "Trestání přestupků a bodový systém v zákoně o provozu na pozemních komunikacích." Master's thesis, 2012. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-311123.
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Punishing of administrative transgressions and the system of penalty points under the Highway Traffic Act Abstract The content of the diploma thesis focuses on matter of the system of penalty points and selected issues regarding punishing of administrative transgressions. The paper is composed of five parts. Chapter One introduces Czechoslovak historical predecessors of the system of penalty points and examines the development of its current legal regulation in the Highway Traffic Act. The second part deals with fundamental principles of the system of penalty points and particularly assesses the function of prevention principle. The following chapter analyzes the actual legal regulation of the system of penalty points. The author warns against relating insufficiencies and recommends the appropriate solution. The goal of the Chapter Four is based on survey of the fact, whether the system of penalty points represents the sanction by its nature. The author critically researches the proportionality of the system of penalty points and its accordance with the Czech constitutional order. This chapter also concerns with judicial decisions of Czech courts and the European Court of Human Rights referring to the character of the system of penalty points. The last chapter evaluates the proportionality and compliance...
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Plevková, Tereza. "Přiměřenost čtyřleté sankce zákazu činnosti za první úmyslné porušení antidopingových pravidel a její dopad na kariéru profesionálních sportovců." Master's thesis, 2021. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-437713.
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Title: Proportionality of a four-year ineligibility for the first intentional anti-doping rule violations and its impact on professional athletes' careers Objectives: The aim of this thesis is to ascertain whether the four-year ineligibility for the first intentional anti-doping rule violations has liquidation impact on professional athletes' careers. Methods: For quantitative research, I have used the electronic interrogation method and for qualitative research the in-depth semi-structured interview. Results: I have found that most athletes really do perceive a four-year ineligibility for the first intentional anti-doping rule violations as disproportionate. Only 24 % of surveyed athletes said that a four-year ineligibility is an appropriate punishment. 82 % of surveyed athletes would end their careers after receiving a four-year ineligibility, and just 30 % of them think that It's realistic to go back to an active career after a four-year break. Moreover, athletes have consistently said that the most crucial obstacles to their return are financial distress, loss of motivation and lack of racing mode. On the basis of these results, I have also developed my own solution to ineligibility for the first intentional anti-doping rule violations. Keywords: proportionality, sanction, ineligibility,...
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Zwierz, Marta. "Zakaz ne bis in idem w prawie administracyjnym." Doctoral thesis, 2020. https://depotuw.ceon.pl/handle/item/3660.
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Przedmiotem rozprawy doktorskiej jest zakaz ne bis in idem w prawie administracyj-nym. Autor zakłada, że zakaz ne bis in idem nie dotyczy już wyłącznie norm prawa karnego, ale ma charakter dyrektywy ogólnosystemowej, a więc posiadającej w pewnym sensie znacze-nie także z punktu widzenia norm prawa administracyjnego. Sama rozprawa doktorska składa się z pięciu rozdziałów poprzedzonych uwagami wstępnymi i zakończonych wnioskami. Autor stosuje formalno-dogmatyczną metodę badawczą.
W pierwszym rozdziale rozważa poszczególne aspekty obowiązywania zakazu ne bis in idem w prawie karnym. Autor udowadnia również, że za sprawą norm prawa międzynarodo-wego doszło do uwolnienia zakazu ne bis in idem spod reżimu prawa karnego.
W drugim rozdziale zwraca uwagę na specyficzną konstrukcję zakazu ne bis in idem jako zasady konstytucyjnej. W tym ujęciu autor stara się określić, czy posiada on charakter wiążący ustawodawcę i organy stosujące prawo. Istotne znaczenie z punktu widzenia autora ma także określenie, czy zakaz ne bis in idem wpisuje się do kręgu publicznych praw podmio-towych, czy w dalszym ciągu jest jedynie uzasadnionym oczekiwaniem obywateli. Autor zwraca uwagę na wyraźny podział materii prawnej w obszarze stosowania zakazu ne bis in idem na poziomie konstytucyjnym na dwie sfery: karania i sankcjonowania.
Punktem wyjścia dla rozważań prowadzonych w trzecim rozdziale jest uznanie, iż na zakres obowiązywania zakazu ne bis in idem w prawie administracyjnym wpływa orzecznic-two Trybunału Konstytucyjnego. Autor podejmuje się zatem ustalenia za sprawą jakich rodza-jów sankcji administracyjnych obywatele mogą domagać się ochrony prawnej.
W czwartym rozdziale zwraca uwagę na to, że w obszarze prawa materialnego walor ochronny zakazu ne bis in idem ogranicza się wyłącznie do niektórych z wielu możliwych wa-riantów zbiegu sankcji prawnych. Autor stoi na straży przekonania, zgodnie z którym zakres obowiązywania zakazu ne bis in idem znajduje swoje uzasadnienie w aksjologii prawa admini-stracyjnego. Wskazuje zatem na granicę wyznaczoną przez ustawodawcę pomiędzy typowymi środkami policji administracyjnej a środkami przymusu administracyjnego i sankcjami praw-nymi polegającymi na pozbawieniu lub ograniczeniu określonych kategorii uprawnień. Rozwa-ża zarazem jej zgodność w świetle klauzuli interesu publicznego oraz konstytucyjnego wymo-gu proporcjonalności reakcji prawnej na naruszenie obowiązku prawnego.
Piąty rozdział dotyczy proceduralnego aspektu zakazu ne bis in idem w prawie admini-stracyjnym. Autor zakłada, że w tym ujęciu jest on ściśle powiązany z przesłanką procesową res iudicata. Zmierza zatem do wykazania, że ma on znaczenie nie tylko na etapie postępowa-nia sądowoadministracyjnego, ale urzeczywistnia ideę niesioną za pomocą zakazu ne bis in idem już na drodze ogólnego postępowania administracyjnego. W tym rozdziale autor stara się dodatkowo udzielić odpowiedzi na pytanie, czy instytucja zagadnienia wstępnego i Rozstrzy-gnięcia tymczasowe mają istotne znaczenie z punktu widzenia zakazu ne bis in idem.<br>The subject of the doctoral dissertation is the prohibition of ne bis in idem in adminis-trative law. The author assumes that the prohibition of ne bis in idem no longer concerns only criminal law standards, but that it is a system-wide directive which is, in some sense, also rele-vant from the point of view of the rules of administrative law. The doctoral disservice itself consists of five chapters preceded by preliminary observations and completed proposals. The author applies a formal-dogmatic test method.
The first chapter examines the various aspects of the prohibition of ne bis in idem in criminal law. The author also proves that the prohibition of ne bis in idem from the criminal law regime has been liberated by the rules of international law.
The second chapter draws attention to the specific design of the prohibition of ne bis in idem as a constitutional principle. In this regard, the author seeks to determine whether it is binding on the legislator and the authorities applying the law. It is also important for the au-thor to determine whether the prohibition of ne bis in idem forms part of the public subjective rights, or remains merely a legitimate expectation of citizens. The author draws attention to the clear breakdown of the legal matter in the area of application of the ne bis in idem prohibition at constitutional level into two spheres: punishment and sanctioning.
The starting point for the considerations in the third chapter is that the case-law of the Constitutional Tribunal affects the scope of the ne bis in idem prohibition in administrative law. The author therefore undertakes to determine by which types of administrative sanctions citizens can claim legal protection.
In the fourth chapter, it draws attention to the fact that, in the area of substantive law, the prohibition of ne bis in idem is limited to some of the many possible options of overlap-ping of legal sanctions. The author guards the conviction that the scope of the prohibition of ne bis in idem is justified in the axiology of administrative law. It therefore points to the bor-der set by the legislator between the typical measures of the administrative police and the means of administrative coerction and the legal sanctions of depriving or restricting certain categories of allowances. It also considers its compatibility in the light of the public interest clause and the constitutional requirement of proportionality of the legal response to breach of legal obligation.
The fifth chapter concerns the procedural aspect of the prohibition of ne bis in idem in administrative law. The author assumes that in this regard it is closely linked to the procedural premise of res iudicata. It seeks, therefore, to demonstrate that it is relevant not only at the stage of the judicial procedure, but that it materialates the idea pursued by the prohibition of ne bis in idem by means of a general administrative procedure. In this chapter, the author seeks to further answer the question of whether the institution of preliminary issues and provi-sional decisions are of significant importance from the point of view of the prohibition of ne bis in idem.
Books on the topic "Proportionality of sanctions"
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Jacobs, Jonathan A. The Liberal State and Criminal Sanction. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190863623.001.0001.
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Current forms of incarceration in the U.S. and U.K. are morally problematic in ways that are antithetical to the values and principles of liberal democracy. While indicating those morally problematic features the book defends the basic political and legal culture of the U.S. and U.K. A significant remaking of the political order is not needed for the required reforms of incarceration to be made. Greater faithfulness to the values and principles of liberal democracy could be adequate for such reforms. It is crucial to make those reforms because of the ways prisoners are currently being harmed, rendering many of them incapable of reintegrating successfully into civil society. The liberal order makes a dynamic, pluralistic civil society possible, and participating in civil society gives people a reason to value the liberal order. That relation is weakened by penal practices that diminish the agential capacities of offenders and fail to respect them as members of society. The book explores the relation between criminal justice and justice more comprehensively understood, highlighting the distinctive elements of criminal justice. It explains the role of desert in criminal justice and why criminal justice needs to be distinguished from distributive justice. Criminal justice includes a retributivist conception of punishment, one in which desert, proportionality, and parsimony are centrally important. A retributivist conception of punishment most effectively respects the voluntariness and accountability of agents in ways well suited to a liberal political order. The account examines misinterpretations of retributivism and highlights weaknesses of consequentialist approaches to sanction.
Book chapters on the topic "Proportionality of sanctions"
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De Bellis, Maurizia. "Proportionality as a Guiding Principle for Administrative Sanctions: Quantitative Criteria, Qualitative Assessments and Discretion in the EBU and in the ESFS." In EBI Studies in Banking and Capital Markets Law. Springer Nature Switzerland, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-70529-8_11.
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Hamer, Kenneth. "Proportionality." In Hamer's Professional Conduct Casebook, 4th ed. Oxford University PressOxford, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192883384.003.0066.
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Abstract This chapter discusses how proportionality is part of the legal framework of all regulators, citing the stages of interim orders and sanctions after a case. It explains that the committee or tribunal must take account of the sanctions guidance, which itself states that the panel must apply the principle of proportionality. The penalty must be proportionate to the breach and all of the circumstances under the terms of deciding an interim order or sanction. The chapter explicates that any panel should commence its consideration of sanctions with the least restrictive and move up the scale of sanctions available. It elaborates on the disciplinary cases involving the legal test of proportionality.
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Hamer, Kenneth. "Proportionality." In Professional Conduct Casebook. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198817246.003.0062.
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Proportionality is part of the legal framework of all regulators, particularly at the stages of interim orders and sanction. Proportionality is expressly referred to when considering sanction in the Chartered Institute of Management Accountants, Disciplinary Committee Rules 2015, rule 24(7) (in deciding what sanctions are to be imposed, the panel shall take into account the issue of proportionality). The fitness to practise rules of other bodies may state that the committee shall have regard to any sanctions guidance issued by the regulator: see, for example, General Pharmaceutical Council (Fitness to Practise and Disqualification etc) Rules 2010, rule 31(14), and Bar Standards Board, Disciplinary Tribunals Regulations 2017, rE204. The guidance itself will often say that the panel should make sure that any sanction it imposes is appropriate and proportionate, based on the individual facts of the case, and is in the public interest.
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von Hirsch, Andrew. "Censure and Proportionality." In Censure and Sanctions. Oxford University Press, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198262411.003.0011.
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von Hirsch, Andrew. "The Politics of Proportionality." In Censure and Sanctions. Oxford University Press, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198262411.003.0019.
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"The Proportionality of Unilateral ‘Targeted’ Sanctions." In Revisiting Proportionality in International and European Law. Brill | Nijhoff, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/9789004448070_010.
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Gilliams, Hans, Jan Bocken, Tristan Baumé, and Ralf Sauer. "Public Sanctions." In Horizontal Agreements and Cartels in EU Competition Law. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780199698202.003.0006.
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Abstract A solid understanding of the fine calculation methodology is crucial to any practitioner dealing with a cartel case, and practitioners Hans Gilliams, Jan Bocken, and Tristan Baumé (Eubelius, Brussels) examine and explain the European Commission’s fining policy and fining guidelines. They focus on the principle of proportionality, immunity, and fine reductions following leniency, inability to pay, limitation periods, and the tax deductibility of fines. Cartel enforcement typically goes hand in hand with very high fines and Ralf Sauer (Legal Service, European Commission) addresses the Commission’s law sanctions (Article 23 of Regulation 1/2003) as well as the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union from the public enforcer’s perspective. His insights are of great practical value and should be read in conjunction with the viewpoints expressed by the private practitioners to capture the nuances in full.
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Betts, Michael J., Laura Eshelby, and David Whitehouse-Hayes. "Prosecution, Sanctions, and Redress." In Blackstone's Counter Fraud Professionals' Handbook. Oxford University PressOxford, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/9780191996955.003.0009.
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Abstract This chapter provides an overview of the different routes to taking action to counter fraud, including from a disciplinary, civil, and criminal perspective. It introduces the practices to adopt when working with regulatory bodies and how to form partnership agreements for one-off or ongoing operations. It explains the benefits and challenges of the different routes, and how to effectively manage a response which is conducted in parallel (parallel proceedings, criminal, and civil). It describes an overview of the different sanctions and redress options available, including from a civil and criminal legal context. The focus will be the articulation of the range of options available to a practitioner in counter fraud, and the steps to take to introduce, vary, or amend an existing sanctions policy from an organizational perspective. The chapter introduces key principles when developing a sanctions and redress policy, including adherence to legislative frameworks, reasonableness, and proportionality.
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"Who Is Targeted by the Council’s Sanctions? The UN Security Council and the Principle of Proportionality." In Revisiting Proportionality in International and European Law. Brill | Nijhoff, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/9789004448070_009.
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Lappi-Seppälä, Tapio. "Humane Neoclassicism." In Of One-eyed and Toothless Miscreants. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190070595.003.0009.
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The principle of proportionality has its roots in the rule of law, legal safeguards, and guarantees to citizens against abuse, arbitrariness, and excessive use of force. It is more important to prevent overly harsh penalties than to prevent overly lenient ones. The main function of the proportionality principle is, thus, to impose the upper limit that the punishment may never exceed. In this framework, limiting discretion through proportionality is, above all, limiting excess. The normative framework of Scandinavian criminal justice policy—“humane neoclassicism”—stresses both legal safeguards against coercive care and a preference for less repressive measures in general. The key function of criminal law is to produce compliance through norm declaration and reinforcement. People refrain from illegal behavior not because it may be punished but because it is morally blameworthy (or because of force of habit). Criminal law’s goals are best served by a system of sanctions that maintains a moral character and demonstrates the relative blameworthiness of wrongful acts, is perceived to be fair and just, and respects the rights and intrinsic moral value of all parties involved.
Conference papers on the topic "Proportionality of sanctions"
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Волошенко, Алексей Анатольевич. "ПРОБЛЕМА ПРИМЕНЕНИЯ ТРЕБОВАНИЙ ПОЖАРНОЙ БЕЗОПАСНОСТИ ПРИ РАССЛЕДОВАНИИ ПОЖАРОВ". У Перспективные исследования в сфере права, общества и управления: сборник статей международной научной конференции (Мурманск, Декабрь 2022). Crossref, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.58351/221224.2022.20.50.006.
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Анализ судебной практики показывает, что за последнее десятилетие возросло количество дел о нарушениях требований пожарной безопасности, создающие угрозу чужому имуществу от пожара. Требования пожарной безопасности в части противопожарных расстояний между зданиями не учитывают динамику развития опасных факторов пожара в конкретных ситуациях, особенности объекта защиты, не устанавливают область их эффективного применения и не обосновывают минимальную необходимость и соразмерность угрозе, приводящие к санкциям за их не выполнение. Выполнение недоброкачественных нормативных требований приводит к серьезным судебным и следственным ошибкам в случаях, когда невыполнение типовых и неэффективных в расследуемых случаях требований пожарной безопасности прямо и бездоказательно связывается с причиненным вредом. Следовательно, применение требований пожарной безопасности в части противопожарных расстояний между зданиями без учета расчетной оценки пожарных рисков порождает проблемы возникновения административных барьеров при реализации полномочий надзорных органов ФПС МЧС России. В этой связи, для оценки соответствия требованиям пожарной безопасности риску причинения вреда, необходимо учитывать воздействие излучающего теплового потока через строительные конструкции зданий на облучаемые материалы в строительных конструкциях рядом расположенных зданий и индивидуальные средства защиты личного состава подразделений пожарной охраны. Применения расчетной оценки риска причинения вреда (ущерба) третьим лицам в результате пожара позволяет сформулировать риск-ориентированную модель принятия управленческого решения о соответствии объекта защиты требованиям (мероприятиям) пожарной безопасности в части противопожарных расстояний с учетом расчетной оценки воздействия теплового потока. Analysis of judicial practice shows that over the past decade, the number of cases of violations of fire safety requirements that pose a threat to someone else's property from a fire has increased. Fire safety requirements in terms of fire-fighting distances between buildings do not take into account the dynamics of the development of fire hazards in specific situations, the features of the object of protection, do not establish the scope of their effective application and do not justify the minimum necessity and proportionality of the threat, leading to sanctions for not fulfilling them. The implementation of substandard regulatory requirements leads to serious judicial and investigative errors in cases where non-compliance with standard and ineffective fire safety requirements in the investigated cases is directly and unprovenly associated with the harm caused. Consequently, the application of fire safety requirements in terms of fire-fighting distances between buildings without taking into account the calculated assessment of fire risks creates problems of administrative barriers in the exercise of the powers of the supervisory authorities of the FPS of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia. In this regard, in order to assess compliance with fire safety requirements to the risk of harm, it is necessary to take into account the assessment of the impact of radiating heat flow through building structures on irradiated materials in building structures of nearby buildings and individual protective equipment of personnel of fire protection units. The use of a calculated assessment of the risk of harm (damage) to third parties as a result of a fire allows us to formulate a risk-oriented model of making a management decision on the compliance of the object of protection with fire safety requirements (measures) in terms of fire-fighting distances, taking into account the calculated assessment of the impact of heat flow.